ARANEA
Spider phylogeny and morphology
Arachnida, to which the group of orb web spiders (araneae) with about 30 000 known species
belong, are one of the most ancient groups of land animals.
In Devon and Carbon it had already divided into the groups of Araneae, Scorpiones, Acari ,
Opiliones , Ricinulei , Solifugae , Pseudoscorpiones, Palpigradi and Pedipalpi.
Typical for the Araneae are the 8 walking legs and division of the body into Prosoma and
Opistosoma. Very special morphological features of the group are the venom and silk glands.
Organization of an orb web spider Araneae).
(Remane, Storch, Welsch, Kurzes Lehrbuch der Zoologie)
Although silk has evolved several times during phylogeny, spiders display the most
sophisticated systems for formation and use of silk. Especially Araneae (orb weavers) have up
to 7 different silk gland types from which they draw silks for different purposes.
1
2
The investigations with the High Performance Stereoscopic Light Microscope showed that the
dragline silk of the major ampullate glands is a double thread. These threads are parallely
orientated and twisted around themselves. This can be visualized quite impressively with the
HPSM.
In Literature (5, 6) different models for the internal structure exist witch propose the existence
of an outer coat and a central fiber core. Depending on the authors several other structures are
proposed. Our own investigations showed that the single threads contain cylindrical fibers
with a diameter of approximately 1-1.5 µm enclosed by an outer coat.
Agaricus
Phylogram of the single most parsimonious tree generated using PAUP. Tree
length was 638 steps with a consistency index (CI) 0.64 and rescaled consistency index (RC)
0.41. Branch lengths are proportional to apomorphies. Results of bootstrap analysis with 100
replications are given above the branches. Thin branches are those that collapse in trees one
step longer. The classification of Agaricus species by Heinemann (1978) is provided.
Replicates of species included; Agaricus bisporusa (AFO59218), A. bisporusb (AFO59227), A.
campestrisc (AFO59221), A. campestrisd (U85307, U85273).
img75.gif
3
CLADOGRAMS http://www.gwu.edu/~clade/spiders/cladograms.htm
Coddington, J. A. in prep. Progress in spider phylogeny (Arachnida, Araneae). Systematic
Biology.
basaran.jpg
4
Coddington, J. A. in prep. Progress in spider phylogeny (Arachnida, Araneae). Systematic
Biology.
araneaeFamilies.jpg
5
arac_28_02_0149.pdf
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MORPHOLOGY AND THE
PHYLOGENY OF HAPLOGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE,
ARANEOMORPHAE)
6
Coddington, J. A. in prep. Progress in spider phylogeny (Arachnida, Araneae). Systematic
Biology.
araneaeMajorClades.jpg
7
Brassicaceae Strict consensus of 13 equally parsimonious trees, each tree is 698 steps
long, with consistency index (CI) = 0.619 and rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.481.
Species endemic to New Zealand are highlighted and traditional classification is given
(Hooker 1855, 1864; Cheeseman 1925; Schulz 1929; Garnock-Jones & Johnson 1987;
Garnock-Jones 1991).
img73.gif
Coddington, J. A. in prep. Progress in spider phylogeny (Arachnida, Araneae). Systematic
Biology. basentel.jpg
(ARANEAE, ARANEOMORPHAE, ENTELEGYNAE
8
Griswold, C. E., J. A. Coddington, N. I. Platnick, and R. R. Forester. 1999. Towards a
phylogeny of entelegyne spiders (Araneae, Entelegynae). Journal of Arachnology, 27:53-63.
Data Matrix (Hennig86 format) arac_27_01_0053.pdfa entelegynae.jpg
9
hortipes.jpg
Hortipes,
Bosselaers, J. and R. Jocqué. 2000. Hortipes, a huge genus of tiny Afrotropical spiders
(Araneae, Liocranidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 256:1-108.
Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
10
Hormiga, G. 2000. Higher level phylogenetics of erigonine spiders (Araneae, Linyphiidae,
Erigoninae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 609:1-160. Data Matrix (Hennig86
format) Data Matrix (PAUP-MacClade format)
linyphiidae.jpg
11
Miller, J. 2000. Revision and cladistic analysis of the erigonine spider genus Sisicottus
(Araneae, Linyphiidae, Erigoninae). Journal of Arachnology, 27:553-603.
