CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
DANUTA BUKATKO
CHAPTER 4 - The Prenatal Period and Birth
Chapter Vocabulary
amniotic sac
embryonic period
germinal period (period of the zygote)
placenta
prenatal development
umbilical cord
ARND / FAS
fetal period
gestational age
postnatal period
teratogen
viability
Chapter Outline
The Stages of Prenatal Development
 Fertilization
 The Germinal Period
 The Embryonic Period
 The Fetal Period
 Assisted Reproduction
pages 111–112
pages 112-113
pages 113-115
pages 115-116
pages 116-117
Environmental Factors Influencing Prenatal Development
 Support in the Womb
page 118
 Principles of Teratology
pages 118-121
 Drugs as Teratogens
pages 121-127
 Diseases as Teratogens
pages 127-130
 Environmental Hazards as Teratogens pages 130-131
 Women’s Health Conditions
pages 131-133
Birth




Preparing for Childbirth
Labor and Delivery
Low Birth Weight
Newborn Assessment
pages 134-136
pages 137-140
pages 140-143
pages 144-145
CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
DANUTA BUKATKO
CHAPTER 4 - GUIDED NOTETAKING OUTLINE
The Prenatal Period and Birth
The Stages of Prenatal Development
Prenatal development begins at ___________________ and continues until
_________________. The perinatal period begins __________________.
The perinatal and postnatal periods overlap by about ____ __________.
The period of the zygote is the first period of prenatal development. It is
also known as the ______________ period. It lasts _____ to ____ days after
conception. 2 things that happen during this period are:
1.
2.
The second stage of prenatal development is known as the
_______________ period. It lasts from ___ _______ to ____ _______.
During this period important structures develop as part of the
_____________, _____________ and ______________ systems.
The third and final stage of prenatal development is called the
________________ period. It lasts from ___ _______ until ___________.
The main focus of this period is sustained ________________.
Fertilization of the egg by the sperm normally occurs in the
_________________ ____________. What is the implantation process, and
when does it occur?_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
During the embryonic period, 3 layers of cells form, which become the
foundation for the development of all body structures.
The endoderm gives rise to: _____________________________________
The mesoderm gives rise to: _____________________________________
The ectoderm gives rise to: ______________________________________
Cells located at the end of the ectoderm form the neural tube, which then
develops into the _______ ________, the ____________ and the
______________.
Gestational age is calculated from __________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The term “assisted reproduction” means:_____________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The embryo and fetus are sustained by special life-support structures. Give
a brief explanation of the function of the
Placenta:_____________________________________________________
Umbilical cord ________________________________________________
Amniotic fluid_________________________________________________
An environmental agent that causes disruption in prenatal development is
known as a _______________________.
Some teratogens cause only minor harm; some cause major malformation or
death. Why is there such a wide array of possible consequences from
teratogen exposure? Briefly explain in your own words 3 of the principles
that govern the impact of teratogens:
1.
2.
3.
Why is the concentration of alcohol likely to be the same for the fetus as for
the mother?____________________________________________________
What is the difference between FAS and ARND?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
What is the known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
____________________________________________________________
Complete this sentence: the longer a woman smokes during pregnancy, the
____________________________________________________________
Smoking is implicated in an increase in spontaneous _________________,
_________________ and ______________ _______________.
What advice would you give to a woman who was trying to become
pregnant with regards to taking prescription or over the counter
medications?__________________________________________________
Why is it difficult for researchers to study the effects of illegal drug use
during pregnancy?______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Name 3 illegal drugs that are associated with increased risk for premature
birth and low birth weight:
1.
2.
3.
What kind of interventions might benefit a child born to a drug-using
mother?_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Many diseases and environmental pollutants can act as teratogens.
Name one disease and describe its teratogenic effect:
_____________________________________________________________
Name one environmental hazard and describe its teratogenic effect:
_____________________________________________________________
List 2 problems that become increased risks for women who postpone
pregnancy into their 30’s:
1.
2.
How does the risk of teen pregnancy in the U.S. compare to that of other
nations?___________________________________________________
What is a major reason that teenagers are at greater risk for delivering less
healthy babies?_______________________________________________
Good nutrition is very important to a healthy pregnancy. Malnutrition can
result in death of the fetus, premature birth, and low birth weight. A healthy
diet must have the right number of calories, but must also balance adequate
___________, __________ and other nutrients.
What helps to protect a pregnancy from the negative effects of stress?
____________________________________________________________
Name and briefly describe the 3 stages of labor and birth:
1.
2.
3.
Give 2 valid reasons for having a cesarean birth:
1.
2.
Define
anoxia:__________________________________________________
What problems can result from prolonged anoxia?________________
________________________________________________________
An infant is considered low birth weight if he or she weighs less than
_______ lbs. Low birth weight is associated with higher __________
___________. How does the U.S. compare with other industrialized
nations on rate of low birth weight?___________________________
The 2 types of low birth weight are:
1.
2.
Identify one problem faced by low birth weight babies:
________________________________________________________
How has the care of premature infants changed as the result of new
research?_________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Both fathers and mothers can provide “kangaroo care” – what is kangaroo
care and what are its benefits?____________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Newborn Assessment
Describe the appearance of the newborn:_____________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
The newborn infant’s most immediate need is _______________________.
The second major task after birth is regulating _______________________.
The assessment of physical well-being that is routinely performed on
newborns is the _____________ _________________. It is done twice,
once at _____ ________ after birth, and again at _______ ___________.
This assessment looks at 5 vital signs:
__________________ _________________________ _______________
__________________ _________________________.
A few days after birth a more extensive assessment may be done. It
measures the infant’s neurological condition and can somewhat predict later
development. It is the NBAS, or _________________ _________________
______________ _______________. It was developed by the well known
pediatrician and child development expert, Dr. _____________________
________________________.
CHAPTER 4 - INSTRUCTOR’S RESOURCE:
Selected Objectives and Quiz Questions from the Study Guide
Objectives: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16
Key Terms Review: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16
Fact Questions: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15
Concept / Application Questions: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 19, 20, 21