AP Biology Midterm
2009
Ecology
1).An organism's environment consists of _____.
A).nonliving factors such as temperature and chemicals
B).other living organisms
C).abiotic and biotic factors
D).climate
E).water for aquatic organisms and the atmosphere for terrestrial organisms
2).Ecology is the study of environmental interactions at the following levels of increasing
complexity: _____.
A).ecosystem, community, population, organism
B).organism, population, community
C).organism, population, community, ecosystem
D).organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
E).population, community, ecosystem
3).The presence of a species in a particular place, and its ability to reproduce there, implies
that _____.
A).the species dispersed to that location from elsewhere
B).the species evolved in that location
C).the species adapted by natural selection to the type of abiotic and biotic environmental
conditions found at that location
D).the species adapted by natural selection to the climatic conditions characteristic of that
location
E).the species adapted by natural selection to the other organisms typically found at that
location
4).A biome is a(n) _____.
A).major type of biosphere
B).major type of ecosystem
C).set of similar communities
D).area with a uniform distribution of organisms and abiotic environmental conditions
E).specific set of abiotic factors
5).In lakes and ponds, eutrophication occurs when __________; it can lead to
__________.
A).levels of dissolved CO2 rise ... bicarbonate levels too high to support life
B).nutrients from human-altered terrestrial ecosystems are deposited in the water body ...
anaerobic conditions in deeper waters
C).toxic substances accumulate in lake sediments ... biohazards in the food web
D).pesticides are washed off agricultural land ... decreased aquatic biodiversity
E).primary producers are killed by pollution ... starvation of organisms at higher trophic
levels
6).Fire helps to maintain the existence of which biomes?
A).savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest
B).tropical forest, savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, and coniferous forest
C).savanna, desert, chaparral, temperate grassland, and temperate deciduous forest
D).savanna, chaparral, temperate grassland, tundra, and coniferous forest
E).savanna and chaparral
7).The _____ biome contains land that can be used for highly productive agriculture.
A).tropical forest
B).temperate deciduous
C).tundra
D).desert
E).coniferous forest
8).Animals tend to maximize their energy intake-to-expenditure ratio. What is this behavior
called?
A).dominance hierarchies
B).animal cognition
C).optimal foraging
D).territoriality
E).agonistic behavior
9).In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male elicits
attack from another male by functioning as
A).a search image.
B).a fixed action pattern.
C).a sign stimulus.
D).a pheromone.
E).an imprint stimulus.
10).Important abiotic factors in ecosystems include which of the following?
I. temperature
II. water
III. wind
A).I only
B).II only
C).III only
D).I and II only
E).I, II, and III
11).Zebra mussel populations are growing explosively in the river systems of the central
United States. The best explanation for this unchecked population growth is that
A).they muddy the water around them, making it difficult for their natural enemies to see
them.
B).predators are too few to slow down population growth of the mussels.
C).a mutation caused by pollution has increased their reproductive rate.
D).they are better adapted to the environment than competing species.
E).they are feeding on a source of food that had previously been underutilized.
12).Introduced species
A).can disrupt the balance of the natural species with which they become associated.
B).often fail to colonize the new area.
C).may become common enough to become pests.
D).Both B and C are correct.
E).A, B, and C are all correct.
13).Which ecological unit or relationship is least related to abiotic factors?
A).community
B).symbiosis
C).population
D).species
E).ecosystem
14).The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is
ultimately shaped by
A).evolution.
B).the nervous system.
C).sexuality.
D).pheromones.
E).hormones.
15).Which of the following is least related to the others?
A).pheromones
B).sign stimulus
C).fixed action pattern
D).optimal foraging
E).hormones
16).During a trip to the north woods, you discover a patch of blueberries. There are not
very many of them, as it is a dry year, so you pick every one you find in order to have enough
for pancakes the next morning. The next year you return to the same spot and find berries
everywhere. Now you pick only the largest berries and only from the tops of the plants
where they are easier to see. This is a good example of
A).trial-and-error learning.
