TRANSLATION OF PHRASES
Usually translation of free phrases does not cause any specific difficulties. The main thing
to be remembered here is the interplay of the meanings of components, because every
component should be translated in such a way as to form the whole meaning of the phrase. In
the English language, however, there are some types of phrases, which deserve special attention
due to peculiarities of their semantic structure. Fist of all it refers to phrases with preposed
attributes. All these phrases are built according to the pattern ATTRIBUTE + (ATTRIBUTE +
...) + SUBSTANTIVE but their semantic structure may vary considerably. Preposed attributes
may denote properties and qualities of the substantive itself or of other attributes (cf. "south-coast
convalescent camp" - where both "south-coast" and "convalescent" characterize "camp" – and
"free educational institution" where "free" is not connected semantically with "institution");
besides properties and qualities, they may denote some notion with which the substantive is
connected, they may express local, temporal and other characteristics. That is why it is often
impossible or at least undesirable to translate such phrases using similar Russian constructions,
since in Russian semantic relations between a proposed attribute and a substantive are rather
uniform: if a "happy man" is certainly "счастливый человек", "a medical man" can hardly be translated
as "МЕДИЦИНСКИЙ ЧЕЛОВЕК". There may be several attributes in a phrase and they are not necessarily
expressed by adjectives. Very often the function of a proposed attribute is fulfilled by a noun (the
"stone wall" type of phrases) which, in its turn, may also have an attribute (e.g. "the front door
key"). Sometimes it is not easy to see which of the nouns is characterized by a particular
attribute (does "retail philanthropy business" mean "business of retail philanthropy" or "retail
business of philanthropy"?). Such ambiguity is practically impossible in Russian attributive
phrases.
Another peculiarity of English phrases with proposed attributes is that an attribute may modify a
noun which is as it were omitted and only implied (e.g. "dry pruning" does not mean that the process
of pruning is dry, the word "dry" denotes the state of branches that are being pruned).
These semantic and structural peculiarities should be taken into consideration when translating
attributive phrases with preposed attributes. First of all it is necessary to translate the final noun,
which is always the main word in such a phrase. Then one should single out sense groups within
the phrase and analyze relations between them. If all these groups modify the final noun they may
be translated in the same succession as they are in English, or in a different succession, according
to the norms of the Russian language. If they modify each other in consecutive order the reverse
way of translation is often recommended:
1
2
3
"Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty" "Договор
об
ограничении
стратегических
вооружений"
1
2
3
There are several ways of translating such attributive phrases.
1. A proposed attribute may be translated with the help of a corresponding Russian proposed
attribute: "a fine day" - "чудесный день", "matrimonial ad" - "брачное объявление".
2. A postpositional attribute may be used in Russian: "always-at-ease-girls" - "девушки, всегда
чувствующие себя непринужденно". Often these postpositional attributes are expressed by nouns in
the genitive case: "opposition leader" "лидер оппозиции”.
3. A proposed attribute of an English phrase may be expressed in Russian by a
postpositional attribute joined to the modified noun by a preposition (usually N + prep + N):
"highway robbery" - "грабеж на большой дороге", "youth unemployment" "безработица среди
молодежи".
4. A proposed attribute may be rendered in translation by an apposition: "her millionaire friend" "ее друг - миллионер".
Sometimes one of the components of an English phrase (usually the preposed attribute itself) is
best translated descriptively, i.e. by a group of words: "a bargain counter" "прилавок (отдел)
товаров по сниженным ценам”.
6. When translating English attributive phrases with proposed attributes it is often advisable
or even necessary to rearrange components of the phrase and transfer the attribute to another noun
(present in or omitted from the phrase): "free educational institutions" - "бесплатные учебные
заведения”, though in English the word "free" is connected with "educational" and not with
"institutions"; "Parliamentary Labour Party" - "парламентская фракция лейбористской партии”
(the word "парламентская" here is an attribute to the noun "фракция", introduced into the phrase
according to the norms of the Russian language); "the nine Common Market foreign
ministers" – “девять министров иностранных дел стран Общего рынка”, where two nouns
are introduced ("дел” and "стран ") to show real semantic connections.
For the purposes of translation an attribute may be transferred to another noun used in the
same sentence outside the phrase. E.g. "dismal array of titles" in Mark Twain's "Running for
Governor" should rather be translated as "набор ужасных прозвищ", though in English the adjective
"dismal" modifies the noun "array", and not "titles".
