SPSS Lab 4
Aims and Learning Objectives
This goals of lab two are to:
 Import data from text.
 Look at basic descriptive statistics.
 Run a factor analysis
 Interpret the output
 Compute coefficient alpha reliability estimates.
 Computing scale scores (averages).
 Examine the correlations between scales and criteria variables.
 Learn what makes you happy (or unhappy)!
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Contents
Document information
Task 1
Reading Data into SPSS ........................................................................ 2
Task 2
Labelling and Reorganizing the Data File ............................................. 4
Task 3
Changing the Options in SPSS ............................................................. 5
Task 4
Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................. 6
Task 5
Recode the Reverse Coded Items in the Database .............................. 7
Task 6
Factor Analysis of All Four Scales ........................................................ 9
Task 7
Investigate Output ................................................................................ 12
Task 8
Re-Analysis of All Four Scales w/ 7 Factors ...................................... 14
Task 9
Investigate Output of 7 Factor Solution .............................................. 15
Task 10 Re-Analysis of All Four Scales – 5 Factors ........................................ 19
Task 11 Interpret Output .................................................................................... 20
Task 12 Reliability Analysis – Smoking Scale.................................................. 24
Task 13 Examine the Output ............................................................................. 26
Task 14 Factor Analyze the Criterion Data (with Factor 5 Items) .................... 27
Task 15 Recode Necessary Items from Criterion Scales................................. 29
Task 16 Compute Scale Scores......................................................................... 30
Task 17 Compute Correlations among Variables............................................. 31
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 1 Reading Data into SPSS
Comments
Before we can analyze your mood data in SPSS, we have to import this from a text
file containing the data.
1.1
Open SPSS from the Start Menu.
1.2
When the “What would you like to do?” window pops up, hit OK to choose “Open an
Existing Data Source”
1.3
On the “Open File” pop-up window, select Files of Type and choose Data (*.dat)
1.4
Chose Project.dat On the “Open File” window.
1.5
The Text Import Wizard will open. Click next to indicate that your text file does not
match a predefined type.
1.6
On Step 2, choose Delimited for variable arrangement and choose Yes for variable
names located at the top of the file.
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
1.7
On Step 3, leave the defaults alone and click Next.
1.8
On Step 4, uncheck Space so that Tab is the only option checked.
1.9
On Step 5, leave things alone and click Next.
1.10
On Step 6, click Finish.
1.11
Now save the SPSS dataset as Project.sav on the File/Save As menu.
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 2 Labelling and Reorganizing the Data File
Comments
As before, I have taken the liberty of writing a syntax file that labels the variables for
you. This will greatly aid in interpreting your factor analysis output later.
Also, I have inserted code to better organize the variables.
2.1
Download the syntax file from:
http://courses.ncsu.edu/psy436/lec/001/Lab/Lab4.SPS
2.2
Save this file to the same directory that your data file is located in.
2.3
On the File menu, click Open then Syntax.
2.4
Navigate to the directory where you save the file.
2.5
Select Lab4.sps and click Open
2.6
From the syntax file window, click on Run and select All
2.7
Close the syntax file.
2.8
Save your SPSS data file now that variable and value labels have been assigned.
2.9
Save your SPSS Data file to save these changes.
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 3 Changing the Options in SPSS
Comments
In order to make variable selection easier for the factor analyses, you should change
your default options in SPSS.
3.1
Under the Edit Menu, select Options.
3.2
Under the General tab, select Display names in the Variable Lists section.
3.3
Go to the Output Labels tab and select Names and Labels for all.
3.4
Click OK.
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 4 Descriptive Statistics
Comments
Now lets take a look at some basic descriptive statistic information.
4.1
Let’s compute basic frequency statistics on all of your variables.
4.2
On the Analyze menu, choose Descriptive Statistics and Frequencies
4.3
Select all variables except Date and hit the right arrow.
4.4
Click on Statistics
4.5
Choose any statistics you would like, such as:
4.6
Click on Continue
4.7
Click on Charts
4.8
Choose Bart Charts and Percentages
4.9
Click Continue
4.10
Click OK
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 5 Recode the Reverse Coded Items in the
Database
Comments
Reverse coding means to “flip” the response scale.
