Policy on Academic Integrity for Institute Members1
Contents:
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Academic Integrity
Violations of Academic Integrity
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Cheating
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Fabrication
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Facilitating Academic Dishonesty
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Plagiarism
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Denying others access to information or material
Academic Dishonesty Offences and Sanctions
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Level One Violations
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Level Two Violations
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Level Three Violations
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Level Four Violations
Consequences of Violating the Academic Integrity Policy
Administration of the Academic Integrity Policy
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Committee on Student Conduct
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Complaint Procedure
Amendments to the Integrity Code
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Minor Changes
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Major Changes
Afterword
1.
Academic Integrity
1.1
Academic freedom is a fundamental right in any institution of higher learning.
Honesty and integrity are necessary preconditions of this freedom. Academic
integrity requires that all academic work be wholly the product of an identified
individual or individuals. Joint efforts are legitimate only when the assistance
of others is explicitly acknowledged. Ethical conduct is an obligation of every
member of the Institute community, and breaches of academic integrity may
be serious offences against the Institute’s disciplinary code.
1.2
Maintaining standards of academic honesty and successfully administering
this policy depend on the mutual co-operation of all Institute members.
Publishing the Academic Integrity Policy to all Institute members will help to
ensure all the Institute community can be informed about academic integrity.
1.3
Active co-operation by all members of the Institute community is essential for
successful application of the procedures defined under the Academic Integrity
Policy. Members help promote academic integrity when they acknowledge
the sources of the material which they use or circulate, and when they make
clear in syllabi or coursework what their expectations are concerning
homework assignments, collaborative student efforts, research papers,
examinations, and the like. Efforts should be made to detect and to prevent
1
Written by J P Clinton (May 2004), based inter alia on material from Rutgers University, New Brunswick Campus.
cheating and plagiarism in all academic assignments. If members have
evidence of academic dishonesty, they are expected to report such evidence.
1.4
All Institute members must take responsibility for maintaining honesty in all
work submitted for credit and in any other work designated by a course
instructor. Members are also expected to avoid any act or omission that
promotes academic dishonesty.
1.5
This policy seeks to demonstrate the Institute’s concern with Academic
Integrity, to avoid academic dishonesty and to put in place a fair procedure for
resolving complaints of academic dishonesty.
2.
Violations of Academic Integrity/Honesty
2.1
The various ways in which academic honesty can be violated are discussed
below. The comments and examples within each section provide explanations
and illustrative material, but do not necessarily exhaust the scope of these
violations.
2.1.1 Cheating
Cheating is the use of inappropriate and unacknowledged materials,
information, or study aids in any academic exercise. The use of books, notes,
calculators and conversation with others is restricted or forbidden in certain
academic exercises. Their use in these cases constitutes cheating. Similarly,
students must not request others, including commercial organisations, to
conduct research or prepare any work for them. They may not submit
identical work or portions of work, for credit more than once without prior
approval of the instructor.
2.1.2 Fabrication
Fabrication is the falsification or invention of any information or citation in an
academic exercise. "Invented" information may not be used in any laboratory
experiment or other academic exercise without authorisation from the
instructor. It is improper, for example, to analyse one sample in an experiment
and covertly "invent" data based on that single experiment for several more
required analyses. The writer must also acknowledge reliance upon the actual
source from which cited information was obtained. A writer should not, for
example, reproduce a quotation from a book review and indicate that the
quotation was obtained from the book itself.
2.1.3 Facilitating Academic Dishonesty
Institute members who use unacknowledged material or allow their own work
to be used by other students or who otherwise aid academic dishonesty by
others are in breach of the Institute’s academic integrity policy. These
members, even though they may not themselves benefit from it, are as guilty
of intellectual dishonesty as the member who receives the material.
2.1.4 Plagiarism
Plagiarism is the representation of the words or ideas of another as one's own
in any academic exercise. To avoid plagiarism, every direct quotation must be
identified by quotation marks or by appropriate indentation and must be
properly cited in the text or in a footnote. Acknowledgement is required when
material from another source stored in print, electronic or other medium is
paraphrased or summarised in whole or in part in one's own words. To
acknowledge a paraphrase properly, one might state: "to paraphrase Plato's
comment..." and conclude with a footnote identifying the exact reference. A
footnote acknowledging only a directly quoted statement does not suffice to
notify the reader of any preceding or succeeding paraphrased material.
Information which is common knowledge such as names of leaders of
prominent nations, basic scientific laws, etc, need not be footnoted; however,
all facts or information obtained in reading or research that are not common
knowledge among students in the course must be acknowledged. In addition
to materials specifically cited in the text, only materials that contribute to one's
general understanding of the subject may be acknowledged in the
bibliography. Plagiarism can, in some cases, be a subtle issue. Any questions
about what constitutes plagiarism should be discussed with the lecturer or staff
member.