7. Very often English attributive phrases are translated with the help of Russian adverbial
phrases, especially in case of English
to be
to have
to give
+ A + N phrases:
to take
"to give a loud whistle" - "громко свистнуть", "to have a good dinner" - "хорошо (вкусно, как следует)
пообедать", etc.
8.
Finally there are cases when due to different reasons it is impossible to preserve the
structure of a sentence including an attributive phrase with a preposed attribute, so the structure of
the sentence is changed completely: "a girl with whom he had previously had a slight party-going
acquaintance" - "девушка, с которой он раньше лишь иногда встречался на вечеринках.”
The choice of a particular way to translate preposed attributes is predetermined mainly by
semantic relations between the components of a phrase, grammatical norm, and combinability of
words in TL.
There is a specific type of preposed attributes in English - attributes with inner predication. Their
translation mainly depends on their stylistic properties. If such an attribute is rather extended and used
for the purpose of irony, it is usually translated by means of a subordinate clause (mostly an object
clause): "one of those quick send-me-two-hundred-by-messenger-old-man-or-my-head-goes-in-thegas-oven touches" (P.G.Wodehouse) - "одна из тех наскоро написанных записок, в которых
обычно пишут: «Пришли мне, старина…" If it is not very long and no special ironical effect is
intended it is better to find some laconic variant of translation usi ng a preposed or
postpositional attribute or sometimes even a noun without any attribute (if the meaning of this
noun includes the characteristics which in English are expressed by the attributive phrase): "a
'God, you are wonderful' type of woman" - "восторженная женщина", "a grab-it-and-run ...
counter" - "место, где можно наскоро перекусить" or "забегаловка".
Translation of set phrases
Speaking about set phrases it is first of all necessary to differentiate between figurative and
non-figurative set phrases. Non-figurative set phrases are translated according to the principles
that have already been discussed in connection with words and free phrases. The main guiding
principle here is to remember the norms of TL.
Figurative set phrases deserve special discussion. The main peculiarity of these phraseological
units is their specific meaning that often cannot be deduced from the meanings of their components. It is the meaning of the whole, not of separate words, that should be rendered in
translation. Based on imagery, phraseological units serve to make the text more expressive; they are
also often responsible for stylistic coloring of the text. Since the text in TL must be as expressive
as it is in SL and characterized by the same stylistic coloring, it becomes very important to find an
adequate variant of translating every phraseological unit.
There are four main ways to translate an image-bearing phraseological unit: 1) the image may be
preserved as it is; 2) it may be partially changed; 3) it may be replaced by an utterly different image,
and 4) a translated version may contain no image at all.
1. They usually preserve the image (and even the structure) of the so-called international
phraseological units. Such units are mostly based on some historical, mythological, biblical, etc.
references: "In the seventh heaven" - "на седьмом небе", "to go through the fire and water" - "пройти
(сквозь) огонь и воду", "a blue stocking" - "СИНИЙ ЧУЛОК", "not to see the wood for the
trees" - "за деревьями леса не видеть", etc. Such phraseological units of SL and TL are called
equivalents. In case of equivalents, there arise no difficulties of stylistic or any other character.
Sometimes it is possible to preserve the image underlying a phraseological unit in SL even in the
case when there is no corresponding unit in TL. It is achieved through loan translation: "no man can
make a good coat with bad cloth" - "из плохого материала хорошего платья не сошьешь",
"nothing comes out of the sack but what was in it" - "из мешка не вынешь больше, чем в нем было”
(or - “ничего, кроме того, что в нем было”) etc. However, this means may be resorted to only if the
image is absolutely transparent for the people speaking TL, that is if the figurative meaning of the
phraseological unit is easily and unmistakably deduced from its direct meaning. In this case the
translated version is no longer phraseological, but it remains figurative, so it renders the idea of
the original phraseological unit and adds to the expressiveness of the whole text. If the image is not
transparent and the meaning of the whole (and mainly its figurative meaning) cannot be deduced
from the lexical meanings of the components, loan translation is absolutely impossible. "To send
somebody to Coventry" (бойкотировать) cannot be translated as "послать в Ковентри", and
translating "to find a mare's nest" ("попасть пальцем в небо") as "найти гнездо кобылы" one
really finds a mare's nest.