B).associative learning.
C).operant conditioning.
D).cognitive thinking.
E).optimal foraging.
17).After eating a monarch butterfly and regurgitating, a bird will subsequently avoid
orange and black butterflies. This is not an example of
A).trial-and-error learning.
B).associative learning.
C).innate behavior.
D).adaptive behavior.
E).operant conditioning.
18).A cage with male mosquitoes in it has a small earphone placed on top, through which the
sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and
thrust their abdomens through the fabric of the cage. Which of the following best
describes this?
A).Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that
initiates it.
B).Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have associated the inappropriate
stimulus from the earphone with the normal response of copulation.
C).The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will
attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.
D).The males learn to associate the sound with a female and are thus attracted to it.
E).The sound from the earphone irritated the male mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to
sting it.
19).Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the
female's urinating behavior?
A).Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female.
B).By smelling the odor, various neurons in the males' brains are stimulated.
C).The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat.
D).The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.
E).Male cats respond to the odor because it is a means of locating females in heat.
20).Which of the following is a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?
A).A male sheep fights with another male because it helps it to improve its social position
and find a mate.
B).A goose squats and freezes motionless because that helps it to escape a predator.
C).A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each
day.
D).A cat kills a mouse to obtain food.
E).A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.
21).Which of the following is a behavioral pattern resulting from an ultimate cause?
A).A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because a part of its brain is stimulated by objects
that are red.
B).A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because several times in the past, red tennis balls
have been thrown at it, and it has learned that they are dangerous.
C).A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it is spring and hormonal changes increase
its aggression.
D).A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it confuses it with an encroaching male,
and if it does not attack rival males it will lose its territory.
E).A male robin attacks a red tennis ball because it is much like the breast of another male.
22).Which of these ecosystems has the highest primary productivity per square meter?
A).open ocean
B).tropical rain forest
C).boreal forest
D).temperate forest
E).savanna
23).Aquatic primary productivity is often limited by which of the following?
I. light
II. nutrients
III. pressure
A).II only
B).III only
C).I and II only
D).II and III only
E).I, II, and III
24).A cow's herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)
A).secondary consumer.
B).decomposer.
C).primary consumer.
D).autotroph.
E).producer.
25).Which of the following organisms fix nitrogen in aquatic ecosystems?
A).fungi
B).chemoautotrophs
C).cyanobacteria
D).legumes
E).phytoplankton
26).Two barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus, can both survive on the lower rocks just above
the low tide line on the Scottish coast, but only Balanus actually does so, with Chthamalus
adopting a higher zone. Which of the following best accounts for this niche separation?
A).mutualism
B).predation of Chthamalus by Balanus
C).primary succession
D).cooperative displacement
E).competitive exclusion
27).Which of the following is not an example of a plant defense against herbivory?
A).cryptic coloration
B).spines
C).nicotine
D).morphine
E).thorns
28).An insect that has evolved to resemble a plant twig will probably be able to avoid
A).competition.
B).parasitism.
C).commensalism.
D).symbiosis.
E).predation.
29).The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its
environment is called its
A).habitat.
B).logistic growth.
C).biotic potential.
D).ecological niche.
E).microclimax.
30).A species of fish is found to require a certain temperature, a particular oxygen content
of the water, a particular depth, and a rocky substrate on the bottom. These requirements
are part of its
A).ecological niche.
B).prime habitat.
C).resource partition.
D).home base.
E).dimensional profile.
31).According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy
the same
A).biome.
B).habitat.
C).territory.
D).range.
E).niche.
32).How would the dispersion of humans in the United States best be described?
A).clumped
B).random
C).uniform
D).dense
E).intrinsic
33).The pattern of dispersion for a certain species of kelp is clumped. The pattern of
dispersion for a certain species of snail that lives only on this kelp would likely be
A).clumped.
B).demographic.
C).random.
D).absolute.