2.1.5 Denying others access to information or material
It is a violation of academic integrity to deny others access to scholarly
resources, or to deliberately impede the progress of another student or scholar.
Examples of offences of this type include: giving others false or misleading
information; making library material unavailable to others by stealing or
defacing books or journals, or by deliberately misplacing or destroying reserve
materials; or altering computer files that belong to another.
3.
Academic Dishonesty Offences and Sanctions
3.1.1 Any violation of academic honesty is a serious offence and is therefore subject
to an appropriate penalty under the Institute’s Codes of Conduct. Violations at
DkIT are classified into four levels according to the nature of the infraction.
For each level of violation a corresponding set of sanctions is recommended in
the following sections of this policy. Institute officers and boards, including
boards established under its Codes of Discipline, are not bound by these
illustrations, which are intended as general guidelines for the academic
community. The Institute regards adherence to a code of conduct as a function
of socialisation into the academic community, whose norms are reflected in
academic codes. Culpability may be assessed differently for those with more
or with less experience as members of the academic community; thus,
violations of academic integrity by graduate students may be regarded more
severely than violations by first semester, first year students. Examples are
cited below for each level of violation. These examples, too, are illustrations
and should not be considered all-inclusive.
3.2
Level One Violations
Level One violations may occur because of inexperience or lack of knowledge
of principles of academic integrity on the part of persons committing the
violation. These violations are likely to involve a small fraction of the total
course work, are not extensive, and/or occur on a minor assignment. A
discipline panel within an Institute school may hear such a case. The
following are examples:
1. Working with another student on a laboratory or other homework
assignment when such work is prohibited.
2. Failure to footnote or give proper acknowledgement in an extremely
limited section of an assignment.
Recommended sanctions for level one violations are listed below; one of these
may be chosen in each case:
1. Required attendance in a non-credit workshop or seminar on ethics or
related subjects.
2. An assigned paper or research project on a relevant topic.
3. A make-up assignment at a more difficult level than the original
assignment.
4. A recommendation to the instructor that no credit is given for the original
assignment.
Records of students who commit a Level One offence will be maintained in
the respective Head of School’s office until graduation.
3.3
Level Two Violations
Level Two violations are characterised by dishonesty of a more serious
character or which affects a more significant aspect or portion of the course
work. Cases involving Level Two violations may be heard by a discipline
panel of the student’s School, or, in the case of a student, who is not a
candidate for a degree, by the discipline panel of such unit as will be assigned
by the Academic Administration and Student Affairs Manager. The following
are examples of level two violations:
1. Quoting directly or paraphrasing, to a moderate extent, without
acknowledging the source.
2. Submitting the same work or major portions of it to satisfy the
requirements of more than one course without permission from the
instructor.
3. Using data or interpretative material for a laboratory report without
acknowledging the sources or the collaborators. All contributors to
preparation of data and/or to writing the report must be named.
4. Receiving assistance from others, such as research, statistical,
computer programming, or field data collection help that constitutes an
essential element in the undertaking without acknowledging such
assistance in a paper, examination or project.
Recommended sanction for Level Two violations is disciplinary probation. In
cases of academic dishonesty involving out-of-class assignments, the panel
may recommend a failing grade for the assignment involved and the grade in
the course will be determined in the normal manner. However, cheating on a
final stage examination would normally carry a recommended penalty that the
faculty member should fail the student in the course, as well as disciplinary
probation.
Notation of disciplinary probation will be placed on the student's transcript
and will remain for the period in which the sanction is in force. Records of
students who commit Level Two offences will be maintained in the respective
Head of School’s Office until graduation.
3.4
Level Three Violations
Level Three violations are those that go beyond level one or two and that, in
the opinion of the Institute require adjudication at Institute level. Level Three
violations include dishonesty that affects a major or essential portion of work
done to meet course requirements, or involves premeditation, or is preceded by
one or more violations at levels one and two. Cases involving Level Three
violations are heard under the Institute’s Code of Student Conduct. Examples
include:
1. Copying on class tests or final examinations.
2. Plagiarising major portions of a written assignment.
3. Acting to facilitate copying during an exam.
4. Using prohibited materials, e.g., books, notes or calculators during an
examination.
5. Collaborating before an exam to develop methods of exchanging
information and implementing these.
6. Altering examinations for the purposes of re-grading.
7. Acquiring or distributing an examination from unauthorised sources
prior to the examination.
8. Presenting the work of another as one's own.
9. Using purchased term paper or other materials.
10. Removing posted or reserved material, or preventing other students
from having access to it.
11. Fabricating data by inventing or deliberately altering material (this
includes citing "sources" that are not, in fact, sources.
