Examination questions - Lexicology
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Principle of compositionality
Semantic constituent
Two conditions that must be met by a lexical unit
Test of recurrent semantic contrast
Explain the notion of semantic traits (statuses)
Five types of semantic traits – examples
Canonical trait
Characterize idioms
Characterize collocations and explain the notion of semantic cohesion
Two factors contributing to semantic cohesiveness
Dead metaphor + examples
Explain the notions seme, sememe, lexical unit, lexeme, moneme, phraseme
Explain the difference between selection and modulation
Promotion and demotion
Highlighting and backgrounding
Graphically represent foure basic semantic relations: identity, inclusion, overlap, and disjunction
Quasi-relations
Explain three basic criteria for distinguishing between homonyms and polysemantic lexemes.
Can we speak of synonymy between lexical units or between lexemes
Explain the term cognitive synonyms
Give two types of semantic co-occurrence restrictions and explain them + examples
Complemenarity, converseness
Difference between converseness and conversion
Difference between homonyms and conversions
Contraries vs. contradictories
Explain the cirteria of dominance and difference for lexical configurations
Explain the assymetric principle of the relationa of dominance
Transitive and intransitive relation of dominance
Explain proportional series
Explain helices – is it a branching or a non-branching relation + example
Basic principles of componential analysis + example
Explain the notion of relation components + example
What is the difference between redundancy-free and redundant notation in componential anlysis
Give the structure of relational components
Transfer features
Deictic features
Inferential features
Explain the notion of projection rules
Four tasks of a semantic theory according to Katz & Fodor corresponding to four basic abilities of speakers
Explain the difference between semantic markers and distinguishers
Explain the notion of semantic reversal + example
Sinclair distinguishes five categories of co-selection. Which of them are obligatory and which optional
Explain the difference between collocation and colligation
Onomasiological model - graphical representation
Onomasiological model - the role of the individual levels in the word-formation component
Onomasiological model - the relation between the WFC and the Lexicon
Conversion as Onomasiological recategorization
5 different onomasiological types
Blocking - Aronoff’s approach
Blocking - van Marle’s general cases vs. special cases; Rainer’s type and token blocking
Blocking - Explain Rainer’s three conditions of blocking (synonymy; productivity; frequency)
Scalise’s blocking and blocking rule
Marchands notion of word-formation syntagma
Identification & specification scheme
Scope of WF acc. to Marchand – two conditions
Explain expansion
Explain transposition
Explain Marchand’s notion of zero-morpheme derivation
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Explain and exemplify expressive symbolism, rime gemination, ablaut gemination
Examplify Lees’ transformationalist method
Explain Lees’ Subject-Predicate type of compound generation
Explain Lees’ Subject – Middle Object Type of compound generation. What is Middle Verb?
Give at least Marchand’s three points of criticism of Lees’ method
Explain the basic principles of Lees’ revised approach to compound generation and what semantic theory it
is based on?