2. It often happens that phraseological units of SL and TL express the same idea and are
based upon similar though not identical images. They both express the idea figuratively and the
imagery underlying them is basically the same. In such cases it is possible to ignore slight
differences between the images and though in the phraseological unit of TL the image is partially
changed in comparison with that of SL, it can still be accepted as an adequate translated version: "a
fine suit doesn't make a gentleman" - " НЕ ОДЕЖДА КРАСИТ ЧЕЛОВЕКА ", "at a glance (at a
glimpse)" - "с первого взгляда", "a burnt child dreads the fire" – “обжегшись на молоке, на воду
дует” the last example the difference between the English and the Russian variants seems to be
rather serious: there is practically no lexical correspondence between the words. But the image is
nearly the same - he who once was burnt is afraid of everything which is hot (hence the same
generalized figurative meaning). Some more examples: "a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush"
- "лучше синица в руке, чем в журавль в небе", "look not a gift horse in the mouth" - "дареному
коню в зубы не смотрят", "to lay by for a rainy day" - "отложить про черный день", etc.
3. Since the phraseological stock of every language reflects the history and culture of the people
speaking the language, many ideas which are common to all peoples are expressed differently in
different languages: in Russian we say "когда рак на горе свистнет", while Englishmen say "when
pigs fly", in Russian -"рыбак рыбака видит из далека", and in English - "birds of a feather flock
together". Since the meaning of the first phraseological unit is in no way connected with either
crayfish or pigs the lexical way of wording the idea ("something never going to happen") is of
secondary importance. The main task here is to find a phraseological unit of TL expressing the
same idea and belonging to the same stylistic register (СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕГИСТР) as the original
phraseological unit. The same is true about the second example. The complete substitution of the
image does not in any way change the general meaning of the proverb. "У семи нянек дитя без
глазу" is an adequate translation of the English "Too many cooks spoil the broth" because of
complete coincidence of meaning and stylistic reference.
So in all the cases when phraseological units of SL have no equivalents in TL and in TL there are no
expressions based on the same image, complete substitution of image (i.e. use of phraseological
analogues) is recommended.
4. In SL there may exist phraseological units that have neither equivalents nor analogues in
TL. The idea expressed in these units has no fixed expression in TL. If the image underlying them is
not transparent and loan translation is impossible, such phraseological units are translated
descriptively, i.e. by free phases which are neither phraseological nor figurative: "a skeleton in
the cupboard" - "семейная тайна" (an attempt to translate it as "скелет в шкафу" leads to utter
misrepresentation of sense), "get the right (wrong) end of the stick" - "оказаться в выгодном
(невыгодном) положении", "in a whole skin" -"благополучно, без повреждений", etc.
These are the main ways of translating figurative phraseological units.
When translating phraseological units it is necessary to remember that some of them have a
definite national character, which makes their translation rather difficult. On the one hand, it is not
always easy to preserve the national "flavour" in translation, on the other - there is always a
danger of introducing national elements of TL. Semantically "to carry coals to Newcastle" and
"ехать в Тулу со своим самоваром" are analogues, nevertheless one can hardly insert Тула in a text
translated from English. In such cases it is advisable to find (or coin, if necessary) a neutral
expression with the same figurative meaning: "носить уголь в шахту (воду в реку, дрова в лес и
т.д.)". There should be no "коломенская верста" or "Тришкин кафтан" or "ЩИ ЛАПТЕМ ХЛЕБАТЬ" in a
Russian translation of any foreign text.
Exercise 1. Analyze the semantic structure of the given attributive phrases. Translate the sentences.
Yet that stern-eyed woman had been so sure. (B.P.)
I'm a metallurgical chemist turned civil engineer. (B.Sh.)
.. .he will keep the telephone numbers straight... (R.P.W.)
"In other words they're Medical Students, I suppose?" said Mr. Pickwick. (Ch.D.)
"The paper publishes my endorsement of Callahan for the Senate nomination..." (R.P.W.)
A slight weak woman in a pretty muslin print gown (her best) (B.Sh.)
She gave me a sharp sidelong look from her furtive eyes. (R.Ch.)
Annabel got her good start. (M.S.)
.. .the men who lived on the first floor usually had first grab at the books... (J.D.S.)