E).uniform.
34).Which of the following would be most likely to exhibit uniform dispersion?
A).cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes and streams
B).dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular species of forest trees
C).lake trout, which seek out deep water
D).tassel-eared squirrels, which are nonterritorial
E).red squirrels, which hide food and actively defend territories
35).An important role of soil microbes in biological systems is the
A).recycling of matter
B).creation of biomass
C).causing of disease
D).production of energy
E).degradation of energy
36).Which of the following best explains why many different species can live together
within an ecosystem with limited resources?
A).Each species lives in a slightly different habitat.
B).Each species occupies a different niche.
C).Each species inhabits a different biome.
D).Each species makes up a different population.
E).Each species functions at a different trophic level.
37).Fire has which of the following effects on a community?
A).It causes all of the plants and animals in the community to become dormant.
B).It recycles dead plant material, thus nutrients become available.
C).It prevents reestablishment of the prefire community.
D).It allows for increased mutation rates in the surviving species.
E).It forces predators to become omnivores.
Chemistry
38).During the process of digestion, fats are broken down when fatty acids are detached
from glycerol and proteins are degraded when amino acids are separated from each other.
What do these two processes have in common?
A).Both processes can be catalyzed by the same enzyme.
B).Both involve the addition of a water molecule to break bonds.
C).Both processes occur intracellularly in most organisms.
D).Both require ATP as an energy source.
E).Both require the presence of hydrochloric acid to lower pH.
39).Metabolism is best described as
A).control of enzyme activity.
B).synthesis of macromolecules.
C).breakdown of macromolecules.
D).A and B.
E).A, B, and C.
40).Which term most precisely describes the general process of breaking down large
molecules into smaller ones?
A).catabolism
B).catalysis
C).anabolism
D).dehydration
E).metabolism
41).According to the first law of thermodynamics,
A).systems rich in energy are intrinsically unstable.
B).energy is neither created nor destroyed.
C).matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
D).all processes increase the entropy of the universe.
E).the universe loses energy because of friction.
42).According to the second law of thermodynamics,
A).energy can be transferred or transformed, but it can be neither created nor destroyed.
B).the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing.
C).every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.
D).for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
E).the total amount of energy in the universe is conserved or constant.
43).What is a fat or triacylglycerol?
A).a lipid made of three fatty acids and glycerol
B).a molecule formed from three alcohols
C).a carbohydrate with three sugars
D).a protein with tertiary structure
E).a kind of lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane
44).Which of the following is true concerning saturated fatty acids?
A).They are the predominant fatty acid in corn oil.
B).They have double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
C).They are usually liquid at room temperature.
D).They are usually produced by plants.
E).They have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than do unsaturated fatty acids.
45).The hydrogenation of vegetable oil would result in
A).an increase in the number of hydrogen atoms in the oil molecule.
B).a decrease in the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the oil molecules.
C).the oil being a solid at room temperature.
D).two of the above.
E).all of the above.
46).Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
A).fat
B).oil
C).wax
D).triglyceride
E).phospholipid
47).Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?
A).a sulfur and a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom
B).a nitrogen and a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom
C).an oxygen double-bonded to a carbon and a hydroxyl group
D).a carbon and hydrogen atom
E).a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond
48).Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
A).an amino acid such as glycine
B).an alcohol such as ethanol
C).a monosaccharide such as starch
D).a steroid such as testosterone
E).a hydrocarbon such as benzene
49).Which of the following is true of geometric isomers?
A).They have variations in arrangement around a double bond.
B).They have an asymmetric carbon that makes them mirror images.
C).They have different molecular formulas.
D).Their atoms and bonds are arranged in different sequences.
E).They have the same chemical properties.
50).Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions
and hydrolysis?
A).Dehydration reactions occur in plants, and hydrolysis happens in animals.
B).Hydrolysis occurs during the day, and dehydration reactions happen at night.
C).Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions destroy them.
D).Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks them down.
E).Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.
