Diseases and Associations .................................................................................................. 3
Rheumatology ................................................................................................................. 4
Social............................................................................................................................... 5
Pulmonary ....................................................................................................................... 5
Endocrine ........................................................................................................................ 6
Cardiology....................................................................................................................... 6
Nephrology ..................................................................................................................... 6
Oncology ....................................................................................................................... 10
Vascular/Hematology ................................................................................................... 10
Dermatology ................................................................................................................. 10
Infectious Disease ......................................................................................................... 10
Endocrinology ............................................................................................................... 11
Oncology ....................................................................................................................... 11
Hematology ................................................................................................................... 11
Trauma .......................................................................................................................... 12
Allergy .......................................................................................................................... 12
Gastroenterology ........................................................................................................... 12
Differential Diagnoses ...................................................................................................... 19
Abdominal pain ............................................................................................................. 19
Nausea/vomiting ........................................................................................................... 20
Early Satiety .................................................................................................................. 20
Dyspepsia (chronic/recurrent of mid-upper abdomen) ................................................. 20
Skin Photosensitivity .................................................................................................... 21
Joint Pain/Arthitis ......................................................................................................... 21
Dactylitis ....................................................................................................................... 21
Hemoptysis ................................................................................................................... 21
Renal Failure ................................................................................................................. 22
NICM ............................................................................................................................ 22
Mononeuritis multiplex ................................................................................................. 22
Headaches ..................................................................................................................... 22
Hypokalemia ................................................................................................................. 22
Metabolic Alkalosis ...................................................................................................... 22
Cellulitis ........................................................................................................................ 23
Pulmonary Fibrosis ....................................................................................................... 23
NICM ............................................................................................................................ 23
Fatigue........................................................................................................................... 23
HTN .............................................................................................................................. 23
Edema ........................................................................................................................... 23
Differential for underlying cause of CKD .................................................................... 24
Bone Pain ...................................................................................................................... 24
Fractures ........................................................................................................................ 25
Nocturia......................................................................................................................... 25
Polyuria ......................................................................................................................... 25
Anemia .......................................................................................................................... 25
Premature Coronary Artery Disease ............................................................................. 25
Painful Paresthesias ...................................................................................................... 25
Back pain ...................................................................................................................... 25
Flank pain...................................................................................................................... 25
Hypertension ................................................................................................................. 25
Liver Cysts .................................................................................................................... 26
Sterile pyuria ................................................................................................................. 26
Hyponatremia ................................................................................................................ 26
Rhabdomyolysis ............................................................................................................ 26
Sepsis ............................................................................................................................ 26
Angioedema/anaphylaxis .............................................................................................. 27
Fevers of Unknown Origin ........................................................................................... 27
Elevated Hematocrit...................................................................................................... 27
Chronic Lower Extremity Edema ................................................................................. 27
Encephalopathy ............................................................................................................. 27
Delirium ........................................................................................................................ 28
Falls ............................................................................................................................... 28
Urinary Incontinence .................................................................................................... 28
AKI ............................................................................................................................... 28
CKD .............................................................................................................................. 28
Eosinophilia .................................................................................................................. 29
Hypernatremia............................................................................................................... 29
Central Diabetes Insipidus ............................................................................................ 29
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus ................................................................................... 29
Pneumothorax ............................................................................................................... 29
Mediastinal Mass .......................................................................................................... 30
Pneumomediastinum ..................................................................................................... 30
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure .................................................................................... 31
Hypercarbic Respiratory Failure ................................................................................... 32
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome .......................................................................... 33
Restrictive Lung Disease .............................................................................................. 33
Obstructive Lung Disease ............................................................................................. 33
Angioedema .................................................................................................................. 33
Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease ....................................................................... 34
Hyperthermia ................................................................................................................ 34
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome ................................................................................. 34
Hypothermia ................................................................................................................. 34
Dysphagia ..................................................................................................................... 34
Odynophagia ................................................................................................................. 35
Globus sensation ........................................................................................................... 35
GERD............................................................................................................................ 35
Chest pain...................................................................................................................... 36
Anorexia........................................................................................................................ 36
Weight Loss .................................................................................................................. 36
Gastrointestinal bleeding .............................................................................................. 36
Gastric Varices .............................................................................................................. 36
Regurgitation................................................................................................................. 36
Esophagitis .................................................................................................................... 36
Peptic Ulcer Disease ..................................................................................................... 37
GI Bleed ........................................................................................................................ 37
Gastric Subepithelial Lesions ....................................................................................... 38
Diarrhea (causes) .......................................................................................................... 38
Diarrhea (Pathophysiology) .......................................................................................... 39
Tachycardia ................................................................................................................... 39
Acute Pancreatitis (causes) ........................................................................................... 40
Chronic Pancreatitis (causes) ........................................................................................ 40
Hyperamylsemia ........................................................................................................... 41
Hyperlipasemia ............................................................................................................. 41
Diabetes......................................................................................................................... 41
Hypoglycemia ............................................................................................................... 41
Hypokalemia ................................................................................................................. 41
Dermatitis Herpetiformis (causes) ................................................................................ 42
Erythema Nodosum (causes) ........................................................................................ 42
Pyoderma Gangrenosum (causes) ................................................................................. 42
Anemia, iron deficiency ................................................................................................ 42
Anemia, B12-defiency .................................................................................................. 42
Fat Malabsorption ......................................................................................................... 42
Bloating ......................................................................................................................... 43
Flatulence ...................................................................................................................... 43
Constipation .................................................................................................................. 43
Small-intestine bacterial overgrowth ............................................................................ 44
Nephrolithiasis .............................................................................................................. 44
Liver Failure (Transaminitis) ........................................................................................ 44
Fulminant Liver Failure ................................................................................................ 45
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (causes) ........................................................... 45
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (Causes) ............................................................................ 45
Sitophobia (fear of eating) ............................................................................................ 46
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia (causes) ......................................................................... 46
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia (differential) .................................................................. 46
Ischemic Colitis (Causes) ............................................................................................. 46
Increased Iron Transaturation ....................................................................................... 46
Fever ............................................................................................................................. 47
Pruritis ........................................................................................................................... 47
Jaundice......................................................................................................................... 47
Steatorhea ...................................................................................................................... 47
Thrombocytopenia ........................................................................................................ 47
Hypoxemia/dyspnea ...................................................................................................... 47
Diseases and Associations
Rheumatology
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Sjogren’s syndrome
o Tubulointerstitial disease (25-50%)
Osteoarthritis
Psuedo-osteoarthritis (from CPPD)
Gout
Septic joint
Chronic apatite deposition disease
Behcet’s disease
o Inflammatory eye disease
o Arterial aneurysms and occlusions
o Venous thombosis
o Abdomenal pain, nausea, diarrhea
o Pulmonary artery aneurysms
Psoriatic arthritis
o HIV-related psoriasis
Rheumatoid arthritis
o Infection
o Cervical Instability
o Rheumatoid vasculitis
o Mononeuritis multiplex
o Mesenteric vasculitis
o Coronary artery disease
o Felty’s syndrome (RA, agranulocytosis, splenomegaly)
o Membranous nephropathy
Cryoglobulinemia
o Positive rheumatoid factor
o Hyperviscosity syndrome
o Type I (monoclonal RA): MM and waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
o Type II (monocolonal RA): small vessel vasculitis
o Type III (polyclonal RA): hepatitis, endocarditis, SLE, RA
o Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
Secondary Vasculitis
o Medications
o Infections
o Neoplasms
o Autoimmune
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
o Asthma
o Rhinitis or sinusitis
o Eosinophilia (> 10% in peripheral blood)
o Migratory pulmonary infiltrates
o Mononeuritis multiplex
Adult-onset Still Disease
o Salmon colored rash during febrile episodes
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Hereditary Angioedema
o Skin swelling
o Gastrointestinal tract swelling
 Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
o Laryngeal and bronchial edema
Raynaud’s phenomenon
o Sclerosis
o MCTD
o SLE
Giant Cell Arteritis
o Polymyalgia Rheumatica (in 1/3rd)
o Headache, jaw claudication, visual changes
Dermatomyositis
o Occult malignancy causing refractory inflammatory myositis
SLE
o Tubulointerstitial disease (uncommon)
o Membranous nephropathy
o Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
Scleroderma
o Scleroderma renal crisis
o Dysphagia/aspiration
o Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth (diarrhea)
Social

