Chapter 15
15.2 Several experimental systems are used for cell cycle research
Review
Masui, Y. 2001. From oocyte maturation to the in vitro cell cycle: the history of
discoveries of Maturation-Promoting Factor (MPF) and Cytostatic Factor (CSF).
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Osmani, S. A., and Mirabito, P. M., 2004. The early impact of genetics on our
understanding of cell cycle regulation in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet.
Biol. v. 41 p. 401–410.
Research
Hartwell, L.H. 1971. Genetic control of the cell division cycle in yeast. IV. Genes
controlling bud emergence and cytokinesis. Exp Cell Res. 69:265-76.
Fantes, P,. and Nurse, P., 1977. Control of cell size at division in fission yeast by a
growth-modulated size control over nuclear division. Exp. Cell Res. v. 107 p.
377–386.
Gautier, J., C. Norbury, M. Lohka, P. Nurse, and J. Maller. 1988. Purified maturation
promoting factor contains the product of a Xenopus homolog of the fission yeast
cell cycle control gene cdc2+. Cell. 54:433-9.
Lee, M.G., and P. Nurse. 1987. Complementation used to clone a human homologue of
the fission yeast cell cycle control gene cdc2. Nature. 327:31-5.
Rao, P. N., and Johnson, R. T., 1970. Mammalian cell fusion: studies on the regulation of
DNA synthesis and mitosis. Nature v. 225 p. 159–164.
15.3 Events of the cell cycle are coordinated
Review
Elledge, S. J., 1996. Cell cycle checkpoints: Preventing an identity crisis. Science v. 274
p. 1664–1672.
15.4 A cycle of CDK activities regulates cell proliferation
Review
Morgan, D. O., 1997. Cyclin-dependent kinases: Engines, clocks, and microprocessors.
Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. v. 13 p. 261–291.
Berthet, C., and P. Kaldis. 2007. Cell-specific responses to loss of cyclin-dependent
kinases. Oncogene. 26:4469-77.
Bloom, J., and F.R. Cross. 2007. Multiple levels of cyclin specificity in cell-cycle
control. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:149-60.
Research
Santamaria, D., C. Barriere, A. Cerqueira, S. Hunt, C. Tardy, K. Newton, J.F. Caceres, P.
Dubus, M. Malumbres, and M. Barbacid. 2007. Cdk1 is sufficient to drive the
mammalian cell cycle. Nature. 448:811-5.
Kalaszczynska, I., Y. Geng, T. Iino, S. Mizuno, Y. Choi, I. Kondratiuk, D.P. Silver, D.J.
Wolgemuth, K. Akashi, and P. Sicinski. 2009. Cyclin A is redundant in
fibroblasts but essential in hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells. Cell.
138:352-65.
15.5 CDK-cyclin complexes are regulated in several ways
Review
Besson, A., S.F. Dowdy, and J.M. Roberts. 2008. CDK inhibitors: cell cycle regulators
and beyond. Dev Cell. 14:159-69.
Thornton, B.R., and D.P. Toczyski. 2006. Precise destruction: an emerging picture of the
APC. Genes Dev. 20:3069-78.
Deshaies, R.J., and C.A. Joazeiro. 2009. RING domain E3 ubiquitin ligases. Annu Rev
Biochem. 78:399-434.
Pines, J., 1999. Four-dimensional control of the cell cycle. Nat. Cell Biol. v. 1 p. E73–
E79.
Research
Gould, K. L., and Nurse, P., 1989. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+
protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature v. 342 p. 39–45.
Glotzer, M., A.W. Murray, and M.W. Kirschner. 1991. Cyclin is degraded by the
ubiquitin pathway. Nature. 349:132-8.
Merrick, K.A., S. Larochelle, C. Zhang, J.J. Allen, K.M. Shokat, and R.P. Fisher. 2008.
Distinct activation pathways confer cyclin-binding specificity on Cdk1 and Cdk2
in human cells. Mol Cell. 32:662-72.
Gu, Y., C.W. Turck, and D.O. Morgan. 1993. Inhibition of CDK2 activity in vivo by an
associated 20K regulatory subunit. Nature. 366:707-10.