51).Carbohydrates normally function in animals as
A).energy-storage molecules.
B).the functional units of lipids.
C).sites of protein synthesis.
D).enzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes.
E).a component of triglycerides.
52).The 20 different amino acids found in polypeptides exhibit different chemical and
physical properties because of different
A).amino groups.
B).side chains (R groups).
C).tertiary structure.
D).carboxyl groups.
E).Both A and B are correct.
53).Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
A).peptide bonds
B).hydrogen bonds
C).disulfide bonds
D).Only A and C are correct.
E).A, B, and C are correct.
54).Which of the following are polysaccharides?
A).glycogen and starch
B).glucose and sucrose
C).uracil and thymine
D).RNA and DNA
E).cholesterol and triacylglycerol
55).Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?
A).They can both be digested by humans.
B).They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
C).They are geometric isomers of each other.
D).They are both polymers of glucose.
E).They are both used for energy storage in plants.
56).Which bonds must be broken for water to vaporize?
A).hydrogen bonds
B).ionic bonds
C).nonpolar covalent bonds
D).polar covalent bonds
E).Both C and D are correct.
57).The formation of ice during colder weather helps temper the seasonal transition to
winter. This is mainly because
A).ice melts each autumn afternoon.
B).ice is warmer than the winter air.
C).the formation of hydrogen bonds absorbs heat.
D).the formation of hydrogen bonds releases heat.
E).there is less evaporative cooling of lakes.
58).Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because
A).oxygen has a valence of 2.
B).the water molecule is polar.
C).the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule are weakly negative in charge.
D).the water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron.
E).the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a strong positive charge.
59).What determines the cohesiveness of water molecules?
A).hydrophobic interactions
B).hydrogen bonds
C).covalent bonds
D).ionic bonds
E).high specific heat
60).What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion have in common with reference to
water?
A).All are produced by covalent bonding.
B).All are properties related to hydrogen bonding.
C).All have to do with nonpolar covalent bonds.
D).All increase when temperature increases.
E).Both A and C are correct.
61).What would be the pH of a solution with a hydroxyl ion concentration of 10 -7 M?
A).6
B).7
C).8
D).9
E).10
62).All of the following statements regarding enzymes are true EXCDEPT:
A).Enzymes are carbohydrates that function as agents that change the rate of reaction
without being consumed in the reaction.
B).Enzymes allow molecules to react in metabolism by lowering activation energy.
C).Each type of enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site that gives it specificity.
D).Enzymes are very sensitive to environmental conditions that influence the weak chemical
bonds responsible for their three-dimensional structure.
E).Some enzymes change shape when regulator molecules, either activators or inhibitors,
bind to specific allosteric receptor sites.
63).A small molecule that specifically binds to a larger one
A).is called a signal transducer
B).is a ligand
C).is a polymer
D).seldom is involved in hormone signaling
E).usually terminates a signal reception
64).How can one increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
A).Increase the activation energy needed
B).Cool the reactants
C).Decrease the concentration of the reactants
D).Add a catalyst (enzyme)
E).Increase the entropy of the reactants
65).The tertiary structure and function of a polypeptide is principally determined by the
A).length of the polypeptide
B).number of nucleotides present in the polypeptide
C).repeated units of glycerol making up the polypeptide
D).interactions between amino acids present in the polypeptide
E).number of introns within the polypeptide
66).Metabolism of which of the following molecules results in the greatest net usuable
energy per gram?
A).a triglyceride
B).a tripeptide
C).an alpha-linked disaccharide
D).a beta-linked disaccharide
E).an anabolic steroid
67).Which of the following best describes allosteric inhibition of an enzyme?
A).The inhibitor binds to the mRNA to prevent translation of the enzyme
B).The inhibitor binds to the enzyme substrate.
C).The inhibitor binds to the enzyme but not at its active site.
D).The inhibitor binds to the enzyme at its active site.
E).The inhibitor binds to the gene that encodes for the enzyme.
