VI. RESEARCH Criterion VI. The school shall pursue an active research program, consistent with its mission, through which its faculty and students contribute to the knowledge base of the public health disciplines, including research directed at improving the practice of public health. Documentation 1. A description of the school’s research activities, including policies, procedures and practices that support research and scholarly activities. 2. A description of current community-based research activities and/or those undertaken in collaboration with health agencies and community-based organizations. Formal research agreements with such agencies should be identified. 3. A list of current research activity, including amount and source of funds, over the last three years. 4. Identification of measures by which the school may evaluate the success of its research activities, along with data regarding the school’s performance against those measures over the last three years. 5. A description of student involvement in research. 6. Assessment of the extent to which this criterion is met. VI - 1 VI.1. A description of the School’s research activities, including policies, procedures and practices that support research and scholarly activities. The research goal of the School is to conduct research on key public health issues confronting individuals and populations, and to inform and influence policy debates and decision making on these issues. The School’s research efforts concentrate on carrying out a full range of biomedical, epidemiologic, social science, and health policy issues that affect the health of the public, in an atmosphere conducive to increasing levels and quality of both basic and applied research. Examples of key research objectives of the School, presented in Criterion I, include: extending the scientific foundation for understanding and ultimately preventing and treating health disorders and promoting good health at the population level; facilitating research relevant to the practice of public health at the group, individual, molecular, and genetic levels; evaluating programs and policies for the delivery of health care services; and communicating research results to the public, health practitioners, policymakers, and the research community. The School’s research program is structured around the conceptual and programmatic interests of individual faculty and collaborative groups of faculty, within the School and the University. Faculty members initiate and develop research projects, procure the necessary funds, manage projects, and disseminate findings, within guidelines provided by sponsoring agencies, the School, and the University. The School directly influences its research program through faculty recruitment and promotion decisions. In addition, the administration of the School frequently calls to the attention of faculty members specific research opportunities. It also encourages various groups within the School, University and community to engage in collaborative activities in order to increase the relevance and impact of the total research effort. The School and University maintain oversight authority for the administrative and procedural aspects of research in order to ensure that the School’s responsibilities to sponsoring agencies, the University, and society are met. Specific guidelines for integrity and ethical behavior are provided in the University Faculty Handbook (Appendix VIII.B.1.a, also available on the web at www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/fhb) and are described in Criterion II.B.2. Research relevant policy manuals included in the Faculty Handbook include: Guidelines for the Review of Misconduct in Science for the Health Sciences Campus; Regulations Governing Externally Funded Research and Instruction; Statement on Policy and Proprietary Rights in the Intellectual Products of Faculty Activity; Statement of University Policy on Conflicts of Interest; Columbia University Guidelines for Situations Involving Potential Conflicts of Interest between Scholarly and Commercial Activities; Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center Conflict of Interest Policy. The Policy and Procedures Guidelines of Columbia’s Institutional Review Board describe requirements for all research involving human subjects. Moreover, all researchers, regardless of the source of their funding, are required to pass an examination on the protection of human research subjects, and the Health Sciences offers a course, “Protection of Human Subjects in Biomedical and Behavioral Research.” VI - 2 Research funds are managed within the School and through the Health Sciences Office of Grants and Contracts, which also monitors progress and conformance to reporting requirements and management practices as may be required by the sponsoring agencies. The School has a very large and wide-ranging research portfolio, as indicated by the more than 180 active research grants listed in Tables VI.3.a-b. A review of those projects highlights the interdisciplinary nature of the School’s research. The School’s research on the health of populations requires the collaborative effort of many disciplines. Examples of the diversity of the School’s research topics include: economic, organizational, and policy factors in the provision of health care the role of prenatal exposures in determining asthma risk best practices to reduce maternal mortality in resource poor countries improved statistical methodologies for clinical research the health effects and geochemistry of arsenic in tube wells in Bangladesh the impact of social movements on governmental policies concerning HIV effects of the Chernobyl accident on thyroid cancer and leukemia As an active member of the collaborative research community within the University, the School plays a prominent role in initiating and supporting interdisciplinary research projects across departmental and school