IVDU
o HIV
o Hepatitis B/C
Pulmonary
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Asthma
o Churg-Stauss Syndrome
o Aspirin Allergy
o GERD
o Esophagitis (from inhaled steroid use)
COPD
o Esophagitis (from inhaled steroid use)
Sarcoidosis
o Tubulointerstitial disease (25%)
Hypoxemic respiratory failure
Hypercarbic respiratory failure
Neuromuscular Weakness
o Chronic ventilatory failure
o
o
o
o
Pulmonary HTN
Aspiration
Pneumonia
Sleep-disordered breathing
Endocrine

Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Cardiology
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Acute CHF
o Flail mitral valve leaflet
o Endocarditis
Angiography/Aortic surgery
o Cholesterol crystal embolization
Nephrology
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Increased creatinine (B/L nephrectomy causing increase by 1.0 to 1.5 per day)
o Increased production by muscle (rhabdo, exercise)
o Decreased filtration by kidneys (kidney disease)
o Decreased secretion by proximal tubular cells (cimetidine, trimethoprim)
Increased BUN
o High-protein diet
o Catabolic states
o Steroids
o GI bleeding
Decreased BUN
o Malnutrition
o Liver failure
Bladder Cancer
o Hematuria, HTN, flank mass
o Cigarette smoking
o Benzene smoking
o Long term analgesic use
o Cyclophosphamide
Hepatorenal Syndrome
o ESLD
Tubulointerstitial Disease
o Immunologic
 Sjogren’s
 Sarcoidosis
 SLE
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o Infectious
 Viral (polyomavirus, BK, JC, CMV, adenovirus, EBV, hepatitis C
 Mycobacterial
 Bacterial (chronic pyelonephritis, rickettsia, leptospirosis,
schistosomiasis)
o Inherited
 PCKD
 Medullary Spongy Kidney
 Uromodulin-related disease
o Malignancy
 Multiple myeloma
 Leukemia
o Hematology
 Sickle cell disease
o Medications
 Combination analgesics
 Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus)
 Lithium
o Metabolic
 Heavy metals
 Hyperuricemia
 Cystinosis
o Obstructive
 Prostatic hyperplasia
 Urinary reflux nephropathy
 Nephrolithiasis
 Malignancies
PCKD
o Extrarenal cyst
o Most have liver cyst by age 35
o Intracranial aneurysms (5%)
 HTN – ACEI
 Infection of cysts
 Cyst hemorrhage
 Nephrolithiasis
Tuberous Sclerosis
Alport Syndrome
Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy
Fabry Disease
Minimal change disease
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranous nephropathy
o Hepatitis B
o Hepatitis C
o Malaria
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o Syphilis
o SLE
o Diabetes
o RA
o NSAIDs
o Captopril
o Penicillamine
o Malignancies
Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
CKD
o Secondary hyperparathyroidism
o Hyperkalemia
Nephrotoxic Medications
o Acute Renal Injury
 Pre-renal
 Diuretics
 Anti-hypertensives
 Prostagladin inhibitors
 ACEI/ARB
 Contrast
 Intrarenal
 Vascular (endothelial damage -> plt aggregation >thrombotic microangiopathy (TTP-HUS) and vascular
injury)
o TTP-HUS
o Cyclosporin
o Tacrolimus
o Muromonab CD3
o Plavix
o Quinine
o Interferon
o Valacyclovir
o Mitomycin
o Gemcitabine
o Cholesterol emboli
o anticoagulants
 tubular injury
o HAART
o Aminoglycosides
o Foscarnet
o Cisplatin
o Bisphosphonates
o Osmotic nephrosis
 IVIG
 Mannitol
 Dextran/hetastarch
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o Ischemic injury
 Immunosuppressants
 Radiocontrast (vasoconstriction with inc.
medullary O2 comsumption -> ischemia)
 Ampho B
 Interstitial injury
o AIN
 Penicillins
 Cephalosporins
 Phenytoin
 Thiazide
 Lasix
 Cimetidine
 Allopurinol
 PPI
 Glomerular injury
o NSAIDs
o Gold
o Penicillamine
o ACEI
o Foscarnet
o Bisphosphonates
Post-renal
 Acyclovir
 Gancyclovir
 Indinavir
 Methysergide (RP fibrosis and ureteral obstruction)
 Hydralazine
 Methydopa
 Atenolol
 Ergots
 DHEA
o CKD
 NSAIDs
 APAP
 ASA
 Lithium (fibrosis + dysregulation of aquaporin)
 Acyclovir
o Pseudonephrotoxicity
 Competites with tubular secretion of creatinine
 Bactrim
 Cimetidine
 Probenecid
 Triamterene
 Amiloride
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 Spironolactone
Interference with lab test for creatinine
 Ascorbid acid
 Cephalosporins
 Flucytosine
 Levodopa
 Methyldopa
Hypercatabolic effect
 Steroids
 Tetracycline
Oncology
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Multiple Myeloma
o Tubulointerstitial disease
Leukemia
o Tubulointerstitial disease
Vascular/Hematology
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Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome
o MGUS
o Multiple Myeloma
o Amyloidosis
o Plasma cell leukemia
Thrombotic microangiopathy
o Calcineurin inhibitors
o Cyclosporin
o Tacrolimus
o Muromonab CD3
o Plavix
o Quinine
o Interferon
o Valacyclovir
o Mitomycin
o Gemcitabine
Dermatology