Harper, J.W., G.R. Adami, N. Wei, K. Keyomarsi, and S.J. Elledge. 1993. The p21 Cdkinteracting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Cell.
75:805-16.
15.6 Cells may withdraw from the cell cycle
Review
Campisi, J., and F. d'Adda di Fagagna. 2007. Cellular senescence: when bad things
happen to good cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:729-40.
Research
Sang, L., H. A. Coller, and J. M. Roberts. 2008 Control of the reversibility of cellular
quiescence by the transcriptional repressor HES1. Science. 321:1095-100.
15.7 Entry into cell cycle is tightly regulated
Review
Blagosklonny, M. V., and Pardee, A. B., 2002. The restriction point of the cell cycle. Cell
Cycle v. 1 p. 103–110.
Hallstrom, T.C., and J.R. Nevins. 2009. Balancing the decision of cell proliferation and
cell fate. Cell Cycle. 8:532-5.
Research
Wu, L., C. Timmers, B. Maiti, H.I. Saavedra, L. Sang, G.T. Chong, F. Nuckolls, P.
Giangrande, F.A. Wright, S.J. Field, M.E. Greenberg, S. Orkin, J.R. Nevins, M.L.
Robinson, and G. Leone. 2001. The E2F1-3 transcription factors are essential for
cellular proliferation. Nature. 414:457-62.
Chellappan, S.P., S. Hiebert, M. Mudryj, J.M. Horowitz, and J.R. Nevins. 1991. The E2F
transcription factor is a cellular target for the RB protein. Cell. 65:1053-61.
Sage, J., G.J. Mulligan, L.D. Attardi, A. Miller, S. Chen, B. Williams, E. Theodorou, and
T. Jacks. 2000. Targeted disruption of the three Rb-related genes leads to loss of
G(1) control and immortalization. Genes Dev. 14:3037-50.
15.8 DNA replication requires the ordered assembly of protein complexes
Review
Forsburg, S.L. 2004. Eukaryotic MCM proteins: beyond replication initiation. Microbiol
Mol Biol Rev. 68:109-31.
Sclafani, R.A., and T.M. Holzen. 2007. Cell cycle regulation of DNA replication. Annu
Rev Genet. 41:237-80.
15.9 Mitosis is orchestrated by several protein kinases
Review
Archambault, V., and D.M. Glover. 2009. Polo-like kinases: conservation and divergence
in their functions and regulation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10:265-75.
Ruchaud, S., M. Carmena, and W.C. Earnshaw. 2007. Chromosomal passengers:
conducting cell division. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:798-812.
O'Regan, L., J. Blot, and A.M. Fry. 2007. Mitotic regulation by NIMA-related kinases.
Cell Div. 2:25.
Taylor, S., and J.M. Peters. 2008. Polo and Aurora kinases: lessons derived from
chemical biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 20:77-84.
Research
Elia, A., Rellos, P., Haire, L., Chao, J., Ivins, F., Hoepker, K., Mohammad, D., Cantley,
L., Smerdon, S., and Yaffe, M., 2003. The molecular basis for phosphodependent
substrate targeting and regulation of Plks by the Polo-box domain. Cell v. 115 p.
83.
Liu, D., G. Vader, M.J. Vromans, M.A. Lampson, and S.M. Lens. 2009. Sensing
chromosome bi-orientation by spatial separation of aurora B kinase from
kinetochore substrates. Science. 323:1350-3.
15.10 Sister chromatids are held together until anaphase
Review
Yu, H. 2007. Cdc20: a WD40 activator for a cell cycle degradation machine. Mol Cell.
27:3-16.
Gregan, J., M. Spirek, and C. Rumpf. 2008. Solving the shugoshin puzzle. Trends Genet.
24:205-7.
Yanagida, M. 2009. Clearing the way for mitosis: is cohesin a target? Nat Rev Mol Cell
Biol. 10:489-96.
Hudson, D.F., K.M. Marshall, and W.C. Earnshaw. 2009. Condensin: Architect of mitotic
chromosomes. Chromosome Res. 17:131-44.
