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x a Department of Life Sciences, University of Somewhere, City, Country b
Department of Life Sciences, University of Somewhere, City, Country c
Department of Life Sciences, University of Somewhere, City, Country x Department of Life Sciences, University of Somewhere, City, Country
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Corresponding author: a.author@email.com
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This should list the main results and conclusions, using simple, factual, numbered statements.
2.
Summaries are typically less than 350 words and should be understandable in isolation and by the non-specialist.
3.
Summaries should start with a bullet point 1 describing the broad conceptual question addressed by the study, and only delve into the study system and specific question in bullet point 2.

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Summaries should also end with a final bullet point highlighting the conceptual advance(s) that comes from the current study; i.e. it should highlight the broader conceptual implication of the results and conclusions of the current study.
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Advice for optimizing your Summary (and Title) so that your paper is more likely to be found in online searches is provided at http://authorservices.wiley.com/bauthor/seo.asp
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A list in alphabetical order not exceeding ten words or short phrases,
34 excluding words used in the title.
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38 The Introduction should state the reason for doing the work, the nature of the
39 hypothesis or hypotheses under consideration, and the essential background. Though
40 the exact structure of Introductions will vary among papers, they should always start
41 by developing the broad conceptual context for the work before delving into the
42 details of the study system and the specific question as framed for this paper.
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45 This section should provide sufficient details of the techniques to enable the work to
46 be repeated. Do not describe or refer to commonplace statistical tests in Methods but
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47 allude to them briefly in Results. Details that are valuable but not critical can be
48 presented in an Appendix to be published as online supporting information.
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50 The results should draw attention in the text to important details shown in tables and
51 figures.
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54 This should point out the significance of the results in relation to the reasons for doing
55 the work, and place them in the context of other work.
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58 In addition to acknowledging collaborators, research assistants, and previous
59 reviewers of your manuscript, include relevant permit numbers (including institutional
60 animal use permits), acknowledgment of funding sources, and give recognition to
61 nature reserves or other organizations that made this work possible.
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64 Manuscripts should be typed in double spacing with a generous margin. The paper
65 must include sequential line numbering throughout, and pages should be numbered
66 consecutively, including those containing acknowledgements, references, tables and
67 figure legends.
Authors should submit the main document as a RTF or Word file.
68 Figures can be embedded or uploaded as separate files. The RTF and Word will be
69 converted to PDF (portable document format) upon upload. Reviewers will review the
70 PDF version while the Word file will remain accessible by the Editorial Office.
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71 Manuscripts must be in English, and spelling should conform to the Concise Oxford
72 Dictionary of Current English .
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75 References to work by up to three authors in the text should be in full on first
76 mention, e.g. (Able, Baker & Charles 1986), and subsequently abbreviated (Able et al.
77 1986). When different groups of authors with the same first author and date occur,
78 they should be cited thus: (Able, Baker & Charles 1986a; Able, David & Edwards
79 1986b), then subsequently abbreviated to (Able et al. 1986a; Able et al. 1986b). If the
80 number of authors exceeds three, they should always be abbreviated thus: (Carroll et
81 al. 2007). References in the text should be listed in chronological order. References in
82 the list should be in alphabetical order with the journal name in full. The format for
83 papers, entire books, and chapters in books is as follows.
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85 Carroll, S.P., Hendry A.P., Reznick, D.N. & Fox, C.W. (2007) Evolution on
86 ecological time-scales. Functional Ecology , 21 , 387-393.
87 Darwin, C. (1859) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the
88 Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life . J. Murray, London.
89 Travis, J. (1994) Evaluating the adaptive role of morphological plasticity. Ecological
90 Morphology (eds P.C. Wainwright & S.M. Reilly), pp. 99-122. University of Chicago
91 Press, Chicago.
92 Platenkamp, G.A.J. (1989) Phenotypic plasticity and genetic differentiation in the
93 demography of the grass Anthoxanthum odoratum L . PhD thesis, University of
94 California, Davis.
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96 References should be cited as 'in press' only if the paper has been accepted for
97 publication. Other references should be cited as 'unpublished' and not included in the
98 list. Any paper cited as 'in press' must be uploaded with the manuscript as a file 'not
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100 reviewers. Work not yet submitted for publication may be cited in the text and
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103 Citations from World Wide Web . Citations from the World Wide Web are allowed
104 only when alternative hard literature sources do not exist for the cited information.
105 Authors are asked to ensure that:
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 fully authenticated addresses are included in the reference list, along with titles, years and authors of the sources being cited;
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112 for others to follow up the citation;
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114 Scientific names . Give the Latin names of each species in full (together with the
115 authority for that name for the species studied) at first mention in the main text. If
116 there are many species, cite a Flora or checklist that may be consulted instead of
117 listing them in the text. Do not give authorities for species cited from published
118 references. Use scientific names in the text (with colloquial names in parentheses, if
119 desired).
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121 Makers' names . Special pieces of equipment should be described such that a reader
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127 Units and symbols . Authors are requested to use the International System of Units
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(SI, Système International d'Unités) where possible for all measurements (see
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142 Numbers in text . Numbers from one to nine should be spelled out except when used
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146 excessive number of digits when writing a decimal number to represent the mean of a
147 set of measurements (the number of digits should reflect the precision of the
148 measurement).
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150 At the first mention in the main text to the primary organism featured in the paper, an
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165 number.
166 Where possible the first figure should show a small image of the primary organism
167 that has been studied in the paper. For studies of multiple organisms an image of the
168 study site may be used. The name of the photographer should be acknowledged.
169 Colour photographs or other figures online incur no costs however it is the policy of
170 Functional Ecology for authors to pay the full cost for their print reproduction
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172 colour costs, the journal offers free colour reproduction online (with black-and-white
173 reproduction in print). If authors require this, they should write their figure legend to
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182 Figure legends. In the full-text online edition of the journal, figure legends may be
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187 Each table should be on a separate page, numbered and titled.
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