5.1
From the Transform menu, choose Into Same Variable
5.2
Select the following items click the right arrow:
S1, S7, S9, S10, S11
R1, R4, R6
WT4, WT6, WT10.
5.3
Click Old and New Values
5.4
Under Old Value, type 5. Under New Value, type 1 and click Add.
5.5
Repeat this with the old value of 4 and new value of 2.
5.6
Do this twice more, making old values of 2 new values of 4 and old values of 1 equal
to new values of 5. Click Add each time. You should get the below.
5.7
Click Continue
5.8
Click OK.
Comments
5.9
Note that your data values have changed even though you wouldn’t be able to tell
this just by looking at the data themselves. It’s a good idea to save your file as a
new filename at this point.
Save the file as ‘Project2.sav’ before continuing.
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Factor Analysis Steps
1. Select variables for analysis
2. Determine number of factors to retain
i. Look at Scree plot, variance accounted for, and interpretability of factor
analytic solution
ii. Finalize number of factors to keep
3. Interpret factor loadings / factors
4. Delete items not loading onto any factor
Other steps
1. Run Reliability Analysis on each scale separately
i.
Delete items that, when deleted, would raise the alpha value by .02 or more.
2. Compute scale scores as the average of ONLY the items kept after all analyses
3. Correlate these scale scores with criterion scale scores (or items).
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Task 6 Factor Analysis of All Four Scales
Comments
We will now look at the factor analytic results based on all four scales that the class
developed. Since we expect 4 factors to result, we will first force a solution with four
factors. However, we will request that a scree plot be printed, then we will re-run the
solution specifying a solution with as many factors as indicated by the scree plot.
6.1
Choose Analyze / Data Reduction / Factor
6.2
Select variables S1 all the way down to WT11 and click the right arrow. Note, you
should be analyzing all of the scale variables that the class developed, but not the
criterion variables (ones beginning with ‘C’).
6.3
Click on the Extraction button
6.4
Select Principal Axis Factoring from the drop-down menu
6.5
On this same screen, select Scree Plot
6.6
Under Extract, set the Number of factors: to 4
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6.7
Click Continue
6.8
Click the Rotation button
6.9
Click on Direct Oblimin
6.10
Click Continue
6.11
Click the Options button
6.12
Click the Sorted by size box
6.13
Click the Suppress absolute values less than: box
6.14
Enter .4 into this box.
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6.15
Click Continue.
6.16
Click OK.
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Psychology 436
Task 7 Investigate Output
Comments
Now it’s time to look at the output. The first thing to examine is whether or not 4
appears to be the appropriate number of factors to extract.
Comments
Note that the analyses appearing below will not match your results as they were
performed on an earlier (smaller) version of the data set.
7.1
Let’s first take a look at the Total Variance Explained table.
Total Variance Explained
Rotation
Sums of
Squared
Loadings(a)
Initial Eigenvalues
Factor
1
Total
% of Variance
Cumulative %
6.718
14.929
14.929
Total
4.692
2
4.678
10.396
25.324
4.382
3
3.812
8.471
33.796
4.121
4
3.126
6.946
40.742
3.798
5
2.122
4.715
45.457
6
1.864
4.143
49.600
7
1.707
3.794
53.394
8
1.473
3.273
56.667
9
1.389
3.087
59.754
10
1.312
2.916
62.670
11
1.180
2.623
65.293
12
1.069
2.375
67.668
13
1.047
2.326
69.993
14
1.013
2.251
72.244
….
Comments
7.2
In total 14 (!) factors had an eigenvalue greater than 1.0. This is way more than
would be interpretable. For this reason, many authors have recommended against
using this criterion to determine the number of factors to retain.
Let’s ignore these results and look instead at the scree plot.
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Scree Plot
7
6
Eigenvalue
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Factor Number
7.3
As you can see, 4 factors emerge as clearly dominant. However, it appears as
though 3 additional factors MAY be viable.