Paul sat down disconsolately on the straight chair. (E.W.)
He stood at the end of a long room with his back to a rococo marble chimneypiece. (E.W.)
"Boys," he [Dr Pagan] said, "I have some announcements to make. The Pagan cross-country
running challenge cup will not be competed for this year on account of the floods." (E.W.)
13. He was seated on a folding wooden chair at a small, messy-looking writing table, with a
paper-back overseas novel open before him... (J.D.S.)
14. DOYLE. Man alive, don't you know that all this ... more-power-to-your-elbow business
is got up in England, to fool you... (B.Sh.)
15. Clay left his feet where they were [on his friend's bed] for a few don't-tell-me-where-to-putmy-feet seconds, then swung them to the floor and sat up. (J.D.S.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Exercise 2. What is the nature of the phraseological units in the sentences below? Translate the
sentences.
1. We have taken all the precautions we can against the painting being stolen. (L.D.)
2. We must take steps to help the families of those who were hurt.(L.D.)
3. The new truck meets our needs. (L.A.D.)
4. You only want to sell the land... That's the long and short of it. Ian. (B.P.)
5. "Hello, Prendy, ...How are things with you?" (E.W.)
6. I told her that I'd never written a story for anybody, but that it seemed like exactly the right time to
get down to it. (J.D.S.)
7. She let go Charlie's sleeve. (J.D.S.)
8. "Dear me. you seem to think about killing a good deal." "I do. It's my mission, you see."
(E.W.)
9. "Old boy," said Grimes, "you're in love." "Nonsense". "A sweet despair?"...
"Nothing of the sort". (E.W.)
10.This new book will be of interest to policemen and prison officers; and, for that matter, to
anyone who has to deal with criminals. (L.D.)
Exercise 3. Define the nature of the following phraseological units. Translate them
a) preserving the imagery of the original
1. I wash my hands of this job. (B.Sh.)
2. To kill time before the train left, we went to a movie. (W.Foster-Koonin)
3. My uncle Henry ... was on these occasions in the habit of saying that the devil could always
quote scripture to his purpose... (W.S.M.)
4. ...I don't care what you say about my race, creed, or religion, ...but don't tell me I'm not
sensitive to beauty. That's my Achilles' heel, and don't you forget it. (J.D.S.)
5. "Money, John," said Mr. Pecksniff, "is the root of all evil." (Ch.D.)
6. One swallow does not make a spring.
7. to shed crocodile tears.
b)
changing the imagery of the original partially
1. That's past. There's no use looking back. It's water over the dam. (B.P.)
2. Well, you leave and learn, don't you. (B.P.)
3. Others will say ... that you have lied and fawned and wormed yourself through dirty
ways into my favour. (Ch.D.)
4. Old friends and old wine are the best.
5. a wolf in sheep's clothing.
6. as like as two peas.
7. dumb as an oyster.
c)
changing the imagery of the original completely
1. "Listen, Clive," she said, "you're making a mounting out of a molehill." (B.P.)
2. As you make your bed, so you must lie on it.
3. He would not set the Thames on fire.
4. Queen Ann is dead.
5. Never cackle till your egg is laid.
6. One fire drives out the other.
7. to make a mountain out of a molehill
8. have all one's eggs in one basket
9. like a cat on hot bricks
10. early to bed and early to rise
d)
leaving the imagery out of the translation
1. He had a sweet tooth that, because he was in fine shape, he could afford to indulge. (B.P.)
2. Mrs. Grey, I have no crystal ball. (B.P.)
3. She wanted to talk my head off about it, but I wouldn't let her. (B.P.)
4. ["You don't want it to come into Court?" "No, though I suppose it might be rather fun."
[Mr. Settlewhite smiled again.] "That entirely depends on how many skeletons you have in your
cupboard." (J.G.)
5. PROTEUS. How did you get on with the King?
6. BOANERGES. Right as rain, Joe. (B.Sh.)
7. to have too many irons in the fire.
8. to have other fish to fry.
9. to make fish of one and flesh of another.
10. Many happy returns of the day!
11. the three R's
Exercise 4. Define the nature of the phraseological units in the sentences below. Translate the
sentences. What means do you employ?