12. Using unethical or improper means of acquiring data.
The sanction typically to be sought for all Level Three violations or repeated
violations of Level One and Two offences is a minimum of a one semester
suspension from the Institute.
3.5
Level Four Violations
Level Four violations represent the most serious breaches of intellectual
honesty. Such cases are heard under the Institute’s Code of Student Conduct.
Examples of Level Four violations include:
1. All academic infractions committed after return from suspension for a
previous academic honesty violation.
2. Infractions of academic honesty in ways similar to criminal activity (such as
forging a grade form, stealing an examination from a professor or from a
3.
4.
5.
6.
university office; buying an examination; or falsifying a transcript to secure
entry into the University or change the record of work done at the University).
Having a substitute take an examination or taking an examination for another.
Fabrication of evidence, falsification of data, quoting directly or paraphrasing
without acknowledging the source, and/or presenting the ideas of another as
one's own in a senior thesis, within a master's thesis or doctoral dissertation, in
scholarly articles submitted to refereed journals, or in other work represented
as one's own as a graduate student.
Sabotaging another student's work through actions designed to prevent the
student from successfully completing an assignment.
Wilful violation of the ethical code of the profession for which a graduate
student is preparing.
The typical sanction for all Level Four violations and a repeat infraction at level
three is permanent expulsion from the Institute. Such cases are heard under theUniversity Code of Student Conduct. Notation of "academic disciplinary
separation" will be placed on a student's transcript and remain permanently.
4.
Consequences of Violating the Academic Integrity Policy
4.1
Institute members who commit acts of academic dishonesty not only face
censure by the Institute but run a serious risk of harming their future
educational and employment opportunities. In addition to the notation for a
specific sanction placed on a student's transcript and which remains for the
term of the sanction, prospective employers and other educational institutions
frequently use recommendation forms that ask for judgement and comment on
an individual's moral or ethical behaviour. Since such forms are sent with the
permission of the student, Institute members who have knowledge of academic
dishonesty incidents are ethically bound to report such incidences. In all cases
in which a grade of "F" is assigned for disciplinary reasons, moreover, the "F"
will remain on the student's transcript, even if the course is retaken and a
passing grade is achieved.
5.
Administration of the Academic Integrity Policy
5.1
Committee on Student Conduct
The Standing Committee of Academic Council will have responsibility for
monitoring the Policy on Academic Integrity. It may appoint an Academic
Integrity Board to hear cases of academic dishonesty that may involve
separation from the Institute. Any appeal against the decisions of this Board
shall be to the Standing Committee, in the first instance.
5.2
Complaint Procedure
5.2.1 Any member of the Institute’s community may present evidence of academic
dishonesty to the head of the appropriate section, department, or school or to
an academic official of the Institute. If a student reports a breach of the policy,
the instructor of the course should co-operate in undertaking an investigation.
If only one Institute section or department is involved, the case will be
assigned to the Academic Administration and Student Affairs Manager in
accordance with the Student Code of Conduct.
5.2.2 If there should be a question concerning the appropriate level of a particular
offence, it should be referred to the Academic Administration and Student
Affairs Manager who will make a determination in accordance with the
Student Code of Conduct. Students may continue to participate in a course or
in research activities until the case has been adjudicated. In no circumstances
should a student be offered a choice of either dropping a course or facing
disciplinary action.
All disciplinary proceedings are confidential. Institute members are cautioned
not to discuss cases of academic dishonesty outside of the legitimate hearings
prescribed by the policy.
If the penalty for an offence is one for which the sanction is separation from
the Institute, (i.e. Level 3 &4), the Head of School will notify the Academic
Administration and Student Affairs Manager and will also send the case to that
Office to be heard under the Institute’s Code of Student Conduct. Hearing
guidelines and appeal procedures are outlined in the Code of Student Conduct.
6.
Amendments to the Integrity Policy
6.1
Minor Changes
The Academic Council or a group designated by it may recommend minor
changes to this Code. These will go into effect at the beginning of the next
academic year, providing that all units have been informed of the proposed
changes and none has objected that the changes are major ones.
6.2
Major Changes
Any Institute unit may propose major changes, to be considered by the
Academic Council. If units representing three-fifths of the total number of
faculty members and three-fifths of the units in DkIT approve the proposed
changes, then the changes will become part of the policy.
7.
Afterword
The Academic Council’s Academic Quality Sub-Committee developed this
Policy on Academic Integrity in consultation with the Council’s Working
Party on the Student Code of Discipline. The Sub-Committee has invited
comments and suggestions from representatives of all the undergraduate and
graduate students of the Institute. The Institute acknowledges its debt to the
published academic integrity regulations of many other major public
institutions and to the Institute members who contributed their ideas to this
policy. Requests for additional copies should be directed to the Institute’s
Academic Administration and Student Affairs Office.