`04-30-07 PIMS 2935 Senegal IEMS-Annex 1` in a

Annex I-a: Major Eco-Regions of Senegal

1

Annex I-b: Four sites of high global significance selected by the project

1.

During Senegal’s strategic planning regarding biodiversity and the Senegal Biodiversity Action

Plan (BSPA) in 1998, it was agreed that more than 90% of animal and plant species, practically all endemic, and their vital environments are found in four principal ecosystems within the country. The

BSPA conservation priority involves protection and viable exploitation of the environments and species found in the four vital ecosystems, the involvement of local populations in taking care of resources of biodiversity. Henceforth, during the PDF B of 1999 and 2000, regional and national workshop participants concurred by confirming the selection of these same sites covering a) the most representative environments of the country, b) within and without the protected zones, c) in order to involve and entrust conservation of the biodiversity firstly to the communities living around the protected zones and d) capitalizing on the overall advantages gained from the sequestration of carbon. This is crucial given that, in Senegal, threat to plant life and globally significant biodiversity arises from the exploitation of resources and lands by village inhabitants living around protected zones; it is vital therefore to improve land productivity and optimize resource exploitation through community management. The critical environments which one finds in these four ecosystems of the country are, respectively: (1) steppes, grassland and wooded savanna to the north and in the eastern region, corresponding to Ferlo; (2) open forests surrounding the Niokolo-Koba National Park in the south of the country; (3) coastal and littoral environments, known also under the appellation of the

Niayes ecosystems, with their coastal dunes situated along the Atlantic coast north of the country; (4) the land and marine ecosystems of the Saloum Delta and the Lower Casamance National Parks, whose habitats include palm and bamboo groves, as well as mangroves and wetlands.

Niayes site

Coastal dune

ecosystem

Sylvo-pastoral site

Sahelian Ecosystem

Saloum Delta site

Niokolo-Koba Site

Coastal mangrove ecosystem

Sudano-guinean

ecosystem

2

Annex I-c: Detailed description of the four project sites and a list of Protected Areas (PA) incorporated in the project

Site Selection

2.

During Senegal’s strategic planning regarding biodiversity and the Senegal Biodiversity Action

Plan (BSPA) in 1998, it was agreed that more than 90% of animal and plant species, practically all endemic, and their vital environments are found in four principal ecosystems within the country. The

BSPA conservation priority involves protection and viable exploitation of the environments and species found in the four vital ecosystems, the involvement of local populations in taking care of resources of biodiversity. Henceforth, during the PDF B of 1999 and 2000, regional and national workshop participants concurred by confirming the selection of these same sites covering a) the most representative environments of the country, b) within and without the protected zones, c) in order to involve and entrust conservation of the biodiversity firstly to the communities living around the protected zones and d) capitalizing on the overall advantages gained from the sequestration of carbon. This is crucial given that, in Senegal, threat to plant life and globally significant biodiversity arises from the exploitation of resources and lands by village inhabitants living around protected zones; it is vital therefore to improve land productivity and optimize resource exploitation through community management. The critical environments which one finds in these four ecosystems of the country are, respectively: (1) steppes, grassland and wooded savanna to the north and in the eastern region, corresponding to Ferlo; (2) open forests surrounding the Niokolo-Koba National Park in the south of the country; (3) coastal and littoral environments, known also under the appellation of the

Niayes ecosystems, with their coastal dunes situated along the Atlantic coast north of the country; (4) the land and marine ecosystems of the Saloum Delta and the Lower Casamance National Parks, whose habitats include palm and bamboo groves, as well as mangroves and wetlands.

3.

Table A7-1 gives a summary of the protected area status of these four ecosystems and the sample sites chosen for the initial tranche of the project. Table A7-2 gives the population, number of villages situated in the zone covered by the project and also the sample site chosen for the initial tranche.

Due to a decision taken by the Senegalese government on February 5, 2001, the IEM project will center its activities around the sites and villages situated in the land ecosystems. The following section provides descriptions of the four types of landscape, their protection status and the specific sites chosen in Niayes and Saloum.

Site I: Ferlo

4.

The eastern Ferlo site has a total of 84 protected zones covering an area of 4,156,680 hectares of savanna covered with low vegetation. The Test Zones (ZT) chosen at the site level are (a) the North

Ferlo Animal Reserve (487,000 hectares), which is under the administration of the National Parks

Directorate (DPN); (b) the South Ferlo Animal Reserve (663,700 hectares); (c) two adjacent

Classified Forests (54,980 hectares); (d) sylvo-pastoral reserves which stretch for more than

1,514,000 hectares. West Ferlo includes 14 other sylvo-pastoral reserves. According to the nature of the soil and relief, species such as Acacia Senegal, Commiphora Africana and Combretum

Glutinosum appear in the zone and can at times dominate it. The most common grasses are Cenchrus biflorus, Schoenefeldia gracilis and Dactyloctenium aegyptium . The lateritic Ferlo region has a relatively dense tree stratum where the Pterocarpus lucens predominates, and which appears often in relatively pure formations. Other species found there are Acacia seyal, Combretum micranthum, and

Combretum nigricans, according to the nature of the soil and relief. Overall in the region, soils are essentially the ferruginous type interspersed with sandy valleys and sandy clay depressions, near which villages and camps are usually established. The lower vegetation cover is dominated by

Loudetia togoensis, which grows in soil containing gravel. Under normal rainfall conditions this type

3

of vegetation serves as pasture, responding to the needs of cattle for feed, but bush fires destroy a good part of this herbaceous biomass. The production of dry biomass stands at a maximum of 1.28 kg per hectare in the Tiel pastoral unit, and at 837 kg per hectare in Tessekre . The average production is around 0.58 UBT per hectare, while the average real load is about 0.37 UBT per hectare (PRODAM, 2000).

5.

The vegetation of dead valleys indicates the presence, in the relatively recent past, of important gallery forests. These vast ecosystems are the only sites in Senegal where one finds wild ostriches, a highly threatened species. Ferlo Reserves also figure among the 12 sites in the world which harbor the gazelle Dama-Mhorr. The region also serves as a habitat and winter migration zone for several species of palearctic bird species. The Ferlo Reserves are also the favorite zone of transhumant or sedentary pastoralism, generally concentrated around the water points. The Ferlo site includes four community reserves (RC) with 112 villages and a total population of approximately 87,400 inhabitants. Bushfires are frequent in the Ferlo.

6.

Many animal species have disappeared from the Ferlo, such as Damalinus lutanus, Gazella dama,

Hippotragus equines, Panthera pardus, Giraffa camelopardus, Crocodilus niloticus, and

Orycteropus afer. In the past the Ferlo served as a winter withdrawal zone for vast herds of wildlife moving from the Niokolo-Koba National Park (PNNK) toward the north. These migrations were observed during the winter and continued just until the rainy season. The obstacles to PNNK animal migration to the Ferlo zone are connected to (1) extensive breeding practiced by herders who do not hesitate to kill carnivores to protect their cattle or herbivores to use as food; (2) an intrusion into the wilderness environment of wells and boreholes frequently breaking down, thus leading to a concentration of cattle and overgrazing over dozens of square kilometers; (3) rapid drying PU of ponds which cause a concentration of cattle around remaining water points, (4) settling of new villages which fragment the natural environment meant for migration; (5) gathering of ostrich and guinea fowl eggs; (6) capture of young animals; and (7) late bush fires which destroy forage. (PDF,

2000).

7.

Plant species endemic to Ferlo are: Abutilon macropodum, Digitaria aristulata, and Nesea dodecandra . Endangered plant species included on the Red List of the IUNC are: Justicia niolokokobae, and Digitaria aristulata. Threatened animal species at Ferlo include: Lycaon pictus

(African wolf ); Felix leo (lion ); Taurotragus derbianus (Derby eland) ; Syncerus caffer (buffalo);

Hoppotragus equines (Roan antilope); Hippopotamus amphibious (hippopotamus); Loxodonta

Africana (elephant); Pan troglodyte (chimpanzee); Neotis cafra denhami (Denham bustard);

Bucorvus abyssinicus (land calao); Terthopius ecaudatus (tumbler eagle); Dendrocygma viduata

(white-faced whistling duck); and Polemaetus bellicosus (martial eagle).

Site II: Niokolo-Koba Park and environs

8.

Situated in the southeast of Senegal, the Niokolo-Koba zone includes six ZT which occupy a total area of 2,981,250 hectares, of which the Niokolo-Koba National Park comprises 913,000 hectares and is surrounded by four Classified Forests (FC) covering 132,250 hectares, and the Faleme

Hunting Reserve which covers an area of 1,936,000 hectares. The Niokolo-Koba National Park

(PNNK) has been declared a World Heritage Site and a Biosphere Reserve. It is adjacent to the

Badiar National Park, situated in Guinea, which has a total area of 194,000 hectares, forming together with the PNNK a vast ecological complex, figuring among the great conservation zones of

West Africa. On the Senegalese side of the border, this ecological complex is surrounded by nine community reserves (RC) comprising 304 villages with a population of about 92,000 inhabitants.

The ZT chosen for this project zone are the PNNK and the classified forests.

4

9.

Niokolo-Koba possesses vast stretches of savanna habitats which are typical in the country; these are essentially made PU of grassland (dominated by Andropogon and Pinnesitum ), shrubland

(dominated by Combretum glutinosum and C. nigricans ) open woodland (dominated by Bombax,

Azelia, Pterocarpus, Xerroderris for the wood species and by Diheteropogon for grass species) and the closed woodland (dominated by the following trees: Pterocarpus, Terminalia, Erythophleum) and open savannas (dominated by Pterocarpus, Anogeissus et Piliostigm) and closed gallery forests representing PU to 78% of Senegal’s gallery forests.

10.

The National Park of Niokolo-Koba contains 1500 of the 2100 flowering plant species known in

Senegal. The park also holds 80 of Senegal’s 192 mammal species, 330 bird species, 36 reptile species, 2 amphibian species, 60 fish species, and myriad invertibrate species. Niokolo-Koba is the last refuge for elephants in Senegal. Endemic or threatened species are included as follows. The endemic plant species of Niokolo-Koba are : Acalypha senensis, Bauhinia senegalensis, Cyperus laberiticus, Ilysanthes cangesta, Indigofera leptoclada, Laurembergia villosa and Nasaea dodecandra . Threatened plant species of PNNK on the IUCN Red List are : Justicia niokolo-kobae,

Cyperus calopcarpum, Indigofera leptoclada, Berhautia senegalensis, Measa nuda, Pavetta cinereifolia and Striga bilabiaba . Niokolo-Koba’s highly threatened species are (among mammals)

Lycaon pictus (wild dog) ; Felix leo (lion) ; Tauratragus derbianus (Derby eland) ; Syncerus caffer

(buffalo) ; Hippotragus equines (antilope) ; Hippopotamus amphibious (hippopotamus) ; Loxodonta africana (elephant) ; et Pan troglodyte (chimpanzee) ; and (among birds) Neotis cafra denhami

(Denham bustard) ; Bucorvus abissinicus (land calao) ; Terthopius ecaudatus (tumbling eagle) ;

Dendrocygma viduata (white-faced whistling duck) ; and Palemaetus bellicosus (martial eagle) .

Site III : The Niayes coastal environment

11.

The Niayes is formed by the coastal fringe of northern Senegal. It is made PU of a succession of inter-dunal depressions surrounding coastal and continental sand dunes, with a sub-Guinean climate which starts at the 13th parallel. The Niayes project site includes eight ZT covering an area of 29,411 hectares of subguinean forest at the heart of the Sahel and includes six Classified Forests (FC) with an area of 25,880 hectares, two national parks (PN) of 2,720 hectares and a botanical reserve of 16 hectares. The project zone extends along some 135 km along the Atlantic coast. With a humid climate of the sub-Guinean type, the Niayes is characterized by a complex flora, unique to the Sahel, with one of the highest occurrence of endemic species in West Africa (Sambou, B 2000). The Niayes covers coastal Senegal between Dakar and St. Louis. The Niayes extends over more than 180 km and has a reduced breadth varying between 30 and 35 km. The Niayes includes eight community reserves (RC) and 449 villages with a population of 200,500 inhabitants.

12.

The test zone chosen at the project site level includes 4 FC and a plant and wildlife reserve situated in land environments characterized by a succession of dunes and depressions often including ponds appearing at the time of increased water table levels. The Niayes is distinguished from the rest of the country by its humid marine climate and the strong but relatively constant winds. The climate is subcanarian, dominated by marine and monsoon tradewinds. Average annual temperatures vary between 23.7º and 27º C. Average rainfall varies between 300 and 500 mm, recorded during the rainy season which generally last three months. The Niayes does not have a particular hydrological regime. The depth of the water table varies between 0 and 60 meters, even if, in places water is briny or salty. Former extensions of the sea have been transformed into lakes or depressions similar to that of Retba, Tamna, Notto, Meckhé and Loumpoul-Kayar Lakes. These depressions alternate with sand dunes, either as spaces surrounded by dunes or as vestiges of former hydrological networks. These low areas are flooded by the raising of the ground water during the rainy season. Following this, they dry out in a more or less rapid fashion according to their location. In Niayes, the hydrological regime often varies from one zone to another, but all have a particularly high humidity level. Due to this, the

5

Niayes region constitutes a unique site of its type, being the richest in terms of biodiversity north of the 13th parallel.

13.

The active and sterile dunes along the coast (white dunes) have stabilized progressively with the advance toward the continent (red dunes) with the appearance of a very fragile vegetation cover. As for the depressions, the soil is rich and good for garden and fruit cultivation, which constitutes the basis of the production system there. The Niayes is the vegetable garden of Senegal and its productive environment includes continental fishing, as well as breeding and farming, which, during the rainy season, assume great importance for the zones situated outside the flooded depressions.

14.

Vegetation is of the sub-Guinean type, with a predominance of Elaes guinensis in the southern part of the Niayes. However, this vegetation has been severely degraded due to human activities and droughts, which have lowered the water table level, caused progressive salinization, and an acceleration of attacks on the richness of the dunes’ biodiversity by cultivation practiced at the lowlying areas. Despite the measures implemented to protect the zone, the viability of these unique environments remains uncertain. In the past, the Niayes habitats were rich and very diverse, but vegetation is rapidly in regression generally both in total area, and in number of species in the habitat.

15.

The flora of the Niayes includes over 30 families, with a total of about 80 generally widespread wood species. The Niayes habitats contain close to 20% of the overall flora of Senegal, at a level of diversity encountered nowhere else in Senegal nor north of the 13th parallel. Out of 31 plant species endemic to Senegal, 13 are found in Niayes, 10 of which are threatened. Threatened species consist of the following : Ceropegia praetemissa, Ceropegia senegalensis, Polycarpeae linearifolia,

Salicornia senegalensis, Lipocarpha prieuriana var. crassifolia, Scirpus, grandspiscus, Scleria chevalieri, Eriocaulon inundatum, and Rhynchosa albae-pauli. The three endemic species not as yet threatened are Crotalaria sphaerocarpa, Urginea salmonea and Ficus dicranostyla . Species in the

Ceropegia genus are also on the 1996 list of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered

Species (CITES). Two other non-endemic species ( Pluchea lanceolata and Digitaria aristulata ) are considered threatened in Senegal, according to the IUNC (Red List, 1997).

16.

The Niayes are poor in wildlife largely due to the fact that these environments have already been seriously degraded, particularly in the northern part of the zone. Nevertheless, animal diversity is remarkable at the Gueumbeul Animal Reserve and the Langue de Barbarie National Park. The

Gueumbeul Reserve is situation near the coast in the department of Rao, some 12 km from St. Louis.

The Niayes have global importance, being a winter migration zone for thousands of birds, mainly waders. Among the principal species encountered in the reserve are the avocet ( Pluvialis squatorala ), the European spoonbill ( Platalea leucorodia ), and the greater plover ( Charadrius hiaticula ). The Langue de Barbarie National Park is situated at the mouth of the Senegal River, 25 km south of St. Louis. There are many marine aquatic birds, such as the gray pelican ( Pelecanus rufescens ), the white pelican ( P. onocolatus ), 3000 pairs of grey-headed seagulls ( Larus cirrhophalus ), the Caspian swallow ( Hydrpogne caspi ), the royal swallow ( Thalasessus maxiums ),

2000 species of slender-billed gulls ( Larus genei ), the Hansel tern ( Gelochelodon nilotica ) at the northern border of their nesting zones, the sooty tern ( Sterna fuscata ) and the little tern ( Sterna albifrons ). The park is also a reserve for ducks and migratory waders. The marine wildlife of the

Niayes includes the green sea turtle (Chelonias mydas ), the leather-backed turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) the loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta ), and the ordinary dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ) which are all globally threatened and protected even though the skins are sold at the market places there and at the Saloum Delta.

17.

The Niayes serve as a habitat for a certain number of endemic species as well as globally threatened species which are named on the Red List of the IUCN. The threatened species are:

6

Ceropegia praetemissa, Ceropegia senegalensis, Polycarpeae linearifolia, Salicornia senegalensis,

Lipocarpha prieuriana var. crassifolia, Scirpus, grandspiscus, Scleria chevalieri, Eriocaulon inundatum, and Rhynchosia albae-pauli. The three species not yet threatened are the Crotalaria sphaerocarpa, Urginea salmonea and Ficus dicranostyla . Two other non-endemic species ( Pluchea lanceolata and Digitaria aristulata ) are considered threatened in Senegal, according to the IUCN

(Red List 1997). Among the principal species encountered in the Niayes protected zones are the avocet ( Pluvialis squatorala ), the European spoonbill ( Platalea leucorodia ) and the greater plover

( Charadrius hiaticula ).

18.

Plant species endemic to the Niayes are : Ceropegia praetemissa, Crotalaria sphaerocarpa, Ficus dicranostyla, Laumbergia villosa, Lipocarpha priemiana, Polycarpeae linearifolia, Rhonchosia alba-pauli, Salicornia senegalensis, Scirpus grandspiscus, Urginea salnidea and Vernonia bambilarcusis. Bird species threatened in the Niayes are: the avocet ( Pluvialis squatorala ), the

European spoonbill ( Platalea leucorodia ) the great plover ( Charadrius hiaticulata ), the grey pelican

( Pelecanus rufescens ), the white pelican ( P. onocolatus ), the grey-headed seagull ( Larus cirrhophalus ), the Caspian swallow ( Hydrpogne caspi ), the royal swallow ( Thalasessus maxiums ), the slender-billed seagull ( Larus genei ), the Hansel tern ( Gelochelodon nilotica ), the sooty tern

( Sterna fuscata ) and the little tern ( Sterna albifrons ). Threatened turtles in the Niayes are the green sea turtle ( Chelonias mydas ), the leatherbacked turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea ) and the loggerhead sea turtle ( Caretta caretta ). In addition, the ordinary dolphin ( Delphinus delphis ), encountered in the

Niayes is threatened.

19.

On the basis of recommendations from the government of Senegal, the present project will focus on the inland zones (the red dunes) as well as on the Gueumbeul Special Animal Reserve, while other coastal zones will be part of the GEF/WB Coastal Zone Management (CZM) project.

Site IV : Saloum Delta National Park

20.

The Saloum Delta National Park (PNDS) extends over a total area of 180,000 hectares and constitutes three types of major environments: (a) mangroves and wetlands, (b) dry and savanna forests, and (c) the ocean, delta and islands of sand strings. The Park is part of the Biosphere Reserve of the Saloum Delta. Two-thirds of the area is covered by what is considered the largest mangrove in

Africa. This mangrove regulates flooding and tides. It also serves as a location for reproduction for numerous species of fish, dolphins, sirens, aquatic birds and palearctic migratory birds. The park has been designated a Ramsar site. Not far from the Saloum Delta National Park is the Keur Samba Dia

Biosphere Reserve (800 hectares). Also, there are four Classified Forests (FC) adjacent to PNDS, covering an area of 53,140 hectares, in addition to coastal and insular zones contiguous to the park.

The agricultural system is characterized by a southern multi-cropping regime with an increase of pastoral, fishing and hunting activities due to favorably arable land and better rainfall than in the rest of the country. The complex is formed into three community reserves (RC) with 99 villages surround the Saloum Delta National Park, totaling a population of 45,800. Despite the multiple and considerable anthropogenic pressure, the site still contains a certain number of endemic species and globally threatened species. These include the Lipocarpia prieurina, Scleria chevalieri and Ficus dicranostula . Rare and threatened species are (IUCN 1999 List): Eriocaulon inundatum, Hydrophila micrantha, Uvaria thomasii, Kigelia africana, Albizzia ferrutinea, Treculia africana, Pouchetia africana, Fagara rubescens, Parinar excelsa, Diospyros frea, Mesneurum benthamianum,

Tetrapleura tetraptera, Malacantha alnifolia and Bridelia micrantha.

21.

Mangrove extends over more than 75% of the area of the Saloum Delta National Park.

Mangroves occupy a part of the estuary (muddy ground under the daily effect of tides) and spreads over the intertidal zones, particularly in the lower and muddy parts of the channel. The plant life is essentially constituted of Rhizophera racemosa and Rhizophera harisonnii (large trees bordering the

7

bolongs ), R. mangle, R. racemosa, Avicennia africana and A. nitida . Laguncularia racemosa and

Conocarpus erectus are much less represented and occupy a zone experiencing excessive flooding by the marshes. There are also types of vegetation that tolerate salinity very well ( Sesuvium portucalastrum and Philoxerus vermicularis). The southern part of the mangrove is luxuriant, especially well protected, and containing tall trees. It serves as a place of rest and sleep for many bird species. It also acts as a refuge to a number of animals such as hyenas, but also as spawning and feeding grounds for fish.

22.

The sparse dry forests and savannas of the Saloum Delta National Park are distinguished by the presence of guinean species in a biogeographic zone of the sudanian type. These environments are constituted mainly by gallery forests, sparse forests, savanna woodland and shrub savanna. The

Fathala Classified Forest is the most important forest formation. The most common species of upland trees include Daniellia olivieri, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Prosopis africana, Terminalia macroptera,

Lannea acida, Cordyla pinnata, Bombax costatum, Khaya senegalensis , Parkia biglobosa and

Sclerocaria birrea . Also present are Afzelia africana and Celbia pentendra.

23.

The islands of sand strings and the terraces contain diverse flora, with guinean species on the northern fringe of their area of distribution. Groups of Phoenix reclinata, Lophira lanceolata and

Prosopis africana are certainly part of these within the country and the sub-region. According to

Likke (1996), there exists in the Fathala Forest at least 400 species of plants and 160 tree species, belonging to 39 families. The most diverse families are the Moraceae (13 species), the

Cesalpiniaceae (12 species), the Mimosaceae (11 species), the Combretaceae (11 species), the

Anacardiaceae (8 species), the Rubiaceae (6 species), the Euphorbiaceae (6 species) and the

Meliaceae (5 species). There are also wildlife species dependent on land plant formations, except the clawless otter (Aonyx capensis), the marsh mongoose (Herpestes paludinosus), the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops ) and, of course, the manatee, which are all species adapted to mangrove formations (A. Dupuy, 1982).

24.