Schnitzler’s Syndrome (urticaria with recurrent fevers and arthritis)
Infectious Disease
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Hepatitis B
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o Membranous nephropathy
Hepatitis C
o Membranous nephropathy
o Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
Malaria
o Membranous nephropathy
Syphlis
o Membranous nephropathy
Giardia (recurrent)
o Common variable immunodeficiency
Endocrinology
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Diabetes
o HTN
o Atherosclerosis
o CVA
o Diabetic nephropathy
o Membranous nephropathy
o Peripheral vascular disease
o Celiac disease
Thyromegaly
o Dysphagia/aspiration
Oncology
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General
o Membranous nephropathy
Lymphocytic leukemia
o Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
B-cell lymphoma
o Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
o H. pylori
Burkitt’s lymphoma
o HIV
T-cell intestinal lymphoma
o Celiac disease
Hematology
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Iron deficiency anemia
o Esophageal web
Thrombocytopenia
o Splenomegaly
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Cirrhosis
Trauma
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Hypothermia
o Tachycardia followed by bradycardia
o Atrial and Ventricular fibrillation
o Osbourne waves
o Respiratory and neurological impairment
Hypothermia Rewarming
o Compartment syndromes
o Rhabdomyolysis
o DIC
o Pulmonary edema
o ATN
Allergy
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Common Variable Immunodeficiency
o Diarrhea
o Pulmonary disease
o Recurrent Giardia infection
OB/GYN
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Current Pregnancy
o HELLP
o Fatty liver
o Cholestasis of pregnancy
o Cardiomyopathy
Puerpartum
o Fever
Gastroenterology
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GERD
o Hiatal hernia
o Asthma
o Barrett’s esophagus
Barrett’s esophagus
o Esophageal adenocarcinoma
Esophageal carcinoma
Achalasia
o Pseudoachalasia (malignant obstruction)
o GERD after LES dilation
Diffuse Esophageal Spasm
o Nutcracker esophagus (high amplitude contractions)
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Ineffective esophageal motility (Hypotonix motility disorder)
o GERD
o Dysphagia after antireflux surgery
o Scleroderma
o Connective tissue disorders
Esophagitis
o HIV
o Eosinophilic esophagitis related to Asthma/atopy
Peptic ulcer disease
o Occult blood loss
o Gastric outlet obstruction
Outlet Obstruction
o Gastric polyps
Gastric Polyps
o Familial adenomatous polyposis
o Chronic gastritis
Gastric Subepithelial Lesions
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
o Peritoneal carcinomatosis
Gastroparesis
o Diabetes
o Scleroderma
o Post-operative
o Eating disorders
o Renal failure
o Parkinsons
o Paraneoplastic syndromes
Bariatric Surgery Complications
o Early
 Pulmonary embolism (50% of all deaths)
 Anastomotic leak
 Bowel obstruction
 Hemorrhage
 Wound infection
o Late
 Anastomotic stricture
 Bacterial overgrowth
 Incisional hernia
 Marginal ulceration
 Nutritional deficiency
 Primary from post-surgical anatomy
o Iron deficiency (50%)
o B12 deficiency
o Folate deficiency (usually transient)
o Calcium and vitamin D
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o Thiamine
o Vitamin A
 Secondary or unmasked malabsorptive disease
o Bacterial overgrowth
o Celiac disease
o Pancreatic insufficiency
Gastric Resection Complication
o Dumping syndrome
o Afferent loop syndrome
o Retained antrum syndrome
o Bile reflux gastropathy
o Postvagotomy syndrome
Pancreatitis
o Pancreatic pseudocysts
o Pancreatic abscess
o Pancreatic tract leaks or fistulas
o Splenic vein thrombosis
o Type I Diabetes mellitus (brittle due to alpha cell damage)
o Malabsorption
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
o Migrating thrombophlebitis
o Diabetes
o Invasion into local vessels
o Biliary obstruction
o Duodenal obstruction
Pancreatic cystic neoplasms
o Benign serous cystadenomas
o Premalignant mucinous cystadenomas
o Malignant mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
o Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms
Gastrinoma
o Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (GERD,PUD, watery diarrhea)
Insulinoma
o Hypoglycemia
VIPoma (diarrhea, dehydration, peptide hypokalemia)
Glucagonoma (dermatitis, diabetes)
Celiac disease
o Malabsorption
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Osteoporosis
 Coagulopathy
o Type 1 DM
o Autoimmune thyroid disease
o Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (33% increase)
o Non-hodgkin lymphoma (increased risk)
o IgA deficiency
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Small-Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth
o Megaloblastic anemia with low B12 and high folate
o Vitamin malabsorption
Short-bowel syndrome
o Nephrolithiasis
Crohn disease
o Gastrointestinal complications
 Colon cancer
 Protein-losing enteropathy
 Vitamin B12 deficiency
 Vitamin D deficiency
 Post-surgical
 Choleretic diarrhea
 Fistulization
 Abscess formation
 Muscle abscess
 Psoas
 Intestinal strictures
 Terminal ileum (common)
 Duodenal causing gastric outlet obstruction
o Extraintestinal manifestations
 Arthritis
 RA
 Sacroileitis
 Ankylosing spondylitis
 Uveitis
 Episcleritis
 Erythema nodosum
 Pyoderma gangrenosum (more common in UC)
 Primary sclerosing cholangitis
 Colorectal cancer
 Osteopenia (50%), osteoporosis, fracture
Ulcerative colitis
o Pyoderma gangrenosum
o Erythema nodosum (more common in crohn)
o Primary sclerosing cholangitis
o Colorectal cancer
o Osteopenia (50%), osteoporosis, fracture
Microscopic colitis
o Lymphocytic colitis
o Collangenous colitis
Constipation
o Diabetes Mellitus
o Neurologically disorders
o Hypothyroidism
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o Electrolyte abnormalities
o Porphyria
o Panhypopituitarism
o Collagen vascular disease
Ileus
Chronic Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
o Cancer with Paraneoplastic disease
Irritable Bowel Disease
o Depression
o Sexual Abuse
o Anxiety
o Phobias
o Somatization
o Small Bowel Overgrowth
Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
o Abdominal Abscess
o Fistula formation
 Colovesicular
 Colovaginal
o Obstruction/strictures
Intestinal Ischemic Disease
Acute mesenteric ischemia
o Atrial fibrillation (50% are superior mesenteric embolisms)
o Atherosclerotic disease
o Hypercoaguble states
o Sepsis
o Portal hypertension
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
Colonic ischemia (ischemic colitis)
Colorectal Neoplasm
o Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
 Benign extracolonic manifestations
 Mandibular osteomas
 Supernumerary teeth
 Congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
 Desmoid tumors
 Epidermoid and sebaceous cysts
 Gastric polyps
 Premalignant/malignant extracolonic manifestations
 Small bowel adenomas and cancer
 Thyroid cancer
 Gastric cancer
 CNS tumors
 Biliary cancer
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o Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
o Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC or lynch syndrome)
 Uterine cancer
 Ovarian cancer
o Acromegaly
o Prior radiation
o Urinary diversion with implantation into the colon
Autoimmune hepatitis
o Thyroiditis
o UC
o T1DM
o RA
o Celiac disease
o Primary hepatocellular carcinoma
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
o DM
o HTN
o HLD
Wilson’s disease
o Neurologic
o Psychiatric
o Ophthalmologic
o Hematologic
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
o CAD
o DM
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
o COPD
o Skin
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
o Other autoimmune diseases
 Hypothyroidism
 Sjogren’s syndrome
 Sicca syndrome
 Systemic sclerosis
 Malabsorption
 Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
 Hyperlipidemia
 Osteoporosis
Primary Sclerosing cholangitis
o UC
o Cholangiocarcinoma
o Cholangitis
o Malabsorption
 Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency
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o Recurrent bile duct stones
o Biliary strictures
Complications of liver disease
o Portal Hypertension
o Gastroesophageal varices
o Ascites
o Spontaneous Bacterial peritonitis
 Paralytic ileus
 Hepatorenal syndrome
o Hepatorenal syndrome
 SBP
o Hepatopulmonary syndrome
o Hepatic encephalopathy
 GI bleed
 Dehydration
 Electrolyte abnormalities
 SBP
 TIPS placement
 Renal failure
o Hepatocellular carcinoma
 Hepatitis B (can develop without advanced liver disease)
 Hepatitis C
Fulminant Hepatic failure
Hepatic cysts
Hepatic cystadenomas
o Malignant transformation
Focal nodular hyperplasia
Hepatic adenoma
o Intraperitonal bleeding 2/2 rupture
o Malignant potential
Hepatic abscess
Pregnancy-related liver disease
o Cholestasis of pregnancy (2-3rd trimester)
o HELLP (2-3rd trimester)
o Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (3rd trimester)
Cholelithiasis
o Cholecystitis
o Choledocholithiasis
o Mirizzi syndrome
o Cholecystenteric fistula
o Acute pancreatitis
o Gallbladder cancer
Acute cholecystitis
Acalculous cholecystitis
o Underlying infection
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o Immunosuppression
o Prolonged fasting
Choledocholithiasis (CBD stones)
Acute cholangitis (RU pain, fever, jaundice)
o Choledocholithiasis
Mirrizzi Syndrome (stone compresses hepatic duct - cholestasis, pain, jaundice)
Gallbladder Carcinoma
Gallbladder polyps
o Gallbladder carcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma
o Primary biliary sclerosis
o Cholangitis
o Ulcerative colitis
o Intrahepatic bile duct stones
o Liver fluke infections
Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of vater
o Familial adenomatous polyposis
o Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndromes
Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Differential Diagnoses
Abdominal pain
Hereditary angioedema
Mesenteric vasculitis
Behcets
Aneursym
Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Churg-Strauss
Nephrolithiasis
Renal Papillary Necrosis
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Cholesterol crystal embolization
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric cancer
Gastroparesis
Pancreatic pseudocysts
Pancreatic abscess
Pancreatitis (acute or chronic)
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (wt loss, jaundice, pain)
Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
Constipation
Peritonitis
Acute mesenteric ischemia (pain out of proportion to exam)
Chronic mesenteric ischemia (sitophobia, post-prandial pain)
Colonic ischemia
Psoas abscess (flank pain, pain with extension of hip)
Fistula
Abscess
Alcoholic hepatitis (RUQ, recent alcohol intake)
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Hepatic abscess
Hepatic cyst/tumor with mass effect
GI rupture (free air)
Nausea/vomiting
Uremia
Nephrolithiasis
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric cancer
Gastroparesis
Dumping syndrome
Acute mesenteric ischemia
Alcoholic hepatitis (fever, malaise, transamininitis)
Early Satiety
Gastric outlet obstruction
Gastric cancer
Gastroparesis
Dyspepsia (chronic/recurrent of mid-upper abdomen)