7.4
The next step is to re-run the analyses with 7 factors to see if that solution is
interpretable.
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Task 8 Re-Analysis of All Four Scales w/ 7 Factors
Objectives
We are still trying to determine the correct number of factors to retain in our
analyses. We have not yet reached a decision. The scree plot suggested either 4
or 7 factors. We’ll run and examine the 7 factor output first, then backtrack to
examine the 4 factor output. You won’t use any of this in your project, this part of
the lab is for educational purposes only.
Comments
Note that your specifics of factor extraction, rotation, and options will still be saved
unless you have (inexplicably) closed SPSS. You will not need to repeat all of the
steps from earlier.
8.1
Click on Choose Analyze / Data Reduction / Factor
8.2
Click on the Extraction button
8.3
Under Extract, set the Number of factors: to 7
8.4
Click Continue
8.5
Click OK
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Task 9 Investigate Output of 7 Factor Solution
Comments
Now it’s time to look at the output.
Comments
Note that the analyses appearing below will not match your results as they were
performed on an earlier (smaller) version of the data set.
9.1
Let’s jump strait to the interpretation this time. Go to the “Pattern Matrix”. These
are your factor loadings. They are sorted by decreasing order of magnitude such
that the highest loadings are the strongest indicators of that factor.
9.2
Loadings lower than .4 are trivial and are omitted for clarity.
9.3
Ignore whether the loadings are positive or negative. The absolute value of the
loadings is the important thing to look at.
Pattern Matrix(a)
Factor
1
S3 I don't mind if people
smoke in my presence
.834
S7 Smoking should be
banned from all public places
.768
S1 Smoking in public is
disrespectful
.763
S5 It is okay to smoke around
pets
.662
S2 I will sit in the smoking
section of a restaurant to avoid
a long wait
.608
S4 People should be able to
smoke anywhere they want to
.590
S11 Designated smoking
areas are the only place people
should smoke
.546
S8 It is okay to smoke around
children
.506
S10 If a close friend or family
member smoked, I would
encourage them to quit
.432
WT2 I believe that military
deployment in other foreign
countries has made the United
States safer from terrorist
attacks.
WT11 I believe that the U.S.
needs to increase military
presence in foreign countries
fight the war on terror more
efficiently.
2
-.772
-.729
3
4
5
6
7
SPSS Lab 4
WT9 I believe the loss of life
experienced by the U.S.
Armed Forces in pursuit of the
War on Terror is sufficiently
justified by the end goal.
WT7 I believe the United
States has the authority to act
preemptively in other
countries if the security of
America is threatened.
WT1 I believe the U.S. has
the authority to employ
whatever means necessary to
extract information from those
deemed enemy combatants.
WT8 I believe the amount of
money forecasted for
spending in regards to the Iraq
war is inconsequential in
comparison to stabilizing the
country under a democracy.
WT3 I believe that the War
on Terror requires more
economic and resource
allocation consideration.
Psychology 436
-.728
-.702
-.645
-.545
-.526
WT6 I believe the costs and
loss of resources in sustaining
the War on Terror should be a
primary concern for the U.S.
lawmakers.
O9 My binders are neatly
arranged with dividers
.695
O7 I need my closet to be
organized in an orderly
fashion
.675
O11 My drawers are well
arranged
.667
O6 I use a planner to organize
all my appointments
.643
O8 My home is very
organized most of the time
.642
O2 I become anxious if my
surroundings are not
organized
.607
O5 I use labels in order to
organize my affairs
.528
O4 Everything has to have a
set place
.408
O1 I like to plan out my day
the night before
O10 I prefer an organized
space to do work
SPSS Lab 4
R2 I am accepting of what
others think about religious
topics, even when they are not
what I believe.
R7 I believe there is a Higher
Power who has many different
names according to various
religions.
Psychology 436
.640
.614
R12 I would like to learn
more about religious beliefs
that are different than mine.
.606
S6 If someone near me was
smoking and it was bothering
me, I would just move
.498
R8 I would vote for laws that
would protect the rights of
diverse religious practices.
.477
R6 People who have religions
that are different than mine
are ignorant of the truth.