In the waters of the three branches of the sea/delta of the Saloum Delta, the population of fish is dominated, as much as in number as in biomass, by a modest number of species belonging to the

Clupeid , the Pristigasterid , the Gerreid and the Carrangid families . These are essentially estuarine varieties of marine and estuarine fish species (according to the definition of Albaret and Diouf,

1994). The abundance of species is relatively pronounced in the Saloum Delta, as seen by comparing the number of species observed in the Saloum Delta to the figures recorded in 60 estuarine and lagunar environments throughout the world, with only six of the zones surpassing the Saloum Delta in abundance of species (Diouf, 1996).

25.

The most diverse fish families encountered in the delta estuaries are the Carrangids (11 species), the Mugilids (7 species), the Hemulids (6 species), the Cichilids and the Clupeid (4 species each), followed by the

Ariids, Cynoglossids, Dasyatids, Ephipids, Polynémids, Soleids, and Sparids

(3 species each). Another factor which can explain the richness of species in this delta is the great diversity of environments (principal river branches, the bolongs of all sizes, the presence of mangrove in certain shores and not others, diverse types of silt as well as a variety of physicochemical factors based on time and space).

26.

Among the environment’s fishery resources one finds marine invertibrates, among them cartilaginous and boned, and mammals. The cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) are represented by

80 species belonging to 30 families. The bony fish ( teleosteens ) include almost 470 fish of 1110 families. The marine mammals identified include the whale ( balaenoptera ), dolphins ( delphinus tursiops ) and manatees ( trichechus senegalensis ). Other mammal species have been observed (in this particular delta declared by Senegal as an exclusive economic zone) such as the porpoises, pilot whales ( globicephales) and seals.

8

27.

Marine invertebrates (mollusks and crustaceans) are represented by bivalve species, gastropods, and cephalopods. Among the crustaceans are about 50 species of lobster, crayfish, slipper lobster, gray shrimp, crabs and stomatopods. Many species remain little known however, due to the lack of economic interest in them at the present time. The species living at the bottom of the ocean (the lower part of the continental slope and the vast plains of the ocean depths) have not been identified since these ocean depths are thought to be poor in biological resources. The zone at the littoral fringe also contains many marine invertebrates groups which have been the object of few inventories

(sponges, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, starfish, coral, mollusks, and various coelenterates.

28.

Three fish species or groups of species have disappeared or become extremely rare: tarpon

( Tarpon atlanticus ), sawfish ( Pristis spp ) and straw-fish (Rhychobatus lubberti ). This is certainly connected to the great pressure of fishing activity, especially since it is known that the two latter species have a weak fertility rate and long periods of gestation. Certain species are becoming rare, such as (1)`the manatees, decimated by human populations, but having equally suffered the impact of the decrease of fresh waters; (2) Lisa bandialensis, formally very abundant according to fishermen, but limited now to two or three bolongs only, the most important being that of the

Baguadadji. This species depends greatly on deposits of fine sand and would be endemic in the Sine

Saloum; (3) red carp (or yaakh ) and grouper ( Epinephelus aenus) or thiof, prized by Senegalese consumers almost as much as the Lufjianus spp, equally in strong regression.

29.

Many littoral species living in the Saloum Delta have diminished in number. This is particularly true for the sharks, the Caranx hipos , the tilapia guineensis and the turtles. The decrease in the number of marine turtles is linked to the destabilization of nesting places, but also to overexploitation. One must also note that these species is protected at Saloum Delta, yet they are nevertheless captured, sold and consumed by local populations. The sharks and rays, whose fins have great commercial value, are also the object of much pressure from fishing activity.

30.

Plants endemic to the Saloum Delta are : Alechva basserei, Crotalaria sphaerocarpa, Ficus dicranostyla, Eriocanlan inudatum, Laumbergia villosa, Lipocarpa priemiana, Polycarpeae linearifolia and cirpus grandspiscus. Threatened plants or those appearing on the IUCN Red List are, in this site: Hygrophyla chevalieri , Livaria thomasii , Scleria chevalieri and Lipocarpa prienriana .

The highly threatened animal species are the Caranx hipos (shark), Trichechus senegalensis

(manatee), Souza teuzsii (humpbacked dolphin), Delphinus delphis (common dolphin), Balaenoptera

(whale), the clawless otter ( Aonyx capensis ), the marsh mongoose ( Herpestes paludinosus ), and the

African green monkey ( Cercopithecus aethiops ). The endangered fish species are the tilpaia (Tilapia guineensis ), the tarpon ( Tarpon atlanticus ), the sawfish ( Pristis spp ), the straw-fish (Rhychobatus lubberti ), the Lisa bandialensis, the grouper ( Epinephelus aenus ), and the Lutjanus spp.

31.

Under the proposition of the Senegalese government, this project will chose villages from sites only in the areas of the dry savanna and the mangrove, leaving the rest to the GEF/World Bank

Coastal Zone Management (CZM) project.

9

Table A 7-1 : Protected zones of 4 project sites and samples chosen for the first tranche of the project

National parks Classified forests Animal reserves Biosphere reserves

Sylvo-pastoral reserves Ecosystem in the

Chosen sites

No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area

Ferlo

(Ha) (Ha)

2 54,980

(Ha)

2 995,700

(Ha)

TOTAL

(Ha)

Area

(Ha)

3,106,000 4,156,680

Niokolo

Niayes

Saloum

TOTAL

Project samples

Ferlo

Niokolo

Niayes

1 913,000

2 2,720

4 132,250

6 25,875

1 180,000 4 53,140

4 1,095,000 16 265,449

1 913,000 4 132,250

4 22,462

1 1,9936,000

2 816

4 2,932,516

2 995,700

1 800 1

1

1

800

800

233,940

3,106,000 7,401,281

2,981,250

29,411

4 1,514,000 2,509,700

1,045,250

23,262

Saloum

TOTAL

1 100,000 2 3 2,340

2 1,013,000 11 157,052 3 996,500

Table A7-2. Villages and populations of the 4 sites and samples chosen for the first tranche

Estimated population Number of villages Ecosystem

Ferlo

Niokolo

Niayes

87.400

92.000

200.500

162

304

449

Number of Community

Nature Reserves (CNR)

Saloum

TOTAL

Project sample

Ferlo

Niokolo

Niayes

Saloum

TOTAL

45.000

424.900

8.700

9.200

20.000

4,500

42,400

99

1014

15

30

45

10

100

102,430

4 1,514,000 3,680,552

6

5

5

4

20

1 The site chosen as a sample extends along the coast of Senegal only at the point of the Guembeul Reserve, which contains one of the northernmost mangrove formations in all of Africa.

2 The project sample chosen covers only the continental parts of parks including directly adjacent mangrove formations.

10

For each of these four sites, the results thus far obtained in the first tranche are presented in terms of legal creations of CNR and PU as indicated in Table A7-3 below with indications of the number of villages implicated per CNR/PU.

11

Annex I-d: Summary of Tranche 1 Evaluation Recommendations

Recommendations from Independent Evaluators of the First Tranche of PGIES (October 2005)

Theme

I. Institutional mechanism of the

PGIES

Recommended Action Target

General recommendations :

1.1

Recognize as of now the leadership role that the Water and Forests Directorate should assume in the process of co-management of the communal nature reserves and pastoral units set up by the project, except for those located inside the buffer zones of national parks, because of the nature of its mandate, which is to manage all of the natural resources outside of the national parks.

1.2 Refine communication mechanisms between the central authorities of the DEFCCS and its decentralized staff (IREF, Head of Sector, Brigade and Division) to promote effective operationalization of strategic directions adopted by the CP.

PGIES, CV, CIV, intra and inter-site committees, CADL,

DPN, DEFCCS,

CST, CP

DEFCCS, CADL,

CP

1.3

Adopt consultation frameworks at the regional level to improve harmonization of project activities with the interests of the parties involved. The decisions taken during those consultations would be submitted to the CST and CP for analysis.

PGIES, CV, CIV, intra and inter-site committees, CADL,

DPN, DEFCCS,

CST, CP

PGIES, GIRMAC,

CST, CP

1.4

Revise the provisions of the protocol agreement established on December 17, 2003 between the PGIES and

GIRMAC to:

Specify the meetings and technical units referred to in the second point ;

Specify the information to be shared between the two projects (e.g. progress reports), the addressees, the frequency and the due dates, and the responsible persons.

Replace the “affected” sites by “where the two projects operate within the same ecosystem or in the adjoining areas which have reciprocal influence ».

1.5

NGOs) specifying the tasks, implementation timetable and the expected results.

1.6

Develop and implement detailed work plans to frame with the local officers’ activities (CADL, projects and

Recruit a technical advisor (TA) to assist the project coordinator during a 2 year period. This TA should bring to the project a diversified experience in ecosystem and biodiversity management and development and in the areas of access, sharing and benefits. He should be able to organize technical studies on these themes.

PGIES, CADL,

Partners projects,

NGO, CV, CIV

PGIES, CP, tripartite review

PGIES, CV, CIV

1.7

Diversify the sources of technical support to the project by relying on other locally represented organizations such as ANCAR.

Implementation

Period

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

12

II. Participatory and comanagement

Aspects

1.8

Develop work frameworks with key partners which specify for each activity the party responsible for initiating the activity and who is responsible for the results, the beneficiaries, the length of time and deadlines for each action, the common expected results and their indicators, each party’s contributions to each activity (in terms of human resources, person-time, material and financial resources).

1.9

Develop a procedures manual for planning, monitoring and evaluation of project implementation, including indicators and methods to assess the project’s impact and results. This procedures manual must define the role of the different parties in the project’s monitoring and evaluation system, the formats and timetable for developing strategic plans, annual work plans and periodic progress reports (quarterly or annual). For each indicator, a worksheet should describe it and specifies the method of calculation or measurement, frequency and responsibility for the measures.

2.3

Systematically evaluate knowledge acquisition and the degree of integration of concepts which are taught in training sessions and awareness raising activities. Where needed, redo the trainings, especially training on the roles and functions of the CVs and CIVs.

PGIES, CV, CIV, intra and inter-sites committees, CADL,

DPN, DEFCCS,

CST, CP, ONG

PGIES, CADL,

DPN, DEFCCS,

CST, CP

Site-specific Recommendations

1.10

In the PNDS area, continue awareness-raising of the populations to encourage their total buy-in for the

RNCs of Massarinko and Missira.

General recommendations

2.1

Ensure that collaboration frameworks include common objectives and indicators to enable a joint monitoring and evaluation of activities done in collaboration or in complementarity to reach a common result.

2.2

Establish a formal consultation mechanism that groups all the relevant parties in the communal nature reserves or pastoral units from the same site, either CVs, Rural council representatives, development projects occurring around the same populations or in the same areas, the interested CADL agents, and private sector representatives (including public land lessees, tourist infrastructure, loggers, commercial farmers and fishers).

This consultation would ensure communication and information exchanges, and would allow strategic decision making relative project implementation at a given site, as well as conflict resolution.

PGIES, CV, CIV, intra et inter-site committees, CADL,

DEFCCS

PGIES, partner projects

PGIES, CV, CIV, intra et inter-site committees, CADL,

DPN, DEFCCS, partner projects, private sector

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

PGIES, CADL, CV,

CIV

Tranches 2 and 3

PGIES, CST Tranches 2 and 3

2.3a Develop training plans specifying the skills and capabilities to be developed and identifying indicators to measure acquisition of those skills and capabilities.

2.4

Emphasize awareness raising and training of Parks and Water and Forests officers on concepts of comanagement, for which their partners are the Government and grassroots communities. Look to include the authorities as targeted beneficiaries of training/awareness sessions.

PGIES, local communities, technical services, partner projects, populations

Tranches 2 and 3

13

2.5

Explicitly highlight the articulation of development and management plans of the communal nature reserves and pastoral units with the regional development schemes, i.e. in the introduction of a management and development plan, identify reference documents that were taken into account, whether for regional or local development schemes.

PGIES, CST,

Regional Land

Development

Service, CIV, CV

Tranches 2 and 3

2.6

In the short term, the PGIES has an obligation to get results. It must thus ensure that the CADL has the necessary means for a success of the activities requested of them by the PGIES.

PGIES, CP Tranche 2

2.7

In the longer term: make communities aware in order to empower them when faced with actions done in their interest, and lead them to envision that they could assume by themselves the service provision costs asked for from ANCAR, or for contributing to CADL operating costs .

PGIES, CV, CIV,

ANCAR, CADL

Tranches 2 and 3

2.8

See to it that protocol agreements of protected areas co-management are developed by all of the relevant parties.

2.9

Stress the capacity building and local populations’ ability to negotiate, monitor and exchange information in order to be able to play the role attributed to them in the co-management of protected areas.

PGIES, Park wardens and officers, CV, CIV

PGIES, CV, CIV,

DPN, DEFCCS

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranches 2 and 3

2.10

Prepare the guides to accompany the processes leading to the development and revision of local charters and the development and management plans of community natural reserves and pastoral units. Those guides must be perfectly accessible to the targeted parties and integrate lessons learned by the project.

PGIES, CV, CIV Tranche 2

2.11

Revise base line data in the appendices attached to the development and management plans, and modify them where needed to ensure they specifically relate to the objectives of the development and management plans.

2.12

Identify clear and easy to measure indicators to allow measuring the progress towards the achievement of goals of the management and development plans by CVs and CIVs.

2.14

Put in place a formal consultation mechanism that bring together around a same table co-management partners of a communal nature reserve or a pastoral unit, that is the CIV, the Sector chief directly responsible to the Water and Forests Directorate, the relevant CADL officers and the local authorities.

PGIES, CV, CIV

2.13

Establish communication protocols to ensure systematic information transmission between the CIV and the

CVs and to all the relevant parties interested in the management of communal nature reserves, pastoral units and village-based natural resources and those involved in the microfinancing process. The protocols must specify the nature of the information expected from each other, their frequency and communication meetings (radio) and the persons in charge.

PGIES, CV, CIV, eco-guards, CADL

PGIES, CV, CIV, rural councils, local authorities

2.15

For each site, as well as for the whole project, establish a detailed communication plan with different participants and partner projects which carry out activities with the same populations or in the same geographic zones (objectives, content, nature of communications, frequency, responsibility).

PGIES, CADL, CV,

CIV

PGIES, partner projects, technical services

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

14

III. Microcredit component

2.16 See to adding the definition of Communal Nature Reserves and Pastoral Units to the Decree N° 86-844 governing hunting and wildlife protection (regulatory part) relative to the Law No 86-04 governing the hunting and wildlife protection code.

DEFCCS

PGIES,

Site-specific recommendations

2.17

In the area of the Saloum delta, to encourage their participation in co-management of communal reserves and parks, support the populations sot that they find their former quality of life and the resources necessary to ensure the satisfaction of their vital needs

2.18

In the Ferlo area, while respecting the culture and traditions of the communities which are involved in the project, carry out awareness raising activities in the communities where women are not integrated equitably, bringing the advantages that this specifically imply for women. Exchange visits with the communities of the

Niayes where women play a major role could lead to modifying perceptions and eventually to change behaviors in this way.

PGIES,

General Recommendations

3.1

Immediately stop the practice of “direct loans” which just began between May and July 2005.

PGIES, PMF

3.2

The GEF and the PGIES micro credit program need to do all they can to draw all relevant lessons from this first experience and also to provide themselves the means to ensure the necessary support required for beneficiaries.

PGIES, PMF CV,

CIV

3.3 In order to develop the AGRs which have a demonstration value, provide the first financing to the communities who have the most skills for developing and managing the activities and for whom the environment is favorable to a successful operation and profitability of activities

PGIES, CIV

3.4

Implement locally-based work to benefit the credit union agents and above all the beneficiaries of the AGRs.

Recruit private operators (NGOs), to link the project to the grassroots to backstop the project at the base. Their responsibilities will be:

- Support for the beneficiaries and monitoring of AGRs;

- Support for and monitoring of loans and reimbursements from beneficiaries;

- Monitoring and training for the credit unions;

PGIES, CV, CIV

- Identification and training/coaching of the backstopping village auxiliary assistants from the villages, who will specialize in loan monitoring, livestock fattening, market gardening, livestock raising, oyster farming, beekeeping, etc. to sustainably support the various grassroots actors. The operator would withdraw progressively to make way for this “endogenous expertise” that will be managed by the CVs and the CIVs following the modalities which suit them.

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 et 3

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

15

IV. Biodiversity and Ecosystem

Conservation

3.5 Estimate the financial resource needs for the pursuit of project activities based on recurring costs linked to the completion of activities to intensify and diversify the means of production in the village-based natural resources and those needed for the implementation of the development and management plans for the communal nature reserves and pastoral units, in order to evaluate if the revenues which came from interest generated by the micro financing of production activities 3 , investment of a percentage of grants awarded for carrying out performance contracts, the payment of grazing and stock watering fees, commercial agriculture and fishing, tourist entry fees revenues from the two main national parks, and for fines imposed on offenders can cover them.

Site-Specific Recommendations

3.6

In the PNDS area, hasten the procedure to put a loan in place in the village of Djinack and look after it to ensure that this isolated village does not stay on the margins of the program and its results. Take note of the specific nature of this area to put make the necessary means available to the ULP so that Djinack can be treated on an equal footing.

PGIES

PMF

3.7

In the PNNK area, ensure that the funds be deposited in a bank account while waiting to find interesting opportunities. There is a need to reassure the populations about this issue and keep them better informed.

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

PGIES, PRODAM Tranche 2

3.8

Clearly present the microfinance approaches of PGIES and PRODAM to their common beneficiaries on two projects in order to let them express themselves on a harmonized approach which appears most favorable to them.

PGIES, CIV Tranches 2 3

3.9

In the Niayes zone, encourage consultation between the existing mutual credit unions and the credit union of

Notto to harmonize approaches so as to avoid over-indebtedness among beneficiaries who borrow from one credit union to reimburse a loan obtained from another credit union.

3.10

3.11

Sensitize the communities on the strict obligation to pay back the money without delay.

In the Niayes area, verify the use of what beneficiaries do with the loans received.

PGIES, PMF CV,

CIV

PMF

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

General Recommendations

4.1 In the development and management plans for the communal nature reserves and pastoral units, indicate the species which need special attention or which need to be managed, their distribution and what measures are to be taken to protect them.

DEFCCS, DPN,

DIREL

Tranches 2 and 3

4.2

WE recommend focusing on efforts to diversify income-generating activities by focusing on the advantages to the populations and for management of sustainable ecosystems and biodiversity (raising of small game animals, cultivation of medicinal plants, etc.).

PGIES, CV, CIV,

DEFCCS, DPN

Tranches 2 and 3

3 Partner Project “Microfinance project SEN98G52”)

16

4.3a

Anticipating a modification to the hunting code, and where appropriate, encourage populations to organize themselves as legal persons, in order to solicit leases.

DEFCCS, local populations

4.3b

Evaluate the possibility of establishing partnerships between the populations and the private sector, drawing on the lessons from activities taking place in the sub region (e.g. Burkina Faso).

4.4

To ensure the communal nature reserves are wildlife reserves which support hunting from leased sites, better rather than the national parks, localize the leases such that the communal nature reserves are interspersed between the national parks and the leased sites.

4.5

From the payments turned over to the state for activities that develop biodiversity (from land lessees and tourist operators), create a fund that can be dedicated to supporting participatory management in the national parks and the communal nature reserves, which also contributes to an equitable sharing of benefits.

DEFCCS, DPN,

Regional territorial

Development

Service

DPN, DEFCCS,

PGIES, CP

PGIES, DEFCCS,

DPN

4.6

Carry out a scientific study to confirm the location and use of seasonal migration corridors by herbivores by using a variety of approaches and techniques to document the use of the supposed corridors:



Surveys of villagers and national park staff,



Install cameras with infrared triggering mechanisms in strategic locations identified by the surveys,



Monitor indicators such as the presence of animal feces and trail



Conduct walking transects to make daytime and nighttime observations.

This study should also include identification of the various obstacles to migration (leased properties, buildings, roads and railroads lines, human settlements, etc.), to be carried out with the framework of the Project for

Integrated Management of biological corridors for trans-border migration of wildlife and wild birds in West

Africa.

DEFCCS

4.7

Include the following criteria for delineating leasing sites:

 Avoid locating directly on the peripheries of the national parks;

 Avoid sensitive biodiversity areas such as reproduction sites, feeding areas, and migration corridors.

DEFCCS

4.8

Carry out a study to understand the status of places where catching of birds for export takes place (status of the populations and the description of bird catching activities in the communal nature reserves and pastoral units).

DEFCCS

4.9

Develop a framing law (loi-cadre) on access to resources and on the equitable sharing of benefits flowing from marketing of genetic resources and intellectual property.

4.10

Consolidate and grow the knowledge base on species that are to be developed, in order to anticipate the impacts on the ecosystems and to develop sustainable management measures (biological and ecological characteristics of the species, requirements for habitat, their status, size and distribution of populations and a calculation of returns or levels of commercial use.

PGIES, DEFCCS,

CST

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

Tranche 2

Tranche 2

Tranches 2 and 3

17

Site-Specific Recommendations

4.11

In the PNNK area, provide support to the local populations to create a first tourist camp (training and mobilization of investment)

4.12

In the area of the Niayes, consult with ENDA Third World to create strategies for developing the natural medicine supply chain, biological agriculture, and equitable commerce for the market gardeners.

PGIES, CV, CIV Tranches 2 and 3

PGIES, ENDA TM Tranche 2

18

Annex I-e: Detailed Project Baseline Course of Action

32.

The ongoing sustainable development efforts in the country are set within the umbrella of investments encouraged by the Triennial Public Investment Programme (PTIP), which focuses on five thematic areas : (1) Design and implementation of productive activities; (2) Strengthening of production support; (3) Enhancement of human resources; (4) Improvement of living conditions; and

(5) Institutional strengthening. Added to these actions are those pertaining to the fight against poverty, a crosscutting theme covering all activity sectors (MEFP, 1999: 5). A detailed description of the baseline situation is provided in Annexes II &V. The following is a brief analysis of the baseline.

33.

Rural and Agricultural Development. Ongoing assistance to this sector is focusing on food security through promoting animal traction, locust control, rural organization, agricultural water management infrastructure, and better entrepreneurship. Ministry of Planning and the Rural Councils are engaged in a massive decentralization effort, during which RCs and VTs are mandated to conduct rural land use planning and classical regional planning and implementation. Several national and regional projects and programs are currently underway, including the Matam

Agricultural Development Project (IFAD), National Locust Control (Netherlands, IAEA), and

Support to Farmer Entrepreneurship (CIDA). In addition a large WB assisted project is aimed at restructuring the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, reforming the National Fund for

Agricultural Research, and providing technical assistance to farmer associations. Senegalese research institutions, such as ISRA, continue to experiment with appropriate agricultural technologies, however, their impact on rural production is low. Government agricultural extension agents continue to be deployed in the Districts, but need assistance to make the transition from a classical subsidized agricultural system, to the new self-reliant and environmentally sound production system.

34.