Organic dyspepsia
o GERD
o IBS
o PUD
o Reflux esophagitis
o Malignancy
o Impaired gastric emptying
o Medications
 NSAIDs, ABX, bisphosphonates, potassium
Functional dyspepsia (diagnosis of exclusion)
Skin Photosensitivity
Erythropoietic protoporphyria
Joint Pain/Arthitis
OA
RA
Still’s
Inflammatory arthritis
Septic arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis
Gout
CPPD
Chronic apatite deposition disease
Systemic sclerosis
SLE
Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
Systemic vasculitis
MCTD
Disseminated gonoccocal arthritis
Bacterial non-GC arthritis
Inflammatory Bowel disease
Lyme disease
Acute rheumatic fever (migratory polyartritis)
Periarthritis (tendenitis and bursitis)
Hemarthrosis
Avascular necrosis
Seronegative spondloarthropathies (present as monoarticular arthritis)
Reactive arthritis
Sarcoid (lofgren syndrome)
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (joint contractures without arthritis)
Whipple disease
Dactylitis
Seronegative spondyloarthropathies
Sarcoidosis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Hemoptysis
Churg-Strauss
Renal Failure
Churg-Strauss
NICM
Churg-Strauss
Mononeuritis multiplex
Lyme disease
Wegener granulomatosis
Sjögren syndrome
Cryoglobulinemia
Hypereosinophilia
temporal arteritis
scleroderma
sarcoidosis
leprosy
acute viral hepatitis A
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Headaches
Giant Cell Arteritis
Hypokalemia
Hyperaldosteronism
Metabolic Alkalosis
Hyperaldosteronism
Hematuria (differentiate by looking at urine for erythrocyte morphology)


