HYGIENE AND ECOLOGY 2011/2012
1. Hygiene – aim, subject, tasks, methods. Hygienic standards – principles
and methods.
2. Influence of man over the biosphere. Hygienic – ecological problems,
connected with pollution of biosphere. Pollution of atmosphere air.
3. Measures for prophylaxis of air pollution. Indexes for atmosphere
pollution.
4. Ecological and health problems due to air pollution. Methods of
examination of the influence of air pollution over risk groups of the
population. Ecological and biological monitoring.
5. Physical factors of atmosphere (solar radiation, atmosphere pressure,
aero-ionization) and their influence over health.
6. Meteorological factors of atmosphere and their influence over health.
7. Complex influence of the physical factors of atmosphere. Methods for
complex assessment of the meteo-complex. Health aspects of thermal
metabolism between human’s organism and environment.
8. Climate, weather and microclimate – characteristic. Climate-prophylaxis
and climate-treatment.
9. Influence of climate and weather over health. Prophylaxis of meteotropic
reaction and diseases. Acclimatization.
10. Importance of water (biological, hygienic, epidemiological, ect.). Waterepidemics.
11. Importance of the chemical components of water for dissemination of
some non-infectious diseases.
12. Organoleptic, chemical and microbiological qualities of drinking water –
hygienic standards, assessment, importance for human’s health.
13. Hygienic-ecological and health problems, connected with pollution of
water-reservoirs and water-supply systems.
14. Methods for purification of drinking water – sedimentation, filtration,
coagulation. Special methods for improvement of the qualities of drinking
water
15. Methods for disinfection of drinking water. Assessment and control of
disinfection.
16. Urbanization. Hygienic problems.
17. Prophylaxis of noise and electromagnetic fields in towns and villages
18. Residential environment. Requirements and criteria for good lighting,
heating and ventilation.
19. Hygienic requirements for building of medical institutions. Systems of
hospital construction. Types of medical institutions.
20. Hygienic requirements for planning, building, furnishing of hospitals.
Lightening, heating, ventilation of hospitals.
21.Hygienic requirements for clinics in risk.
22. Medicinal protective regime. Nozocomial infections – definition, types,
conditions for occurring. Organization and management of prophylaxis of
nozocomial infections.
23.Occupational medicine and health problems of the personnel in medical
institutions. Unfavorable factors of working conditions. Health risk and
prophylaxis
24. Ionizing radiation – characteristic and biological influence. Main
principals of protection.
25. Main principals of protection of radiation in medical institutions.
Hygienic requirements for X-ray and radiological clinics.
26. Personal hygiene – subject and tasks. Healthy way of life. Prophylaxis of
diseases, caused by unhealthy way of life.
27. Food, nutrition and health. Healthy nutrition – main principles and
requirements, physiological standards for nutrition.
28. Diseases due to improper nutrition and misbalance of nutritive
substances. Alimentary risk factors. Prophylaxis
29. Methods of studying the ways of feeding. Hygienic assessment of
nutrition. Nutritional status.
30. Proteins – biological meaning, sources, utilization, physiological
standards.
31. Fats - biological meaning, sources, utilization, physiological standards.
32. Carbohydrates and ballast substances - biological meaning, sources,
utilization, physiological standards.
33. Macro and microelements - biological meaning, sources, utilization,
physiological standards.
34. Vitamins – biological meaning, sources. Specific health problems due to
excess or lack of vitamins.
35. Nutritional prophylaxis of socially important diseases
36. Nutrition of children and adolescents.
37. Nutrition of pregnant women and breastfeeding.
38. Nutrition of persons involved in mental work.
39. Nutrition of old and elderly people.
40. Curative nutrition – main principles and diets.
41. Food products – classification and characteristic according to their
biological meaning and physiological importance. Indexes and methods
for hygienic assessment of food products.
42. Milk and milk products – nutritional and biological value. Hygienic
assessment – indexes and methods.
43. Meat and meat products nutritional and biological value. Hygienic
assessment – indexes and methods.
44. Fruits and vegetables – nutritional and biological value.
45. Nutritional toxic-infections (salmonellas, etc.) – prophylaxis
46. Nutritional intoxication – staphylococcal intoxication and botulism.
Prophylaxis.
47. Diseases and damages caused by chemical components of food.
Nutritional admixtures and supplements.
48. Hygienic requirements to restaurants. Control of the health condition of
the staff and requirements for personal hygiene.
49. Industrial medicine – subject and tasks. Occupational risk factors and
occupational diseases. Principles of prophylaxis.
50. Contemporary types of labor – classification and physiological
characteristic. Ergonomics.
51. Functional changes in the organism during physical labor.
52. Problems of mental work and its physiological organization.
53. Working ability – nature, factors, influencing working ability. Tiredness
and over-work – principles of occurrence, indexes, prophylaxis.
54. Industrial microclimate. Hygienic characteristic, influence over health
and working ability of workers.
55. Noise – hygienic characteristic, distribution, influence over the organism.
Methods for assessment of noise – main requirements.
56. Occupational diseases caused by the influence of noise. Prophylaxis.
57. Occupational vibrations. Sources, distribution, hygienic characteristic.
Methods for assessment of vibrations – main requirements.
58. Occupational diseases caused by the influence of vibrations over the
organism. Prophylaxis.
59. Chemical factors of occupational environment – classification, sources,
general characteristic. Importance of way of penetration, metabolism,
cumulation and elimination of the chemical pollutants for the
development of occupational poisoning.
60. Factors on which depend the effects of the chemical compounds in
occupational environment. Types of poisoning.
61. Heavy metals – lead and tetraethyl lead. Hygienic-toxicological
characteristic. Prophylaxis of intoxication.
62. Clinical manifestation of lead poisoning. Treatment. Prophylaxis.
63. Heavy metals – mercury. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
64. Clinical manifestation of mercury poisoning. Treatment. Prophylaxis.
65. Heavy metals – manganese. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
66. Toxic gases – fluorine. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis
of intoxication.
67. Toxic gases – chlorine, nitric gases, ammonium. Hygienic-toxicological
characteristic. Prophylaxis of intoxication.
68. Toxic gases – sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide. Hygienictoxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of intoxication.
69. Carbon oxide. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of
intoxication.
70. Organic solvents – benzene. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
71. Organic solvents – benzol. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
72. Organic solvents - trotyl and ursol. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
73. Dust – physico-chemical factor of working environment. Classification,
main sources, pathogen features, threatened branches and professions.
Prophylaxis of dust diseases.
74. Growth and development. General characteristics, age dynamics of the
main morphological indexes.
75. Indexes and methods for assessment of the physical development of
children and adolescents.
76. Anatomic –physiological characteristics of children’s organism during
early childhood and pre-school age.
77. Anatomic –physiological characteristics of children’s organism during
school age.
78. Biological age – meaning, importance, assessment. Acceleration. School
maturity.
79. Physiological and hygienic principles of education of children and
adolescents. Prophylaxis of tiredness. Health education.
80. Specific pathology during childhood and adolescence. Prophylaxis.