10. Phonological Rules for English Allophones (a selection) :
The phonological rule
Examples:
1. Nasalization
of vowels
[+vowel]  [+nasal] before [+nasal]
and, man, ram, camp, sang,
2. Fronting of
velars
[+velar]  more front before front vowels
geese, get, keg
3. Dentalisation
of alveolars
[+alveoral]  [+dental] before [+dental]
tenth [ten̪θ], in theory
4. Unreleased
oral stops
[+stops]  unreleased in the word final position or before other oral cap, hat, black, cab, good
stops
captain, hatpin, blackboard,
5. Aspiration of
stops
[–voiced]
[+stop]
 [+aspirated] when syllable initial
6. Lack of
aspiration after
/s/
[–voiced]
[+stop]
 [– aspirated] after /s/ at the beginning of a syllable
7. Devoicing of
approimants
[+approximant]
tank
[ɪn̪θɪǝrɪ], one thing [wʌn̪θɪŋ]
obtain, good dog
pit [phit], tie [thaɪ], come
[khʌm];
spit [spɪt], sty [staɪ], scum
[skʌm]);
 [-voiced] after [+aspirated, +stop]]
pray [pr̊eɪ], play [pl̊eɪ], crew
kr̊u:], clue [kl̊u:], try [tr̊aɪ],
twig [tẘɪg], tune [tj̊u:n])
8. Glottal stop
suport
[–voiced]
[+stop]
 [+glottal stop] + [–voiced]
[+stop]
when after a vowel and cup [kʰʌʔp], heap [hi:ʔp], bit
at the end of a syllable
[bɪʔt], beat [bi:ʔt], buck [bʌʔk],
oak [ǝʊʔk], felt [feɫʔt])
9. /t/  glottal
stop
10. /t/  tap
11. /d/  tap
[–voiced]
[+alveolar]  [+glottal stop]
[+stop]
pit [pɪʔ], belt [beɫʔ], atlas
[–voiced]
[+voiced]
[+alveolar]  [+tap]
[+stop]
when it is the single consonant between
two vowels, the second of which is
unstressed
later [leɪɾr], writing [raɪɾɪŋ],
[+voiced]
[+voiced]
[+alveolar]  [+tap]
[+stop]
when it is the single consonant between ladder [leɪɾr], riding [raɪɾɪŋ],
two vowels, the second of which is
wader [weɪɾr]
unstressed
[æʔlǝs], lightning [laɪʔnɪŋ],
pity [pɪʔɪ], bottom [bɒʔǝm]
waiter [weɪɾr], divinity
[dɪvɪnɪɾɪ], startle [sta:rɾɫ]
[+voiced]
 partially voiced when syllable initial except
[+obstruent]
when preceded by a voiced sound
13. Devoicing of [+voiced]
 partially voiced when syllable final except
consonants
[+obstruent]
when preceded by a voiced sound
14. Shortening of [+vowel]
 shorter before voiceless sounds in the same syllable
buy, die, guy, zoo, veal, they
[+nasal]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately
after [+obstruent]
16. Syllabicity of [+lateral]  [+syllabic] when at the end of a word and immediately
laterals
after another consonant
leaden [ledn̦], chasm [kæsm̦]
12. Devoicing of
consonants
vowels
15. Syllabicity of
nasals
rib, rid, rig, rise, drive, writhe
cap, back
kiln [kɪln], film [fɪlm], bottle
[bɒtl]