FACIAL BONES
13 immovable, 1 movable bones
support the face
provide attachment for muscles that control facial
expression and move jaw
(frown uses 40 facial muscles, smile 20 facial muscles, fake
smile all facial muscles)
Maxillary bones
Form upper jaw
Portions form floor of orbits, roof of mouth, walls and
floor of nasal cavity
Maxillary sinuses – largest
 palatine process – horizontal projection, forms
 hard palate
 fuses before birth
 no fuse = cleft palate
 Alveolar process- sockets for teeth
Palatine bones
2, L shaped
posterior to maxillary
horizontal portion forms posterior roof of mouth
floor of nasal cavity
vertical portions form lateral wall of nasal cavity
Vomer – finishes the nasal septum along with
perpendicular plate
Zygomatic Bones
Cheekbones
Part of orbit
Temporal process – extends to temporal bone
Zygomatic arch – cheek bone
Nasal bones
2 small rectangular bones
forms bridge of nose, between orbits
Lacrimal bones
2 tiny, fingernail sized bones
posterior and lateral to nasal bones
anterior to ethmoid
forms part of medial wall of orbits
Inferior nasal conchae
2 thin scroll like bones
inferior to superior and middle nasal conchae of
ethmoid
turbinates – the superior, middle and inferior nasal
conchae – warms and moistens the air before it reaches
lungs,
Mandible – only movable facial bone
Lower jaw
Mandibular condyle – articulates with temporal
bone at mandibular fossa of temporal bone
Alveolar processes – sockets for teeth
 mental foramen – in mandible below first molar
 DDS injects anesthetics to block
o Pain during dental work
 Mandibular foramen in ramus – DDS also uses for
 Point of anesthetics
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Comprised of vertebrae
Intervertebral discs – fibrocartilage
Vertebral canal – foramen through vertebrae, protect
Spinal cord
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
5 sacral(fused = sacrum)
3-5 fused = coccyx(cuckoo, from it’s resemblance to
cuckoo’s beak)
Vertebral regions correspond to the 4 curves
Cervical curve –bends anteriorly, concave
Thoracic curve – bends posteriorly, convex
Lumbar curve – bends anteriorly, concave
Sacral curve – bends posteriorly, convex
Curves give added strength, maintain balance, absorb
shock
Newborns, 1 single convex curve
Cervical curve develops when baby learns
To hold its head @ 1 month
Lumbar curve develops when baby can
stand/walk @ 9 mos to 1yr.
ANATOMY OF TYPICAL VERTEBRA
Body – wgt bearing part
Attaches to intervertebral discs
Vertebral arch – extends from body, posteriorly
Forms the vertebral foramen
Transverse process – lateral projections
- articulate with ribs
- sites of muscle attachement
Superior and inferior articulating processes
- like the transverse process only
above and below the transverse
- superior articulates with inferior
- process of superior vertebra
- inferior process articulates with
- superior process of inferior
vertebra
CERVICAL VERTEBRAE
Different from all other vertebra
Smaller and lighter
Include a transverse foramen for arteries to brain
Bifid spinous process
1st and 2nd c.vert = atlas and axis
1st (atlas) articulates with occipital condyles
no body
large superior articulating process
allows us to nod “yes”
2nd c.vert = axis
has a body with odontoid process
projects into ring of atlas
allows us to say “no”
C-7 vertebra prominens, large, nonbifid spinous process
Seen and felt at base of neck
12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE
long, pointed spinous processes, project downward
articulate with ribs
smooth facets on side of body for heads of ribs
inferior demifacet of a TV will articulate with
rib with superior demifacef of lower TV
T-10 thru T-12 whole facets on bodies
5 LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
thickest and largest
able to provide support
spinous process is quadrilateral in shape
projects nearly straight out
point of attachment for largest back muscle(latissimus
dorsi)
SACRUM
Delta shaped bone
Strong foundation for pelvic girdle
Between 2 hip bones – forms posterior pelvic
cavity
4 pair of foramina for nerves and BV
sacral canal – continuation of vertebral canal
sacral hiatus – 4th and 5th sacral vert don’t meet
point of caudal anesthesia
located by sacral cornea (bony
prominences)
COCCYX
Fusion of coccygeal vertebrae
Attaches to sacrum by ligaments
Spina bifida – usually in lumbar vert.
Laminae(base of spinous process) fail to
unite
Vertebral canal is open
Protrusion of spinal cord
Paralysis, loss of urinary bladder control
No reflexesb