boundaries. On the Health Sciences campus, the School is engaged in collaborative research, including joint ventures and jointly funded projects with: the Departments of Neurology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Surgery, and Pharmacology; the HIV Center; the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center; the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center; the Institute of Human Nutrition; the Schools of Nursing, and Dental and Oral Surgery; and, New York Presbyterian Hospital. The School also has active collaborations with units of the University on the Morningside Campus, including the Departments of Statistics, Anthropology, Economics, History, Philosophy, Political Science, Sociology, and Psychology; the Schools of Law, Social Work, Business, and International and Public Affairs; and the Columbia Earth Institute. In addition, the School’s National Center for Children in Poverty is one of the three founding centers of the Columbia Institute for Child and Family Policy. VI.2. A description of current community-based research activities and/or those undertaken in collaboration with health agencies and community-based organizations. Formal research agreements should be identified. A list of organizations that the School has formal research agreements with is presented in Table VI.2. The School is located in the heart of the New York City metropolitan area, and has long been involved in research and service programs dealing with the many serious public health problems of this community, including AIDS, high rates of substance abuse, VI - 3 domestic violence, homelessness, adolescent pregnancy, environmental contamination and inadequate health care. In addition to research collaboration with other units of the University and New York Presbyterian Hospital, the School is engaged in research collaboration with a number of health agencies and community-based organizations. The School’s relationship with many of these organizations is multi-faceted, including collaborative research, service, and training activities, some of which are described in Criterion VII. Some of the most prominent collaborations, and ones in which the School has formal research agreements, are described below: New York City Department of Health The partnership between the School and the New York City Department of Health began in the 1920’s. This collaboration—between the largest local health department in the U.S. and one of the oldest schools of public health—has flourished over the years. Today, the collaboration includes joint research activities and a number of service and training programs (Criterion VII). Collaborative research activities include an assessment of health needs in the communities of Harlem and Washington Heights/Inwood, and projects focusing on areas of particular concern to inner-city minority populations such as infant mortality, child health, tuberculosis control and tracking, diesel exhaust, prenatal care, pediatric ambulatory care services, child immunization status, lead poison prevention, asthma causes and prevention, family planning, and violence. New York State Department of Health The School has also had a long history of collaboration with the New York State Department of Health in research, service, and training programs. Faculty and student research interns are engaged in studies and analyses on topics such as birth weight trends, HIV transmission in breast milk, childhood injury problems in New York City, evaluation of family planning, and community-based immunization services. New York State Psychiatric Institute The School is a collaborator with the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies. This Center, funded by a large grant from the National Institutes of Mental Health, develops and analyzes community health education, prevention, and training programs for the high-risk community served by the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. The School’s Department of Biostatistics serves the statistical needs of researchers at the New York State Psychiatric Institute though access and training in state-of-the-art statistical techniques as needed for optimal use of their research data. This includes teaching statistics to researchers and post-doctoral fellows and providing short-term consultations on data analysis and design issues for grant submission and manuscript preparation. Methodological research focuses on such areas as analysis of longitudinal VI - 4 studies with generalized linear models and variance components models, survival analysis, models for the analysis of categorical data, and resampling techniques. Harlem Hospital Center The Harlem Health Promotion Center, a CDC funded Prevention Center, is a collaborative program between Harlem Hospital and the School of Public Health. The Center’s mission is to collect, disseminate, and implement knowledge of new research findings about disease prevention and health promotion among urban populations. Its overall goal is to identify ways to decrease the high rates of morbidity and mortality among both children and adults living in Harlem. It is a unique resource for community residents, health care providers, and researchers committed to improving the health status of the Harlem community. The Department of Environmental Health Sciences is collaborating with the Harlem Hospital Center in the Harlem Asthma Research Team, carrying out an intervention trial focused on reducing exposures to indoor allergens among asthmatic children in Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. The study incorporates integrated pest management methods to reduce cockroach and rodent populations with minimal use of toxic pesticides. Effectiveness will be assessed in terms of reduced exposures, respiratory symptoms, and allergen-specific responsiveness. Another collaborative project with Harlem Hospital is the Charles P. Felton National Tuberculosis