JOURNAL OF INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND RESEARCH IN
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK ON REACTIVE
ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MANET
1
MR. RAHUL SHARMA, 2MR. SACHIN SHARMA
1M.TECH.[CS]Student,
Department Of Computer Science, Rajeshthan Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Rajeshthan.
2 Asst.Prof, Department Of Computer Science, Rajeshthan Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Rajeshthan.
rahul_sharma229@yahoo.in, engg_sachin@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT: A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) consists of mobile hosts equipped with wireless
communacation devices. A Mobile Ad hoc Network is a self-organizing, infrastructure less, multi-hop network.
The transmission of a mobile host is received by all hosts within its transmission range due to the broadcast
nature of wireless communication and omnidirectional antennae. If two wireless hosts are out of their
transmission ranges in the ad hoc networks, other mobile hosts located between them can forward their
messages, which effectively builds connected networks among the mobile hosts in the deployed area. One main
challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerable nature to security attack. These attacks can be
deployed by insider or outsider attacker. Sometime, The node from network can be attacker. This is happen
because of mobility of nodes and changing network topology. There are different kind of attacks available in
literature and can be implemented on MANET. One of these attack is Grey Hole attack that have dangerous
effect on Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. In this paper, we study the effect of Grey Hole attack on Dynamic Source
Routing (DSR) protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network. .
Keywords— Ad-Hoc Networks, Grey Hole Attack, DSR, CBR Traffic.
I.
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the explosive growth of mobile
computing devices, which mainly include laptops,
personal digital assistants (PDAs) and handheld
digital devices, has impelled a revolutionary change
in the computing world: computing will not merely
rely on the capability provided by the personal
computers, and the concept of ubiquitous computing
emerges and becomes one of the research hotspots in
the computer science society[1].
The nature of the ubiquitous computing has made it
necessary to adopt wireless network as the
interconnection method: it is not possible for the
ubiquitous devices to get wired network link
whenever and wherever they need to connect with
other ubiquitous devices. The Mobile Ad Hoc
Network is one of the wireless networks that have
attracted most concentrations from many researchers.
A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a system of
wireless mobile nodes that dynamically self-organize
in arbitrary and temporary network topologies.
People and vehicles can thus be internetworked in
areas without a preexisting communication
infrastructure or when the use of such infrastructure
requires wireless extension[2]. Because of this
features, the mobile ad hoc networks are more prone
to suffer from the malicious behaviors than the
traditional wired networks. Therefore, we need to pay
more attention to the security issues in the mobile ad
hoc networks.
In this paper, Aim is to evaluate the performance of
dynamic source routing protocol under DoS attack.
In section 2 ,we explore DSR protocol. Section 3
define and explain DoS attack. Section 4 say problem
statement and analyze the performance of DSR
through simulation result. Section 5 concludes the
paper. Section 6 specify the future work.
II.
DSR PROTOCOL OPERATION
There are two categories of routing protocol in AdHoc network, Reactive and Proactive.[3] Protocols
cab be proactive which means that nodes periodically
registers changes in the topology and updates routing
information. The routes are stored and maintained in
routing tables. Proactive protocols have the
advantage that there is little latency since routes are
already available, but the disadvantage is that they
require nodes to periodically updates routing tables.
The other approach is reactive protocols. Routes are
discovered on demand, When data need to be
transmitted to the node. Advantage of on demand
routing is that it saves bandwidth by reducing routing
overhead. Disadvantage is the latency at the
beginning of transmission to nodes when no route,
have yet been discovered.
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COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)[3] is specifically
designed for use in multi-hop wireless ad hoc
networks. The protocol does not require any existing
infrastructure or administration and is completely
self-organizing and self configuring. DSR is source
routing protocol, which means the entire route is
known before transmission is begun. DSR stores
discovered routes in Route Cache. The protocol
basically consists of the two mechanisms:


Route Discovery
Route Maintenance
A. Route Discovery
When source node sends a packet to the destination
node, it first searches its route cache for suitable
route to destination. If no route from source to
destination exists in source’s route cache, Source
initiates Route Discovery and sends out a ROUTE
REQUEST message to find the route. The source
node is referred to as initiator and destination node as
the target. When a node receives a ROUTE
REQUEST message it examine the target ID to
determine if it is the target of message. If not, then
nodes own id is appended to the address list and the
RReq is broadcasted. If the the node is the target it
returns a ROUTE REPLY message to the initiator.
This ROUTE REPLY message includes the
accumulated route from the ROUTE REQUEST
message.
B. Route Maintenance
Since nodes move in and out of transmission range of
other nodes and thereby creates and breaks routes, it
is necessary to maintain the routes that are stored in
the route cache. When a node receives a packet it is
responsible for confirming that the packet reaches the
next node on the route. Figure illustrates the
mechanism work like a chain where each link has to
make sure that the link in front of it not broken.
III. DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACK - GREY
HOLE
A DoS attack is distributed in nature, large scale
attempt by malicious users to disrupt connection
between two machines, thereby preventing access to
a service or to disrupt service to a specific system.[4]
This exhausts the victim network of resources such as
bandwidth, battery, computing power, etc. The
victims are unable to provide services to its
legitimate clients and network performance is greatly
deteriorated.
One of the most important attacks of DoS category is
grey hole attack. We need to find the effect of this
attack on DSR.
In this case, the attacker introduce itself as cooperating node, it participate in route request and
route reply mechanism, it make sure that it will be
available on the path. After the route discovery
mechanism, when source node transmit data packet at
that time malicious user just drop all the data packet.
In other words, such attacker does not allow that all
of packets arrive at real destination.[4]
IV. PROBLEM STATEMENT
In DSR, Route Request and Route Reply messages
are used for finding the path between source and
destination. Source initiates Route Discovery and
sends out a ROUTE REQUEST message to find the
route. When a node receives a ROUTE REQUEST
message it examine the target ID to determine if it is
the target of message. If the node is the target it
returns a ROUTE REPLY message to the initiator.
This ROUTE REPLY message includes the
accumulated route from the ROUTE REQUEST
message.
In Grey Hole Attack, Attacker participate in route
discovery procedure and it will make sure that it will
be available on the path. In this kind of attack,
attackers do not drop all the packet but only drop
certain kind of packet such as data packet. With this
half dropping the attacker tries to hide the attack by
not denying all the network service.
In this paper, we evaluate the performance of DSR
protocol under grey hole attack. We have used NS-2
simulator with following parameters.
TABLE I
PARAMETERS USED IN NS-2 SIMULATOR
Simulation time
500 sec
Number of Nodes
Routing Protocol
50
DSR
Traffic
CBR
Packet Size
512 Bytes
Number of traces
Topologies
10
Dynamic
Mobility Model
Random Way Point
For the evaluation we use following metrics in our
study:
1) Packet Delivery Ratio: The packet delivery ratio
of a receiver is defined as the ratio of the number of
data packets received by receiver over the number of
data packets transmitted by the sender.
2) Throughput: Network throughput refers to the
average data rate of successful data or message
delivery over a specific communications link.
3) End to End Delay: The end to end delay of a
packet is defined as the time a packet takes to travel
from the source to destination.
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
Following are our simulation results that demonstrate
the effects of greyhole attack on DSR protocol in
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.
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COMPUTER ENGINEERING
2 Nodes
TABLE II
PACKET DELIVERY RATIO
4 Nodes
6 Nodes
8 Nodes
10 Nodes
88.99%
85.62%
77.30%
83.82%
78.67%
VI. CONCLUSIONS
The performance of routing protocols in MANET
depends heavily on much kind of attacks. One of
these attacks is grey hole attack. The results of
simulation show that this attack has high effect on
DSR protocol.
In this case, based on the number of attacker, the
Packet Delivery Ratio is high or low. If the number
of them increases, the Packet Delivery Ratio is low,
because we have grey hole attack.
End to End Delay is not more different between two
states (attack or no attack), because the topology is
dynamic and the figured structure in first state is
change in next times and finally Throughput for other
nodes is high.
Fig. 1 Packet Delivery Ratio under grey hole attack
TABLE III
END TO END DELAY
2 Nodes
4 Nodes
6 Nodes
8 Nodes
39.57
32.15
30.00
24.67
10
Nodes
18.57
Fig. 2 End-to-End Delay under grey hole attack
TABLE III
THROUGHPUT
2 Nodes
4 Nodes
6 Nodes
8 Nodes
10 Nodes
245.092
213.092
235.764
230.86
216.348
REFERENCES
[1] Marco Conti, Body, ”Personal and Local Ad
Hoc Wireless Networks”, in Book The Handbook of
Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (Chapter 1), CRC Press
LLC, 2003.
[2] M.S. Corson, J.P. Maker, and J.H. Cernicione,
”Internet-based Mobile Ad Hoc Networking”, IEEE
Internet Computing, pages 63-70, July-August 1999.
[3] David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz, Josh Broch,
”Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Multihop
WIreless Ad Hoc networks”, Ad Hoc Networking
(Chapter 5), pages 139-172, 2010.
[4] Malcolm Parsons, Peter Ebinger. ”Performance
Evaluation of the Impact of Attacks On Mobile Ad
hoc Networks”, In roceedings of Field Failure Data
Analysis Workshop September27-30, Niagara Falls,
New York, U.S.A, 2009.
Fig. 3 Throughput under grey hole attack
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