Pastoral development. Ongoing assistance in this area is currently far less than what it used to be in the 1970’s and 1980’s. This previous work including groundbreaking projects in the development of pastoral associations and community based natural resource management. Lessons from these projects are now incorporated into ongoing work as well as the present proposal. Currently there are pastoral associations around each borehole in the Ferlo, who have the right to manage pasture and water including charging fees. Revenues are used for maintenance of the boreholes as well as provision of veterinary services and salt licks. However, these pastoral associations are still not legally recognized by the State. Furthermore, there is a disturbing trend towards increasing sedentarization, leading to greater land degradation in this fragile ecosystem. In terms of ongoing assistance, the Pastoral Self-Help project in the northern Ferlo (RFA/GTZ) is concentrating on building local capacity for marketing, and natural resource management. A major assistance is also being provided for rehabilitation and management of boreholes in the Ferlo (Belgium and AFD).

Some assistance is also being provided by the GoS through the national rural production intensification program for livestock intensification in the Niaye, Saloum and PNNK. However, none of the ongoing assistance is inter-sectoral, nor does it address biodiversity conservation issues, or incorporate larger landscape (eco-regional) planning issues.

35.

Forestry sector. Baseline actions in this sector are focused on promoting natural resource management by RCs and villages, promotion of alternative energies, equipment for fighting bush fires, and rehabilitation of degraded lands, such as the Project for Community Based Natural

Resource Management (USAID), Sustainable and participatory management of Traditional and

Alternative Energies (WB/GEF), and Coastal Zone Reforestation (JICA). Furthermore, GEF small grant program and several national and international NGOs (among them research organizations) are active in ecosystems rehabilitation, in native species silvi-culture, fallow land management, fuel wood saving, food transformation and processing, population organization, training and extension services in the Country. In addition, there are some interesting initiatives for testing alternative technologies for bee keeping in the Niokolo-Koba area through a GoS program since 1997.

19

However, the baseline in the forestry sector has few links with biodiversity conservation in and around protected areas. Isolated attempts at reforestation in classified forests continue to use eucalyptus for fast growth.

36.

Poverty alleviation and sustainable livelihoods. The baseline is very active in this sector. Most of the focus is on ensuring access to basic services and micro-credit, support to women and other vulnerable groups, and building small-scale enterprises. These include the Local Development Funds

Project (UNDP), the Project to fight poverty (AfDB), and the Village Self-Management and

Development Project (IFAD).

37.

Marine resources and fisheries. The baseline activities in this sector are centered mostly on private sector investment in fisheries. Some public sector assistance is available, particularly in improving the operation of the Saint Louis Fishing Complex (Japan), and Support to Artisanal

Fisheries (AFD) in the southern coast of Senegal (Saloum Delta and Basse Casamance). A recently completed Japanese funded project in the Delta area (Missirah Center) was successful in promoting fish conservation techniques. But it failed to establish mechanisms to cover recurrent costs and much of the infrastructure and equipment have fallen into disrepair.

38.

Environmental Education. The Ministry of Environment (through DEFCCS and DPN) holds yearly awareness campaigns to combat bush fires and promote reforestation around protected areas.

In addition, the Environmental Training and Information Project conducts awareness raising campaigns in primary schools. These efforts are important in mainstreaming environmental concerns, but need to be integrated within a more holistic, multi-sectoral, IEM vision of conservation and sustainable use of land and resources at the community level.

39.

Conservation. Ministry of Environment continues to cover recurrent costs of staff and infrastructure in all protected areas, but limited financial and technical capacity hampers its ability to look beyond PA boundaries. Out of 213 classified forests in the country, only half a dozen have a simple management plan. Most of the assistance to this sector has centered on infrastructure and capacity building of two major parks (PNNK and PNDS). In the former, good lessons have been learnt from a previous “Watershed Management Programme” in participatory approaches to comanagement. In addition, ORSTOM provides assistance to DPN for periodic census of a limited set of species. Africa 2000 Network and SAPAD (an NGO) have had some success in the training of eco-guards/tourist guides (villagers recruited on a volunteer basis). The NGO WAAME, within GEF small grant program support has worked on regeneration of mangroves in the Saloum Delta. Mention must also be made of spontaneous initiatives by a number of Village Groups in the Niayes region to conserve certain species and restore forest cover by establishing Community Nature Reserves on the border of protected areas. The baseline situation has already advanced towards recognizing the need for linking conservation to sustainable development, but has a long way to go in terms of developing and testing viable models for IEM, and lifting technical, institutional and policy barriers for sustainability and replication.

40.

Ecotourism. Baseline situation is very limited in this sector. There are two hotels each in PNNK and PNDS, and only a few camping facilities operated by the private sector adjacent to these parks.

Community participation in providing services to tourists is very limited. Two Lakes in the Niaye region (Lake Rose and Tamna) attract quite a lot of day visitors, but there are no facilities for longer term stays. There is a need to lift barriers that would encourage the private tourism industry to increase its investment in Senegal. These barriers are related to protected area infrastructure, as well as capacity of local communities to provide services.

41.

In summary, the baseline situation is such that pressure on biological and natural resources will continue to grow, while ongoing action will focus primarily on increasing living standards and

20

devising short term solutions for natural resource problems. Concrete actions have been carried out with the participation of several development partners, NGOs, various economic associations (GIE) and Village Associations, as well as numerous youth and women groups. However, in most cases, these measures have failed to meet expectations. There has been a lack of sectoral integration, resulting in technological packages/systems that are non-replicable outside of laboratories or demo plots. There has been limited adoption by the population due to distortions in economic and policy incentives. And there has been limited involvement of the stakeholders in planning, monitoring and evaluation processes

21

Annex I-f: Strategy for Achieving Participatory Biodiversity Conservation

42.

Each of the four representative spaces of Project comprises three different but integrated spatial units. These Units and the selective activities which will be targeted therein are:

 The central zone of Protected Areas (PA): Project will proceed from baseline situation, which includes the achievements of Tranche 1 component on acquisition of Hi-Tech satellite communication, navigation and mapping equipment (GPS). This equipment was acquired in

Tranche 1 and was used to set PU an early warning system for fighting bush fires and poaching while enhancing security of the guards. It also fills the gaps in terms of equipment and infrastructure improvement and building the capacities of PA staff in the area of ecogeographical planning, PA management and participatory fight against bush fires.

Furthermore, Project will put in place institutions and co-management capacity with the local populations. Lastly, PA capacities to generate income likely to cover recurrent expenses will be reinforced. Additionally, it is anticipated that improving PA protection in Tranche 2 will result in 5000 to 6000 tons of carbon being sequestered per hectare annually.

 Community Nature Reserves (CNR): Within the buffer zones located in PA immediate neighborhood, Project will continue to encourage and build PU the capacities needed to put in place CNRs controlled by the populations living around PAs of global significance and operating along the principles of eco-geographical management and biosphere zones.

Stakeholders have identified about twenty of these CNRs during the PDF B process.

However, the populations’ keenness and commitment to these innovations have resulted, so far at the end of Tranche 1, in the creation within an approved legal framework, of a total of

15 CNRs and 3 PUs already. At the end of Tranche 2, the legal establishment of a total of 25

CNRs/PUs involving at least 200 test-villages in which integrated conservation and development will be demonstrated is anticipated. Management and control of CNRs by the communities, appropriate paces of viable exploitation of some selected resources, antipoaching community structures, relations with PA authorities, co-management of bush fires, opportunities of gaining from eco-tourism, degraded area rehabilitation as well as access to local credit and savings are as many issues requiring the attention of CNRs. These CNRs/PUs serving as buffer zones will also be used to reinforce biodiversity protection within central

PAs. The creation of 25 CNRs/PUs in Tranche 2 and rehabilitation and reforestation of these entities will result, according to estimates, in 2000 to 3000 tons of carbon being sequestered per hectare annually in these buffer zones. Under current assistance, PAPEL (Livestock

Support Project) also contributes to the development of stockbreeder associations and to community-based natural resource management in addition to the Matam Agricultural

Development Project (PRODAM) financed with FIDA funds and with which Project has signed a synergy protocol agreement. The alternative income-generating activities consistent with biodiversity conservation (such as the opening of firewalls and bee-keeping in the form of program contract), started in Tranche 1, will be pursued in Tranche 2.

 Village Territories around CNRs and PAs: Project will continue to support baseline efforts towards decentralization, through building capacities in community-based natural resource management (NRM), conflict resolution, planning/application of land exploitation, bush fire supervision as well as transhumance regulation and grassland resources in village groupings.

After lifting the barrier to an equitable access of production systems to land in Tranche 1,

Project will proceed with demonstrations of alternative techniques for increasing agricultural production with little external input (crop cultivation and stock-breeding) and responding to demand for fuel wood. Baseline achievements have already been consolidated with over

1020 enhanced stoves being used in Tranche 1. The establishment of local credit and savings schemes using the most appropriate techniques and technologies known so far will support these activities. At the regional level, integrated eco-geographical planning will be promoted

22

with a view to streamlining land management and Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM).

Integrated Conservation and Development (ICD), and eco-regional planning will be used to maximize conservation efficiency within PAs and to reduce, through the generation of economic wealth, the need for the local populations to tap PA resources under survival strategies. Agriculture enhancement in the VTs of 200 villages in Tranche 2 is expected to reduce carbon emissions from cultivated lands by at least 30%.

43.

These field activities will be supplemented and supported by successive and progressive waves of

CNR and VT involvement (see Annex E8) and capitalization of lessons drawn from experiences by the national and regional activities aimed at capacity building, monitoring, inter-sectoral and IEM legal reform policies. Senegal already has one of the best frameworks for integrated ecosystem management; therefore, the policy changes already obtained in Tranche 1 and anticipated in Tranche

2 mostly consist in a finalization and implementation of these policies rather than fundamental changes. The belief is that the joint and coordinated actions of several bilateral donors who have accepted to participate in Project through notably synergy protocol agreements during the 3 tranches of Project and the commitment of the State of Senegal to Project, must contribute to facilitating changes in policy orientation and legislation in Tranche 1 and reinforced, if necessary, in the process of Project implementation. At the local level, the activities will be implemented through CADL staff, PA staff made available with the assistance of NGOs. At the national level, a Coordination

Unit placed under the authority of the Directorate of Environment will coordinate action.

2. Project tranches

44.

The GEF alternative represented by this Project requires a permanent presence over a period long enough to guarantee result sustainability. The activities linked to the reform of policy orientations, planning and participatory development, capacity building and ecological rehabilitation require rather long term investments to be effective. Thus, Project will be implemented over a 10-year period divided into three tranches (see Annex 6 for a detailed description with benchmarks in relation to the results targeted by each tranche). At the end of each Project tranche, achievements will be assessed and proposals made for the next tranche. In Tranche 1 (3 years), the goal pursued is to establish an environment favorable to Integrated Conservation and Development- (ICD) and ecogeographical planning at the national level (lifting policy and legal barriers in the environment sector). It will also gather all necessary information (scientific, participatory views, etc), reinforce policy consensus on each of the geographical areas and each of the sample sites around an ICD and an adapted eco-geographical planning concept, set PU institutions and build capacities at all levels and also initiate test-activities which do not require prior lifting of policy and legal barriers, such as micro-credit, modes of sustainable use of natural resources and full control over anti-bush fire struggle.

45.

At the end of Tranche 1, basic work at preliminary social and political levels has been done in order to allow an efficient implementation of the models on each of the sites selected in Tranche 2

(42 months). Implementation will not only allow testing of the management model, but it will also provide demonstration in other areas. Policy reorientation and capacity building, which started in

Tranche 1, will be pursued according to needs. During Tranche 2, the focus will also be on the formulation of economic incentives, implementation of credit schemes in order to ensure that the recurrent costs of activities are covered by funds other than Project funds.

46.

In Tranche 3 (3 years), Project will implement necessary corrective measures to refine the model in relation to selected sites and replicate the same model in other PAs and VTs. All actions aimed at disseminating Project achievements will be carried out with co-financing from the Government of

Senegal (GoS), grassroots community organizations, NGOs and other donors. Since Tranche 3 is a disengagement tranche, Project activities will be directed towards refining the mechanisms with a

23

view to economic sustainability and activity replicability. Part of GEF financing will also be assigned to participatory monitoring and evaluation and to working towards lifting the possibly remaining barriers.

24

Annex II-a: Tranche 2 Detailed Updated Logframe Analysis

Objectives/Results OVI planned for

Tranche 2

OVI planned for Year 4 OVI planned for Year 5 OVI planned for year 6 OVI planned for year 7

Global Objective

To conserve and use globally significant biodiversity in a sustainable manner and to strengthen carbon sequestration at all 4 sites such that it is effective and generates benefits at a national and global level based on sustainable use of resources and equitable sharing of benefits in Tranche 2.

Presence of globally significant animal and plant species increase by 50% at each site within 10 years and by 30% by the end of Tranche

2.

Volume of sequestered carbon increased by 30% at all sites within 10 years and by 25% by the end of Tranche 2.

Regeneration and dissemination of endemic and globally threatened animal and plant species by end of Y4.


Increase of vegetation cover at rate of 5% due to creation of CNRs, sustainable use of natural

Increase of vegetation cover at rate of 10% due to creation of CNRs, sustainable use of natural resources activities, and reduction of pressures from VT in the CNR/PU ensuring protection of PA resources activities, and reduction of pressures from

VT in the CNR/PU ensuring protection of PA ecosystems ecosystems by end of Y4. by end of Y5.


Increase of vegetation cover at rate of 15% due to creation of CNRs, sustainable use of natural resources activities, and reduction of pressures from

VT in the CNR/PU ensuring protection of PA ecosystems by end of Y6.

Regeneration and dissemination of endemic and globally threatened animal and plant species by end of

Y7.

Increase of vegetation cover at rate of 25% due to creation of CNRs, sustainable use of natural resources activities, and reduction of pressures from

VT in the

CNR/PU ensuring protection of PA ecosystems by end of Y7.

25

Objectives/Results OVI planned for

Tranche 2

OVI planned for Year 4 OVI planned for Year 5 OVI planned for year 6 OVI planned for year 7

At least 50% of local stakeholders reap significant benefits from sustainable use of resources by the end of 7 years.

15% reduction in burned forest areas in the VT,

CNR and PA project action sites by end of Y4.

30% reduction in burned forest areas in the VT, CNR and PA project action sites by end of Y5.

At least 10% more of local stakeholders as compared with the baseline situation of reference reap

At least 25% more of local stakeholders as compared with the baseline situation of reference reap significant significant benefits from sustainable use of benefits from sustainable use of resources at the end of resources at the end of Y4. Y5.

45% reduction in burned forest areas in the VT, CNR and PA project action sites by end of Y6.

At least 35% more of local stakeholders as compared with the baseline situation of reference reap significant benefits from sustainable use of resources at the end of

Y6.

60% reduction in burned forest areas in the VT,

CNR and PA project action sites by end of

Y7.

At least 50% more of local stakeholders as compared with the baseline situation of reference reap significant benefits from sustainable use of resources at the end of Y7.

Outcome 1: Policy and legal framework adapted to participatory IEM

1.1. Systemization of 1.1.1. EIE systematically EIE systematically

EIE permitting start

PU and coherence of incorporated in local development plans at the end incorporated in local development plans by end of Tranche 2. of Y4. development activities is effective in participatory conservation of

EIE systematically incorporated in local development plans by end of

Y5.


Y6.


Y7.

26

Objectives/Results biodiversity.

OVI planned for

Tranche 2

1.1.2. Environmental impact studies made obligatory in any future project before planning and implementation, effective at all project sites by the end of Tranche 2.

OVI planned for Year 4

Environmental impact studies made obligatory in any future project before planning and implementation, effective at all project sites by end of Y4

OVI planned for Year 5

Environmental impact studies made obligatory in any future project before planning and implementation, effective at all project sites by end of

Y5.

OVI planned for year 6

Environmental impact studies made obligatory in any future project before planning and implementation, effective at all project sites by end of

Y6.

OVI planned for year 7

Environmental impact studies made obligatory in any future project before planning and implementation, effective at all project sites by end of Y7.

27

Objectives/Results OVI planned for Tranche 2 OVI planned for Y4 OVI planned for Y5 OVI planned for Y6 OVI planned for Y7

Outcome 2: Sustainable development and community management of natural resources of Village Lands

2.1. Stakeholders are 2.1.1 Sensitization on An SFICE program is An SFICE program is more conscious, better trained, and informed on environmental questions, training and communication planned and being implemented in 16 planned and being implemented in 25 the techniques, tools and strategies for sustainable management of biological resources and information programs on the environment are planned and implemented in 175 villages in Tranche 2.

CNR/PU including at least

112 test villages in Y4.

CNR/PU including at least

200 test villages in Y5.

An SFICE program is planned and being implemented in 25 CNR/PU including at least 200 test villages in Y6.

2.1.2. A total of 75 village

Eco-guards designed for 25

CNR/PU are trained yearly in Tranche 2.

A training of trainers through the SFICE

Program on topics of sustainable use of natural resources is implemented to benefit a total of 48 eco-guards from 16

CNR/PU in Y4.

A training of trainers through the SFICE

Program on topics of sustainable use of natural resources is implemented to benefit a total of 75 eco-guards from 25

CNR/PU in Y5.

A training of trainers through the SFICE Program on topics of sustainable use of natural resources is implemented to benefit a total of 75 eco-guards from

25 CNR/PU in Y6.

An SFICE program is planned and being implemented in

25 CNR/PU including at least 200 test villages with disengagement effective in 28 villages.

A training of trainers through the

SFICE Program on topics of sustainable use of natural resources is implemented to benefit a total of 75 eco-guards from 25

CNR/PU in Y6 with disengagement effective for 28

Eco-guards in Y7.

28

Objectives/Results OVI planned for Tranche 2

Training and retraining of government technical service officers involved in the project at end of Tranche 2.

Reinforce means of transport of eco-guards adapted to site specifics at end of Tranche

2.

OVI planned for Y4

Equip eco-guards progressively according to rate of recruitment from

CNR/PU with means adapted to sustainable transport methods

(bicycles, small motorized boats, and horses specifically for the Niayes site.)


48 eco-guards trained on technical and strategic topics carry out training to benefit members of village committees at 16 CNR/PU in Y4.



To contribute to the improvement of infrastructure and equipment at the Dalaba

Training Center


To contribute to the proper functioning of the Dalaba

Center for Training and

Retraining


CNR/PU with means adapted to sustainable transport methods

(bicycles, small motorized boats, and horses specifically for the Niayes site.)


Center for Training and

Retraining enabling continuity


CNR/PU with means adapted to sustainable transport methods (bicycles, small motorized boats, and horses specifically for the

Niayes site.)


At least 24 ecoguards of 8

CNR/PU start their own project disengagement activities and practical lessons are capitalized upon in

Y7.


Center for Training and Retraining enabling continuity


CNR/PU with means adapted to sustainable transport methods (bicycles, small motorized boats, and horses specifically for the

Niayes site.)

29

Objectives/Results

2.2. A total of 123 VTs demarcated, and

Appropriate programs for local level land use planning and eco-regional planning developed for

Integrated Ecosystem

Management (GIE).

OVI planned for Tranche 2

Environmental education within schools of project sites at end of Tranche 2.


Promote environmental consciousness of students in at least 16 schools of the CNR/PU

2.2.1. A total of 175 VTs playing a role in 25 CNR/PU implementing their program of planning and sustainable use of natural resources at the end of Tranche 2.

112 VTs playing a role in

16 CNR/PU implementing their program for planning and sustainable use of natural resources in Y4.


Promote environmental consciousness of students in at least 25 schools of the CNR/PU


Promote environmental consciousness of students in at least 25 schools of the

CNR/PU

200 VTs playing a role in

25 CNR/PU implementing their program for planning and sustainable use of natural resources in Y5.

200 VTs playing a role in 25

CNR/PU implementing their program for planning and sustainable use of natural resources in Y6.


Promote environmental consciousness of students in at least

30 schools of the

CNR/PU of which 5 engage in replication.

56 VT involving a total of 8 CNR/PU begin their disengagement tranche and implement their program of sustainable use of natural resources without assistance in Y7.

2.3. Cooperation between various stakeholders is effective in applying regulations of good

Integrated Ecosystem

Management (GIE).

2.2.2. A total of 175 VT

Management Programs are planned and adopted by consensus in Tranche 2.

2.3.1. A total of 175 Local

Natural Resource (RN)

Management Committees of

25 CNR/PU are created, adopted and being led by local stakeholders in Tranche

2.

A total of 56 VT

Management Programs are planned, adopted and being implemented in 16

CNR/PU based on consensus in Y4.

A total of 200 VT

Management Programs are planned, adopted and being implemented in 25

CNR/PU based on consensus in Y5.

A total of 200 VT

Management Programs are planned, adopted and being implemented in 25 CNR/PU based on consensus in Y6.

112 local RN management committees of 16 CNR/PU created, adopted and being led by local stakeholders in Y4.

200 local RN management committees of 25 CNR/PU created, adopted and being led by local stakeholders in Y5.

200 local RN management committees of 25 CNR/PU created, adopted and being led by local stakeholders in

Y6.

56 VT Management

Programs begin their tranche of disengagement involving 4

CNR/PU covering a total of 28 VT.

Disengagement in at least 56 VT of 8

CNR/PU is carried out and monitoring is on course in order to capitalize on practical lessons.

30

Objectives/Results

2.4. Local management programs are handling appropriate pastoral issues and investment


2.3.2. A total of 4-5 functional inter-site planning committees and eco-regional management committees are operating in Tranche 2.

2.3.3. The development program of 16 CR is modified to reflect ecoregional concepts at the end of Tranche 2.

2.4.1. The 60 VT of the 5 PU of Ferlo and transhumant cattle destination points possess pastoral management programs adopted and respected by all at the end of Tranche 2.


4 inter-site committees grouping together 16

CNR/PU are organized and functional by end of

Y4.

56 VT of the 4 PU of

Ferlo and transhumant cattle destination points possess pastoral management programs adopted and respected by all in Y4.


4 RN local management committees of 25 CNR/PU created, adopted and being implemented by local stakeholders in Y5.

4 RN local management committees of 25 CNR/PU created, adopted and being implemented by local stakeholders in Y6.

The development program of 4 CR is modified to

The development program of 8 CR is modified to

The development program of 12 CR is modified to reflect eco-regional reflect eco-regional reflect eco-regional concepts concepts at the end of Y4. concepts at the end of Y5. at the end of Y6.

40 VT of the 4 PU of

Ferlo and transhumant cattle destination points possess pastoral management programs adopted and respected by all in Y5.


60 VT of the 6 PU of Ferlo and transhumant cattle destination points possess pastoral management programs adopted and respected by all in Y6.


4 RN local management committees of 25

CNR/PU created, adopted and being implemented by local stakeholders in

Y7.

The development program of 16 CR is modified to reflect eco-regional concepts at the end of Y7.

60 VT of the 6 PU of Ferlo and transhumant cattle destination points possess pastoral management programs adopted and respected by all in Y7 with replication effective in 14 VT of 2 PU.

31


2.4.2. Three transhumance corridors established between Ferlo and Niokolo-

Koba and adopted by residents and transhumants at the end of 5 years.

2.4.3. A total of 10 ponds developed for farming, and boreholes for human and cattle use are created and managed by 6 local committees for pastoral management at the end of 6 years.

2.4.4. A progressive tax for grazing reaching 50

FCFA/head/month and a charge for watering cattle at

100 FCFA/head/month instituted in all 6 improved pastoral units at end of 5 years.


3 ponds and boreholes created and managed by 2 local inter-village committees on pastoral management in Y4.