Center, one of three “model” centers funded by the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, CDC. It is a partnership of Columbia University Health Sciences, including the School of Public Health, the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, and the New York City Department of Health, with a mandate to test innovated programs for the treatment of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection, and to develop and deliver education and training materials for professionals. The unique characteristics of the Harlem community have compelled the Center to focus on initiatives tailored to fit its needs, such as: providing comprehensive social support to reduce psychosocial barriers to treatment completion; developing and implementing new models of care such as directly observed therapy and medication supervision by peer workers; and educating and training community physicians, social workers, traditional healers, and others who provide care to the community. In addition to core model center funding, the Tuberculosis Center receives research funding through the National Institutes of Health, along with the Tuberculosis Epidemiological Studies Consortium and the Tuberculosis Trials Consortium, both funded by the CDC. Current research activities include: a randomized clinical trial testing the impact of peer worker support on adherence to LTBI treatment; physician attitudes toward LTBI treatment and the impact of BCG vaccination, the impact of expedited clinic procedures on patient outcomes, a randomized clinical trial testing a once-weekly, 12 dose treatment for LTBI versus traditional nine-month treatment; and a study of immunological and immunogenetic factors in tuberculosis and LTBI. VI - 5 New York Injury Control Research Center The Center represents a multifaceted approach to counter the complex public health problem of violence. The Center is comprised of representatives from both the State and City health departments, along with the Mailman School and the State University of New York (SUNY). The mission of the Center is to facilitate and support multidisciplinary academic, public health, and community-based research to help reduce morbidity and mortality from intentional injury in New York State. New York Academy of Medicine The School’s Center for Violence Research and Prevention has research partnerships with a number of agencies, including the New York Academy of Medicine, to focus on the places and populations at risk for violence. The Center studies the antecedents, consequences, and social control of violence. Violence in families, racial disparities in juvenile justice, the waiver of juvenile offenders to adult courts, gun use among adolescents, the dynamics of crime and drugs in economically distressed urban neighborhoods, participation of women in drug selling, and youth gangs are among the Center’s areas of inquiry. The Harlem Health Promotion Center is working with the Urban Research Center of the New York Academy of Medicine on a study of asthma in children in Head Start programs in Northern Manhattan. Academy for Educational Development (AED) The Harlem Health Promotion Center and the AED are carrying out a joint research project to identify and ameliorate gaps in the provision of emergency contraception to adolescents. International collaborative research As described in Criterion I, the School has a strong track record in leading global health research projects, in collaboration with international health and development agencies, and with local governments, universities and NGOs. In recent years, the School has greatly expanded its activities in global health, undertaking research that addresses infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS, STDs, tuberculosis, and emerging infections; maternal and child health; forced migration; the cultural construction of sexuality; health and human rights; reproductive health; environmental health effects from exposures to arsenic, radiation, and lead; and comparative analyses of health care policies. In addition, the School carries out service and training programs in a large number of countries (Criterion VII). VI - 6 Table VI.2 Formal Research Agreements with External Organizations Aaron Diamond AIDS Research ABT Assoc Inc Academy for Educational Development Actuarial Research Corporation Albany Medical College Alianza Dominicana Arizona State University Associação Brasileira Interdisciplinar de AIDS Baruch College Fund Boston Medical Center Bronx-Lebanon Hospital Center Center For Court Innovation Central Vermont Community Health Programs Children Now Childrens Medical Center Cicatelli Associates Inc Community Action Agency Community Action Project Comprehensive Rural Health Project Connecticut Voices for Children Dept of Health & Human Services Duke University Economic Opportunity Education Development Center Emory University Family Health International Fox Chase Cancer Center George Washington University Hamlin Fistula Welfare Center Harlem Congregations Head Start of Greater Dallas Health Research Inc Hesperian Foundation Human Resource Agency International Center for Migration IPAS, Inc John Snow International Research Johns Hopkins University Kunri Christian Hospital Laguna Division of Early Childhood Lewin Group Linangan NG Kabihan Inc Lincoln Action Program Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation Marathon County Child Development Center Maui Economic Opportunity Inc MD Medical Research Institute, Inc. Monash University Montclair State University Montefiore Medical Center Mount Sinai School Of Medicine Mount Sinai/NYU Health System Myriad Genetic Lab Inc National Development and Research Institute, Inc. New York Academy of Medicine New York Blood Center New York City Department of Health New York Injury Control Research Center New York Medical College New York Presbyterian Hospital New York State Department of Health New