Glomerular disease
o Alport syndrome
o Thin basement Membrane Disease
o PCKD
o Nephrotic syndrome
 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
 Minimal change disease
Nonglomerular disease
o Urinary tract infection
o Nephrolithiasis

o GU malignancies
 Prostate
 Bladder
 RCC
 Testicular cancer
 Cervical
 Uterine
 Endometrial
Other
o Anticoagulation
Cellulitis
Chronic venous stasis
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
NICM
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
Fatigue
Uremia
Anemia
Fanconi Syndrome
HTN
Essential
Diabetic nephropathy
Nephritic disease
Erythropoitin Stimulating Agents
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Fibromuscular dysplasia
Renal artery stenosis
Edema
Nephrotic syndrome
Differential for underlying cause of CKD







Diabetic kidney disease
Glomerular disease
o Nephritic disease (hematuria, variable proteinuria, HTN)
 Postinfection glomerulonephritis
 IgA nephropathy
 Membranoproliferative glmerulonephritis
 SLE
o Nephrotic disease (high-grade proteinuria – often > 3g/24h,
hypoalbuminemia, and edema)
 Minimal change disease
 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
 Membranous nephropathy
 Amyloidosis
 SLE
 Alport disease
 Fabry disease
Tubulointerstitial disease (proteinuria, concentrating defect, pyuria, casts)
o Analgesic nephropathy
o Lead nephropathy
o Chronic obstruction
o Reflux nephropathy
Vascular disease
o Vasculitis
o SCD
o HUS
o Long-standing HTN
o Renal artery stenosis
Cystic disease
o Kidney cysts
o PCKD
o Tuberous sclerosis
Transplantation
o Chronic rejection
o Drug toxicity
o Recurrence of native kidney disease
Others
o Multiple myeloma
Bone Pain
Adynamic Bone Disease
Fanconi syndrome
Fractures
Adynamic Bone Disease
Nocturia
Tubulointerstitial disease
Polyuria
Tubulointerstitial disease
Anemia
Lead Poisoning
Premature Coronary Artery Disease

Fabry disease
Painful Paresthesias

Fabry
Back pain
PCKD
Aortic dissection
Flank pain
PCKD
Rupture of cyst
Infection of cyst
Pyelonephritis
Nephrolithiasis
Hypertension
PCKD
CKD
Hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome
Amphetamine/sympathomimetic drugs
Primary aldosteronism
Renovascular disease (fibromuscular disease
Pheochromocytoma
White coat hypertension
Salt-intake
OCP
NSAIDs
EPO
Calcineurin inhibitors
Multiple renal arteries (if one comes off of a low pressure system such as the iliac artery
it may cause increase renin)
Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Scleroderma renal crisis
Liver Cysts
PCKD
Sterile pyuria
Infection of renal cyst
Hyponatremia
Ecstasy
SIADH
Cerebral salt wasting
Hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome
PPI (rare)
Rhabdomyolysis
Amphetamines/ecstasy
Sepsis
Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (edema, hemoconcentration with hct often > 60,
hypoalbuminemia, shock)
Hemorrhage
Pulmonary embolism
MI
Pancreatitis
Immune Reconstitution Syndrome (HIV patients started on HAART)
Diabetic (abdominal crisis) ketoacidosis
SLE flare with abdominal crisis
Ventricular pseudoaneurysm
Massive aspiration/atelectasis
Systemic vasculitis
Diuretic-induced hypovolemia
Acute pancreatitis
Anaphylaxis
Spinal cord injury
Adrenal insufficiency/adrenal hemorrhage
Viscosupplementation of joints
Salicylate toxicity
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Intrathecal Baclofen withdrawal
Angioedema/anaphylaxis
Systemic capillary leak syndrome
Gleich syndrome
Fevers of Unknown Origin