A minimum tax on grazing (estimated at 50

FCFA/head/month) and a charge for watering cattle

(estimated at 100

FCFA/head/month) instituted in all 4 improved PU in Y4.

OVI planned for Y5 OVI planned for Y6

Three transhumance corridors established between Ferlo and

Niokolo-Koba and

Three transhumance corridors established between Ferlo and

Niokolo-Koba and

Three transhumance corridors established between Ferlo and Niokolo-

Koba and adopted by adopted by residents and transhumants function adopted by residents and transhumants function residents and transhumants function along the biological along the biological along the biological corridor by the end of Y4. corridor by the end of Y5. corridor by the end of Y6.




(estimated at 100

FCFA/head/month) instituted in all 4 improved PU in Y5.


A minimum tax on grazing

(estimated at 50


(estimated at 100

FCFA/head/month) instituted in all 4 improved

PU in Y6.


Three transhumance corridors established between

Ferlo and Niokolo-

Koba and adopted by residents and transhumants function along the biological corridor by the end of Y7.

10 ponds and boreholes created and managed by 6 local inter-village committees on pastoral management in Y7 with disengagement effective in 4 VT covering PU.



(estimated at 100

FCFA/head/month) instituted in all 4 improved PU in Y7 with disengagement effective in 2 PU.

32

Objectives/Results

2.5. Supply and demand balance of domestic wood energy controlled in the

VT and CNR


2.4.5. A system of rotation and semi-intensive enrichment around ponds, basins and boreholes is demonstrated in the pasture zones of 6 PU of Ferlo at the end of 4 years and reproduced through co financing at the end of 7 years.

2.5.1. A total of 75 VT of 25

CNR/PU have at least a positive balance between supply and demand of wood energy at end of 10 years.

2.5.2. A total of 25 functional Inter-village

Community Nurseries created by each of 25 intervillage committees in 25

CNR/PU and are replicated in Tranches 2 and 3.


A system of rotation and semi-intensive enrichment around ponds, basins and boreholes is demonstrated in the pasture zones of 4

PU of Ferlo in Y4.

112 VT covering 16

CNR/PU have a program for manufacturing and use of improved stoves, and improved techniques of carbonization being implemented in Y4.



PU of Ferlo in Y5.

200 VT covering 25


16 functional Inter-village

Community Nurseries created by each of 25 inter-village committees in

Y4.


Community Nurseries created by each of 25 inter-village committees in

Y5.


A system of rotation and semi-intensive enrichment around ponds, basins and boreholes is demonstrated in the pasture zones of 6 PU of

Ferlo in Y6.

200 VT covering 25



Community Nurseries created by each of 25 intervillage committees in Y6.



PU of Ferlo in Y7 with replication effective in 2 PU.

200 VT covering 25

CNR/PU have a program for manufacturing and use of improves stoves, and techniques of carbonization being implemented in Y7, of which 28 VT of 4

NC are carrying out disengagement.

25 functional Intervillage Community

Nurseries created by each of 25 intervillage committees in Y5 with disengagement effective in Y7 for 8 community nurseries.

33


2.5.3. At least 100 individual and/or collective woodlots covering a total of 500 hectares are created in the

VT under the jurisdiction of village committees of 25

CNR/PU in Tranche 2.

At least 50 individual and/or collective woodlots covering a total of 250 hectares are created in the

VT under the jurisdiction of village committees of

25 CNR/PU in Y4.


VT under the jurisdiction of village committees of

25 CNR/PU in Y5.


VT under the jurisdiction of village committees of 25

CNR/PU in Y6.

2.5.4. 400 km of windbreaks and live hedges planted and maintained at a rate of 100 km/year in all project sites in

Tranche 2.


100 km of windbreaks and live hedges planted and maintained in the project action sites in Y4.






At least 100 individual and/or collective woodlots covering a total of

500 hectares are created in the VT under the jurisdiction of village committees of 25 CNR/PU in

Y7 with replication after disengagement is carried out in half of the above in A7.

400 km of windbreaks and live hedges planted and maintained in the project action sites in Y7 plus additional 100 km reproduced following disengagement effective in Y7.

34


2.5.5. A total of 10,000 improved stoves made and used by local communities are part of demonstration in

Tranche 2.


A CUMULATIVE TOTAL

OF 2,000 IMPROVED

STOVES MADE AND

USED BY LOCAL

COMMUNITIES IN Y4.

A cumulative total of

5,000 improved stoves made and used by local communities in Y5.

2.5.6. A total of 133 groups from village committees covering 19 CNR are trained and use improved techniques for woodcutting and carbonization in Tranche 2.

112 groups from village committees covering 19

CNR are trained and use improved techniques for woodcutting and carbonization in Y4.




A cumulative total of 10,000 improved stoves made and used by local communities in Y6.

A CUMULATIVE

TOTAL OF 10,000

IMPROVED

STOVES MADE

AND USED BY

LOCAL

COMMUNITIES IN

Y7 IN ADDITION

TO 2,000

REPLICATED,

WITH

REPLICATION

EFFECTIVE FOR

1,000 OF THESE

IN Y7.



200 groups from village committees covering 25 CNR are trained and use improved techniques for woodcutting and carbonization with disengagement effective for 28 committees in Y7.

35

Objectives/Results

2.6. Land and marine coastal ecosystems development and management plans are elaborated and implemented


2.6.1. A total of 55 VT local management plans for coastal ecosystems conservation are planned and implemented at the end of 5 years, specifically, 45 for

Niayes and 5 for the Saloum

Delta.

35 VT local management plans for coastal ecosystems conservation are planned and being implemented in Y4, specifically, 30 for Niayes and 5 for the Saloum

Delta.

2.6.2. A total of 400 hectares of saline soil is reclaimed and managed along the estuaries in the Deltas, with replication engaged in

Tranche 2.


200 hectares of saline soil is reclaimed and managed along the estuaries in the

Deltas in Y4.


55 VT local management plans for coastal ecosystems conservation are planned and being implemented in Y5, specifically, 45 for Niayes and 10 for the Saloum

Delta.

55 VT local management plans for coastal ecosystems conservation are planned and being implemented in

Y6, specifically, 45 for

Niayes and 10 for the

Saloum Delta.

400 hectares of saline soil is reclaimed and managed along the estuaries in the

Deltas in Y5.


800 cumulative hectares of saline soil is reclaimed and managed along the estuaries in the Deltas in Y6.


55 VT local management plans for coastal ecosystems conservation are planned and being implemented in Y7, specifically, 45 for

Niayes and 10 for the Saloum Delta with disengagement effective for 28 VT.

800 cumulative hectares of saline soil is reclaimed and managed along the estuaries in the

Deltas with an increase of 100 hectares under disengagement effective in Y7.

36

Objectives/Results OVI planned for Tranche 2 OVI planned for Y4

2.6.3. A total of 1,500 hectares of mangrove regenerated by direct seeding and put off limits by temporary restriction to access in the PNDS sites and the Niayes, are used for demonstration and subject to replication with regard to

500 hectares in Tranche 2.

500 hectares of mangrove regenerated by direct seeding with temporary access restriction in the

PNDS and Niayes sites, are used for demonstration in Y4.

2.6.4. Sustainable techniques for oyster harvesting, which does not damage mangroves being demonstrated in 45 villages with replication in

Tranche 2.

2.6.5. A total of 30 VT protect fresh water resurgence sites protect habitats of manatees in the

Saloum Delta in tranche 2.

Sustainable techniques for oyster harvesting, which does not damage mangroves being demonstrated in 25 villages with replication in

Y4.

15 VT protect fresh resurgence water sites to protect habitats of manatees in the Saloum

Delta in Y4.


1000 hectares of mangrove regenerated by direct seeding and put off limits by temporary restriction to access in the

PNDS sites and the

Niayes, are used for demonstration Y5.

Sustainable techniques for oyster harvesting, which does not damage mangroves being demonstrated in 35 villages in Y5.

30 VT protect fresh water resurgence sites to protect habitats of manatees in the

Saloum Delta in Y5.


1500 hectares of mangrove regenerated by direct seeding and put off limits by temporary restriction to access in the PNDS sites and the Niayes, are used for demonstration Y6.

Sustainable techniques for oyster harvesting, which does not damage mangroves being demonstrated in 45 villages in Y6.

30 VT protect fresh water resurgence sites to protect habitats of manatees in the

Saloum Delta in Y6.


1,500 hectares of mangrove regenerated by direct seeding and put off limits by temporary restriction to access in the PNDS sites and the Niayes, are used for demonstration and subject to replication in regard to 350 hectares in

Y7.

Sustainable techniques for oyster harvesting, which does not damage mangroves being demonstrated in 45 villages with replication in

Tranche 2 in 10 villages in A7.

30 VT protect fresh water resurgence sites to protect habitats of manatees in the Saloum Delta in Y7 with replication in 5 VT.

37

Objectives/Results

2.7. Human pressure on fishing resources is reduced in the coastal VT


2.6.6. Put in place eco-tourist camps in project intervention

2.7.1. A total of 4 management plans for the coastal VT involve good management regulations respected by all by end of

Tranche 2.

2.7.2. At least 50 fishermen are converted into ecoguards having alternative income and train in turn at least 20 others by the end of

Tranche 2.


Put in place 2 eco-tourist camps in project

2 management plans for the coastal 4 VT involve good management regulations of fishing resources; of these, 1 in the Saloum Delta and 1 in the Niayes are being implemented in Y4.

4 management plans for the coastal VT involve good management regulations of fishing resources; of these, 3 in the Saloum Delta and 1 in the Niayes are being implemented in Y5.

At least 25 fishermen are converted into eco-guards having alternative income in Y4.


Put in place 4 eco-tourist camps in project intervention sites.

At least 50 fishermen are converted into eco-guards having alternative income in Y5.

At least 50 fishermen are converted into eco-guards having alternative income in

Y6.


Put in place 4 eco-tourist camps in project intervention sites.

4 management plans for the coastal VT involve good management regulations of fishing resources; of these, 3 in the Saloum Delta and 1 in the Niayes are being implemented in Y6.


Put in place 6 ecotourist camps in project intervention sites, specifically 2 after disengagement.

4 management plans for the coastal VT involve good management regulations of fishing resources; of these, 3 in the

Saloum Delta and 1 in the Niayes are being implemented with disengagement effective in 2 VT in

Y7.

At least 50 fishermen are converted into ecoguards having alternative income and train in turn at least 20 others by the end of Y7.

4 Only one VT is located on the coastline in the Niayes as the Senegal Integrated Ecosystem Management Project (PGIES) intervenes above the band of beefwoods .

38

Objectives/Results

2.8. Bushfires managed in the VT and this integrated with PA and CNR fire management plans


2.7.3. At least 15 aquaculture sites, i.e. 3 in Ferlo, 4 in

Niokolo-Koba, 3 in Saloum

Delta and 5 in the Niayes are being implemented in

Tranche 2.

2.8.1. 50% reduction of uncontrolled fires in the VT at the end of 5 years; 80% at the end of 7 years and 95% at the end of 10 years.

At least 10 aquaculture sites, i.e. 3 in Ferlo, 3 in

Niokolo-Koba, 2 in

Saloum Delta and 2 in the

Niayes are being implemented in Y4.

2.7.4. A total of 30 VT use improved processing and marketing techniques for fish products (dried fish or smoked, shrimp, and dried oysters) through microcredits by the end of Tranche

2.

15 VT use improved processing and marketing techniques for fish products (dried fish or smoked, shrimp, and dried oysters) through microcredits by the end of Y4.

2.7.5. Update appropriate conservation techniques for horticultural, forest, dairy and fishing products and byproducts to be disseminated among stakeholders by the end of Tranche 2.


A PU-to-date study of research results relating to the best-adapted techniques and technologies is carried out on aspects of conservation in Y4.

40% reduction of uncontrolled fires in the

VT project activities sites in Y4.



Niokolo-Koba, 3 in

Saloum Delta and 5 in the

Niayes are being implemented in Y5.

30 VT use improved processing and marketing techniques for fish products (dried fish or smoked, shrimp, and dried oysters) through microcredits by the end of Y5.

Implementation of results of a study on the bestadapted techniques and technologies is carried out in relation to aspects of conservation in Y5.

50% reduction of uncontrolled fires in the

VT project activities sites in Y5.


At least 15 aquaculture sites, i.e. 3 in Ferlo, 4 in Niokolo-

Koba, 3 in Saloum Delta and

5 in the Niayes are being implemented in Y6.

30 VT use improved processing and marketing techniques for fish products

(dried fish or smoked, shrimp, and dried oysters) through micro-credits by the end of Y6.



Niokolo-Koba, 3 in

Saloum Delta and 5 in the Niayes are being implemented with replication in 4 sites in A7.

30 VT use improved processing and marketing techniques for fish products (dried fish or smoked, shrimp, and dried oysters) through microcredits with replication in 5 VT by the end of Y7.

Implementation of results of a study on the best-adapted techniques and technologies is carried out in relation to aspects of conservation in

Y6.

Implementation of results of a study on the best-adapted techniques and technologies is carried out in relation to aspects of conservation in

Y7.

65% reduction of uncontrolled fires in the VT

80% reduction of uncontrolled fires in project activities sites in Y6. the VT project activities sites in

Y7.

39


2.8.2. An Information and

Rapid Warning System involving solar panels to be utilized by eco-guards is established and functional in all 175 test villages in

Tranche 2.

2.8.3. All 175 test villages have an operational fire surveillance committee, i.e.

42 in Ferlo, 49 in PNNK, 35 in PNDS and 49 in the

Niayes at the end of Tranche

2.

2.8.4. Annual sustainable hay harvesting to maintain firebreaks carried out by local communities over a total of 150 km at the end of

Tranche 2.


All 175 tests villages have an operational fire surveillance committee, i.e., 28 in Ferlo, 28 in

PNNK, 28 in PNDS and

28 in the Niayes by the end of Y4.


112 eco-guards serving 16

CNR/PU are trained and equipped with means of detecting fires and with communication systems for alert and rapid intervention in Y4.



Annual sustainable hay harvesting to maintain firebreaks carried out by local communities over a total of 150 km at the end of Y4.

200 test villages have an operational fire surveillance committee, i.e., 42 in Ferlo, 49 in

PNNK, 35 in PNDS and






200 test villages have an operational fire surveillance committee, i.e., 42 in Ferlo,

49 in PNNK, 35 in PNDS and 49 in the Niayes by the end of Y6.

Annual sustainable hay harvesting to maintain firebreaks carried out by local communities over a total of 150 km at the end of

Y6.


200 eco-guards serving 16 CNR/PU are trained and equipped with means of detecting fires and with communication systems for alert and rapid intervention with replication of 4

CNR/PU benefiting

28 new eco-guards in Y7.

200 test villages have an operational fire surveillance committee, i.e., 42 in Ferlo, 49 in

PNNK, 35 in PNDS and 49 in the Niayes with replication in 4

CNR/PU or in 28 villages by the end of Y7.


40

Objectives/Results

2.9. Intensification and diversification of rural production systems

OVI planned for Tranche 2 OVI planned for Y4 OVI planned for Y5 OVI planned for Y6 OVI planned for Y7

2.8.5. Prescribed burning fire regime protocol is developed so as to serve both avoidance of hot wildland fire outbreaks and research on impacts on ecosystems including potential advantages of pyrolysis and incorporation of biochar into soils to increase carbon content and crop yields in 4 CNR and their adjacent VT.

2.9.1 Efficiency of production systems increased by 50% at the end of 10 years by use of sustainable intensive production techniques.

2.9.2. A total of 1,000 hectares of arable land fertilized with improved composting by end of

Tranche 2.

Efficiency of production systems increases by 10% by use of sustainable production techniques by the end of Y4.


250 hectares of arable land fertilized with improved composting, i.e. 100 hectares in Niayes, 100 in

Saloum Delta, and 50 in

Niokolo-Koba by the end of Y4.

650 hectares of arable land fertilized with improved composting, i.e. 250 hectares in Niayes, 250 in

Saloum Delta, 150 in

Niokolo-Koba by the end of Y5.


1,000 hectares of arable land fertilized with improved composting, i.e. 500 in

Niayes, 300 in Saloum

Delta, and 200 in Niokolo-

Koba by the end of Y6.


1,000 hectares of arable land fertilized with improved composting, i.e. 500 in Niayes, 300 in

Saloum Delta, and

200 in Niokolo-

Koba with replication over 200 hectares by the end of Y7.

41


2.9.3. A total of 4000 hectares of land are developed through integrated agro-sylvo-pastoral management by the end of

Tranche 2.

2000 hectares of land are developed through integrated agro-sylvopastoral management, i.e.,

1000 hectares in Ferlo,

500 in PNNK, 300 in

PNDS, 200 in the Niayes, by end of Y4.

2.9.4. A total of 1000 microprojects intended to diversify income (processing, intensification, marketing etc.) are implemented through a local credit system in Tranche 2.

2.9.5. A total of 1000 horticultural units of land in the Niayes are protected from active dunes by windbreaks, hedges and other techniques at the end of 10 years.

250 micro-projects intended to diversify income (processing, intensification, marketing etc.) are implemented through a local credit system by the end of Y4.

200 horticultural units of land in the Niayes are protected from active dunes by windbreaks, hedges and other techniques by the end of

Y4.



1500 hectares in Ferlo,

1500 in PNNK, 500 in

PNDS, 500 in the Niayes, by end of Y5.

500 micro-projects intended to diversify income (processing, intensification, marketing etc.) are implemented through a local credit system by the end of Y5.

500 horticultural units of land in the Niayes are protected from active dunes by windbreaks, hedges and other techniques by the end of

Y5.




4000 hectares of land are developed through integrated agro-sylvo-pastoral

1500 hectares in Ferlo, 1500 in PNNK, 500 in PNDS, 500 management, i.e.,

1500 hectares in in the Niayes, by end of Y6. Ferlo, 1500 in

PNNK, 500 in

PNDS, 500 in the

Niayes, with replication over

4000 hectares by the end of Y7.

750 micro-projects intended to diversify income

(processing, intensification, marketing etc.) are implemented through a local credit system by the end of

Y6.

1000 micro-projects intended to diversify income (processing, intensification, marketing etc.) are

750 horticultural units of land in the Niayes are protected from active dunes by windbreaks, hedges and other techniques by the end of Y6. implemented through a local credit system with replication involving 50 by the end of Y7.

750 horticultural units of land in the

Niayes are protected from active dunes by windbreaks, hedges and other techniques with replication of 100 units by the end of

Y7.

42

Objectives/Results

2.10. Appropriate credit and savings schemes developed and implemented in the VT.


2.9.6. A program to check and share information on market dynamics is established between the VT,

CR, and wholesalers at the end of year 5.

2.9.7. A total of 175 pilot villages are encouraged to promote cultural and artistic diversity (sculpture, basketry) to benefit tourist trade in Tranche 2 with a model reproduced in more than 200 villages in Tranche

3.

2.9.8. Women are responsible for at least 50% of micro-projects during all years of project activity implementation in Tranche

2.

2.10.1. A total of 1000 credit and savings programs are being implemented in

Tranche 2.


A process of consultation on market dynamics for agricultural, pastoral and halieutic products in functions and ongoing in

Y4.

At least 50% of microprojects belong to women in Y4.

250 credit and savings programs are being implemented, of which


A mechanism to check and share information on market dynamics established between the

VT, CR and wholesalers takes effect and is functional in Y5.

112 pilot villages are encouraged to promote cultural and artistic diversity (sculpture, basketry) to benefit from tourist and cultural activity by the end of Y4.

200 pilot villages are encouraged to promote cultural and artistic diversity (sculpture, basketry) to benefit from tourist and cultural activity by the end of Y5.

At least 50% of microprojects belong to women in Y5.

500 cumulative credit and savings programs are being implemented, of in Y5.


Inter-villages committees take responsibility for the control and information sharing mechanism


Inter-villages committees take responsibility for the control and concerning market dynamics information sharing in an ongoing manner in Y6. mechanism concerning market dynamics in an ongoing manner in

Y6.

200 pilot villages are encouraged to promote cultural and artistic diversity

(sculpture, basketry) to benefit from tourist and cultural activity by the end of Y6.

200 pilot villages are encouraged to promote cultural and artistic diversity

(sculpture, basketry) to benefit from tourist and cultural activity with replication in 28 villages in Y7.

At least 50% of microprojects belong to women in

Y6.

At least 50% of micro-projects belong to women in

Y7.

750 cumulative credit and savings programs are being implemented, of which 50% benefit women in Y6.

1000 cumulative credit and savings programs are being implemented, of which 50% benefit women in Y7.

43

Objectives/Results

2.11. Appropriate techniques of soil and water conservation are applied in the VT.


2.10.2. Each of 175 pilot villages covering 25

CNR/PU put in place a participatory M&E committee related to the credit program and contract plans involving an audit as well as a local communitybased evaluation of biodiversity impact and improving means of sustainable livelihoods by the end of Tranche 2.

2.11.1. Anti-erosion measures and regeneration carried out through revegetation of 400 km of windbreaks and hedges in

Tranche 2.


112 pilot villages covering

16 CNR/PU put in place a participatory M&E committee related to the credit program and contract plans involving an audit as well as a local community-based evaluation of biodiversity impact and improving means of sustainable livelihoods by the end of

Y4.



25 CNR/PU put in place a participatory M&E committee related to the credit program and contract plans involving an audit as well as a local community-based evaluation of biodiversity impact and improving means of sustainable livelihoods by the end of

Y5.



25 CNR/PU put in place a participatory M&E committee related to the credit program and contract plans involving an audit as well as a local communitybased evaluation of biodiversity impact and improving means of sustainable livelihoods by the end of Y5.

Anti-erosion measures and regeneration carried out through re-vegetation of

100 km of windbreaks and hedges by end of Y4.

Anti-erosion measures and regeneration carried out through re-vegetation of

200 km of windbreaks and hedges by end of Y5.

Anti-erosion measures and regeneration carried out through re-vegetation of 400 km of windbreaks and hedges by end of Y6.


200 pilot villages covering 25

CNR/PU put in place a participatory

M&E committee related to the credit program and contract plans involving an audit as well as a local community-based evaluation of biodiversity impact and improving means of sustainable livelihoods with replication involving 4

CNR/PU or 28 villages by the end of Y7.

Anti-erosion measures and regeneration carried out through revegetation of 400 km of windbreaks and hedges with replication over 100 km by end of Y7.

44

Objectives/Results

2.12. Conflicts between farms and breeders are settled.


2.11.2. In total of 800 hectares of wetlands protected and restored by the end of Tranche 2.

2.12.2. 25 personnel of

CNR/PU covering 175

VT/TP are trained in conflict management by the end of

Tranche 2.


200 hectares of degraded wetlands are restored, i.e.,

80 hectares in Niokolo-

Koba, 70 in Saloum Delta,


2.12.1. Conflicts (farmers vs. breeders) are reduced by

40% by the end of 6 years and by 70% by the end of 10 years.

Areas and sources of potential conflict at sites and between sites are identified and inter-village consultation committees on conflict management are operational in Y4.