Data Matrix (PAUP-MacClade format) Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
sisicottus.jpg
Bosselaers, J. 1999. A new Uroctea from the Jordan desert (Araneae, Oecobiidae). Phegea
27:103-113. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format
12
uroctea.jpg
13
Davies, V. T. 1999. Carbinea, a new spider genus from North Queensland, Australia
(Araneae, Amaurobioidea, Kababininae). Journal of Arachnology, 27: 25-36. Data Matrix
(Hennig86 format)
Davies, V. T. 1998. A revision of the Australian metaltellines (Araneae: Amaurobioidea:
Amphinectidae: Metaltellinae). Invertebrate Taxonomy, 12: 211-243. Data Matrix (Hennig86
format)
Ramírez, M. J. 1997. Revisión y filogenia de los géneros Ferrieria y Acanthocento (Araneae:
Anyphaenidae, Amaurobioidinae). Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 82:173-203. Data
Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Ramírez, M. J. and C. J. Grismado. 1997. A review of the spider family Filistatidae in
Argentina (Arachnida, Araneae), with a cladistic reanalysis fo filistatid genera. Entomologica
Scandinavica, 28:319-349. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Miller, J. A. and F. A. Coyle. 1996. Cladistic analysis of the Atypoides plus Antrodiaetus
lineage of mygalomorph spiders (Araneae, Antrodiaetidae). J. Arachnol., 24: 201-213. Data
Matrix (NONA format) Data Matrix (PAUP-MacClade format)
Pérez-Miles, F., S. M. Lucas, P. I. da Silva Jr. and R. Bertani. 1996. Systematic revision and
cladistic analysis of Theraphosinae (Araneae: Theraphosidae). Mygalomorph, 1:33-68. Data
Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Coyle, F. A. 1995. A revision of the funnelweb mygalomorph spider subfamily Ischnothelinae
(Araneae, Dipluridae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 226: 1-133.
Data Matrix (NONA format) Data Matrix (PAUP-MacClade format)
Ramírez, M. J. 1995. Revision y filogenia del genero Monapia, con notas sobre otras
Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). [Revision and phylogeny of the genus Monapia,
with notes on other Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae).] Bol. Soc. Biol. Conceptión,
Chile, 66:71-102. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Baehr, M. and B. Baehr. 1993. The Hersiliidae of the Oriental region including New Guinea.
Taxonomy, phylogeny, soogography (Arachnida, Araneae). Spixiana Zeitschrift für Zoologie.
19:1-95. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Griswold, C. E. 1993. Investigations into the phylogeny of the lycosoid spiders and their kin
(Arachnida: Araneae, Lycosoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 539:1-39. Data
Matrix (Hennig86 format)
14
Rodrigo, A. G. and R. R. Jackson. 1992. Four jumping spider genera of the Cocalodes-group
are monophyletic with genera of the Spartaeinae (Araneae: Salticidae). New Zealand Natural
Sciences, 19:61-67. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Jocqué, R. 1991. A generic revision of the spider family Zodariidae (Araneae). Bulletin of the
American Museum of Natural History, 201:1-160. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Shultz, J. W. 1990. Evolutionary morphology and phylogeny of Arachnida. Cladistics, 6:1-38.
Data Matrix (PAUP-MacClade format
Griswold, C. E., J. A. Coddington, G. Hormiga, and N. Scharff. 1998. Phylogeny of the orbweb building spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae: Deinopoidea, Araneoidea). Zoological Journal
of the Linnean Society, 123: 1-99. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
orbiculariae.jpg
15
Scharff, N. and J. A. Coddington. 1997. A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider
family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 120:355434. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
araneidae.jpg
16
Hormiga, G., W. G. Eberhard, and J. A. Coddington. 1995. Web-construction behavior in
Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae,
Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 43:313-364. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
tetragnathidae.gif
17
Hormiga, G., W. G. Eberhard, and J. A. Coddington. 1995. Web-construction behavior in
Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae,
Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 43:313-364. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Ramírez, M. J. 1995. A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Anyphaenidae (Arachnida,
Araneae). Entomologica Scandinavica, 26:361-384. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
Platnick, N. I., J. A. Coddington, R. R. Forster and C. E. Griswold. 1991. Spinneret
morphology and the phylogeny of haplogyne spiders (Araneae, Araneomorphae). American
Museum Novitates, 3016:1-73. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
haplogynae.jpg
arac_28_02_0149.pdfRESPIRATORY SYSTEM MORPHOLOGY AND THE
PHYLOGENY OF HAPLOGYNE SPIDERS (ARANEAE,
ARANEOMORPHAE)
18
Coddington, J. A. 1990. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orb-weaving spiders
and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea).
Smithsonian Contributions of Zoology, 496:1-52. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
codd1990.jpg
19
http://www.inet.net.nz/~anthony/page9.html
Pseudopanax study. Strict consensus of 2 equally parsimonious trees, each 433 steps
long, with consistency index (CI) = 0.537 and rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.465.
Bootstrap values from 100 replicate parsimony analyses are shown above each node (groups
with relative frequency <5% not shown).
img70.gif
20
SALTICIDAE
Wolf Spider phylogeny based on parsimony analysis of 12S sequence data. Bootstrap results
shown below branches and majority rule consensus results above branches.
spidertree.gif
21
Stilbocarpa Strict consensus of 3 equally parsimonious trees from analysis of nuclear
ribosomal DNA sequence data. Results of bootstrap analysis with 100 replications are given
above the branches. Placement in the classifications of Drude (1898) and Harms (1898) are
given at right. Notice the close relatives of the Stilbocarpa include diminutive apiaceous
species
img71.gif
22
Coddington, J. A. 1986. The Genera of the spider family Theridiosomatidae. Smithsonian
Contributions of Zoology, 422:1-96. Data Matrix (Hennig86 format)
theridiosomatidae.jpg
23