68).When two atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form
A).equal number of isotopes
B).ions
C).polar covalent bonds
D).nonpolar covalent bonds
E).ionic bonds
Anatomy
69). The liver and pancreas add their secretions to the partially digested food produced in
the stomach, at the level of the _____.
A).lower stomach
B).upper small intestine
C).appendix
D).upper large intestine
E).mouth
70).The ticks you might find attached to your dog are best described as
A).bulk feeders.
B).substrate feeders.
C).fluid feeders.
D).deposit feeders.
E).suspension feeders.
71).Which of the following digestive processes requires enzymes?
A).ingestion
B).hydrolysis (digestion)
C).peristalsis
D).elimination
E).absorption
72).Which of the following is an example of a fat-soluble vitamin?
A).vitamin C
B).biotin
C).vitamin B12
D).vitamin A
E).iodine
73).Because they accumulate in the body, excess ingestion of which of the following can
have toxic effects?
A).water-soluble vitamins
B).proteins
C).sugars
D).fat-soluble vitamins
E).calcium and phosphorus
74).Which of the following terms could be applied to any organism with a digestive system?
A).autotroph
B).heterotroph
C).herbivore
D).omnivore
E).bulk feeder
75).What joins muscles to bones?
A).loose connective tissue
B).Haversian systems
C).tendons
D).ligaments
E).spindle fibers
76).Cartilage is an example of which of the following types of tissue?
A).reproductive
B).adipose
C).connective
D).nervous
E).epithelial
77).The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the
following could be used as a source of energy but would be the last utilized for this
purpose?
A).glucose in the blood
B).protein in muscle cells
C).glycogen in muscle cells
D).calcium phosphate in bone
E).fat in adipose tissue
78).What are essential amino acids?
A).those amino acids that are generally more abundant in vegetables than in meat
B).those that are absent in fruits and vegetables
C).molecules that are not synthesized by most animals
D).the only amino acids found in human proteins
E).one class of vitamins that is indispensable for neurological development
79).If you gently twist your ear lobe it does not remain distorted because it contains
A).adipose tissue.
B).loose connective tissue.
C).collagen fibers.
D).elastin fibers.
E).reticular fibers.
80).What do fibroblasts secret?
A).fats
B).calcium phosphate for bone
C).interstitial fluids
D).proteins for connective fibers
E).chondrin
81).An extended low-fat diet will have the most significant effect on which of the
following?
A).glucose utilization
B).basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C).energy reserves
D).standard metabolic rate (SMR)
E).muscle mass
82).Which of the following tissues lines the kidney ducts?
A).smooth muscle
B).adipose
C).epithelial
D).nervous
E).connective
83)."Stratified columnar" is a description which might apply to what type of animal tissue?
A).striated muscle
B).nerve
C).connective
D).epithelial
E).bone
84).In herbivores, the observation that "form fits function" is best characterized by
A).an intestinal tract with a long cecum for digesting plant material.
B).a shorter small intestine than carnivores.
C).a small-diameter large intestine that slows peristalsis.
D).canine teeth for cutting grasses and leaves.
E).both A and B are correct.
85).Cells are to tissues as tissues are to
A).membranes.
B).organelles.
C).organs.
D).organisms.
E).organ systems.
*86).In a typical multicellular animal, the circulatory system interacts with various
specialized surfaces in order to exchange materials with the exterior environment. Which
of the following is not an example of such an exchange surface?
A).skin
B).intestine
C).muscle
D).lung
E).kidney
87).Which of the following occurs in response to a rise in the blood sugar level?
A).The gall bladder releases glucagon.
B).Glycogen is catabolized.
C).Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete glucagons.
D).Beta cells in the pancreas release amylase.
E).Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin.
88).This structure stores lipid-emulsifying salts.
A).Pancreas
B).Kidney
C).Liver
D).Gall bladder
E).Stomach
89).This structure is where pepsin hydrolyses proteins.