16 personnel of CNR/PU covering 112 VT/TP are trained in conflict management by the end of

Y4.




Koba, 140 in Saloum

Delta, 100 in the Niayes by the end of Y5.




Y5.




Koba, 280 in Saloum Delta,



Y6.



320 hectares in

Niokolo-Koba, 280 in Saloum Delta,

200 in the Niayes with replication over 100 hectares by the end of Y7.

Areas and sources of potential conflict at sites and between sites are identified and inter-village consultation committees on conflict management are operational with disengagement for 4

CNR/PU covering

28 VT in Y7.

25 personnel of

CNR/PU covering

175 VT/TP are trained in conflict management with disengagement taking effect in 4

CNR/PU covering

28 VT by the end of

Y7.

45


2.12.3. At least one case of arbitration by the end of 5 years occurs in each VT to sustainably resolve conflicts.


One example of functional local arbitration occurs in each of 112 village committees and each of 16 inter-village committees to contribute to resolution conflict in Y4.






One example of functional local arbitration occurs in each of 175 village committees and each of 25 intervillage committees to contribute to resolution conflict with disengagement in 4 CNR/PU covering 25 VT in

Y7.

Outcome 3 : Conservation and sustainable management of Community Nature Reserves (CNR)

3.1. CNR established around the PA to serve as

3.1.1. A total of 25 CNR/PU are established around the

A total of 16 CNR/PU are established around the PA

A total of 25 CNR/PU are established around the PA buffer zones to reduce pressures pertaining to the

PA and along the wildlife migration corridor between and along the wildlife migration corridor and along the wildlife migration corridor

PA and interconnection of ecosystems.

Ferlo and PNNK by the end of Tranche 2. between Ferlo and PNNK by the end of Y4. between Ferlo and PNNK by the end of Y5.

A total of 25 CNR/PU are established around the PA and along the wildlife migration corridor between

Ferlo and PNNK by the end of Y6.

A total of 25

CNR/PU are established around the PA and along the wildlife migration corridor between Ferlo and

PNNK with a replication involving 4

CNR/PU in Y7.

46


3.2.2. Each of the 25

CNR/PU regularly organize annual community-based participatory M&E debates by the end of Tranche 2.


16 CNR/PU regularly organize annual community-based participatory M&E


3.2. The 25 CNR/PU have community-based

RN development and management plans being implemented by contract plans involving concerned parties.

3.2.1. A total of 25 CNR/PU have community-based RN development and management plans being implemented through contract plans involving concerned parties by the end of Tranche 2.

16 CNR/PU have community-based RN development and management plans being implemented through contract plans involving concerned parties by the end of Y4.


25 CNR/PU regularly organize annual community-based participatory M&E




25 CNR/PU have community-based

RN development and management plans being implemented through contract plans involving concerned parties with replication involving 4

CNR/PU by the end of Y7.

25 CNR/PU regularly organize annual communitybased participatory M&E debates enabling

Y6.

25 CNR/PU regularly organize annual communitybased participatory

M&E debates enabling consolidation with replication involving 4


47


3.2.3. Éco-guards partially funded by exploitation rights fees and fine collection by the end of 7 years.


Mechanisms of collecting community exploitation rights fees and community fines are identified and being applied as a contribution to sustainably cover costs of eco-guards in 6 CNR/PU by the end of Y4.


Collection of exploitation rights fees and community fines is operational in 25

CNR/PU by the end of

Y5.

Collection of exploitation rights fees and community fines is operational in 25

CNR/PU enabling consolidation by the end of

Y6.


3.3. Improved systems for use of Natural Resources are identified and implemented by contract plans in 25 CNR/PU.

3.3.1. Improved systems of sustainable use of RN are demonstrated and implemented by contract plans in 25 CNR/PU by the end of Tranche 2.

Improved systems of sustainable use of RN are demonstrated and implemented by contract plans in 16 CNR/PU by the end of Y4.




Collection of exploitation rights fees and community fines is operational in 25 CNR/PU enabling consolidation with replication involving 4


Improved systems of sustainable use of

RN are demonstrated and implemented by contract plans in 25

CNR/PU enabling consolidation and replication involving 4


48


3.3.2. Sustainable alternative techniques of exploitation and processing of RN are applied and disseminated in

25 CNR/PU by the end of

Tranche 2.

Sustainable alternative techniques of exploitation and processing of RN are applied in 25 CNR/PU by the end of Y4.

3.3.3. Fuelwood harvesting is done in a sustainable manner through the 25

CNR/PU by the end of 6 years.

3.3.4. Vegetation regeneration involving local species (including medicinal plants) in 25 CNR/PU cover a total surface of 1600 hectares in Tranche 2.

Processes and techniques of sustainable fuelwood harvesting are applied in


Y4.

Vegetation regeneration involving local species

(including medicinal plants) in 25 CNR/PU cover a total surface of

400 hectares in Y4.



Processes and techniques of sustainable fuelwood harvesting are applied in


Y5.


(including medicinal plants) in 25 CNR/PU cover a total surface of

800 hectares in Y5.



Processes and techniques of sustainable fuelwood harvesting are applied in 25



(including medicinal plants) in 25 CNR/PU cover a total surface of 800 hectares in

Y6.


Sustainable alternative techniques of exploitation and processing of RN are applied and disseminated in 25

CNR/PU with replication involving 4


Processes and techniques of sustainable fuelwood harvesting are applied in 25

CNR/PU with replication involving 4

CNR/PU in Y7.

Vegetation regeneration involving local species (including medicinal plants) in

25 CNR/PU cover a total surface of 800 hectares with replication with respect to 100 hectares in Y7.

49


3.3.5. A total of 400 hectares of dense and sustainable dune fixation surrounding market garden basins is carried out in Tranche 2.


25 km of dense dune fixation around market garden basins is in place by end of Y4.


50 cumulative km of dense dune fixation market garden basins is in place by end of Y5.


75 cumulative km of dense dune fixation around market garden basins is in place by end of Y6.


100 cumulative km of dense dune fixation around market garden basins is in place with replication involving 10 km in

2 CNR/PU by the end of Y7.

3.4. Anti-bushfire management plans are developed and integrated into fire control plans in

3.4.1. A total of 1000 km of firebreaks are installed, maintained and bordered by plantations of fruit trees with the VT and PA and are slow-burning leaves in the implemented in Tranche 2. CNR in Ttranche 2.

500 km of firebreaks are installed, maintained and bordered by plantations of fruit trees with slowburning leaves in the CNR in Y4.

700 km of firebreaks are installed, maintained and bordered by plantations of fruit trees with slowburning leaves in the CNR in Y5.

800 km of firebreaks are installed, maintained and bordered by plantations of fruit trees with slow-burning leaves in the CNR in Y6.

3.4.2. Sustainable annual hay harvesting for maintenance of firebreaks carried out by local communities in all the 25

CNR/PU.

Sustainable annual hay harvesting for maintenance of firebreaks carried out by local communities in all the 16 CNR/PU in Y4.

Sustainable annual hay harvesting for maintenance of firebreaks carried out by local communities in all the 25

CNR/PU in Y5.

Sustainable annual hay harvesting for maintenance of firebreaks carried out by local communities in all the

25 CNR/PU in Y6.

800 km of firebreaks are installed, maintained and bordered by plantations of fruit trees with slowburning leaves in the CNR with replication of 100 km in Y7.

Sustainable annual hay harvesting for maintenance of firebreaks carried out by local communities in all the 25 CNR/PU with replication in 4


50

Objectives/Results

3.5. Credit and savings programs (of Outcome 2) are adapted to sustainable use actions.


3.4.3. A total of 200 sustainable fireless beekeeping micro-projects are being implemented through contract plans by eco-guards by the end of

Tranche 2.

3.5.1. At least 1000 financed micro-projects associated with sustainable use of RN are in process of implementation at the end of

10 years.

3.5.2. A total of 175 village committees and 25 intervillage committees in 25

CNR/PU inter-village committees institute a system of rewards and penalties concerning sustainable use of RN by relevant stakeholders by the end of Tranche 2.


125 sustainable fireless beekeeping micro-projects are being implemented through contract plans by eco-guards by the end of

Y4.

112 village committees and 16 inter-village committees in 16 CNR/PU inter-village committees institute a system of rewards and penalties concerning sustainable use of RN by relevant stakeholders by the end of

Y4.


150 sustainable fireless beekeeping micro-projects are being implemented through contract plans by eco-guards by the end of

Y5.

200 village committees and 25 inter-village committees in 25 CNR/PU inter-village committees institute a system of rewards and penalties concerning sustainable use of RN by relevant stakeholders by the end of

Y5.


200 sustainable fireless beekeeping micro-projects are being implemented through contract plans by

At least 400 financed micro-projects associated with sustainable use of RN are in process of implementation at the end of Y4.

At least 600 financed micro-projects associated with sustainable use of RN are in process of implementation at the end of Y5.

At least 800 financed microprojects associated with sustainable use of RN are in process of implementation at the end of Y6.

200 village committees and

25 inter-village committees in 25 CNR/PU inter-village committees institute a system of rewards and penalties concerning sustainable use of RN by relevant stakeholders by the end of Y6.


150 sustainable fireless beekeeping micro-projects are being implemented plans by eco-guards with a replication in

4 CNR/PU by the end of Y7.

At least 1000 financed microprojects associated with sustainable use of RN are in process of implementation with reduction of 50 at 4 CNR/PU by the end of Y7.

200 village committees and 25 inter-village committees in 25

CNR/PU intervillage committees institute a system of rewards and penalties concerning sustainable use of

RN by relevant stakeholders in consolidation with reduction in 28 VT of 4 CNR/PU by the end of Y7.

51

Objectives/Results OVI planned for Tranche 2 OVI planned for Y4 OVI planned for Y5 OVI planned for Y6 OVI planned for Y7

Outcome 4 : Sustainable co-management for conservation of biodiversity in the PA

4.1. Infrastructure and sustainably improved equipment present in the

PA.

4.1.1. Infrastructure and equipment called for in the

PA development and management plans at all 4 sites are in place by the midpoint of Tranche 2.

Infrastructure and equipment called for in the

PA development and management plans at all 4 sites are in place at the end of Y4.

Infrastructure and equipment called for in the

PA development and management plans at all 4 sites are in place at the end of Y5.

4.1.2. Installation of all PA operations and management infrastructure (guard camps, landing stages, vehicles, observation towers) in place in Y4 with coverage of recurrent expenses ongoing in Tranche 2.

Infrastructure requirements for operation and management of PA

(guard camps, landing stages, vehicles, observation towers) are in place in Y4.


(guard camps, landing stages, vehicles, observation towers) are in place with 20% coverage of recurrent expenses by the PA in Y5.

Infrastructure and equipment called for in the PA development and management plans at all 4 sites are in place at the end of Y6.

Infrastructure requirements for operation and management of PA (guard camps, landing stages, vehicles, observation towers) are in place with

30% coverage of recurrent expenses by the PA in Y6.

Infrastructure and equipment called for in the PA development and management plans at all 4 sites are in place with coverage of recurring expenses at 20% by the end of Y7.


(guard camps, landing stages, vehicles, observation towers) are in place with

40% coverage of recurring expenses by the PA in Y7.

52

Objectives/Results

4.2. Village eco-guards serving as intermediaries


4.1.3. All infrastructures aimed at increasing worth of biodiversity (basins, ponds, firebreaks, salt stations) put in place in the 4 principal

Protected Areas generating proceeds at 40% increase over baseline situation in

Tranche 2.

4.1.4. Eco-tourism infrastructure around the PA is strengthened in the 12


Tranche 2.

4.1.5. The 2 renovated and equipped community training centers at Dalaba and Thies are functional in

Tranche 2.

4.2.1. A total of 175 village eco-guards of 25 CNR/PU


All infrastructures aimed at increasing worth of biodiversity (basins, ponds, firebreaks, and salt stations) put in place in the

4 principal Protected

Areas generating proceeds at 15% increase over baseline situation in Y4.

All infrastructures aimed at increasing worth of biodiversity (basins, ponds, firebreaks, and salt stations) put in place in the

4 principal Protected

Areas generating proceeds at 20% increase over baseline situation in Y5.

Eco-tourism infrastructure around the PA is strengthened in the 4


Y4.

The 2 renovated and equipped community training centers

(Diénoudiala) and/or at

Dalaba and Thiès are functional and ongoing in

Y4.

112 village eco-guards of

16 CNR/PU receive




Y5.



Dalaba and Thiès are functional and ongoing in

Y5.

200 village eco-guards of

25 CNR/PU receive

All infrastructures aimed at increasing worth of biodiversity (basins, ponds, firebreaks, salt stations) put in place in the 4 principal

Protected Areas generating proceeds at 30% increase over baseline situation in

Y6.



CNR/PU in consolidation by the end of Y6.



Dalaba and at Thiès are functional and ongoing with

15% autonomy in Y6.

200 village eco-guards of 25

CNR/PU receive annual


All infrastructures aimed at increasing worth of biodiversity (basins, ponds, firebreaks, and salt stations) put in place in the 4 principal Protected

Areas generating proceeds at 40% increase over baseline situation in

Y7.

Eco-tourism infrastructure around the PA is strengthened in the

12 CNR/PU with consolidation and replication in 4



(Diénoudiala) and/or at Dalaba and at Thiès are functional and ongoing with 30% autonomy in Y7.

200 village ecoguards of 25

53

Objectives/Results in integrated management of VT, CNR and PA are trained and operational.

4.3. Natural resources of

PA are jointly managed with riverside populations.

OVI planned for Tranche 2 receive annual appropriate training on communitybased biodiversity conservation techniques and approaches to in Tranche 2.

4.2.2. Four tourist camps aimed at contributing to ecotourism development are progressively put in place at the four relevant sites in

Tranche 2.

4.3.1. The 25 inter-village management committees of the CNR/PU are involved in adopting and implementing management plans of

Protected Areas in Tranche

2.

OVI planned for Y4 annual appropriate training on communitybased biodiversity conservation techniques and approaches by the end of Y4.

4.2.2. Four tourist camps aimed at contributing to eco-tourism development are progressively put in place at the four relevant sites in Y4.

16 inter-village management committees of the CNR/PU are involved in adopting and implementing comanagement plans of project test PA by the end of Y4.

OVI planned for Y5 annual appropriate training on communitybased biodiversity conservation techniques and approached by the end of Y5.

4.2.2. Four tourist camps aimed at contributing to eco-tourism development are progressively put in place at the four relevant sites in Y5.

25 inter-village management committees of the CNR/PU are involved in adopting and implementing comanagement plans of project test PA by the end of Y5.

OVI planned for Y6 appropriate training on community-based biodiversity conservation techniques and approaches by the end of Y6.

4.2.2. Four tourist camps aimed at contributing to ecotourism development are progressively put in place at


CNR/PU receive annual appropriate training on community-based biodiversity conservation techniques and approaches and replicate the training to benefit 28

CNR/PU of 4 new

CNR/PU.

4.2.2. Four tourist camps aimed at contributing to ecotourism

25 inter-village management committees of the CNR/PU are involved in adopting and implementing comanagement plans of project test PA in consolidation by the end of Y6. progressively put in place at the four relevant sites in Y7.

25 inter-village management committees of the

CNR/PU are involved in adopting and implementing co-management plans of project test

PA in consolidation with replication in 2

PA by the end of

Y7.

54


4.3.2. A total of 19 Protected

Areas (PA) possessing functional management plans (elaboration, updating, revitalization) with the involvement of 4 inter-site management committees established and function at the midpoint of Tranche 2.

The 4 principal PA of the project action sites possess new or improved management plans with the involvement of 4 intersite management committees established and functional by the end of Y4.

7 PA of the project action sites possess new or improved management plans with the involvement of 4 inter-site management committees established and functional by the end of Y5.

4.3.3. A total of 175 antipoaching village committees around the PA and in the

CNR are created, supported and monitored by the ecoguards in Tranche 2.


112 anti-poaching village committees around the PA and in the CNR are created, supported and monitored by the ecoguards by the end of Y4.


200 anti-poaching village committees around the PA and in the CNR are created, supported and monitored by the ecoguards by the end of Y5.

200 anti-poaching village committees around the PA and in the CNR are created, supported and monitored by the eco-guards by the end of

Y6.





200 anti-poaching village committees around the PA and in the CNR are created, supported and monitored by the eco-guards with reduction in 28 village committees of 4 CNR/PU by the end of Y7.

55


4.3.4. Former poachers around the PA are encouraged to engage in formal activities (eco-

Former poachers around the PA are encouraged to engage in formal activities

(eco-guards, tourist guards, tourist guides, micro-projects, etc) which guides, micro-projects, etc) which promote promote sustainable use of sustainable use of resources during Tranche 2. resources in Y4.

4.3.5.

Controlled grazing operations are regularly organized in selected land units during appropriate periods to reduce the biomass in the firebreaks around certain PA in

Tranche 2.

4.3.6. Operational frameworks for consultation continue to function at the local, regional and intra-site levels in each of the four project sites in Tranche 2.


Controlled grazing permitted to reduce biomass in the firebreaks and assist germination of certain forest species in 4 principal pilot PA by the end of Y4.

Operational frameworks for consultation continue to function at the local, regional and intra-site levels in each of the four project sites in Y4.


Former poachers around the PA are encouraged to engage in formal activities

(eco-guards, tourist guides, micro-projects, etc) which promote ongoing sustainable use of resources by the end of

Y5.


Former poachers around the

PA are encouraged to engage in formal activities

(eco-guards, tourist guides, micro-projects, etc) which promote ongoing sustainable use of resources by the end of Y6.

Controlled grazing permitted to reduce biomass in the firebreaks and assist germination of

Controlled grazing permitted to reduce biomass in the firebreaks and assist germination of certain forest certain forest species in 8 species in 12 pilot PA by the pilot PA by the end of Y5. end of Y6.


Former poachers around the PA are encouraged to engage in formal activities (ecoguards, tourist guides, microprojects, etc) which promote ongoing sustainable use of resources by the end of Y7.

Controlled grazing permitted to reduce biomass in the firebreaks and assist germination of certain forest species in 19 pilot

PA by the end of

Y6.



Operational frameworks for consultation continue to function at the local, regional and intra-site levels in each of the four project sites in Y7 and are ongoing.

56

Objectives/Results

4.4. Biodiversity knowledge is strengthened in the PA; co-management and Integrated Ecosystem

Management are utilized in management planning of the RN and the PA and their peripheries.


4.4.1. A program of participatory M&E of biodiversity conservation involving local knowledge as well as co-management being implemented with community debates in all 25 inter-village committees of the CNR/PU and collected data taken into consideration in adaptive management of the PA and their peripheries in Tranche 2.

A program of participatory

M&E of biodiversity conservation involving local knowledge as well as co-management being implemented with community debates in all

25 inter-village committees of the

CNR/PU and collected data taken into consideration in adaptive management of the PA and their peripheries in

Y4.


M&E of biodiversity conservation involving local knowledge as well as co-management being implemented with community debates in all

25 inter-village committees of the

CNR/PU and collected data taken into consideration in adaptive management of the PA and their peripheries in

Y5.


M&E of biodiversity conservation involving local knowledge as well as comanagement being implemented with community debates in all 25 inter-village committees of the CNR/PU and collected data taken into consideration in adaptive management of the PA and their peripheries in Y6.

4.4.2. Capacity building for eco-regional planning and

Integrated Ecosystem

Management (GIE) of all personnel of the 19 PA in

Tranche 2.


Capacity building for ecoregional planning and


Management (GIE) of all personnel of 4 PA by the end of Y4.










A program of participatory M&E of biodiversity conservation involving local knowledge as well as co-management being implemented with community debates in all 25 inter-village committees of the

CNR/PU and collected data taken into consideration in adaptive management of the

PA and their peripheries with replication involving 4 intervillage committees by the end of Y7.

Capacity building of all personnel in 19

PA for eco-regional planning and GIE is on course by the end of Y7.

57


4.5. Bushfires controlled in the PA and said control integrated into the VT and

CNR plans.

4.5.1. A total of 1500 km of central and peripheral firebreaks installed and maintained in the PA and their peripheries by the end of Tranche 2.

4.5.2. Eco-guards of 175 village committees and PA personnel are trained to apply appropriate techniques for use of fire as a management tool in Tranche

2.

4.5.3. A functional fire early warning and prevention system involving solar panels (involving local communities) is put in place in all PA and their peripheries in Tranche 2.

400 km of firebreaks opened/maintained in the

PA and their peripheries by the end of Y4.

Eco-guards of 112 village committees and PA personnel are trained to apply appropriate techniques for use of fire as a management tool in

Y4.

A functional fire early warning and prevention system involving solar panels (involving local communities) is put in place in all 4 PA and 16


Y4.


800 cumulative km of firebreaks opened/maintained in the

PA and their peripheries by the end of Y5.

Eco-guards of 200 village committees and PA personnel are trained to apply appropriate techniques for use of fire as a management tool in

Y5.

A functional fire early warning and prevention system involving solar panels (involving local communities) is put in place in all 8 PA and 25


Y5.


1200 cumulative km of firebreaks opened/maintained in the PA and their peripheries by the end of Y6.

Eco-guards of 200 village committees and PA personnel are trained to apply appropriate techniques for use of fire as a management tool in Y6.


1500 cumulative km of firebreaks opened/maintained in the PA and their peripheries by the end of Y7.

Eco-guards replicate their training for the benefit of 28 village committees of 4


A functional fire early warning and prevention system involving solar panels (involving local communities) is put in place in all 12 PA and 25 CNR/PU by the end of Y6.

A functional fire early warning and prevention system involving solar panels (involving local communities) is put in place in all

19 PA and 25

CNR/PU by the end of Y7 and is ongoing.

58

Objectives/Results

4.6. The PA have the required resources to take on operational costs and be financially independent.


4.6.1 Each Protected Area of relevant sites effectively achieves self-reliance at the end of Tranche 3.

A self-reliant management structure in 4 PA and their peripheries including 16

CNR/PU is implemented and functioning with increased responsibility going to the CR and private bodies by the end of Y4.

4.6.2. Entrance fees are progressively increased PU to the end of Tranche 2.


Improvement of infrastructure and equipment for national parks is carried out with promotion of eco-tourism by the end of Y4.







Entrance fees in national parks are progressively increased to reflect market prices by the end of Y5.

Entrance fees in national parks are progressively increased to reflect market prices in an ongoing manner by the end of Y6.



CNR/PU is implemented and functioning with increased responsibility going to the CR and private bodies with replication in 2 PA by the end of Y7.

Entrance fees in national parks are progressively increased to reflect market prices in an ongoing manner and effect coverage of recurrent expenses by the end of Y7.

4.6.3. Government’s contribution to 19 PA budgets reaches 100% at the end of 10 years.

A 10% increase in GDS budget contribution to the

PA (as compared to baseline situation) is mobilized by the end of

Y4.


PA (as compared to baseline situation of reference) is mobilized by the end of Y5.


PA (as compared to baseline situation) is mobilized by the end of Y6.

A 50% increase in

GDS budget contribution to the

PA (as compared to baseline situation) is mobilized by the end of Y7.