.441
R10 I believe that religious
tolerance is important.
.428
R11 I have several good
friends who are atheists or
have different religious beliefs
other than my own.
R1 I attend my place of
worship
(church/synagogue/temple)
and practice the beliefs of my
religion on a regular basis.
-.828
R5 I do not consider myself a
religious person.
-.624
R4 I believe there is only one
religion and that other beliefs
are not worth discussing.
-.508
R9 I feel that it is
inconsiderate to share my
religious beliefs with people
who have not asked me.
R3 People with religious
beliefs and practices different
than mine are acceptable to
me as long as they can live
peacefully with others and
obey the rules of society.
S9 I am aware that smoking
bothers some people
-.494
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Psychology 436
WT10 I believe resources
gathered for the purposes of
maintaining the War on Terror
require a greater amount of
oversight in
allocation/spending.
WT5 I believe that changes
and or additions to our foreign
policy would make the war on
terror more successful.
.631
.517
O3 I turn in all my
assignments on time
WT4 I believe the U.S.
should focus more on
domestic problems rather than
foreign issues.
Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring.
Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.
a Rotation converged in 20 iterations.
9.4
As you can see, the first four factors come out cleanly as our four intended factors.
However, some items do not load (are not indicators of) the factors which they were
intended to measure.
9.5
Interestingly, factors 4 and 5 show that respondents see the Religiousness items as
measuring two things, not one.
9.6
To label Factor 4, look at the items that load the highest on the factor. This appears
to be “Religious tolerance”
9.7
Factor 5, on the other hand, appears to be “Religiosity” or how religious the
respondent is.
9.8
Respondents see these as different things!
9.9
Never fear, we will use the items in Factor 4 as our measure of tolerance and those
in ‘Factor 5’ as an outcome variable later.
9.10
Notice that Factor 7 doesn’t have any items with significant loadings. Thus, it is a
junk factor and should be omitted.
9.11
Factor 6 includes only a couple of items with small loadings and should be deleted
too.
9.12
Now, we have settled on 5 factors for our solution! We need to run the analysis
again, specifying 5 factors.
9.13
We will interpret the 5 factor solution, not the one presented above!
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Psychology 436
Task 10 Re-Analysis of All Four Scales – 5 Factors
Comments
Note that your specifics of factor extraction, rotation, and options will still be saved
unless you have (inexplicably) closed SPSS. You will not need to repeat all of the
steps from earlier.
10.1
Click on Choose Analyze / Data Reduction / Factor
10.2
Click on the Extraction button
10.3
Under Extract, set the Number of factors: to 5
10.4
Click Continue
10.5
Click OK
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 11 Interpret Output
Objectives
Look at factor loadings to figure out which items to keep, which to pitch
Comments
Again we will look at the Pattern Matrix
11.1
Take a look at the 5 factor output. Specifically the Factor Pattern Matrix (again, your
results will look different).
Pattern Matrix(a)
Factor
1
S3 I don’t mind if people
smoke in my presence
-.869
S7 Smoking should be
banned from all public places
-.767
S1 Smoking in public is
disrespectful
-.743
S4 People should be able to
smoke anywhere they want to
-.678
S5 It is okay to smoke around
pets
-.657
S11 Designated smoking
areas are the only place people
should smoke
-.603
S2 I will sit in the smoking
section of a restaurant to avoid
a long wait
-.575
S10 If a close friend or family
member smoked, I would
encourage them to quit
-.506
S8 It is okay to smoke around
children
-.427
2
WT10 I believe resources
gathered for the purposes of
maintaining the War on Terror
require a greater amount of
oversight in
allocation/spending.
R2 I am accepting of what
others think about religious
topics, even when they are not
what I believe.
-.679
R7 I believe there is a Higher
Power who has many different
names according to various
religions.
-.649
3
4
5
SPSS Lab 4
R6 People who have religions
that are different than mine
are ignorant of the truth.
Psychology 436
-.601
R12 I would like to learn
more about religious beliefs
that are different than mine.
-.560
R10 I believe that religious
tolerance is important.