Peters, J.M., A. Tedeschi, and J. Schmitz. 2008. The cohesin complex and its roles in
chromosome biology. Genes Dev. 22:3089-114.
Research
Shirayama, M., et al., 1999. APCCDC20 promotes exit from mitosis by destroying the
anaphase inhibitor Pds1 and cyclin Clb5. Nature v. 402 p. 203–207.
Uhlmann, F., Wernic, D., Poupart, M. A., Koonin, E. V., and Nasmyth, K., 2000.
Cleavage of cohesin by the CD clan protease separin triggers anaphase in yeast.
Cell v. 103 p. 375–386.
Waizenegger, I. C., Hauf, S., Meinke, A., and Peters, J. M., 2000. Two distinct pathways
remove mammalian cohesin from chromosome arms in prophase and from
centromeres in anaphase. Cell v. 103 p. 399–410.
15.12 Exit from mitosis requires more than cyclin proteolysis
Review
Sullivan, M., and D.O. Morgan. 2007. Finishing mitosis, one step at a time. Nat Rev Mol
Cell Biol. 8:894-903.
Trinkle-Mulcahy, L., and A.I. Lamond. 2006. Mitotic phosphatases: no longer silent
partners. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 18:623-31.
Wolfe, B.A., and K.L. Gould. 2005. Split decisions: coordinating cytokinesis in yeast.
Trends Cell Biol. 15:10-8.
Research
15.12 Checkpoint controls coordinate different cell cycle events
Review
Hartwell, L. H., and Weinert, T. A., 1989. Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of
cell cycle events. Science v. 246 p. 629–634.
Research
Weinert, T. A., and Hartwell, L. H., 1988. The RAD9 gene controls the cell cycle
response to DNA damage in S. cerevisiae. Science v. 241 p. 317–322.
15.13 DNA replication and DNA damage checkpoints monitor defects in DNA
metabolism
Review
Harrison, J.C., and J.E. Haber. 2006. Surviving the breakup: the DNA damage
checkpoint. Annu Rev Genet. 40:209-35.
Segurado, M., and J.A. Tercero. 2009. The S-phase checkpoint: targeting the replication
fork. Biol Cell. 101:617-27.
Stracker, T.H., T. Usui, and J.H. Petrini. 2009. Taking the time to make important
decisions: The checkpoint effector kinases Chk1 and Chk2 and the DNA damage
response. DNA Repair (Amst). 8:1047-54.
Su, T.T. 2006. Cellular responses to DNA damage: one signal, multiple choices. Annu
Rev Genet. 40:187-208.
15.14 The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors defects in chromosome-microtubule
attachment
Review
Luo, X., and H. Yu. 2008. Protein metamorphosis: the two-state behavior of Mad2.
Structure. 16:1616-25.
Musacchio, A., and E.D. Salmon. 2007. The spindle-assembly checkpoint in space and
time. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 8:379-93.
Research
Hoyt, M.A., L. Totis, and B.T. Roberts. 1991. S. cerevisiae genes required for cell cycle
arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell. 66:507-17.
Li, R., and A.W. Murray. 1991. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell.
66:519-31.
Dobles, M., Liberal, V., Scott, M. L., Benezra, R., and Sorger, P. K., 2000. Chromosome
missegregation and apoptosis in mice lacking the mitotic checkpoint protein
Mad2. Cell v. 101 p. 635–645.
15.15 Cell cycle deregulation can lead to cancer
Research
Hernando, E., et al., 2004. Rb inactivation promotes genomic instability by uncoupling
cell cycle progression from mitotic control. Nature v. 430 p. 797–802.
Ganem, N.J., S.A. Godinho, and D. Pellman. 2009. A mechanism linking extra
centrosomes to chromosomal instability. Nature. 460:278-82.
15.16 What’s next?
Review
Csikasz-Nagy, A. 2009. Computational systems biology of the cell cycle. Brief
Bioinform. 10:424-34.
Jorgensen, P., and M. Tyers. 2004. How cells coordinate growth and division. Curr Biol.
14:R1014-27.