Outcome 5: Participatory Ecosystem Supervision and evaluation

59

Objectives/Results

5.1. M&E of biodiversity and natural resources in the PA and in the CNR peripheries

5.2. M&E of carbon sequestration in all project


5.1.1. Inventories and identification of monitoring indicators of vegetation and wildlife, animal migration and biodiversity status, as well as land use carried out every other year PU to the

10th year.

5.1.2. An operational data bank at the Project

Coordination Unit (UCP) level functioning regularly in Tranche 2.

5.1.3. A decentralized data bank at the Department level in assistance of CERP and the Eco-guards is operational, with capacity building included, in

Tranche 2.

5.2.1. Regular inventories

(estimation by rate of


An inventory of plant and animal species with evaluation of wildlife migration is carried out in each of 4 PA and in 16


Y4.

An operational data bank at the UCP level is regularly updated and results widely disseminated to the benefit of relevant stakeholders in

16 intra-site committees by the end of Y4.

A decentralized data bank at the Department level in assistance of CERP and the Eco-guards regularly updated by the eco-guards and CERP staff is operational in 16 intervillage committees by the end of Y4.

The level of carbon sequestration is monitored




Y5.



A decentralized data bank at the Department level in assistance of CERP and the Eco-guards regularly updated by the eco-guards and CERP staff is operational in 25 intervillage committees by the end of Y5.







A decentralized data bank at the Department level in assistance of CERP and the

Eco-guards regularly updated by the eco-guards and CERP staff is operational in 25 intervillage committees by the end of Y6.





An operational data bank at the UCP level is regularly updated and results widely disseminated to the benefit of relevant stakeholders in 25 intra-site and intersite committees with disengagement in 8 intra-site committees by the end of Y7.

Management of 8 local databanks is transferred to ecoguards and functioning correctly with disengagement by the end of Y7.

The level of carbon sequestration is

60

Objectives/Results sites.

5.3. Local knowledge taken into consideration in relation to monitoring and evaluation of biodiversity, and adaptive management of natural resources.

5.4. Participatory mechanisms for project activity M&E planned and implemented.

OVI planned for Tranche 2 coverage) of sequestration of carbon and all project sites, on an annual basis through to 10th year.

5.3.1. Local knowledge integrated into supervision,

M&E, and participatory and adaptive management of natural resources is carried out in Tranche 2.

5.4.1. Participatory M&E of the changes in living condition of the population, and in biodiversity take place with the participation of relevant stakeholders during Tranche 2.

OVI planned for Y4 and evaluated in relation to the baseline situation in

4 PA and 16 CNRs/PUs by the end of Y4.

Community-based participatory M&E debates with corrective measures adopted are ongoing in 16 inter-village committees in Y4.

OVI planned for Y5 and evaluated in relation to the baseline situation in

4 PA and 25 CNRs/PUs by the end of Y5.

Community-based participatory M&E debates with corrective measures adopted are ongoing in 25 inter-village committees in Y5.

Participatory evaluation of changes in the populations’ living conditions and in biodiversity is carried out with the participation of relevant stakeholders in 16 inter-village committees in the form of community debates in Y4.

Participatory evaluation of changes in the populations’ living conditions and in biodiversity is carried out with the participation of relevant stakeholders in 25 inter-village committees in the form of community debates considering corrective measures for improvement of sustainability in Y5.

OVI planned for Y6 and evaluated in relation to the baseline situation in 4

PA and 25 CNRs/PUs by the end of Y6.

Community-based participatory M&E debates with corrective measures adopted are ongoing in 25 inter-village committees in

Y6.


OVI planned for Y7 monitored and evaluated in relation to the baseline situation in 4 PA and 25 CNRs/PUs by the end of Y7.

Community-based participatory M&E debates with corrective measures adopted are ongoing in 25 inter-village committees and replicated in 4 intervillage committees in A7.


61

Objectives/Results

5.5. Popularization and dissemination of lessons learned


5.5.1. Network creation and exchange visits regularly maintained between the 4 project sites through the

10th year.

5.5.2. Dissemination seminars organized including other Associated

Projects once every two years.

5.5.3. Information regularly transmitted to media at national and local level through rural radio, schools, local drama groups and other cultural events in

Tranche 2.


Exchange visits are regularly organized between the various VT village committees in Y4.

The benefits of project demonstration activities are capitalized on through strategies of participation and diffusion in 16 intervillage committees by the end of Y4.


Exchange visits are regularly organized between the various VT village committees, intrasite committees and intersite committees by the end of Y5.

The benefits of activities of project demonstration are capitalized on through strategies of participation and diffusion in 25 intervillage committees by the end of Y5.

Project demonstration activities are input into an operational data bank and are disseminated each year by the most appropriate multi-media communication strategies by the end of Y4.



Exchange visits regularly organized allow dissemination of successful results and best practices by the local stakeholders by the end of Y6.

The benefits of activities of project demonstration are capitalized on through strategies of participation and diffusion in 25 intervillage committees by the end of Y6.


Exchange visits regularly organized allow dissemination of successful results and best practices by the local stakeholders by the end of Y7.

The benefits of activities of project demonstration are capitalized on through strategies of participation and are disseminated by local stakeholders in

8 inter-village committees in disengagement by the end of Y7.


Project demonstration activities are input into an operational data bank and are disseminated each year by the most appropriate multimedia communication strategies by the end of Y7.

62

Annex II-b: Tranche 1 Results Achieved for Each of the Five Project Outcomes

Outcome 1: Political and legal framework adapted to integrated participatory management of ecosystems (GEF: US$3,000; co-financing: US$20,000).

47.

Warmly welcomed by the breeders, this Pastoral Unit (PU) would be rapidly followed on 29

November, 2003 by the legal creation of the Malandou PU covering a total of 72,820 hectares at the written request of 15 villages with 2,938 inhabitants. This second PU was followed on the same date by a decree creating the Wendou Diohi PU covering an even greater area of 88,059 hectares following the written request of 19 pastoral villages containing 1,725 inhabitants.

48.

Thus, at Ferlo, the raising of the institutional and legal barrier to equitable access to production systems led to the putting in place of three PU covering a total area of 197,049 hectares at the request of 42 pastoral villages with a population of 6,866 inhabitants.

49.

In addition to these PU, the first tranche of the project also concluded the creation of 13 CNR around the PA to serve as buffer zones in reducing the pressures of humans and livestock in the PA through activities of sustainable development. This situation is also an important innovation because it is the very first time that land has been legally allocated to benefit sustainable management activities of wood and non-wood forest resources.

50.

The first legally created CNR, created on June 24, 2003, is the Mansadala CNR with an area of

35,000 hectares. Just as in the case of the PU, this was followed by a pressing request on the part of the population for three other CNR including at Kouar requesting for 6,107 hectares, Linkering for

4,000 hectares, and Niemenike for 15,000 hectares.

51.

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) Alternative has contributed to date to the raising of the institutional and legal barrier to equitable access to land production systems. In effect, for the first time since the law on national property was put in place, breeders are able to have legal access to land for pastoral use. This important step in the sustainable use of natural resources came about through the deliberation of the Rural Council with the approval of the local government representative. These deliberations were recorded in a decree creating the Pastoral Unit of Loumbol

Samba Abdoul with a total area of 38,170 hectares following the written request of eight villages.

This result has benefited 2,183 inhabitants of pastoral territories effective November 6, 2003, which is 39 years after the creation of the National Property law.

63

52.

All together in the four project sites, the legally constituted CNR/PU cover a total area of

279,263 hectares and involve 175 villages with 66,934 inhabitants. This information per site as well as in total is indicated in the table in Annex 5. These CNR/PU contribute to a reduction of anthropogenic pressure on the PA through ensuring the functioning of the buffer zones and the interconnection of PA ecosystems and between the ecosystems of various sites for the revitalization of the biological corridor of seasonal migration of wildlife between Ferlo and

PNNK, for example.

53.

Thus, in the project zones of influence, the present development policies in regard to agriculture, breeding, lumbering and hunting encourage individual and community initiatives for sustainable management and use of biological resources through the legal creation of the

CNR/PA. In the course of subsequent project tranches, the GEF Alternative will require environmental impact assessments for all future projects in the four sites so as to ensure harmonization in the conservation and development activities. The GEF increment will add to the efforts of other projects to reform policy directions and furnish technical assistance, capacity building, and sensitization on issues of biodiversity conservation.

54.

To carry out these multidisciplinary studies in order to identify all constraints connected to the restoration of migration corridors and the inappropriate occupation of the immediate periphery of protected areas, a subsequent inquiry into solutions made in consultation will be required in order to eliminate these constraints.

55.

The process involving the adaptation of texts concerning the legal status of co-managed PA is on course and finalization is expected before the end of tranche 1. Also, arrangements must be made so that the establishing of quotas would be done on the basis of raw production of wood and not on finished production of coal in order to encourage coal producers to use techniques and efficient technologies such as the improved Casamance mill for sustainable use of natural resources in the production process and domestic wood energy consumption.

56.

With regard to conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, one notes that the first objectives of the land law amendment to permit a transfer of property titles seem for the moment inopportune due to the raised barriers to equitable access to land production systems. In addition, these present certain risks that farmers and breeders would sell land with negative consequences for the environment such as has been the case with Massai breeders in Kenya where the putting

PU of enclosures by private owners led to an obstruction of migration corridors to the detriment of the mobility of cattle and wildlife.

Outcome 2: Sustainable development and natural resource management in Village Lands for

Sustainable Development (GEF: US$325,000; Co-financing: US$4,206,000)

57.

This Outcome during the first tranche puts initial emphasis on the formulation and implementation of a multi-sectoral Environmental Awareness, Training, Information and

Communication Program (SFICE) in the four project sites and their zones of influence. This program planned by a multi-disciplinary team was adopted by actors on the local level and by the

Project Committees (CP) including the CST and CP during feedback sessions. It allowed setting

PU a basis for change in community-based Integrated Ecosystem Management (GIE) activities.

The implementation of program activities facilitated the raising of institutional and legal barriers to equitable access for all land production systems. This Outcome was afterwards responsible for assisting the local populations to plan and implement VT management plans, which integrate the management plans of the adjacent CNR/PU as well as those of the PA.

58.

This Outcome of tranche 1 also produced an inventory, as well as capitalizing on the most appropriate techniques and technologies for sustainable use of natural resources. It also led to the elaboration of detailed technical charts and technical itineraries in advance of utilization in the

64

implementation framework of action plans and participatory management of the VT, CNR/PU and PA.

59.

Tranche 2 will involve the implementation of these techniques and technologies

(intensification of agriculture, pastoral management, sustainable management of fisheries, management of forest and renewable energies, anti-bush fire campaign, land restoration, water and soil conservation, etc.). This Outcome will include activities which build institutions as well as capacities of stakeholders at the VT and CNR levels, in view of integrated eco-regional planning, sustainable land use, resolution conflict, and adaptive participatory monitoring and evaluation.

60.

Otherwise, Tranche 2 will follow PU on test activities progressively implemented in the

CNR/PU and the VT local plans worked out with populations in Tranche 1 and supported by micro-credit schemes. These revolving funds will be managed by the local population and will be generated from member contributions, other contributions from PA revenues, and external cofinancing. This approach will be developed through a collaboration agreement between the project and the GEF Micro-Project. The signed agreement entrusts the carrying out of microcredit activities to the Micro-Finance Program (PMF). In addition, the PMF, in the framework of these activities encouraging private, collective and community-based initiative in sustainable use of natural resources, will bring in financial contributions to the CNR/PU totaling US$200,000.

61.

The GEF increment will complement other contributions from other project partners with whom the project has signed co-financing agreements as well as substantial United Nations

Development Program (UNDP) co-financing based on sustainable development and poverty reduction (involving donors, government and rural credit). This contribution in the second tranche will allow the project to proceed to demonstration of activities of conservation integrated into development in the VT as soon as the barriers to land access are raised. The GEF increment will be limited to conservation and biodiversity activities and inter-sectoral actions of “added value” firstly through technical assistance, but also through investment in the carrying out of activities related to demonstration of appropriate technologies for sustainable use of natural resources.

Outcome 3: Conservation and sustainable management of Community Nature Reserves (GEF:

US$1,896,000; Co-financing: US$3,151,000)

62.

The implementation of this Outcome during Tranche 1 allowed for the establishment of a representative sample of Community Nature Reserves, for which the legal basis had already been acquired in the frame of Outcome 1. Local populations had in fact already reserved sections of land within their VT (Approximately 100 CNR had already been identified) during the legal creation of the CNR/PU. In total, the project assisted populations to put in place 16 CNR/PU covering a total area of 279,263 hectares around the PA. Out of a planned 20 CNR/PU in the 10 years covering the three tranches of the project, 16 CNR/PU have already been put in place and are following local plans of community management for sustainable use of natural resources.

63.

The project in this tranche provided assistance in capacity building of stakeholders for the formulation and implementation of management plans in the buffer zones. These management plans of the CNR integrate those of the VT and the PA in order to allow for the development of synergy in all activities within the areas of spatial continuity. In the second tranche, the project will pursue activities of participative rehabilitation of land and vegetation by the use of ecological techniques of forestry management, pastoral production and eco-tourism. Systems of sustainable exploitation of wood, fruits, medicines, fish, fibers and other natural products will be tested and implemented with the aid of eco-guards. Assistance will be provided to local populations to carry out appropriate processing and improved marketing, which will serve as alternative income sources. The local micro-credit and savings scheme (Outcome 2) will also serve to benefit these activities. An environmental awareness program in the CNR will target actions such as controlled

65

management of bushfires through an early warning system involving adaptive participatory monitoring.

64.

The GEF increment will finance the creation of community reserves, which constitute a revolutionary and innovative tool in Senegal in particular. In addition, it will cover the costs connected to planning and implementation of sustainable harvest regimes of natural resources, of capacity building of local populations in management and monitoring of the CNR as well as testing ecosystem rehabilitation techniques. It is expected that revenues generated from CNR sustainable exploitation activities (in addition to those mentioned in Outcome 4) will allow local populations to continue to supervise and regulate CNR management after project completion.

65.

The implementation of plans for development, management and sustainable use of natural resources in the CNR/PU will be carried out on a progressive basis which capitalizes on lessons learned to ensure continuity of activities beyond the life of the project through contract plans made with the particular local collectives. Local populations themselves who will profit from employment and considerable environmental benefits will carry out the implementation of contract plans.

66.

To ensure financial continuity and ongoing responsibility for recurrent project expenses, activities in the contract plans will be connected to and support those of micro-credit in the VT.

Contract plan activities will involve environmental activity generating profit for the entire community, as for example the opening of fire breaks in the CNR and the planting of slowburning, multiple-usage trees such as Anacardium occidentale. Part of the profits realized from the fire breaks (about 5 to 10%) will go toward the village micro-credit banks, which will cover expenses for cashiers’ services and hence their incentive to recuperate debts and interest.

67.

This financial provision will ensure the sustainability of service costs of the micro-credit

Outcome from the outset. It will also be used to support the contract plan village fund, which in its turn should take over the process in the long-term, including the recurrent costs of covering future contract plans handled independently by the villagers.

Outcome 4: Sustainable conservation and co-management of natural resources in the Protected

Areas (GEF: US$2,027,000; Co-financing: US$1,778,000)

68.

This Outcome will put in place and/or finalize management plans of protected areas selected according to the particular situation, and will also develop infrastructures and human resources through capacity building. Emphasis will be placed on decreasing poaching, crop encroachment and over-grazing, uncontrolled bush fires, and deforestation through methods of co-management and the strengthening of incentives based on benefit sharing with local communities. This will be carried out in coordination with activities in Outcomes 2 and 3. Forest guards recruited from the village will take on the role of tourist guides but also biodiversity and fire monitors. Financial mechanisms to cover recurrent expenses of conservation activities will be planned and implemented, among these, greater decentralization of protected area budgets. The GEF increment will cover gaps in actual or planned aid for the protected areas, but also those pertaining to promotion of co-management models as well as options and incentives for selfreliance management of the PA meant to secure the viability of sustainable conservation of biodiversity.

69.

In the second tranche the rehabilitation of infrastructure and equipment in the PA will be carried out in order to establish an appropriate framework in which to improve the environment and the potential of natural resources, which will result in a reduction of human and livestock pressure on the resources of the PA due to implementation of plans for development, management and sustainable use of natural resources of the CNR/PU and the VT.

66

Outcome 5: Participatory monitoring and evaluation of the ecosystem (GEF: US$69,000; Cofinancing: US$35,000)

70.

This Outcome will provide the project with the necessary means to effect an iterative and adaptive approach to the formulation and implementation of the project. As the project is structured in three tranches, this Outcome will play an important role in the monitoring and evaluation of the achievements of results in each tranche. It will also allow for readjustment, refinement and the taking of necessary corrective measures in the project’s activities from one stage to another. Expected results include: a data bank on biodiversity dynamics as well as carbon sequestration. This data bank will be housed (at the start of Ttranche 3) at an appropriate national institution, which will take into account local knowledge and participative methods for planning, execution and monitoring adaptable to corrective measures. Results and lessons learned will be disseminated, being made accessible by generally appropriate means as well as through national and international media, scientific journals and networks, community meetings, theatrical performances, etc. The GEF increment will cover the costs of technical assistance, equipment required for the data bank, capacity building in skills of monitoring and evaluation, as well as diffusion and dissemination regarding the benefits of biodiversity conservation.

71.

The first tranche will provide for putting in place a data bank at the Project Coordination Unit

(UCP) level with the assistance of local, national and international expertise. The data bank will be decentralized at the local level with the participation of eco-guards and CERP staff. Training of these individuals at the NTIC involving use of GPS data, cartography of this data, with MPA

Info and ArcView software started in the first tranche. This training with integration of local knowledge incorporated in the data bank will be continued in Tranches 2 and 3 to consolidate benefits. The data bank at the UCP level as well as the local level will naturally aid CERP staff and government technical service officers in their daily management tasks and decision-making to harmonize with Integrated Conservation and Development and Ecosystems Conservation. It will also provide for the measuring of project performance in terms of biodiversity conservation, sequestration of carbon, and improvement in living conditions of the population. In addition, lessons learned will be incorporated progressively as they are validated in the course of community discussion and participatory monitoring and evaluation. The tables in Annex 6 indicate the progressive recruitment plan of CNR/PU as well as relevant VT. This approach will allow for recruitment of the greatest number of CNR/PU and VT with the maximum chances of success for post-project sustainability through the creation of both spatial and thematic collaboration in the Integrated Ecosystem Management (GIE) activities implementation.

72.

Linkages between different Outcomes : The project strategy involves maintaining synergetic linkages between different Outcomes, not only in regard to thematic perspectives, but also through cross-fertilization among the four sites. Thus, the project will include periodic workshops, reviews, and networking in order to ensure proper linkages between initiatives.

67

Annex II-c: Tranche 2 Targeted Results by Outcome

73.

Both mid-term (May 17 to June 04, 2004) and Ttranche 1 assessments (July 11 to 29, 2005), emphasized the relevance of both Project strategy and logical framework which have never been challenged. This very efficient and effective strategy and logical framework for ecosystem management have been drawn PU in a participatory way with the actors concerned. The operationality of objectively verifiable indicators, verification sources and hypotheses have been acknowledged as valid. This logical framework updated during the planning process of Tranche 2 is described in Annex

E7 of Section IV. Annex 2 B describes for each of the five Outcomes, the results obtained in tranche 1.

The following is a short description for each Outcome of the results targeted by Tranche 2 of Project.

Outcome 1: Policy and Legal Framework adapted to a Participatory Integrated Ecosystem Management

74.

The texts adapting the legal status of PAs to co-management will be finalized in Tranche 2.

Provisions must also be made for quotas to be established on the basis of gross wood product and not on finished coal product in order to encourage coalmen to use efficient techniques and technologies such as the Casamance enhanced stoves for sustainable use of natural resources in the processes of production and consumption of domestic woody energy.

75.

The systematization of environmental impact studies for any new project having to be set PU in

Project sites will be pursued under this Outcome in order to create some real synergy between the activities of various projects and NGOs, mainstream biodiversity conservation activities, combat soil degradation and build ecosystem capacities to sequester carbon.

76.

For the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, it is important to note that the primary objectives consisting in amending the property law allowing ownership title transfer appear to be irrelevant for now because the obstacles to an equitable access of production systems to land have been lifted. Furthermore, they present clear risks to see farmers or stockbreeders sell their lands with adverse environmental consequences as was the case of the Masai stockbreeders (in Kenya) where fence installation by private owners resulted in the obstruction of migration corridors affecting both livestock and wild animal mobility.

Outcome 2: Sustainable Development and Natural Resource Management in Village Territories

77.

Tranche 2 will provide the opportunity to implement these techniques and technologies (agriculture enhancement, sylvo-pastoral management, sustainable fishery management, forest and renewable energy management and bush fire control, soil regeneration, water and soil conservation etc.).

78.

These VT management activities will be implemented notably through micro-credits which constitute the application tools for VT natural resource development and management plans. These activities are poverty reduction strategies through sustainable use of these VT natural resources. In

Tranche 1, this Outcome was entrusted with PMF/GEF under a synergy protocol agreement. Synergy of these two structures which have both been financed through GEF consists, in the case of PGIES, to take advantage of the experiences acquired by PMF/GEF from micro-credit and community savings as well as community and individual micro-achievements while benefiting at the same time from implementation assistance in CNRs/PUs under a grant program contract for the implementation of local community-based CNRs/PUs development and management plans. For PMF/PU, this synergy will probably allow it to invest in a planned and adapted environment compared to CNRs/PUs and VTs, with an organization of the actors concerned with biodiversity conservation and anti-soil degradation struggle.

79.

The mid-term and Tranche 1 evaluation missions suggested that this micro-credit should have a counseling service closer to the beneficiaries and proposed that private operators be recruited on each of

68

the four sites. To this end, Project organized a forum on the micro-credit component with an active input from both the actors concerned and the beneficiaries. The forum recommended that partnership be pursued with PMF/GEF while requiring the latter in accordance with the recommendations made by the evaluation mission that new implementing skills be brought in notably by involving, on each of the four sites, the most skilled local NGO in the area. This option is likely to facilitate synergy while avoiding approach differences. It will be strengthened in Tranche 2 as indicated in paragraph 105, by recruiting on each of the four sites, an Assistant responsible for VTs. The main role of this Assistant is to strengthen and bring technical counseling closer to the populations in order to ensure successful outcome and subsequently repayment capacities and also reach out to as many people as possible in the long run.

80.

This Outcome covers the actions designed to strengthen institutions and build actors’ capacities in

VTs and CNRs with a view to integrated eco-regional planning, sustainable land use, conflict resolution and adapted participatory monitoring and evaluation.

81.

Besides, in Tranche 2, gradual implementation tests in CNRs/PUs and VTs of local plans drawn PU together with the populations in Tranche 1 and supported by the micro-credit component will be pursued. These revolving funds will be managed by grassroots populations and will be generated by membership fees, contributions from PA earnings as well as external co-financing. This approach will be implemented via a synergy protocol agreement between Project and GEF Micro-Project. The signed protocol entrusts the realization of micro-credit actions with PMF. As part of its activities aimed at the promotion of private, collective and community initiatives on sustainable use of natural resources, PMF will also make a total financial contribution of US$ 200,000 in favor of CNRs/PUs.