-.511
R8 I would vote for laws that
would protect the rights of
diverse religious practices.
-.503
R4 I believe there is only one
religion and that other beliefs
are not worth discussing.
-.474
S6 If someone near me was
smoking and it was bothering
me, I would just move
R11 I have several good
friends who are atheists or
have different religious beliefs
other than my own.
WT5 I believe that changes
and or additions to our foreign
policy would make the war on
terror more successful.
O11 My drawers are well
arranged
.716
O9 My binders are neatly
arranged with dividers
.711
O8 My home is very
organized most of the time
.680
O2 I become anxious if my
surroundings are not
organized
.663
O6 I use a planner to organize
all my appointments
.646
O7 I need my closet to be
organized in an orderly
fashion
.599
O5 I use labels in order to
organize my affairs
.555
O1 I like to plan out my day
the night before
.482
O4 Everything has to have a
set place
.423
O10 I prefer an organized
space to do work
.403
O3 I turn in all my
assignments on time
SPSS Lab 4
WT2 I believe that military
deployment in other foreign
countries has made the United
States safer from terrorist
attacks.
WT11 I believe that the U.S.
needs to increase military
presence in foreign countries
fight the war on terror more
efficiently.
WT9 I believe the loss of life
experienced by the U.S.
Armed Forces in pursuit of the
War on Terror is sufficiently
justified by the end goal.
WT7 I believe the United
States has the authority to act
preemptively in other
countries if the security of
America is threatened.
WT1 I believe the U.S. has
the authority to employ
whatever means necessary to
extract information from those
deemed enemy combatants.
WT8 I believe the amount of
money forecasted for
spending in regards to the Iraq
war is inconsequential in
comparison to stabilizing the
country under a democracy.
WT3 I believe that the War
on Terror requires more
economic and resource
allocation consideration.
Psychology 436
.788
.740
.718
.657
.645
.563
.449
WT4 I believe the U.S.
should focus more on
domestic problems rather than
foreign issues.
R1 I attend my place of
worship
(church/synagogue/temple)
and practice the beliefs of my
religion on a regular basis.
R5 I do not consider myself a
religious person.
R9 I feel that it is
inconsiderate to share my
religious beliefs with people
who have not asked me.
-.751
-.500
-.416
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Psychology 436
WT6 I believe the costs and
loss of resources in sustaining
the War on Terror should be a
primary concern for the U.S.
lawmakers.
S9 I am aware that smoking
bothers some people
R3 People with religious
beliefs and practices different
than mine are acceptable to
me as long as they can live
peacefully with others and
obey the rules of society.
11.2
Items in red above should be deleted from all further analysis. Also, we will put
Factor 5 items aside for further analysis.
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Task 12 Reliability Analysis – Smoking Scale
Comments
Let’s compute reliability estimates on our four scales, using only the items retained
after the factor analysis above. These must be run one at a time.
Comments
Below is an example of how to do this, only for the smoking scale. Repeat this with
all four scales.
12.1
From the Analyze Menu, select Scale, then Reliability Analysis…
12.2
In the pop-up window, select S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S7, S8, S10, S11. Do not choose
S6, S9, then click the arrow to put these items into the Items window on the right.
12.3
Verify that Alpha appears in the Model window (it always will).
12.4
In the Scale Label field, write in the name of the scale as “Smoking”.
12.5
Click the “Statistics…” box and look at the pop-up window.
12.6
Select the statistics as indicated in the figure below and click Continue:
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12.7
Click OK to run the analyses.
12.8
Repeat this process with the other three scales (again, using ONLY those items that
had loadings > .4 in the above.
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Psychology 436
Task 13 Examine the Output
13.1
Take a look at the alpha level. It should look like the below:
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's
Alpha
Cronbach's
Alpha Based on
Standardized
Items
.870
Comments
13.2
.869
N of Items
9
Looking good, smoking group!
Remember, if deleting any item would improve the alpha level by .02 or more, then
drop that item from the scale!
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Task 14 Factor Analyze the Criterion Data (with Factor 5
Items)
Objectives
We want to see if we can make scale scores out of the criteria data.