Recurrent
o Schnitzler’s Syndrome
Elevated Hematocrit
Polycythemia vera
Systemic capillary leak syndrome
Dehydration
Chronic Lower Extremity Edema
Gleich syndrome (episodic uticaria, angioedema, fever with eosinophilia)
Venous stasis
Protein-losing enteropathy
Nephrotic syndrome
Encephalopathy
Uremia
TIP induced encephalopathy
Toxic ingestion of alcohols
Illicit drugs
Sepsis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Delirium
Sepsis
Falls
Sepsis
Urinary Incontinence
Sepsis
AKI
ACEI/ARB
Contrast-induced nephropathy
Phosphate-induced nephropathy
Rhabdo and pigment nephropathy
AIN (2/2 PPI, NSAIDs, ABX, allopurinol, Sarcoid, Sjogren, SLE, heavy metal, infection)
Thrombotic microangiopathies
Scleroderma renal crisis
Renal Papillary Necrosis (rare)
Retroperitoneal fibrosis
Abdominal compartment syndrome
Cholesterol crystal embolization
Hepatorenal syndrome
Tumor lysis syndrome
Myeloma cast nephropathy
Chemotherapy induced nephropathy
HAART and HIV nephropathy
Orlistat acute oxalate nephropathy
Obstruction of a solitary kidney
Rejection of transplant
HIV nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Immunotactoid and Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis
Cyclosporine/tacro even at nontoxic levels are nephrotoxic
Calcineurin inhibitor
CKD
HIV nephropathy
Analgesic nephropathy
Eosinophilia
Acute interstitial nephritis
Hypernatremia
Hypovolemic hypernatremia
Osmotic diuresis (hyperglycemia, mannitol, relief of acute obstruction)
Diuretics
Extrarenal losses with H2O > Na (Skin, respiratory tract, GI tract)
Isovolemic hypernatremia
Diabetes insipidus (centra, nephrogenic)
Extrarenal losses (respiratory tract, Skin)
Hypervolemic Hypernatremia
Iatrogenic
Mineralocorticoid excess
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Idiopathic
Head trauma
Post-neurosurgical
Cranial neoplasm
Pituitary infiltrative disease (histiocytosis, sarcoidosis)
CNS infection
Sheehan pituitary necrosis
Brain death
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Electrolyte disturbances
Vasopressinase production by placenta during pregnancy
Drugs (lithium, foscarnet, ampho B, demeclocycline, ifosfamide)
Chronic tubulointerstitial disease
Pneumothorax
Spontaneous primary
COPD bullous disease
Pleural metastases
Blunt/penetrating trauma
Central line placement
Lung Biopsy
Aspiration of pleural fluid
Thoracic surgery
Mechanical ventilation (esp. high PEEP)
Acute asthma (inc. intra-alveolar pressure)
Cocaine or marijuana
Catamenial pneumothorax
Esophageal tear
Tracheal/esophageal rupture
Large bulla
Tension
Hemo
Hydro
Mediastinal Mass
Anterior (4 T’s)
Thyroid mass
Thymoma
Teratoma
(Terrible) lymphoma
Middle
Lymphadenopathy
Lung tumor
Esophageal lesion
Posterior
Spinal/paraspinal abscess
Neurogenic tumor
Pneumomediastinum
Alveolar rupture
Asthma
Mechanical ventilation
Underwater diving
Cocaine/marijuana
Spontaneous
Trauma
Tracheal/bronchial rupture
Esophageal rupture
Mediastinal infection
Retroperitoneal abnormality (perforated viscus, surgery)
Facial fracture/trauma
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (gas exchange failure PaO2 < 60)




V/Q Mismatch
o Airway Disease
 COPD
 Asthma
 CF
 BOS
o Interstitial Lung Disease
 IPF
 Sarcoid
 NSIP
 DIP
o Alveolar Filling
 See list
o Pulmonary Vascular Disease
 Thombo-embolism
 Fat embolism
Shunt
o Alveolar Filling
 See list
o Atelectasis
 Post-op
 Immobility
o Intrapulmonary vascular shunt
 Pulmonary AVM
o Intracardiac shunt
 PFO, ASD, VSD
Hypoventilation
o See Hypercarbic respiratory failure
Decreased FiO2
Alveolar Filling








Pulmonary embolism
Left heart failure
Mitral valve disease
ALI/ARDs
Pneumonia
Trauma, contusion
Alveolar hemorrhage
Alveolar proteinosis








Drugs
o Heroin, paraquat
TRALI
Acute interstitial pneumonitis
Acute eosinophilic pneumonia
BOOP
Aspiration
Upper airway obstruction
Near drowning
Hypercarbic Respiratory Failure (pump failure PaCO2 > 45)






CNS
o Drug Effect
 Oversedation
o Medullary CVA
o Central Apnea
o Metabolic alkalosis
o Hypothyroidism
o Idiopathic (Ondine’s curse)
Anterior Horn Cell
o ALS/motor neuron disease
o Polio
o Cervical spine injury
Motor Nerve
o Guillain Barre syndrome
o Critical illness polyneuropathy
o Fish toxins
o Tick paralysis
o Diptheria
Neuromuscular junction
o Myasthenia gravis
o Eaton Lambert Myastenic syndrome
o AIDP
o Botulism
o Organophophate poisoning
Muscle
o Myopathy
 Hypothyroidism
 Critical illness
 Steroids
o Muscular dystrophy
o Polymyositis/dermatomyositis
o Diaphragmatic dysfunction
Airways and alveoli

o COPD, asthma
o Cystic fibrosis
o Pulmonary fibrosis
o Pulmonary edema
Excessive work of breathing
o Chest wall disorders, scoliosis
o Obesity
o Sepsis, metabolic acidosis
o Upper airway obstruction
o Tense ascites, abdominal compartment syndrome
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Sepsis
PNA (most common outside hospital)
Aspiration PNA (1/3 -> ARDS)
Restrictive Lung Disease
Kyphoscoliosis
Morbid obesity
Large pleural effusions
Ascites
Bowel edema
Intraoperative gas insufflationIPF
Obstructive Lung Disease


Upper Airway
o Laryngeospasm
o Ludwig’s angina
o Angioedema
Lower Airway
o Asthma
o COPD
Angioedema
Trauma
Food allergy
ACEI
CI inhibitor deficiency
Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CHF
PNA
Pneumothorax
PE
Hyperthermia
Heat stroke
Malignant hyperthermia
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Inhalational anesthetics
Depolarizing muscle relaxants
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Haloperidol
Fluphenazine
Trifluperazine
Thioridazine
Chlorpromazine
Perphenazine
Clozapine
Risperidone
Metoclopramide
Hypothermia
Exposure
Sedatives/analgesics in the elderly
Dysphagia

Oropharyngeal Dysphagia
o Structural
 Cervical disorders
 Cricoid webs
 Pharyngoesophageal (Zenker’s) diverticulum (aspiration, nack
mass, regurgitation of food)
 Thyromegaly
o Neurological/Myogenic
 ALS
 CNS tumor