82.

GEF contribution will add notably to the contributions of partner projects with which Project has signed co-financing protocol agreements and to a substantial UNDP co-financing mainly in support of sustainable development and poverty reduction (donors, State and credit to the rural world). This contribution will be used in Tranche 2 to carry out demonstrations of integrated conservation and development in VTs once the obstacles to land access have been lifted. This GEF contribution will be confined to biodiversity conservation actions and to “value added” inter-sectoral actions first through technical assistance but also through investments in demonstrations of the most appropriate technologies for sustainable use of natural resources.

Outcome 3: Conservation and Sustainable CNR Management

83.

GEF Contribution will be used to finance in Tranche 2, the continuation of the creation of these community reserves which constitute a revolutionary and innovative tool for Senegal in particular. Part of it will also be used to defray the costs of designing and implementing modes of sustainable use of natural resources, capacity building among the local populations in CNR management and monitoring as well as experimenting ecosystem rehabilitation techniques. It is expected that the income generated by CNR sustainable operating activities (in addition to those described in Outcome 4) will enable grassroots populations to pursue supervision and regulation of CNR management at Project end.

84.

The implementation of plans for CNR/PU natural resource development, management and sustainable use will also be pursued in Tranche 2 based on gradual capitalization of lessons drawn from experiences in order to ensure activity sustainability beyond Project lifetime through program contracts with the local communities concerned. These program contracts will be implemented by the populations themselves, which will provide them with jobs and considerable environmental benefits.

85.

To ensure financial sustainability and coverage of Project recurrent costs, activities under program contracts will be linked to and supported by those of micro-credit in VTs. These program contract activities will concern in Tranche 2 environmental activities which are beneficial to community as a whole like for example the opening of firewalls in CNRs and their coverage by slow burning multipurpose trees such as Anacardium occidentale . Part of the benefits generated by the establishment of these firewalls (or about 5 to 10%) should be used to replenish village micro-credit fund, which will

69

make it possible to finance the operating cost of cashiers and their commitment to retrieving loans and interests.

86.

This financial provision will ensure sustainability of the operating cost of the micro-credit component from the onset. It will also be used to replenish village program contract fund which should in turn cover the long run recurrent expenses linked to the continuation of program contracts by the villagers themselves.

Outcome 4: Sustainable Conservation and PA Natural Resource Co-Management

87.

This Outcome will set PU and/or finalize in Tranche 2, management plans for PAs selected according to their respective situations; but it will also develop their infrastructures and human resources through capacity building. It will further put the emphasis on the reduction of poaching, area invasion by cultivation, overgrazing, uncontrolled bush fires and deforestation through co-management methods and consolidation of incentive measures based on benefit sharing with the populations. This will be done in coordination with the actions of Outcomes 2 and 3. Forest rangers recruited from villages will act both as tourist guides and biodiversity and bush fire supervisors. Financial mechanisms for covering the recurrent expenses of conservation activities will be designed and implemented; these include greater decentralization of PA budgets. GEF contribution will fill the gaps left by actual or programmed assistance for PAs, but also those left by the promotion of co-management models as well as options and incentive measures to ensure PA self-sustained management, the only guarantee of viability of sustainable biodiversity conservation.

88.

In Tranche 2, rehabilitation of PA infrastructures and equipment will be continued in order to provide an appropriate framework to improve the environment and natural resource potential resulting from reduced pressures from humans and livestock on these PA resources by implementing CNR/PU and VT natural resource development, management and sustainable use plans.

Outcome 5: Participatory Ecosystem Monitoring and Evaluation.

89.

The objective of this Outcome is to provide Project with the necessary means expected to enable it to adopt an iterative and flexible approach in Project formulation and implementation. Project being structured into Tranches (3), this Outcome will be of great importance regarding the monitoring and evaluation of the realization of the results targeted by each tranche. It will also allow readjustment, refinement and the corrective measures required for Project actions from one stage to another. Targeted results will include: databank on biodiversity and improvements on environment as well as carbon sequestration. This databank will be lodged (on commencement of Ttranche 3) with an appropriate national institution which will consider local knowledge and participatory mechanisms regarding planning, implementation and adapted monitoring with a view to taking corrective measures. The results and capitalization of lessons drawn from experiences will be disseminated, popularized through relevant medium but also through national and foreign media to scientific journals, community debates, theatrical troops, etc… GEF contribution will cover expenses related to technical assistance and databank equipment, capacity building in M&E as well as popularization, dissemination and diffusion of the achievements of biodiversity conservation.

90.

Tranche 1 permitted the establishment of a databank in PCU through the use of local, national and international expertise. This databank will be decentralized to local sites (Arrondissement)) with the participation of Eco-guards and CERP staff. Training of these actors in NICTs which includes the use and mapping of GPS data with Map Info and ArcView software started in Tranche 1. Both the training as well as the integration of local know-how into the databank will be pursued in tranches 2 and 3 in order to consolidate achievements. The databank both at the PCU and local levels is likely to be of help to both CERP agents and State Decentralized Technical Service staff in their daily management duties including making decisions consistent with Integrated Conservation and Development and Ecosystem

Conservation. It will further make it possible to assess Project performance in terms of biodiversity

70

conservation, carbon sequestration and improvement of the living conditions of the populations. It will also contribute to gradually capitalizing the lessons learned as they are validated at participatory community monitoring and evaluation debates. The gradual recruitment Table of the CNRs/PUs and

VTs concerned is described in Annex E8 of Section IV. This kind of approach will allow, based on progressive and cumulative capitalization of achievements and failures, recruitment of a greater number of CNRs/PUs and VTs with the best chances of success.

91.

Linkages among the different Outcomes: This Project strategy consists in maintaining synergetic relationship among its different Outcomes in terms not only of the themes but also through mutual enrichment of the four Project sites. Thus, the project will include periodic workshops, reviews and networks in order to maintain these linkages between the actions.

71

Annex II-d: Detailed Mechanisms to Address Project Risks and to Ensure Results

Sustainability and Replicability

Risks

The hypotheses and risks of this project are indicated in the Logical Framework (Annex II-a). Generally speaking, the principal risks are connected to instability and drought. Instability can be caused by unforeseen political factors at the sub-regional, national or regional level, as, for example, the effects caused by the conflict in the Casamance, even though the project sites are far from this region. The government of Senegal has experienced considerable stability following the last elections and the resumption of peace negotiations with the separatist movement. Moreover, the authorities are keen to reform their legal and policy framework and they have renewed efforts at decentralization and devolution of power to the lowest feasible level. It is well known that droughts regularly affect this Sahelo-Sudanian country. Major droughts occur on average every ten years, with minor droughts occurring every three to four years. The strategy of spreading the project over ten years through progressive steps and tranches is designed to minimize these effects and increase chances of project success. Current avian flu in the sub-region is also to consider because this poultry disease may get to Senegal and spread into the project selected sites.

Sustainability

Several design elements have been taken into consideration in order to guarantee Project action sustainability.

The great importance that the State of Senegal attaches to this Project, as evidenced by its massive budgetary participation, its direct paternity of the PDF B process and its leading role in creating partnership relations with bilateral donors, constitute a major and necessary factor guaranteeing Project viability in the long term. Project socio-economic viability will be consolidated through the promotion of appropriate techniques and technologies likely to generate sustainable income and establish sustainable NRM rules. Project will provide a demonstration of adequate mechanisms for consultations, cooperation and equitable sharing of benefits from resource conservation in CNRs and PAs. The participatory selection of the Eco-guards, formulation of management plans and design of conflict resolution mechanisms (founded on either traditional or modern means) will help secure natives and foreigners’ adherence to good management rules. Thus, illegal exploitation will be better controlled since the local populations will have economically stimulating reasons to observe pre-defined good management rules.

Financial viability will be ensured by the actors themselves, notably through the implementation of activities likely to generate benefits from a viable exploitation of renewable natural resources. A credit system adapted to the community will issue loans carrying a 10% interest rate, with the income obtained from IEM. Interests will be used to cover recurrent expenses but also to finance loans to others within a revolving loan mechanism. The

RC budget and related subsidies from donors will also provide other sources of funding these revolving loans in addition to contributions from loan beneficiaries themselves. These revolving funds will profit from the wide experience of Senegal (and elsewhere) in the area of design and management of such funds.

In this context, in Tranche 1, Project initiated the implementation of local community-based CNR/PU development and management plans in the form of program contract using local labor. An amount totaling 15% of the worth of program contracts for the opening or cleaning of these CNR/PU firewalls will be used to replenish the IVC fund the resources of should be used to finance recurrent expenses following Project disengagement after 5 years from each CNR/PU. Besides, 5% of these program contract funds will be used as synergy funds to replenish the micro credit fund, which helps motivate cashiers from the onset even before loan cumulative interests could be used to finance management costs. With this strategy, Project has been able to solve one of the major problems that micro credit has to grapple with around the world that is, being able from the onset to pay the cashiers. Likewise, 5% of the interests generated by micro credit are to be used to finance program contract environment conservation actions notably through the opening, cleaning and vegetalization of firewalls with slow burning and multiple-purpose species like the Anacardium occidentale . This strategy allowing for synergy between micro credit and program contract environmental actions provides a clear guarantee of sustainability of Project actions.

72

A second mechanism designed to ensure Project financial viability and even in-built in Project is the payment of grazing and watering rights. According to estimates, these rights will yield PU to US$ 3,756,000 annually for the Ferlo stockbreeder organizations, which should be enough to cover all recurrent expenses related to investments in stockbreeding while contributing to improving living conditions and reducing poverty. Payment of exploitation rights will be tested in the agricultural and fishery sectors such that they can cover recurrent expenses in respect of operation, maintenance as well as equipment and other input replacement with the assistance of farmers, herdsmen and fishermen’s associations. Lastly, one of main Project hypotheses is that with investments in PAs and the commitment of grassroots population to eco-tourism over the 10-year period, the earnings from entrance fees will increase. Project will improve the empowerment mechanisms of PA management system through allocations and more efficient budget management.

Based on the current statistics supplied by the Directorate of National Parks (DPN), earnings from entrance fees into National Parks (NP) and based on the improvement of the state of NP biodiversity by Project, it is anticipated that tourist earnings from entrance fees into the two main NP will total US$ 2.7 million over the 10year period. Besides, based on the statistics of the past two years on Gds annual contributions to these two main

NPs, both should receive over the 10-year period a contribution of US$ 1.2 million. These two NPs alone are therefore expected to receive a total contribution of US$ 3.9 million during Project lifetime. These two sources of income for NPs are expected to continue in post-Project period, thus ensuring Project financial sustainability

(Annex E11). Finally, Project will also improve the PA system self-operating mechanisms notably through more efficient budgetary allocations and management the results of which in Tranche 1 alone increased by over

50% in relative value.

Project will not create additional institutions but will rather work with already existing ones. Consequently, its institutional sustainability will be ensured by building the capacities of CERP staff, PAs and RC decentralized authority and villages. Recurrent expenses will be borne by the State of Senegal, grassroots populations and

NGOs involved with grassroots interventions, which will ensure activity continuity in the post-Project tranche, independently from GEF.

Project fundamental concept is based on demonstration and finalization of sustainable management models for replication. It is also based on the establishment of an institutional and legal framework favorable to the replication and dissemination of such actions across Senegal. Besides, it is anticipated that the experience acquired during this Project will generally contribute to the comprehension of ICD and IEM, community-based conservation in Africa, and in particular, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in similar situations across the Sahel.

Replicability

Project fundamental concept is based on demonstration and finalization of sustainable management models for replication. The progressive involvement of CNRs/PUs and the capitalization of lessons learned from

Project in some disengagement sites while Project is still active in others provide better chances of success to a greater number of CNRs/PUs involving more villages and actors concerned as indicated in Annex E 8 of

Section IV. This achievement replication and dissemination model is also based on the establishment of an institutional and legal framework favorable to the replication and dissemination of such actions across

Senegal. It is further anticipated that the experience acquired during this Project will generally contribute to the comprehension of ICD and IEM, community-based conservation in Africa, and in particular, biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in similar situations across the Sahel.

At the national level, lifting barriers to equitable access of production systems to land notably through the establishment of CNRs/PUs already starts in Tranche 1 to be replicated in places across the country other than Project sites. Thus, the real driving force behind the expected sustainability of achievement replication is still the benefit that the populations can draw from ecosystem conservation actions. Already in Tranche 1,

Project held a forum on co-management and another on micro credit. A forum on PUs and CNRs was not held because replication had already started in different zones other than Project sites with the assistance of other structures.

At the international level, Project took part in a number of international meetings including the 10 th Global

Conference on Protected areas where it stressed the importance of its findings in the area of sustainable

73

participatory management of the fauna seasonal migration corridors, the importance of maintaining pastoral mobility in management of the Sahelian delicate ecosystems; the Eco-agriculture Conference in Nairobi with stockbreeders’ legal access to land for pastoral use, something unprecedented in Senegalese pastoralism, in particular, and African pastoralism, in general, followed by major innovations like the creation of a pastoral fund with the payment of dues for the use of fodder and water resources over the 9 month-long dry season both by PU members and non-native transhumants.

74

ANNEX II-e: Incremental Cost Analysis

D

EVELOPMENT

O

BJECTIVE

Economic Policy: The Senegalese Government’s (GoS), economic targets for 2001 include raising

GDP to 6%, while keeping inflation below 3%, reducing their external current account deficit to 6% of GDP, maintaining a budget surplus of 2% or more, and sustainable improvement of social indicators. Public investment is being targeted at education, health and basic infrastructure while the

GoS is liberalizing and promoting the private sector in other economic sectors.

Agricultural Policy: The

Agricultural sector generates only 20% of the country’s GDP, but employs over 60% of the workforce, particularly in rural poor. Policies have focused on improving access to credit and supporting producer organizations while removing subsidies, price support and more direct intervention in the sector.

Environmental Policy: the GoS has set aside 5.15 % of its land to total protection, and a further 35

% for multi-use including biodiversity conservation. In the second half of the last decade the GoS created the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (CONSERE) to coordinate environmental policy between government Ministries. The Ministry of Environment is responsible for the management of National Parks and Classified Areas. However in recognizing the increasing strain on PA resources from local populations the GoS now wishes to make legal provisions for comanagement of Pas in order to provide incentives for community involvement in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management.

G LOBAL E NVIRONMENT O BJECTIVE

The four areas selected for project intervention contain the largest remaining pristine and contiguous mangrove in West Africa; a RAMSAR site of international importance for wintering migratory and palearctic birds; and two World Heritage sites. The sites are representative of

Senegal’s 4 main relatively untouched eco-regions, and contain endangered and charismatic species such as the elephant, Jaguar, and the African Wolf. These sites are under pressure from a number of principal threats, defined during PDF B preparations as: land conversion; deforestation; poaching; overgrazing; over-extraction of marine and non-timber resources; and bush fires. Over USD 231 million in baseline funding is being invested through projects of which USD 44.358 million in the project selected sites, mainly in village lands to intensify natural resource management and to make approaches more sustainable. PA staff does not have sufficient capacity and resources to enforce PA legal provisions against illegal resource use. Recognizing this, the objective of the project is to promote integrated ecosystem management of globally significant biodiversity in and around

Protected Areas through co-managed conservation, sustainable use and equitable redistribution of benefits from natural resources between local stakeholders, introduce eco-regional planning and buffer zone management principals in areas between Pas, and promote inter-sectoral integrated means to intensify crop production systems and enhance traditional pastoralism. Global benefits are expected to be generated from protection of globally significant biodiversity as well as increased carbon sequestration and enhancement of carbon sinks.

B ASELINE

Those activities expected to occur during the life of the project are described below (Annex V provides a more detailed description of the baseline).

75

Policy and legal framework: In the recent past, GoS has out into effect legislation concerning decentralization, EIAs, community based forestry, and environmental codes such as fisheries and hunting. Currently and in the near future, no activities are expected under the baseline that would have and impact on this output.

Natural Resource Management : There are seven projects with a combined investment of around

USD 40 million from UNDP, UNCDF,, USAID, IFAD, GTZ, Germany, WB, BOAD, the GoS and local beneficiaries to help local stakeholders generate environmentally sustainable income opportunities on village lands. Interventions are focused at: assisting communities to organize themselves into advocacy, collective and other productive groups; assist private sector and collectives to develop investment plans, and assist Rural Councils to prepare area development and natural resource management plans; improve credit access to rural populations; and increase the profitability of local community economic activities.

Poverty Alleviation, Agricultural and Pastoral management : ten projects with combined investments of over USD 136 million, funded from IFAD, WB, BOAD, CFD, RFA, GTZ, AfDB,

CIDA, IDA, the GoS and local beneficiaries, aim to combat poverty and improve the management of agriculture and pastoralism. Interventions focus on agricultural intensification; assisting agricultural start-ups; improve access to water; restructure the Ministry of Agriculture and improve the agricultural support services they provide to rural communities.

Forestry and fuel wood management : two projects with an investment of over USD 13 million, funded by Japan and Dutch aid, focus on sustainable forestry management and the sustainable management of traditional forms of energy.

Fisheries Management : two projects for over USD 13 million funded by JICA and EDF, one to build/ improve a fishing complex, the other to provide support to artisanal fishermen.

Vegetation rehabilitation: one project is a USD 9.9 million proposal to be funded by JICA and the

GoS to fix sand dunes by afforestation and protect inland pastures along the entire Niayes coast, and to put in place a regime for the sustainable collection of firewood from the plantations. This project will be implemented in the context of Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, and is confined to plantation work. It will not address the need for sustainable management systems by local communities.

Conservation: Three projects for USD 8.4 million will contribute to this output. The first funded by the GoS is for the purchase of fire-fighting equipment; the second project funded by FFEM and

FDS (which will likely terminate before the project starts) will contribute somewhat to the improved management of Niokolo-Koba National Park; and the third funded by the EU will support

Natural Resource Management in the Niger and Gambia River Basins (AGIR) and will cover

PNNK to some degree.

Monitoring & Evaluation, and Environmental Education: There is one project for just under USD 7 million funded by JICA, to monitor fish stock levels off the coast of Senegal. In addition, in the past, NASA has increased the capacity of CSE to establish training facilities for monitoring carbon sequestration in West Africa (USD 1 million). Japan is currently financing a national environmental education program for a total cost of USD 2.8 million.

In summary, the baseline situation is such that pressure on biological and natural resources will continue to grow, while ongoing action will focus primarily on increasing living standards and devising short term solutions for natural resource problems. Concrete actions have been carried out with the participation of several development partners, NGOs, various economic associations (GIE) and Village Associations, as well as numerous youth and women groups. However, in most cases,

76

these measures have failed to meet expectations. There has been a lack of sectoral integration, resulting in technological packages/systems that are non-replicable outside of laboratories or demo plots. There has been limited adoption by the population due to distortions in economic and policy incentives. And there has been limited involvement of the stakeholders in planning, monitoring and evaluation processes

A LTERNATIVE

The GEF Alternative scenario will build on the baseline (Annex I-e) including Project Tranche 1 achievements (paragraphs 26 to 30) by testing and applying an ICD model at each site for promoting Sustainable Land Management (SLM), integrated eco-regional planning, biodiversity conservation; C sequestration and avoidance of C emissions, and removing the legal, policy, and technical barriers to IEM. In the VTs, production systems will be intensified, land use will be rationalized and food and energy self-sufficiency will be promoted in order to enhance natural resource management and reduce pressure on protected areas. In the CNRs, participatory, integrated, management plans for sustainable use and conflict resolution will be promoted in order to create buffer zones, and alternative techniques for income diversification through sustainable harvesting of biological resources will be demonstrated. In the PAs, a co-management model will be tested for the first time in the Sahel including mechanisms for the equitable sharing of benefits accruing from conservation. Furthermore, the project will build institutional and technical capacities, will demonstrate innovative incentives for conservation, and will monitor impacts on biodiversity and carbon balances over the ten year period.

GEF INCREMENT

The rational for GEF intervention in the Alternative is:



To retain connectivity between, and promote suitable land uses around PAs by building the capacity of Rural Councils and VTs to plan and implement the principals of local land use planning, and eco-regional planning in village lands;



To demonstrate, remove barriers, and create the opportunity for co-management of PA resources in order to provide incentives for local community involvement in biodiversity conservation and CBNRM, and foster custodianship of PA resources by local communities through the equitable distribution of PA resources,



To encourage sustainable harvesting (not already covered by baseline activities) to improve rural incomes in village lands;



To encourage complementary land uses, and to augment a buffer between commercially oriented land uses in village lands, and conservation in PAs, by promoting planning, designation and management of Community Nature Reserves;



To improve the enabling environment for sustainability of project results.

In keeping with the GEF’s incremental cost rational the following broad principals of separation between co-financed and GEF funded activities have been adopted. The GEF will finance all project activities to:



Review and draft legislation;

77



Increase the capacity of PA authorities, and local communities to co-manage the project’s target PAs for biodiversity conservation and maintenance of carbon sinks;



Create the institutional structures, legal means and procedures for equitable distribution of benefits from PA resources;



Enable Rural Councils to adopt and implement, SLM, IEM and eco-regional planning principals in development and NRM plans;



Encourage local communities to designate, plan and manage Community Nature Reserves using IEM and SLM principles; and



Remove barriers and demonstrate techniques and approaches for intensification of production systems and make the use of the natural resources more sustainable and profitable.

Co-financing will cover:



All recurrent costs to enforce legislative changes introduced by project activities;

 All recurrent costs of PA planning and management in keeping with the GEF’s financial sustainability principals;



All recurrent costs of local level land use planning (VT);



All capital, labour and material inputs of the sustainable use activities the project is removing barriers for; and



All costs to replicate throughout the project area those activities the GEF is financing the costs of demonstration activities.

78

LOCAL VS. GLOBAL BENEFITS AND COSTS

The following matrix provides a summary of the expected costs and benefits accruing from the project four selected sites.

Table II a. Expected costs and benefits to local and global levels.

Outcomes Cost (US$ millions) Intervention summary Local Benefits

Outcome 1:

Policy and legal framework adapted to

IEM

Baseline

GEF: 0.098

UNDP: 0.030

GOS: 0.035

TOTAL: 0.163

Unsustained Production

Systems equal access to land leads to both conflicts among concerned actors and competition in the use of natural resources as well.

Recently removed institutional barriers are not sustained and consequently, legislation is distorting incentives promoting optimal land use, encouraging unsustainable resource usufruct practices

Total

Outcome 1

Alternative

Increment

GEF: 0.091

GOS: 0.194

TOTAL: 0.285

0.448

Production Systems sustained equal access to land, Draft, enact and enforce legislation enabling co-management of

PA’s, amend land tenure law, harmonize sectoral policies and make EIA compulsory.

Sustained Policy Incentives promoting sustainable use of biological resources and a steady income stream from these resources.

Global Benefits

Unsustainable institutional barriers lift up are leading to continued Land Degradation of ecosystems fragmentation and degradation due to overexploitation of biological resources resulting lack of land degradation prevention and restoration along with extinction of species and loss of globally significant habitat

Project Tranche 1barriers lift is sustained and consequently sustained able legal enabling environment is maintained through legal community based CRN/PU and concerned actors cooperation to sustain contiguity of wildlife corridors between

PA’s and PA co-management, and pressure on PA resources reduced, thereby enabling conservation of important habitats endangered and endemic species within them along with Sustainable Land

Management (SLM) in project selected pilot

VTs.