65. Kastovsky’s transformationalist account of generation of compounds from kernel sentences
66. Explain item-familiarity and type familiarity
67. Which are three levels of Kastovsky’s description of WF
68. Graphical representation of Halle’s model
69. What is the purpose of loop in Halle’s model
70. Halle’s conception of morpheme and what is the function of filter?
71. Two kinds of Halle’s WF rules
72. Explain semantic idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
73. Explain the structural idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
74. Explain the phonological idiosyncrasies in Halle’s model
75. Explain phonological conditioning in Halle’s model
76. Why is Aronoff’s model called word-based morphology
77. Aronoff’s allomorphy rules and truncation rules
78. Explain basic principles of Aronoff’s theory of productivity + the method of calculation
79. Explain the relation between semantic coherence and productivity
80. Explain potentiation
81. What kinds of information should be specified for Lieber’s lexical entries?
82. The first two Lieber’s percolation conventions (define and illustrate by an example)
83. Lieber’s Feature Perciolation Convention 3 (define and illustrate by an example)
84. What is meant by diacritics, subcategorization frames, and insertion frames in Lieber’s concpetion
85. Four steps in generating compounds according to Lieber
86. Phonological and morphological differences between Class I and Class II affixes
87. Siegel’s Level Ordering Hypothesis + Allen’s Extended Ordering Hypothgesis
88. Allen’s IS A CONDITION and Variable R condition
89. What is the difference between Allen’s Conditional and Permanent lexicons
90. Explain Allen’s Adjecancy condition
91. Explain overgenerating morphology and accidental gaps
92. Explain infix, interfix, transfix, circumfix, postfix and suprafix
93. Explain reduplication; two types total and partial
94. Explain Bauer’s term of derivational paradigm
95. Difference between morpheme, allomorph, portmanteau morph
96. Explain root, stem, and base
97. Endocentric vs. exocentric compounds, and class-chanfing and class-maintaining affixation
98. Explain nonce-formation, institutionalization, and lexicalization
99. Prosodic and segmantal types of phonological lexicalization
100. Explain morphological lexicalization with regard to roots and affixes
101. Semantic lexicalization, and syntactic lexicalization
102. Cumulative exponent and syncretism
103. Explain the difference between productivity and creativity in WF
104. What is the difference between the transformationalist band the lexicalist approaches to WF
105. Explain Chomsky’s argumentation for distinguishing between the transformationalist and the lexicalist
approaches
106. Explain the criteria for the delimitation of compounds – spelling and stress (the basic principle and
deviations form the rule)
107. Neo-classical compounds
108. Explain umlaut with regard to English WF
109. Explain the difference between acronymization, blending, and clipping
110. Di Sciullo & Williams’ notions of word
111. Bloomfield’s criterion for the identification of allomorphs of a single morpheme
112. Suppletion, empty morph, moneme
113. Bloomfield’s modulation and Phonetic modification
114. Difference between IA and IP
115. Main differences between inflectional morphology and WF
116. Main differences between syntax and WF
117. Explain the philosophical origins of the notion of category
118. Three types of categories
119. Resursiveness in compound formation
120. Primary vs. synthetic compounds
121. Difference between the Germanic and the French types of compounds
122. Conversion as conceptual recategorization
123. Explain the concept of productivity as WFT cluster
124. Kiparsky’s Elsewhere Condition
125. Kiparsky’s stratal model
126. What is the difference between lexical and postlexical phonological rules of lexical phonology?
127. Kiparsky’s rule of compound formation; give Kiparsky’s rule explaining the generation of words like airconditioner
128. Explain the basic types of phonological and morphological restrictions on productivity + examples
129. Explain semantic constraints on productivity + examples
130. Explain the Righthand-Head Rule (Williams)
131. Difference between semasiological and onomasiological methods
132. De Saussure’s model of sign
133. Ogden & Richards’ model of sign
134. Difference between denotative and connotative meanings
135. Explain the meaning relations of inclusion and exclusion
136. Arbitrariness, linearity
137. Tautonyms, and meronomy
138. Explain the change of meaning by extension and restriction of meaning
139. Difference between metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche
140. Principles of morphonemics and Trubetzkoy’s term of morphoneme
141. Explain predicator, predicate
142. Explain equative sentence, referring expression
143. What is proposition
144. What is the difference between sentence and utterance
145. Define analytic sentence
146. Define synthetic sentence
147. Define contradiction
148. Define a necessary condition and a sufficient set of conditions
149. Pennanen’s criticism of zero-derivation (multiple zeros, syntactic and morphological identifiability in
sentence structures, wireN – wireV – wireN),
150. Conversion and the notion of bare lexeme (Lipka)
151. Two Marchand’s groups of WF processes according to whether they meet his two conditions fully or partly
152. Difference between primary and synthetic compopunds
153. Difference between endo and exocentric compounds
154. Neoclassical compounds
155. Difference between syntactic and asyntactic compounds
156. French vs. Germanic compounds and which are typical of English
157. Stress as a criterion of compounds
158. Bauer’s comparison of productivity in syntax and word-formation based on three criteria (infinite
generation of words and sentences; infinite length of sentences/words; …)
159. Baayen’s approach to productivity (productivity vs. frequency, computation)
160. Bauer’s approach to productivity (P as implemented potential; productivity of what, speech community,
established/actual, potential, and possible words)
161. Štekauer’s onomasiological approach to productivity - four basic levels
162. Štekauer’s onomasiological approach to productivity - explain the basic method of productivity within a
WFTC.
163. Explain the origin of affixes by secretion
164. Explain complementary distribution of allomorphs
165. Explain the difference between phonological and morphological conditioning of allomorphs
166. Explain recursiveness
167. At least 5 criteria for the identification of compounds
168. Explain the relation between nonce-formation, institutionalization, and lexicalization
169. Prosodic and segmental types of lexicalization
170. Morphological and semantic types of lexicalization
171. 2 types of syntactic lexicalization
172. Calques and folk etymology
173. Explain the term paradigm
174. Explain the basic principles and problems of the Fixed meaning assumption
175. Explain the basic principles of the Fuzzy meaning assumption
176. What is meant by the Family resemblance syndrome
177. Explain the basic principles of the Prototype Theory
178. Explain the features of three basic units of grammar in cognitive linguistics
179. Explain the terms conceptualization and imagery used in cognitive linguistics
180. Explain what is meant by the assumption that cognitive grammar takes a SUBJECTIvist view of meaning.
181. Explain the notion of schemas in cognitive linguistics
182. Explain the relation between UNITS, SCHEMAS, and CATEGORIZING relationships in cognitive
linguistics
183. What is meant by instantiation in cognitive linguistics. Give an example
184. Explain the notion of USAGE EVENT cognitive linguistics.
185. Give the noun schema and the verb schema and their instantiations