York State Psychiatric Center Northern Manhattan Improvement Orange County Children & Parents Center Palm Beach County Head Start Profamilia, Santo Domingo Queens Comprehensive Perinatal Center Research Foundation For Mental Hygiene Research Foundation Of CUNY Research Foundation of SUNY Rocky Mountains Services Save The Children Shimantik Uruban Primary Care Center Solu Hospital Development Committee South Africa Medical Research Council Southern Maryland Tricounty Southwest Human Development Inc St Lukes Roosevelt Hospital St Mary Community Action Center St Vincents Hospital & Med Center Suffolk County Perinatal Center Teachers College Trenton Head Start Trustees of Tufts University Uganda Virus Research Institute Umatilla Morrow Head Start Inc University Autonomo Santo Domingo University of Capetown University of Illinois University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey University of Minnesota University of Pittsburgh University of Southern California University of Toronto University of Washington West Harlem Environmental Action Project VI - 7 VI.3. A list of research activity, including amount and source of funds, over the last three years. Table VI.3.a presents a complete list of government sponsored projects, active in March 2002. Table VI.3.b presents the same information for non-government sponsored projects. Appendix VI.3.a provides comparable information for government and nongovernment grants for 2000 and 2001. VI.4. Identification of measures by which the school may evaluate the success of its research activities, along with data regarding the school’s performance against those measures over the last three years. Tangible indicators of the success of the School’s research activities are the magnitude of and growth in the: (1) dollar amount of external research funding; (2) number of grant awards; and, (3) number of governmental agencies and private foundations sponsoring the School’s research. In terms of the relative magnitude of research support at the national level, the School now ranks 3rd among all schools of public health in total dollar amount of sponsored projects. Focusing on relative ranking among Columbia University units, the School now ranks second only to the College of Physicians and Surgeons in dollar amount of sponsored projects, exceeding the entire School of Arts and Sciences, and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The growth in research funding over the past decade was presented in Criterion IV. Here we only highlight the relevant data for the past three years. Annual total costs for all externally funded research increased from $54,078,000 in 2000 to $72,570,000 in 2002, a 34% increase. Focusing only on direct costs for government awards, annual expenditures rose from $27,908,000 in 2000 to $35,744,000 in 2002, a 28% increase. The total number of government awards increased over the period, from 96 in 2000 to 121 in 2002, with the number of donors ranging from 26 to 30. The number of NIH grants increased from 41 in 2000 to 71 in 2002, with the number of NIH Institutes providing grants increasing from 11 to 16. The direct costs for non-government awards increased from $15,616,000 in 2000 to $22,542,000 in 2002, a remarkable 44% increase. The number of non-government grants increased slightly, with 61 awards in 2000 and 63 in 2002. The number of nongovernment donors increased from 36 in 2000 to 40 in 2002. The publications of faculty, the journals in which they publish, and the conferences in which they present their research are described in faculty cv’s, available in the on-site Resource File. The School’s research activities also may be evaluated by the success of its faculty in carrying out relevant research in the priority areas of public health. The range of research in key areas of public health is presented in the list of funded projects (Tables VI.3.a-b), VI - 8 in the Dean’s Report of 2000 (Appendix VI.3.b), and in faculty cv’s (on-site Reference File). A final indicator of research success is the faculty’s ability to establish collaborative research relationships within the University and in the community. One indicator of collaborative success is the high percentage (43%) of faculty holding joint appointments. Success in establishing collaborative research relationships is clearly indicated by the extensive list of research partnerships described in Criteria VI.1 and 2; and in the Dean’s Report of 2000. In addition there is a significant overlap in the research, and service partnerships established by faculty, demonstrating success in developing relationships with other researchers, health agencies, and community organizations in studies of high priority issues leading to appropriate public health applications and interventions (Criteria VI.1 and 3, Criterion VII, and the Dean’s Report of 2000). VI.5. A description of student involvement in research. Numerous opportunities exist for students to participate in ongoing research. Working under the supervision of a faculty member, many of the School’s graduate students have significant responsibility for research projects. A large number of students hold graduate research assistantships, and many others are supported as work-study students or hourly employees on research projects. Students also participate in research through research tutorials with faculty members, and as volunteers. Students are actively involved with faculty on many of the most important research projects of the School. Examples include research on the effects of the Chernobyl accident on thyroid cancer, leukemia, and related diseases; chromosome aberrations induced by environmental pollutants; cost-effectiveness evaluation of telemedicine for underserved Medicare diabetes patients; evaluation of the UNICEF campaign to reduce neonatal tetanus in developing countries; analysis of adolescent migration between the Dominican Republic and the United States; evaluation