HYGIENE AND ECOLOGY EXAMINATION SYLLABUS
1. Hygiene – aim, subject, tasks, methods. Hygienic standards – principles and methods.
2. Influence of men on the biosphere. Hygienic – ecological problems, related to pollution of
biosphere. Pollution of air.
3. Measures for prophylaxis of air pollution. Indexes for atmosphere pollution.
4. Ecological and health problems due to air pollution. Methods for assessment of the
influence of air pollution over risk groups of the population. Ecological and biological
monitoring.
5. Physical factors of atmosphere (solar radiation, atmosphere pressure, air ionization) and
their influence over health.
6. Meteorological factors of atmosphere and their influence over health.
7. Complex influence of the physical factors of atmosphere. Methods for complex
assessment of the meteo-complex. Health aspects of thermal metabolism between
human’s organism and environment.
8. Climate, weather and microclimate – characteristic. Climate-prophylaxis and climatetreatment.
9. Influence of climate and weather over health. Prophylaxis of meteotropic reaction and
diseases. Acclimatization.
10. Importance of water (biological, hygienic, epidemiological, ect.). Water- epidemics.
11. Importance of the chemical components of water for dissemination of some noninfectious diseases.
12. Organoleptic, chemical and microbiological qualities of drinking water – hygienic
standards, assessment, importance for human’s health.
13. Hygienic-ecological and health problems, connected with pollution of water-reservoirs
and water-supply systems.
14. Methods for purification of drinking water – sedimentation, filtration, coagulation.
Special methods for improvement of the qualities of drinking water
15. Methods for disinfection of drinking water. Assessment and control of disinfection.
16. Urbanization. Hygienic problems.
17. Prophylaxis of noise and electromagnetic fields in towns and villages
18. Residential environment. Requirements and criteria for good lighting, heating and
ventilation.
19. Hygienic requirements for building of medical institutions. Systems of hospital
construction. Types of medical institutions.
20. Hygienic requirements for planning, building, furnishing of hospitals. Lightening,
heating, ventilation of hospitals.
21. Hygienic requirements for clinics in risk.
22. Medicinal protective regime. Nozocomial infections – definition, types, conditions for
occurring. Organization and management of prophylaxis of nozocomial infections.
23. Occupational medicine and health problems of the personnel in medical institutions.
Unfavorable factors of working conditions. Health risk and prophylaxis
24. Ionizing radiation – characteristic and biological influence. Main principals of protection.
25. Main principals of protection of radiation in medical institutions. Hygienic requirements
for X-ray and radiological clinics.
26. Personal hygiene – subject and tasks. Healthy way of life. Prophylaxis of diseases,
caused by unhealthy way of life.
27. Food, nutrition and health. Healthy nutrition – main principles and requirements,
physiological standards for nutrition.
28. Diseases due to improper nutrition and misbalance of nutritive substances. Alimentary
risk factors. Prophylaxis
29. Methods of studying the ways of feeding. Hygienic assessment of nutrition. Nutritional
status.
30. Proteins – biological meaning, sources, utilization, physiological standards.
31. Fats - biological meaning, sources, utilization, physiological standards.
32. Carbohydrates and ballast substances - biological meaning, sources, utilization,
physiological standards.
33. Macro and microelements - biological meaning, sources, utilization, physiological
standards.
34. Vitamins – biological meaning, sources. Specific health problems due to excess or lack
of vitamins.
35. Nutritional prophylaxis of socially important diseases
36. Nutrition of children and adolescents.
37. Nutrition of pregnant women and breastfeeding.
38. Nutrition of persons involved in mental work.
39. Nutrition of old and elderly people.
40. Curative nutrition – main principles and diets.
41. Food products – classification and characteristic according to their biological meaning
and physiological importance. Indexes and methods for hygienic assessment of food
products.
42. Milk and milk products – nutritional and biological value. Hygienic assessment – indexes
and methods.
43. Meat and meat products nutritional and biological value. Hygienic assessment – indexes
and methods.
44. Fruits and vegetables – nutritional and biological value.
45. Nutritional toxic-infections (salmonellas, etc.) – prophylaxis
46. Nutritional intoxication – staphylococcal intoxication and botulism. Prophylaxis.
47. Diseases and damages caused by chemical components of food. Nutritional admixtures
and supplements.
48. Hygienic requirements to restaurants. Control of the health condition of the staff and
requirements for personal hygiene.
49. Industrial medicine – subject and tasks. Occupational risk factors and occupational
diseases. Principles of prophylaxis.
50. Contemporary types of labor – classification and physiological characteristic.
Ergonomics.
51. Functional changes in the organism during physical labor.
52. Problems of mental work and its physiological organization.
53. Working ability – nature, factors, influencing working ability. Tiredness and over-work –
principles of occurrence, indexes, prophylaxis.
54. Industrial microclimate. Hygienic characteristic, influence over health and working
ability of workers.
55. Noise – hygienic characteristic, distribution, influence over the organism. Methods for
assessment of noise – main requirements.
56. Occupational diseases caused by the influence of noise. Prophylaxis.
57. Occupational vibrations. Sources, distribution, hygienic characteristic. Methods for
assessment of vibrations – main requirements.
58. Occupational diseases caused by the influence of vibrations over the organism.
Prophylaxis.
59. Chemical factors of occupational environment – classification, sources, general
characteristic. Importance of way of penetration, metabolism, cumulation and elimination
of the chemical pollutants for the development of occupational poisoning.
60. Factors on which depend the effects of the chemical compounds in occupational
environment. Types of poisoning.
61. Heavy metals – lead and tetraethyl lead. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
62. Clinical manifestation of lead poisoning. Treatment. Prophylaxis.
63. Heavy metals – mercury. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of
intoxication.
64. Clinical manifestation of mercury poisoning. Treatment. Prophylaxis.
65. Heavy metals – manganese. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of
intoxication.
66. Toxic gases – fluorine. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of intoxication.
67. Toxic gases – chlorine, nitric gases, ammonium. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
68. Toxic gases – sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic.
Prophylaxis of intoxication.
69. Carbon oxide. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of intoxication.
70. Organic solvents – benzene. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of
intoxication.
71. Organic solvents – benzol. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of
intoxication.
72. Organic solvents - trotyl and ursol. Hygienic-toxicological characteristic. Prophylaxis of
intoxication.
73. Dust – physico-chemical factor of working environment. Classification, main sources,
pathogen features, threatened branches and professions. Prophylaxis of dust diseases.
74. Growth and development. General characteristics, age dynamics of the main
morphological indexes.
75. Indexes and methods for assessment of the physical development of children and
adolescents.
76. Anatomic –physiological characteristics of children’s organism during early childhood
and pre-school age.
77. Anatomic –physiological characteristics of children’s organism during school age.
78. Biological age – meaning, importance, assessment. Acceleration. School maturity.
79. Physiological and hygienic principles of education of children and adolescents.
Prophylaxis of tiredness. Health education.
80. Specific pathology during childhood and adolescence. Prophylaxis.
Bibliography:
Mandatory
1. Environmental health, Dade W. Moeller, Harvard University press, Third edition, 2005
2. Handouts for students from department lectures
3. http://www.who.int/en/
4. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/
5. http://www.eea.europa.eu/
Optional
1. Хигиена, хранене и професионални болести. Под ред. на проф.Б. Попов,С.
2. Хигиена и екология, том І, под ред. на проф. Д.Цветков, изд. “Знание”,
(2005)
3. Ръководство по хигиена и проф.болести, 1994
4. Учебник по хигиена и проф.болести, 1990