1. "Now your predecessor was a thoroughly agreeable young man... But he used to wake up my
daughters coming on his motor bicycle at all hours of the night. He used to borrow money
from the boys too, ...and the parents objected. I had to get rid of him." (E.W.)
2. "You have never done a single thing in all your life to be ashamed of- not one. Look at the
newspapers... and comprehend what sort of characters Messrs Woodford and Hoffman are
and then see if you are willing to lower yourself to their level and enter a public canvass with
them." M.T.)
3. And yet I can lay my hand on the Book and say that I never slandered Governor Hoffman's
grandfather. (M.T.)
4. He's been looking awfully down in the mouth lately. (E.W.)
5. "Why are you so reluctant to reveal sources?" The question visibly pleased the old man; as if
David had fallen into a trap. (J.F.)
6. So one moment you turn up your nose at a heart of gold. (J.F.)
7. The discussion was resumed in Welsh, but it was clear that the stationmaster was slowly giving
way. (E.W.)
8. I don't know how to give up. That's my trouble. I always have to stick things out to the bitter
end. (J.F.)
9. I went back to town and left the candidate to his own devices. (R.P.W.)
10.It is a very ill wind that blows nobody any good. (Ch.D.)
11. "You gave up college..." "It was totally against my nature. You've no idea. Trying to prove I
wasn't what I am. And anyway, it was only out of the frying pan. I'm even worse now than I
was before." (J.F.)
12. Happily enough, it did not rain next day, and after morning school everybody was dressed up
to the nines. (E.W.)
13. "He lived for his art, he said. He just moved into a bigger house and went on writing away
fifteen to the dozen." (E.W.)
14. "I'm engaged to be married to Flossie... We haven't told the old boy [the girl's father] yet.
I'm waiting till I land in the soup again. Then I shall play that as my last card." (E.W.)
15. "You see Philbrick is really sir Solomon Philbrick, the shipowner."
"The novelist, you mean," said Grimes.
"The retired burglar," said Paul.
The three masters looked at each other.
"Old boys, it seems to me someone's been pulling our legs."
(E.W.)
16.Mr. Philbrick, senior, ...had two kids: Philbrick and a daughter called Gracie. From the
start Philbrick was the apple of the old chap's eye, while he couldn't stick Miss Gracie at any
price. (E.W.)
Exercise 5.Ttranslate the following Russian proverbs into English. Describe the translation
strategy you used.
Сколько волка не корми, он все равно в лес смотрит. 2. Аппетит приходит во время еды. 3.
Все там будем. 4. Береги платье снову, а честь смолоду. 5. За двумя зайцами погонишься, ни
одного не поймаешь. 6. С кем поведешься, от того и наберешься. 7. Мал золотник, да дорог.
8. Плетью обуха не перешибешь. 9. Под лежачий камень вода не течет. 10. Сапожник без
сапог. 11. Близок локоть, да не укусишь. 12. Без кайфа нет лайфа.
Exercise 6. Translate the prepositive attributive phrases.
1. An attempted overthrow in Haiti failed.
2. The trade union leader gave a strike warning
3. The company's success is mostly due to the administrative efficiency.
4. The trade union leader informed the workers about the wage deadlock in the negotiations with
the administration.
5. Gun control is now one of the hottest issues in US.
6. First-Ever Jet Wedding. Two Japanese couples flying from Tokyo to London were married in a
jet high above the North Pole. This is the first time there was a wedding aboard an airliner.
7. Heart Boy Dies. A 12-year-old boy on whom Prof. Chris Bernard performed an open-heart
operation died in Capetown hospital yesterday.
8. He was a surgeon of artificial-heart fame.
9. Animal cruelty protests.
10. The mail train robbery case.
11. Electricity was their plant second, largest operation cost.
12. Last week city council elections results.
13. The world s first solid fuel push button controlled central heating system.
14.
He glimpsed some women in low-cut spaghetti-strap dresses.
15.
After his marriage he resolutely stayed a one-woman man.
16. Biarrits has lost much of its turn-of-the-century glamour.
17. His "back to school" decision surprised most of his friends.
18. Tracy Whetney was a one-woman crime wave.
19. He gave her a good-to-see you smile.
21. Momma was staring at her with wide my-ears-are-deceiving-me-eyes.
22. Stark said it in the same smiling I-am-just-passing-the-time-of-day-with-you-my-friend-way.
23. Until 1980 he had been in charge of highway enforcement in a small-going-on-medium-sized
city in upstate New York.