of treatment protocols for TB infections in new immigrants to the US; the relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke and genetic susceptibility markers; and, analysis of expanding health service coverage to the uninsured through Healthgap, a new insurance mechanism. Students in the PhD and DrPH programs are required to undertake research for their dissertations. (A list of recent doctoral dissertations is provided in Appendix VI.5.) Under the guidance of faculty advisors, doctoral students select research topics in their own area of special interest. In many instances, doctoral dissertations are based on a component of a larger existing or ongoing research project being carried out by a faculty member. By taking advantage of such a project, students often can have access to more data than would be the case in an entirely independent project, while still having responsibility for a significant element of the project. In other instances, for students who are employed in a public health setting while seeking an advanced degree, the dissertation data may emanate from their place of employment. Such projects usually benefit both the student and the agency at which the research is being carried out. VI - 9 For the MPH students, the research environment of the School exposes them to a faculty who are at the cutting edge of their disciplines and encourages students to participate in the application of new knowledge to public health problems. MPH students, because of the heavy demands of their coursework, their greater practice orientation, and their relatively shorter tenure at the School, tend to have somewhat less intense involvement in research than doctoral students. Nevertheless, many opportunities for direct research experience through assistantships, tutorials, and volunteer work also exist for these students, and the vast majority takes advantage of the opportunities. The School also has enhanced the research opportunities of its graduate students by obtaining the following federal training grants: Psychiatric Epidemiology The Columbia University Psychiatric Epidemiology Training Program (PET) is now in its 30th year of training individuals, from a variety of disciplines, in psychiatric epidemiology. Sponsored by the Department of Epidemiology and the Department of Psychiatry, it is one of only a small handful of programs designed to provide research training in the epidemiology of mental disorders. The program has trained 115 researchers, most of whom have gone on to make important scholarly contributions and some of whom have become leaders in the field. The unifying theme for training involves the use of theory, study design, or measurement innovation to allow previously untested ideas to be tested. Pre-doctoral and post-doctoral fellowships are available. Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases The Infectious Disease Training Program, funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was established in 2001, to produce a cadre of scientists with expertise in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases have reclaimed their importance in the field of public health and public policy, both domestically and internationally. The global impact of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and diarrheal and respiratory infections in children underscores the importance of training in infectious diseases. The recent recognition of emerging new pathogens has also highlighted the importance of understanding their epidemiology. Trainees selected for this program conduct clinical or laboratory based research with one of the participating faculty mentors, and take courses in substantive areas and research methods. AIDS International Training and Research Program The Department of Epidemiology hosts an AIDS International Training and Research Program (AITRP) of the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health. The goal of the program is to train scientists from Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic and related tuberculosis epidemic through research. The Mailman School currently is training nine fellows in areas of HIV and TB epidemiology and in behavioral sciences aspects of HIV/AIDS. In addition, several other fellows are receiving shorter specific training at affiliated VI - 10 institutions. Fellows who have returned to their countries are principal investigators for a number of HIV research projects, including HIV vaccine interventions, and virologic and immunologic studies of newly infected persons with HIV. International Training and Research in Environmental and Occupational Health The International Training and Research Program in Environmental and Occupational Health was established to respond to the massive arsenic contamination of tube wells in Bangladesh, involving millions of wells and an estimated 25-30 million people chronically exposed to arsenic contaminated water. To address this complex environmental problem, Columbia is leading a multi-disciplinary research project (public health, earth science, and social science) in Bangladesh with local partners, including the Bangladesh National Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine and Dhaka University. The program is designed to train four pre-and four post-doctoral Bangladeshi scientists in environmental health, environmental epidemiology, earth science or social science. Mental Health Statistics Training Program The Mental Health Statistics Training Program in the Department of Biostatistics supports pre-doctoral fellows in the PhD and DrPH programs, and post-doctoral fellows. The program is designed for trainees who wish to apply state-of-the-art statistical methods to important mental health problems, including the use of new technologies such as brain imaging techniques (e.g., MRI, PET, and functional MRI), molecular biology, and genetics. Cancer Epidemiology Training Program Since 1985, Columbia