A).Pancreas
B).Kidney
C).Liver
D).Gall bladder
E).Stomach
90).This structure produces most of the hydrolytic enzymes that are active in the small
intestine.
A).Pancreas
B).Kidney
C).Liver
D).Gall bladder
E).Stomach
91).This is the structure where glycogen typically occurs in large quantities as a storage
product.
A).Pancreas
B).Kidney
C).Liver
D).Gall bladder
E).Stomach
92).After food enters the small intestines, lipases, proteases, and amylases are secreted
into the small intestine by the
A).Liver
B).Gallbladder
C).Salivary glands
D).Pancreas
E).Stomach
Classification
93).Which of the following organisms possesses both a system of blood vessels and a
digestive tract in which food travels in only one direction?
A).Sponges
B).Flatworms
C).Annelids
D).Roundworms
E).Sea anemones
94)._____ fungi are decomposers.
A).Mutualistic
B).Parasitic
C).Absorptive
D)Saprobic
E).Mycorrhizal
95).Fungi are said to be absorptive heterotrophs rather than ingestive ones because they
____________.
A).digest organic matter outside their bodies
B).do not need the complex organic compounds needed by higher heterotrophs
C).can synthesize organic compounds from CO2 and water
D).can build large organic compounds from their monomers
E).none of the above
96).In contrast to plants, the cell walls of fungi are composed of _____.
A).lignan
B).cellulose
C).peptidoglycan
D).lignin
E).chitin
97).In fungi, the function of the mycelium is ____________.
A).reproduction
B).defense
C).obtaining food
D).surviving a period of food shortage
E).movement
98).Sponges feed by _____.
A).filtering small particles from water
B).scraping bacteria and algae from hard substrates
C).paralyzing small crustaceans with stinging cells
D).absorbing nutrients from the guts of their hosts
E).none of the above
99).Jellies and corals are members of the same __________, all members of which
__________.
A).family ... have a complete circulatory system
B).phylum ... have a colonial lifestyle
C).order ... are herbivorous
D).phylum ... have special stinging cells on their tentacles
E).genus ... lack a circulatory system
100).The development that freed vertebrates from water for reproduction and allowed
them to radiate into diverse terrestrial environments was the _____.
A).operculum
B).placenta
C).lateral line system
D).bony appendage
E).amniotic egg
Essays
1). The effects of pH and temperature were studied for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The
following results were obtained.
a) How do (1) temperature and (2) pH affect the activity of this enzyme? In your answer,
include a discussion of the relationship between the structure and the function of this
enzyme, as well as a discussion of how structure and function of enzymes are affected by
temperature and pH.
b) Describe a controlled experiment that could have produced the data shown for either
temperature or pH. Be sure to state the hypothesis that was tested here.
2). Feedback mechanisms are used by organisms to maintain the steady-state physiological
condition known as homeostasis. For both of the following, explain how feedback
mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
a) Blood glucose concentration.
c) Body temperatures in mammals.
3). Discuss the lock-and-key theory of enzyme-substrate interaction giving a specific
example to illustrate the theory. Include in your discussion the effects of each of the
following:
a. Substrate concentration
b. pH shifts
c. Temperature shifts
d. Competititve inhibition
4). Describe the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Trace these elements from
the point of their release from a decaying animal to their incorporation into a living animal.
Choose any 2 of the following essays:
5). Using an example for each, discuss the following ecological concepts.
a) Succession
b) Energy flow between trophic levels
c) Limiting factors
d) Carrying capacity
6). Define, discuss, and give an example of each of the following close interactions of
species.
a) Predator-prey relationships
b) Commensalism
c) Mutualism
7). Define and explain the role of each of the following in social behavior:
a. Territoriality
b. Dominance hierarchies
c. Courtship behavior
8). Describe and give an example of each of the following. Include in your discussion
the selective advantage of each.
a. Pheromones
b. Mimicry
c. Stereotyped Behavior (instinct)