79

Outcomes

Outcome 2:

Sustainable development and NRM in

VTs

Cost (US$ millions)

Baseline

GEF: 0.920

UNDP: 1.405

GOS: 4.266

EU: 0.600

Netherlands: 1.000

IFAD: 2.500

CIDA : 0.500

AFDB: 8.167

IDA: 7.100

AFD/EDF: 7.983

TOTAL: 34.441

Alternative

Increment

GEF: 0.931

UNDP: 0.737

GOS: 1.086

FENU: 1.500

TOTAL: 4,254

Total

Outcome 2

38.695

Intervention summary

Lack of sustained alternative options is undermining project

Tranche 1 achievements and is leading to short term measures to increase livelihoods and solve more pressing sectoral problems as Tranche 1 barriers lift.

Intensification of agricultural production systems through

Sustainable Land Management demonstration approaches and activities for CID, NRM, ecoregional planning, demonstration for new sustainable harvesting regimes to adding value to NRM products, and scaling up activities demonstrated.

Local Benefits Global Benefits

High income streams generated from natural resource usufruct, over the short term, but deteriorating over the long term, as soils, and ecosystem functions degraded along with intensified rural poverty.

Demonstration of Conservation Integrated to Development through SLM, IEM and eco-regional planning to make best use of ecosystem functions, and generate sustained incomes.

Lack of Conservation Integrated to

Development model implementation is undermining project Tranche 1 achievements and consequently the situation is getting back to accelerated use of mal adapted land management techniques and technologies along with deterioration of ecosystems in village lands are back along with their ability to trap carbon, increasing pressure on juxtaposed PA’s, and leading to the extinction of globally significant species.

Improved Rural Production Systems along with Cooperation among all concerned actors, Contiguity of wildlife corridors, and reduced pressure on PA resources, thereby conserving important habitats and conserving endangered and endemic species within them; and leveraging the capacity of the productive environment to sequester and retain carbon.

80

Outcomes

Outcome 3:

Conservation and sustainable management of CNRs and

PUs


Baseline

GEF: 1.572

UNDP: 0.215

GOS: 0.710

EU: 0.630

Netherlands: 0.500

JICA : 0.900

IFAD : 0.500

CIDA : 0.200

TOTAL : 5.227

Alternative

Increment

GEF: 1.140

GOS: 0.414

UNDP 0.133

JICA: 1.000

IFAD: 1,000

TOTAL: 3.687

Total

Outcome 3

Outcome 4:

Sustainable conservation and co- management of natural resources in

PAs

8.914

Baselin e

GEF: 0.760

GOS: 0.190

EU: 1.015

Netherlands: 1.500

TOTAL: 3.465


Unsustained pay offs for legal allocation to CNR/PU is leading to limited amount of vegetation rehabilitation and

Land Degradation Prevention.

Local Benefits Global Benefits

Project Tranche 1 achievements are annihilated by absence of implementing the Conservation Integrated to

Development in PAs adjacent VTs and consequently, Incompatible land uses around PAs, poor use of harvesting, hunting and eco-tourism potential in PA buffer zones, leading to a loss of potential income from the natural resource base and land degradation.

Unstained Project Tranche 1 achievements is leading back to Continued Land

Degradation in VTs leading to increased pressures on PA resources and conflicts among concerned actors due to competition in the use of natural resources leading to loss of globally significant habitat, extinction of endangered and endemic species, and loss of carbon sink potential.

Based on Tranche 1 sustained achievements, Community

Nature Reserve planning, design, CID barriers removal and demonstration of new sustainable use activities including vegetation rehabilitation are taking place and disseminated.

Bio-compatible and sustainable income generated in buffers zones, and avoiding wasteful conflict between different interest groups for effective NRM and

CID implementation.

Buffer generated around PAs reducing both human and livestock pressures, conserving

PA habitats and endangered species inside and outside PAs, and enhancing carbon sequestration in buffer zones and in adjacent

VTs as well.

Co-management achievements in project Tranche 1 is dropped by concerned actors and only some activities in two national parks (PNNK and PNDS) for improving infrastructure, management plans, and ecotourism are ongoing along with several and intensified conflicts among concerned actors. .

Lack of alternative options undermine

Tranche 1 co-management achievements and consequently, increasing rural poverty along with continued land degradation, intense deforestation of plant cover in PAs and adjacent VTs are exposing village lands to sand storms, soil erosion, fires and risks of floods with attendant disasters.

Concerned actors frustration for not implementing CID model is leading back to continued degradation of ecosystems in

World Heritage sites, Biosphere reserves and Ramsar sites, and of globally significant species living in these ecosystems, together with a reduced capacity of PA habitats to sequester and hold carbon sinks.

81

Outcomes Cost (US$ millions)

Alternative

Increment

GEF: 0.807

GOS: 0.078

UNDP: 0.085

JICA: 0.600

TOTAL: 1.570

Total

Outcome 4

Outcome 5:

Participatory monitoring & evaluation of the ecosystems

5.035

Baseline

GEF: 0.535

GOS: 0.100

TOTAL: 0.635

Total

Outcome 5

Alternative

Increment

GEF: 0.367

UNDP: 0.040

GOS: 0.310

TOTAL: 0.717

1.352

Intervention summary Local Benefits

Training, institutional strengthening, capacity building, and installation of infrastructure for improved enforcement and comanagement of PA’s based on project Tranche 1 sustained enabling environment for CID.

Co-management of PA resources creating win win situations with local benefits from equitable distribution of benefits from PA use, and protection of watersheds and village lands.

Global Benefits

Conservation of ecosystems and global biodiversity in World Heritage sites,

Biosphere reserves and Ramsar sites, and of globally significant species they contain, together with increased mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced carbon sequestration and more importantly,

Sustainable Land Management in Project

Selected PAs Adjacent VTs.

Community Based Debates for

Participatory Monitoring and

Evaluation initiated in project

Tranche 1 are abandoned and consequently only some monitoring of fisheries and wildlife resources are ongoing.

Participatory M&E for adaptive management; creating data base on Sustainable Land

Management, Knowledge

Management along with biodiversity conservation and carbon balance.

Poor understanding of the anthropogenic impact on biodiversity, and the potential from IEM to local uses due to lack of sustained knowledge management.

Improved knowledge of local benefits from SLM, biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of natural resources, and better use of project resources.

Lack of CID model implementation leads to absence of sustained awareness and responsibility along with lack of Land

Prevention and Restoration with rapid loss of endemic and globally threatened species due to lack of knowledge.

Improved protection and sustainable land management, conservation of endemic and globally threatened species; improved knowledge and capacity to monitor carbon sequestration in arid lands.

82

Outcomes

Outcome 6:

Learning, evaluation, and adaptive management increased


Baseline

GEF: 0.115

GOS: 0.050

TOTAL: 0.165

Alternative

Increment

GEF: 0.302

UNDP: 0.356

GOS: 0.256

TOTAL: 0.914

Total

Outcome 6

PROJECTC

OSTS

1.079

Baseline: 44.588

Increment: 11.429

- GEF part: 3.640

- Cofinance part:7.789

TOTAL: 56.017


Tranche 1 achievements in

Knowledge Management and partnership fostering are undermined by concerned actors getting back to competitions along with Weak

Knowledge Management for

Land Degradation Prevention and Control and limited


Management.

Conservation Integrated to

Development Demonstration activities through most efficient environmentally sound proven learnt lessons based on sustained knowledge management.

Local Benefits

Projects are competing on the ground without harmonized approaches toward the same rural population concerned actors within duplications and overlaps.

Global Benefits

Increased competition in the use of natural resources along with increasing conflicts among concerned actors are leading to intense land degradation in VTs adjacent to

PA and ecosystems fragmentation as well and loss of globally significant species habitat.

Local Communities Capacities Building are effective through efficient and flexible project management based on learning by doing principle, fostering partnership for synergies, capitalized known environmentally sound best practices at planning, implementation, participatory monitoring and evaluation levels by end of year 7.

Knowledge Management is leading to synergies among concerned actors on the field that yield tremendous amount of cooperation for Collaborative and Adaptive

Sustainable Land Management Ecosystems

Interconnectivity, Biodiversity

Conservation and Poverty Alleviation through Sustainable Use of Biological

Resources.

83

PRINCIPLES GUIDING INCREMENTALITY

Overall, for each of the project expected outcomes, the distinction between GEF increment and cofinancing during implementation of the GEF alternative is as in the following paragraphs.

Outcome 1: Policy and legal framework adapted to IEM (GEF: US$91,044; Co-financing:

US$193,800)

GEF will fund the review and recommendation for Tranche 2 and 3 outcomes while the GoS will fund all enactment, adoption, and enforcement of the new legislation.

Outcome 2: Sustainable development and NRM in VTs (GEF: US$931,515; Co-financing:

US$3,322,800)

Under outcome 2 GEF will fund all start-up costs to develop IEM and eco-regional planning overlays for village and coastal development and natural resource management plans. This will include generating broad based consensus on usufruct rules; capacity building and assistance to

Rural Councils, VTs, Fisheries Management Committees and local populations in eco-regional planning; and developing institutional and procedural means and capacity for conflict resolution.

Co-financing will cover the operational costs of implementing and replicating those plans. The GEF will fund barrier removal and demonstration for; conflict resolution mechanisms; developing fuel wood alternatives; introduction of sustainable soil and water conservation techniques in arable and pastoral land uses; intensifying and diversifying rural production systems; training and community mobilization in effective bush fire control; sustainable oyster collection techniques; aqua-culture and fish processing. Co-financing will cover all recurrent costs of these activities. The demonstration and barrier removal rational is explained in more detail below.

Outcome 3: Conservation and sustainable management of CNRs and PUs (GEF: US$1,140,537;

Co-financing: US$2,547,080)

Similarly GEF will fund all start-up costs of developing participatory management plans for

Community Nature Reserves in buffer zones of the park; including survey and consultation work for the plans; capacity building and institutional strengthening of Rural Councils and VTs to monitor, enforce and implement the management plans; creating the institutional structure for a micro-credit scheme and equitable sharing of hunting and eco-tourism profits. Co-financing will cover future operational and running costs of implementing the plans. The GEF will fund the demonstration and barrier removal costs of all sustainable use activities in the outcome; including bush fire control; bee-keeping; eco-tourism; and marine and non-timber forest product harvesting, processing and marketing. The rational for funding these activities are detailed below. Co-financing will cover the cost of all material investments and running costs of these sustainable use activities.

Outcome 4: Sustainable conservation and co- management of natural resources in PAs (GEF:

US$807,585; Co-financing: US$762,770)

GEF will fund all new infrastructural development to strengthen PA management not covered by the AGIR project; including physical delimitation of boundaries; construction of guard and observation posts and encampments; bridges and fords; transport and communications and upgrading park training centers. Already planned co-financing will contribute to some of this infrastructure and bear the full cost of maintenance for all infrastructures. The GEF will fund the costs of all capacity building, training, institutional strengthening of PA authorities and civil comanagement teams, and the development of participatory PA management plans to facilitate more

84

effective enforcement of PA resources; co-management; cost recovery and equitable distribution of funds gathered from utilization of PA resources. GEF and co-financing will share the cost of legal modifications and bio-surveys. Co-financing will cover all salaries of PA staff, including recruitment of eco-guards. As with the other outcomes the GEF will fund demonstration and barrier removal costs of all sustainable activities; including bee-keeping, straw mowing, and controlled grazing.

Outcome 5: Participatory monitoring & evaluation of the ecosystems (GEF: US$366,547; Cofinancing: US$350,500)

GEF will fund all costs of collecting additional baseline data, to monitor the impacts of the project, and training a team in biodiversity and carbon sequestration survey techniques, as well as participatory M&E. Co-financing will cover the salaries of staff during and after the close of the project to facilitate long term monitoring of the project’s impacts.

Outcome 6: Learning, evaluation, and adaptive management increased (GEF: US$302,772; Cofinancing: US$612,050)

GEF will fund the enabling environment for an improved learning, evaluation, and adaptive management, fostering partnership for synergies, capitalization of best known proven environmentally sound best practices and their dissemination at planning, implementation, participatory monitoring and evaluation levels for mainstreaming SLM and IEM in VTs, CNR:PU and in adjacent PAs as well.

B ARRIERS R EMOVAL AND D EMONSTRATION R ATIONAL FOR S USTAINABLE U SE A CTIVITIES .

A number of techniques have been developed and tested successfully in rural areas of developing countries, which would increase the sustainability and productivity of farming systems in village lands, and reduce pressure on PA resources. However they are not currently normal practice among farmers in the project’s target area. Other techniques are either innovative or need incremental innovations to adapt them to the Senegalese context. The GEF will fund all the costs for promoting these techniques, training and providing technical advice to farmers in the adoption of these techniques, while all material inputs and recurrent costs will be covered through co-financing.

Where investment costs are prohibitive the GEF will provide access to loans through the project’s micro-credit scheme. The techniques being promoted under the project are described briefly below.

Sustainable sedentary farming models : this includes techniques that have been tested elsewhere in

Africa, such as: encouraging mixed livestock and arable farming to enable farmers to maintain soil fertility with manure and feed livestock with fodder; field rotation and composting to maintain soil fertility and fix nitrogen; promote agro-forestry to boost organic soil content from leaf litter; reduce wind and water erosion of soils, provide shade for crops, and utilize space more efficiently through fodder and NTFP production, from tree canopies. The GEF will fund all the costs for testing and fine-tuning these techniques in the project sites, and training and providing technical advice to farmers in the adoption of these techniques, while all material inputs, and recurrent costs will be covered through co-financing.

Livestock Fattening: Consistent with the mixed farming model above, the GEF will fund costs of training farmers in sedentary intensive small ruminant fattening techniques, including livestock nutrition and phyto-sanitary regimes and provide access to loans for small start-up investments through the project’s micro-credit facility.

85

Pasture management: Traditional transhumance strategies are being hindered as pastoralists lose access to pasture as exclusionary rights are allocated to the cultivators to convert pasture. The project will modify land tenure laws to accept pastoralism as a legal land use, and provide training in rest and rotation strategies, and planning of pastoral investments and corridors, to enable sustainable pastoralism to co-exist with emerging agricultural land use patterns. Co-financing will finance all pasture improvement and rehabilitation.

Windbreaks and green fire breaks: planting field and pasture hedges reduces soil erosion by wind and water, and depending on the species, protects crops and pasture resources against fire, provides non-timber forest products, and fodder for livestock. As above, the GEF will fund all the costs for promoting these techniques using endemic species, training and providing technical advice to farmers in the adoption of these techniques, while all material inputs and recurrent costs will be covered through co-financing.

Reforestation and regeneration: Some native species have better investment returns than fast growing exotics, because they yield a number of timber and non-timber forest products, such as nuts and fodder. However they take longer to return a yield on the initial investment, because they are slower growing. Because this activity can take up to 8 years to demonstrate, the GEF will provide matching funds for farmers to invest in native species, through the project’s micro-credit scheme, to encourage the uptake of this practice and demonstrate its effectiveness over the longer term. Also, the GEF will demonstrate appropriate techniques for reclamation of saline affected lands, for improved biodiversity conservation and C-sequestration.

Aqua-culture: Aqua-cultural models ranging from the simple to the more intensive will be demonstrated. For example ox-bow lakes and hand-dug ponds filled during the rains can hold rain and flood water long enough to fatten and harvest some species of fish, such as Tilapia nilotica . The

GEF will fund the costs to provide assistance and training to local entrepreneurs in bio-friendly aqua-cultural techniques, and provide loans through the project’s micro-credit scheme to buy fish and other inputs.

Charcoal production: The project will promote a green tax on wood inputs to charcoal production to encourage efficiency gains in the conversion process. The GEF will fund loans through its microcredit scheme enabling producers to purchase low cost equipment to improve the efficiency of charcoal production by up to 30%. The equipment will also reduce the risk of accidental bush-fire caused by the conversion process.

Beekeeping: New techniques in honey production are now available that do not require “smoking” the Bees from the hive. Instead a chemical compound can be used. The compound is cheap and avoids the risk of accidental bush-fires. The GEF will finance demonstrations, and training in the use of this technique to encourage its use, and make micro-credit available for the purchase of equipment. Although more costly than using fire, if collectively undertaken this technique will reduce the risk of losing pollinating flowers the bees depend upon to make honey.

Eco-tourism and hunting: these are strategically important activities to the project, since they are compatible with IEM objectives, and can be practiced in PA’s and surrounding buffer zones, and raise revenue for conservation management. While there is potential in Senegal for eco-tourism and hunting they have not as yet taken off. The GEF will finance activities to promote tourism in

Senegal, develop, introduce and enforce eco-tourism codes of conduct for operators PA’s and buffer zones, and Community Nature Reserves. Tourist operators will cover all capital and operating costs of practicing tourism and hunting.

86

Processing, packaging, storing and marketing natural resource based products: As with the above, if regulated, collecting non-timber forest, rangeland and marine products can be compatible with conservation, and generate revenues for conservation management. The GEF will finance the cost of developing, introducing and enforcing, sustainable NTFP and fish collection techniques and levels. The GEF will also provide training in new or modified techniques to process and package

NTFP, rangeland and marine products to increase value and, and provide micro-credit for the purchase of equipment.

S

COPE OF

A

NALYSIS

The scope of analysis includes the geographic, institutional, market, policy and legislative factors impacting the project’s target areas, as well as the costs and benefits generated from the project activities. This includes: (a) all 4 project sites, their buffer zones, and connecting corridors; (b) all stakeholders in the area; (c) local businesses in the four project areas utilizing natural resources on

(d) local and national government; (e) government policy, legislation and plans; (f) NGO’s and (g) other donors active in the four project selected sites. The temporal scope covers a 10 year period, although most of the base line can only be predicted up to about 6 years. Table II-a above summaries the national and global benefits and costs for both the base line and for the GEF alternative option as well.

C OSTS

The total project costs are USD 11.429 million. Project co-financing amounts USD 7.789 million or up 64% of this total. About 85% of the co-financing has already been allocated to specific outputs. The remainder will be determined during the feasibility study. Together with the baseline activities, the total alternative scenario will cost USD 56.017 million, of which the total project costs amount to 20.4% of which GEF contribution is 6.5%. This is an IEM project building on a substantial baseline complemented by significant co-financing. The GoS is fully committed to sustaining the impacts of the project in the long term, and has shown that commitment through various policy changes, as well as committing contribution (equivalent up to 66.9% of GEF contribution including committing cash about 10% the GEF contribution).

87

Tranche

Annex III: Tranche Plan, Evaluation Process and Benchmarks Based on Tranche 1 Achieved Results

Duration and Period

Evaluation

Mission

Period Benchmark Indicators

Tranche 2

42 months

Y4-Y7

- MEPN

- DEFCCS ;

- DPN ;

- DEEC ;

- DA ;

- DIREL ;

- DCL;

Fourth

Quarter

Y7

2.1. Implementation of Tranche 1 evaluation team recommendations is fully monitored and achieved.

2.2. Legal and policy changes widely acknowledged by the populations;

2.3. Conservation of biological corridors for wildlife seasonal migration routes through ecosystems connectivity operating as buffer zones adjacent to protected areas (PA) is revived in at least 200,000 ha of forest cover land area.

- PCR

-Villages

Chiefs;

-Rural producers ;

-Eco-tourism;

- MEF;

-UNDP- GEF

-GEF;

- Tranche 2

Independent mid term and final evaluation team.

2.4. Overall, 20 CNRs/PUs involving a total of 100 villages have been legally established, delineated and fitted with management plans currently being implemented through signed protocol agreement contracts;

2.5. Revolving Micro credit schemes achievements are implemented through sustainable use of natural resources techniques and technologies;

2.6. Economic incentives through microcredits and communities saving schemes for ensuring recurrent costs are sustainably covered by the stakeholders’ generated benefits.

2.7. Population in Village Territories adjacent to PA are trained by Ecoguards who play an important role in CNRs/PUs Sustainable Management

Plan and Implementation which pay them in return ;

2.8. Overall 4 PAs have on-going participatory development and Comanagement plans;

2.9. Populations’ living conditions around PA are improved;

2.10. Positive biodiversity trend in PAs and CNRs/PUs

Tranche 3

3 YEARS

-Rural producers;

Fourth

Quarter Y7

2.11. Lessons learnt from IEM Project and from other on-going projects for successful project disengagement are capitalized and being implemented.

2.12. Recommendations for Tranche 3 in terms of ensuring Project

Sustainability for a successful post-Project period are made.

3.1. Recommendations made by last evaluation mission for ensuring

Project Sustainability for a successful Post-Project Period are made.

Cost

50,000

50,000

88

Tranche Duration and Period

Y7-Y10

Evaluation

Mission

-Eco-tourism ;

- MEF;

- UNDP-

GEF;

- Tranche 3

Independent mid term and final evaluation team .

Period Benchmark Indicators

3.2. The possibly remaining barriers for CID model in other PA and village territories (VT) with co-financing from beneficiary populations,

State services, ongoing projects and NGOs, in order to generate global benefits as well as sustainable socio-economic and environmental benefits at the national level, well beyond project life and selected demonstration sites are lifted.

3.3. A set 20 CNRs/PUs legally established around PA and involving a total number of 100 villages have on-going autonomous sustainable management plans being successfully implemented under CID models.

3.4. At least 50 Eco-guards are remunerated from eco-development activities.

3.5. A total of 10 PAs have sustainable community based co-management plan being implemented along with an extension in progress in 9 other

PAs.

3.6. First and Second Set of CNRs/PUs including a total of at least 12

CNRs/PUs along with their adjacent VTs have sustainable use of natural resources in the after project period.

Cost

89

Annex IV: Copies of Co-Finance Letters

(Attached in a separate file)

90

Annex V: Responses to GEFSEC CEO Comments

Council Member

CEO

CEO

CEO

CEO

Text of Comment

1. Change all references OP 12 to OP

15.

2. Revise the section on conformity with

GEF objectives.

3. Change “phase” back to “tranche.”

4. Include text about TerrAfrica and linkages the project makes to

TerrAfrica.

Response

All references to OP 12 have been changed to OP 15.

The section on conformity with GEF objectives has been revised.

Sections of PRODOC that have been revised

Please see the changes made in summary description section and in paragraphs 14, 34, 37, 39,

41-43, and 52.

Please see the changes made in paragraphs 34-45.

Project tranche 2 consistency with SO-2 and

SO-4 of GEF-4 arguments are in paragraph 41.

Throughout document.

“Phase” has been replaced throughout the entire document by “tranche.”

Text about TerrAfrica and linkages between the project and TerrAfrica are included.

Please see the changes made in the summary section and paragraphs 14,

24, 34, 40, 42, 43, from 47-

52 and 135 for an indication of the linkages between project outcomes and TerrAfrica.

91

`04-30-07 PIMS 2935 Senegal IEMS-Annex 1` in a

Related documents

Products

Support

`04-30-07 PIMS 2935 Senegal IEMS-Annex 1` in a

Related documents

Add this document to collection(s)

Add this document to saved

Suggest us how to improve StudyLib