24. That kind I-already-know-but-would-like-some-confirmation statement is the oldest reporter's
ploy in the book.
25. "Yes, mummy". - He was using his best-little-boy-in the-world voice
26. He was wearing a pleasant late-in-the-party-gotta-go-soon-smile.
27. He said it with a nervous bad-boy-at-the-back-of-the-classroom giggle.
28. There was a wouldja-mind-lettin-us-do-our-job undertone in his voice.
Exercise 7. Ttranslate the following English proverbs into Russian. Describe the translation
strategy you used.
1. A rolling stone gathers no moss. 2. Haste makes waste. 3. Look before you leap. 4. A
man is known by his friends. 5. Easier said than done. 6. The tongue ever turns to the aching
tooth. 7. Too many cooks spoil the broth. 8. Moderation in all things. 9. He who laughs last
laughs best. 10. There is always room for one more. 11. One good turn deserves another. (A debt
is beautiful due to its repayment.) 12. Let the cobbler stick to his last.
Exercise 8. Translate the text into Russian, paying attention to the translation of phraseological
units.
HE TAKES THE CAKE (1)
That guy, Fred, is a real top banana (2). The guy is out to lunch (3). He better be careful
because real soon he's going to find himself eating humble pie (4). His ideas are OK on the surface
but when you start to look at them you realize that they are really Swiss cheese (5). He always
expects us to fill in the holes (6) and make him look good. We get everything he gives us done to a
T (7), but he takes all the credit. It would be nice if, for once, he would give us time to develop
something challenging that we can really sink our teeth into (8). At least it would be nice to get
credit for all that we do to make him and our organization look good, but I doubt that will happen;
he always wants the whole enchilada (9) for himself .
He is always dangling the carrot (10) of private compliments in our faces, but we know they
are insincere. He must think we are bunch of cream puffs (11). But someday, he is going to get his
pie in the face (12). He'll be in a real stew (13) and we won't be there to clean it up. Soon... he'll get
his just desserts (14). Because he can't have the cake and eat it too (15).
А.Чужакин, К. Петренко. Мир перевода – 5.
Exercise 9. Translate into Russian indicating the way of translation.
1. To assume an air of injured innocence.
2. A little bird told me.
3. In Rome, do' as the Romans do.
4. Peeping Tom.
5. To throw sands in the .wheels.
6. To kill two birds with one stone.
7. A drowning man will catch at a straw.
8. Whom the gods love die young.
9. A stitch in time saves nine.
10. Run with the hare and hunt with the hounds.
11. A clever tongue will take you anywhere.
12. To gild the pill.
13. Caesar's wife is above suspicion.
14. To be afraid of one's own shadow.
15. To fish in troubled waters,'
16. To make the best of a bad bargain.
17. Least said soonest mended.
18. To bite the hand that feeds you.
19. To dance to somebody's pipe.
20. To add fuel to the fire.
Exercise 10. Translate into Russian. Comment on ways of translation.
1. The police hopes to catch the criminals red-handed.
2. He may live, but it's going to be touch and go with him for the next thirty-six hours.
3. He- smiled winningly and started to pull the wool over her eyes.
4. She made a habit of covering all bases.
5., Life, which had thrown so many foul balls at Kareen, was going to throw still one more.
6. He wisely took a decision to let the sleeping dog lie. 1. I must give them the cold shoulder or
he will be pestering me eternally.
8. 1 should have guessed she was in a family way but 1 didn't.
9. I don't think this fellow can say boo to a goose.
10. Her words rang some kind of bell in his mind.
11. To Eddie, Oxford seemed a brute who needed to be put down a peg or two.
12. They made it clear that Alan could hang around only as long as he didn 't try to slick in an oar
and help to row.
13. If you want a divorce it is not very wise to go on seeing her. One can 't run with the hare and
hunt with the hounds.
14. Morgan, with her eternal determination to have everything all ways and eat all cakes and
have them too. has been appealing to her sister to go on loving her in spite of everything that had
happened.
15. He had never said anything about the Whore of Rome, he told Father Brigham, although he
had mentioned the Whore of Baby/on several times, and if the shoe fit, why, Father Brigham had
just better slip his heel and wear it.