 Stroke
 Muscular dystrophy
 Myasthenia gravis
 Parkinson disease
 Sicca syndrome
Esophageal Dysphagia
o Structural
 Dysphagia lusoria (vascular dysphagia)
 Epiphrenic/traction diverticulum
 Esophageal stricture (intermittent dysphagia with history of reflux)
 Esophageal webs (iron deficiency anemia)
 Neoplasms (rapidly progressing, anorexia, weight loss)
 Esophagitis
o Motility disorders
 Achalasia
 Scerloderma
 Diffuse esophageal spasm
Odynophagia
Esophageal ulceration
Pill esophagitis
Infectious esophagitis
Severe PUD
Esophageal cancer
Globus sensation
GERD
Psychological stress
GERD
H pylori
LES laxity
Hiatal hernia
Gastroparesis
Xerostomia
Cigarette smoking
Scleroderma
Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Gastrinoma
Chest pain
Esophageal cancer
Achalasia
Anorexia
Esophageal cancer
Achalasia
Weight Loss
Cancer
Achalasia
Gastroparesis
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Esophageal cancer
Gastric polyp
Gastric cancer
Gastric varices
Inflammatory bowel disease
Infectious
Diverticulosis
Gastric Varices
Pancreatitis
Regurgitation
Esophageal cancer
Achalasia
Esophageal stricture
Esophagitis

Infectious
o Inhaled corticosteroids use
o HIV opportunistic infections
o Candida
o Trypanosoma cruzi
o TB


o Syphilis
Pill-induced esophagitis
o Tetracycline
o NSAIDs
o Iron
o Bisphosphonates
o Potassium
o Quinidine
Eosinophilic esophagitis
Peptic Ulcer Disease








H. pylori
NSAIDs
Crohn disease
Acid Hypersecretion
o Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Malignancy
Viral infection
o CMV
Cocaine
Gastrinoma
GI Bleed

Gastrointestinal Bleeding
o Upper gastrointestinal bleeding
 Variceal bleeding
 Cirrhosis
 Non-variceal bleeding
 Peptic ulcer disease (35-50%)
o Gastric ulcer
o Duodenal ulcer
o H. pylori infection
o NSAID use
o Gastrinoma
 Esophagitis (+ gastritis = 25%)
 Gastritis
 Gastric polyp
 Mallory-Weiss tear (25%)
 Malignancy (rare)
 Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE syndrome)
 A-V malformations
 Dieulafoy lesion (exposed arteriole)
 Hemobilia
 Hemosuccus pancreatitis (blood loss from pancreatic duct)
 Aortoenteric fistula post-op vascular surgery
 Peutz-jegher syndrome
 Large hiatal hernia (Cameron erosion)
 Amyloidosis
 Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
o Lower GI Bleed
 Acute (<3 days)
 Diverticular bleeding (24-50%)
 Ischemic colitis (1-19%)
 Chronic (>3 days)
 Neoplasms
 Angiectasias
 Inflammatory bowel disease
 Hemorrhoids
 Infectious colitis
 Radiation colitis
 Meckel diverticulum
 NSAIDs and ulcers
 Post-polypectomy
 Colonic varices
 Dieulafoy lesions
Gastric Subepithelial Lesions
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Diarrhea (causes)


Infectious
Non-infectious
o Ischemia (vascular disease, hematochezia, pain)
o Inflammatory bowel disease
 UC (bloody, tenesmus)
 Crohn (anemia, hypoalbuminemia, wt loss)
 Microscopic colitis (secretory diarrhea)
 Collagenous colitis
 Lymphocytic colitis
o Irritable bowel syndrome
o Celiac sprue (dermatitis herpetiformis, Fe-deficiency anemia)
o Whipple disease (arthralgias, neuro, ophtho)
o Carbohydrate intolerance
 Lactose
 Artificial sweeteners
o Pancreatis insufficiency
 Chronic pancreatitis
 Surgical resection
o Small bowel bacterial overgrowth (DM, intestinal dysmotility)
o Eosinophilic Enteritis (eosinophilia, hypoalbuminemia)
o Common Variable Immunodeficiency
o Iatrogenic
 Medication
 Acarbose
 ABX
 Antineoplastic agents
 Colchicine
 Digoxin
 Herbal medications
 Laxatives
 Magnesium-based antacids
 Cathertics
 Metformin
 Misoprostol
 NSAIDs
 PPIs
 Quinidine
 Enteral Feedings (classic osmotic diarrhea)
o Bile Acid Malabsorption (h/o resection of <100cm of distal s.b.)
o Bile acid deficiency (h/o resection of >100cm of distal s.b.)
o Radiation exposure (may be years after exposure)
o Dumping syndrome
o Gastrinoma (watery diarrhea)
o VIPoma
o SBO
o MEN types 1 and 2
Diarrhea (Pathophysiology)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Osmotic diarrhea
Secretory diarrhea
Inflammatory diarrhea
Motility-related diarrhea
Tachycardia
Dumping syndrome
Acute Pancreatitis (causes)
Gallstone/Etoh account for 80%
 Obstructive
o Gallstone
o Pancreas divisum
o Malignancy
o Choledochocele
o Parasites (ascaris lumbricoides)
 Toxins/drugs
o Alcohol
o Azathioprine
o Sulfa drug
o Aminosalicylates
o Metronidazole
o Pantamidine
o Didanosine
 Metabolic
o Hyperlipidemia
o Hypercalcemia
 Infectious
o Viral
 CMV
 EBV
o Parasites
 Toxoplasma
 Cryptosporidium
 Vascular
o Ischemia
o Vasculitis
Chronic Pancreatitis (causes)




Alcohol consumption
Obstruction
o Tumor
o Trauma
o Pancreas divisum
Metabolic disorders
o Hyperlipidemia
o Hypercalcemia
Genetic disorders
o Cystic fibrosis
o Hereditary pancreatitis
o Pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor mutations
Hyperamylsemia










Salivary glands
o Parotitis
Fallopian tubes
o Ectopic pregnancy
o Salpingitis
Perforated ulcer
Intestinal ischemia
Chronic renal insufficiency
Radiation disease
Anorexia nervosa
Alcoholism
Ketoacidosis
Intestinal obstruction
Hyperlipasemia