University has had a T32 training grant from the National Cancer Institute, in which faculty from the School’s Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environmental Health Sciences, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center have collaborated. The grant provides a strong basis for a research career in the epidemiology of cancer, including a solid grounding in epidemiology and biostatistical methods, and extensive instruction concerning cancer, including molecular genetics, clinical oncology, toxicology, and the behavioral sciences. Training Program in Cancer Related Population Sciences This cancer training program, scheduled for funding by the National Cancer Institute in September 2002, is designed to complement the previously mentioned Cancer Epidemiology Training Program. The program has a broad multidisciplinary training focus for scientists in cancer prevention and control. It provides: financial support for faculty to develop specialized curricula; educational experience in behavioral and psychosocial oncology; support for hands-on research experience in epidemiologic data collection, biostatistical analysis, clinical encounters, and bench research; support for mentoring relationships; and stipends to expand the pool of qualified applicants. VI - 11 Neuroepidemiology Training Program The training program in neuroepidemiology draws faculty members, trainees and curricula from neurology, epidemiology, and other relevant disciplines. Advanced predoctoral and post-doctoral training is available, with some post-doctoral fellowships. Topics covered in academic courses are epidemiology and biostatistics, neurology and neuroscience, and neuroepidemiology. Trainees with strong individual interests, including human genetics, neonatology, and epilepsy may select appropriate concentrations as faculty strengths permit. Genetics of Complex Disorders Training Program The new Genetics of Complex Disorders Training Program, funded by NIMH, is designed to train postdoctoral (MD and PhD) and predoctoral fellows in genetic epidemiology and statistical analysis of psychiatric and other complex diseases. Training addresses all aspects of human genetic studies, including: study design, clinical work, phenotype definition, laboratory issues, and statistical analysis. Fellows work closely with a preceptor on an independent research project. Initiative for Minority Student Development The Initiative for Minority Student Development (IMSD) Program is funded by the NIH Division of Minority Opportunities in Research. The program supports ten masters students a year for two years, five each in Epidemiology and Sociomedical Sciences. The purpose of the program is to increase the number of underrepresented ethnic minority students who receive graduate research training in these disciplines. The program provides coursework, research placements with faculty members, mentoring relationships with advanced graduate students, and support for attendance at scientific conferences. In addition to the above federally funded training programs, the School has obtained private foundation funds for: Training Program for the Study of Sexuality, Gender, Health and Human Rights The Program for the Study of Sexuality, Gender, Health and Human Rights is a Rockefeller Foundation funded post-doctoral residency program designed to encourage new scholarship about sexuality and human rights, and facilitate conversations between academics, advocates and activists in the U.S. and internationally. VI.6. Assessment of the extent to which this criterion is met. The School perceives that it fully meets this criterion. The School has a noted research program that addresses many of the major public health programs of New York City, New York State, the nation, and the world. The research areas and approaches are highly diverse. Accordingly, the School is able to provide an array of research experiences to meet the wide-ranging interests of its students. The combination of courses in research methodology and in substantive areas, and research projects on which students can work VI - 12 with faculty, indicate that students have an excellent opportunity to develop and enhance their research skills at the School. The close collaboration with external organizations and other units of the University facilitates the creation of interdisciplinary projects and consultation with faculty in other departments. Research is carefully woven into the educational environment, both through the direct involvement of students in research projects, and through the inclusion of research methods and findings in the courses taught by faculty members who are actively involved in the creation of knowledge. In addition to classroom teaching, the School’s research findings are disseminated through publications, presentations, continuing education, and the popular media. The School’s research program is structured around the conceptual and programmatic interests of individual faculty and individual groups of faculty. The administration and departments of the School influence the quality and content of the research portfolio of the School primarily through their decisions concerning recruitment, retention and promotion. In addition, the administration frequently informs faculty members about research opportunities or encourages collaborative activities in order to increase the relevance and impact of the total research effort. As the only accredited School of Public Health in the largest urban area in the nation, the Deans and Department Chairs continually encourage that priority be given to research and service projects that will positively impact on the health of inner city, poor populations in general, and on Washington Heights and Harlem residents in particular. In these ways, the School attempts to maintain a highly skilled research faculty addressing questions appropriate to a school of public health. VI - 13