Comments
Run a factor analysis on the criteria items (C1 to C12, plus Items R1, R5, and R9)
14.1
Repeat the steps from earlier on the criterion data. You may find different results,
but here’s what I get from the initial output.
14.2
Note, I had to increase the number of iterations on the rotations button menu to 50
to get result.
Scree Plot
Eigenvalue
4
2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Factor Number
14.3
Based on this output, I re-ran with four factors.
Pattern Matrix(a)
Factor
1
R1 I attend my place of
worship
(church/synagogue/temple)
and practice the beliefs of my
religion on a regular basis.
.862
R5 I do not consider myself a
religious person.
.667
C2 I try to get others to
convert to my religious faith
whenever I can.
-.609
2
3
4
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Psychology 436
R9 I feel that it is
inconsiderate to share my
religious beliefs with people
who have not asked me.
.600
C1 I get stressed easily
.690
C3 I am a goal oriented
person
.617
C4 I like to assess my
achievements in order to
know how I am succeeding
.595
C6 I tend to vote for
conservative political
candidates.
.632
C9 I have friends from
different backgrounds.
-.528
C12 I have, or plan on
obtaining, an advanced degree
(for example, Masters or
Ph.D. degree)
C11 I enjoy learning about
exotic places.
-.499
-.487
C10 The drug laws in this
country should be relaxed.
14.4
C8 I am motivated in
accomplishing my daily
activities
.573
C5 I am a very confident
person
.454
C7 I am proud to be an
American.
.411
The first three factors seem to make sense. The first I might term Religiosity. The
second, I term “achievement orientation”, the third is “openness to experience”. The
fourth doesn’t make much sense and should not be used as a factor.
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Psychology 436
Task 15 Recode Necessary Items from Criterion Scales
Objectives
You want all of the factor loadings in the criterion factors to be of the same sign.
Thus, we need to reverses code R1, R5, R9 (we have already reverse R1, now we
reverse it back along with R5 and R9 to make the scale interpretable as Religiosity), and C6.
15.1
Repeat the steps from Step 5 for Items C2 and C6
15.2
Save the Data file.
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Task 16 Compute Scale Scores
Comments
Now that we have determined that these items make a viable scale, let’s compute a
scale score for them.
Scale scores are just like test scores – they summarize performance or responses
across items. In this case, we will simply take the average of the item responses in
order to compute the scale scores. We could also take the sum, but when different
scales have different numbers of items, it makes it difficult to compare means and
standard deviations across scales.
16.1
Under the Transform menu, choose Compute.
16.2
In the Target Variable box, type “Smoking”.
16.3
Under the Function Group choose Statistical.
16.4
Under Functions and Special Variables, choose Mean and click the up arrow to
move it into the Numeric Expression box.
16.5
Highlight the first question mark in the Numeric Expression box.
16.6
Choose the first Smoking item and hit the right arrow to replace the question mark
with the item.
16.7
Highlight the second question mark in the Numeric Expression box.
16.8
Choose the second Smoking item and hit the right arrow to replace the question
mark.
16.9
Manually type a comma after this second item, then choose the next Smoking items
I4 and move it to the Numeric Expression Box. REMEMBER TO ONLY USE
THOSE ITEMS THAT WERE KEPT AFTER THE FACTOR AND RELIABILITY
ANALYSES.
16.10
Click OK
16.11
Save your SPSS data file.
16.12
Repeat this process using the Organization Items, War on Terror Items, and
Religious Tolerance Items.
16.13
Repeat this with the three criterions scales as well.
16.14
Save your data file!
SPSS Lab 4
Psychology 436
Task 17 Compute Correlations among Variables
Comments
Let’s see how the variables relate to one another.
17.1
From the Analyze menu, select Correlate, then Bivariate.
17.2
Select the four scales developed, plus the three criterion scales, plus those criterion
items that are not including in the criterion scales.
17.3
Click OK.
17.4
Does your scale correlate with those it is expected to? Does it not correlate with
those it was not expected to correlate with?
We will discuss further in class and be on the lookout for descriptions of what to include
in your final project results soon!