Intestinal ischemia
Intestinal obstruction
Duodenal ulcer
Ketoacidosis
Celiac disease
Macrolipasemia
Head trauma
Intracranial mass
Renal failure
Diabetes



Chronic pancretitis
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Glucagonoma
Hypoglycemia
Insulinoma
Sepsis
Iatrogenic
Hypokalemia
VIPoma
Dermatitis Herpetiformis (causes)
Celiac disease
Erythema Nodosum (causes)
Inflammatory bowel disease
Pyoderma Gangrenosum (causes)
Inflammatory bowel disease
Anemia, iron deficiency
Celiac disease
Anemia, B12-defiency
Small-intestine bacterial overgrowth
Fat Malabsorption





Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
o Chronic pancreatitis
o Pancreatic resection
o Cystic fibrosis
Bile salt deficiency
o Malabsorption
o Impaired synthesis-cholestatic liver disease
o Bacterial deconjugation
Mucosal small-intestinal disease
o Celiac sprue
o Whipple disease
o Crohn
o Eosinophilic enteritis
o Mastocytosis
Surgical
o Short bowel syndrome
o Gastric bypass surgery
Small intestinal parasites
o Giardia
o Isospora
o Cryptosporidium
o Cyclospora
o Strongloides

Impaired lymphatic drainage
o Lymphangiectasia
o Lymphoma
Bloating
Small-intestine bacterial overgrowth
Flatulence
Small-intestine bacterial overgrowth
Constipation


Primary constipation
o Slow transit (colonic inertia)
o Outlet delay (impaired rectal expulsion)
 Dyssynergic defectation
Secondary constipation
o Metabolic and endocrine
 Diabetes
 Hypothyroidism
 Hypercalcemia
 Hypokalemia
 Pregnancy
 Porphyria
 Panhypopituitarism
 Anorexia
o Neurogenic
 Hirschprung
 Chagas
 Neurofibromatosis
 Gangioneuromatosis
 Autonomic neuropathy
 Intestinal pseudo-obstruction
 Multiple Sclerosis
 Spinal cord lesions
 Parkinsons
o Collagen Vascular and Muscle Disorders
 Systemic Sclerosis
 Amyloidosis
 Dermatomyositis
 Myotonic dystrophy
o Medication induced
 Anticholinergics (Antidepressants, antipsychotics, antispasmotics)
 Cation-containing agents (Iron supplements, Aluminum)

Neurally active agents (Opiates, Antihypertensives, Ganglionic
blockers, Vinca, CCB, 5HT antagonists)
Small-intestine bacterial overgrowth






Hypochlorhydria
o Post-op
o Gastric atrophy
o Medications (PPI, H2-receptor blocker)
Intestinal Dysmotility
o Diabetes
o Systemic sclerosis
Persistent small intestinal dilation
o Strictures
Small intestinal diverticulosis
Surgically created blind loops
Surgically absent ileocecal valve
Nephrolithiasis
Short-bowel syndrome
Liver Failure (Transaminitis)
Shocked liver (ischemia)
Autoimmune hepatitis
Infectious hepatitis (viral hepatitis)
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Medication induced liver injury
Hemochromatosis
Alpha-1 anti-trypsin
Wilson’s disease
Granulomatous hepatitis
Graft-versus-host
Alcoholic steatohepatitis
Acute alcoholic hepatitis
NASH
Mushroom poisoning - amanita phalloides (fulminant failure)
Acetaminophen poisoning (fulminant failure)
Pregnancy - HELLP
Fulminant Liver Failure








Infectious
o Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
o Herpes simplex
o Cytomegalovirus
o Epstein-Barr virus
o Herpes Zoster
o Weil’s disease
Drugs
o Acetaminophen
o Isoniazid
o Tetracycline
o Ecstasy
Toxins
o Amanita phalloides
o Bacillus cereus
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Veno-occlusive disease
Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
HELLP
Wilson Disease
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction (causes)
Paraneoplastic disease
Idiopathic
Familial
Neurologic abnormality
Smooth muscle disease
Metabolic disorder
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (Causes)
Arterial embolism
Severe atherosclerosis
Dehydration
Cardiovascular event
Hemodialysis
Hypercoagulable state
Portal hypertension
Digitalis (splanchnic vasoconstrictor)
Atheromatous emboli
Strangulated hernia
Vasculitis
Radiation therapy
OCPs
Sitophobia (fear of eating)
Dysphagia
Chronic mesenteric ischemia
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia (causes)
Severe atherosclerotic disease
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia (differential)
Malignancy
Pancreatitis
PUD
Biliary colic
Ischemic Colitis (Causes)





Arterial
o Hypoperfusion (decreased cardiac output, arrhythmia, shock)
o Thrombotic
o Embolic (arterial, cholesterol)
Drug
o Cocaine
o Digoxin
o Estrogen
o Pseudoephedrine
Post-operative
o CABG
o AAA repair
Vasculitis
o Lupus
Hypercoagulable State
Increased Iron Transaturation
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Alcohol use
Hepatitis c
Fatty liver disease
Neoplasms
Fever
Alcoholic hepatitis
Infection
SBP
Pruritis
Primary bilary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Jaundice
Autoimmune hepatitis (anti-smooth muscle ab)
Primary biliary cirrhosis (anti-mitochondrial ab)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Pancreatic cancer
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Acalculous cholecystitis
Choledocholithiasis (CBD stones)
Acute cholangitis (RU pain, fever, jaundice)
Mirrizzi Syndrome (cholestasis, pain, jaundice)
Gallbladder cancer (jaundice, weight loss, anorexia)
Cholangiocarcinoma (weight loss, painless jaundice, anorexia)
Adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of vater (painless jaundice, gastric outlet obstruction)
Steatorhea
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Thrombocytopenia
Splenomegaly
Hypoxemia/dyspnea
Hepatopulmonary syndrome
Hepatic Abscess (causes)
Appendicitis
Cholangitis
Pyogenic (E. coli, klebsiella
Amebic (entamoeba histolytica)
Dizziness/Presyncope/Syncope
Ischemic colitis
GI bleed
Atrial Fibrillation
Palpation thyroiditis (post neck surgery)