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APPENDIX S1. P HOTOSYNTHETIC LIGHT RESPONSES
To assess energy assimilation during flowering, light responses of photosynthetic rates were
measured using a portable, open-path, gas-exchange system (LI6400; Li-Cor) on 24 June 2009.
We selected 3 females and 2 males and enclosed a leaf in the opaque leaf chamber of the gasexchange system, through which air was exchanged. Ten photosynthetic photon flux densities
(2000, 1500, 1000, 800, 500, 300, 100, 50, 10 and 0 µmol m -2 s-1) were provided using a redblue LED at a constant leaf temperature (20 oC). The CO2 concentration in the ambient air
entering the leaf chamber and the leaf-to-air vapour pressure deficit were maintained at 370 mL
L-1 and 1.1 kPa, respectively, during measurement. Net photosynthetic rate per area (A) can be
described as a non-rectangular hyperbolic function of photon irradiance (I, mol m-2 s-1),
A
fI  Pmax 
 fI  Pmax 2  4 fIqPmax
2q
 R,
(1)
where Pmax is the light-saturated photosynthetic rate per area (mol m-2 s-1), f is the initial slope
(mol m-2 s-1), q is the degree of curvature (dimensionless), and R is the dark respiration rate
(mol m-2 s-1: Marshall and Biscoe, 1980).
We quantified the relation of mean net photosynthetic rate to photon irradiance based on
eq. 1 by non-linear, mixed-model regression (proc nlmixed, SAS version 9.3). This analysis
considered normally distributed residuals for individual plants and normally distributed
variation among plants in light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax). We analysed all data for
females and males simultaneously and considered all possible models that differed with respect
to which of the four parameters (f, Pmax, q, and R) were common or different between sexes. The
best-fitting model was identified based on the Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC).
The AIC for the model with common parameter between males and females for all
photosynthetic parameters was smaller than that for all other models by > 11 (Table S1), and so
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was selected as best-fitting model. For this model the parameter estimates ( SE) are: f, 0.036 
0.016; Pmax, 3.58  0.35; q, 0.00014  0.76; R, 0.95  0.15. Based on this result, we conclude
that the sexes photosynthesized at equivalent rates.
Table S1. Fits of the five non-linear mixed models for photosynthetic parameters with the
lowest AIC
f
Pmax
q
R
AIC
common
common
common
common
74.1
separated common
common
common
85.3
common
common
common
separated 86.0
common
common
separated separated 86.8
separated common
separated common
87.0
References
Marshall, B. & Biscoe, P.V. (1980) A model for C3 leaves describing the dependence of net
photosynthesis on irradiance. 1. Derivation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 31, 29-39.
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APPENDIX S2. DETAILS OF RESULTS OF GENERALIZED LINEAR MIXED MODEL OF THE EFFECTS OF STAGE, SEX, AND SINK MANIPULATION ON THE
DISTRIBUTIONS OF EXCESS 13C AND MASS AMONG ORGANS FOR INTACT FEMALE PLANTS DURING 2008 AND INTACT AND FLOWER-REMOVAL PLANTS
DURING 2011
Table S2. Results of generalized linear mixed models of the effect of stage (flowering or early fruiting), sex (female or male), and
sink manipulation (intact, flower removal) on the distribution of excess 13C and mass among organs (flowers or fruits, stems,
leaves, current rhizomes, previous rhizomes, new rhizomes).
Excess 13C
Mass
Effect
df
F
df
Excess 13C
F
df
F
a) Seasonality (only females)
Stage (Flowering, Fruiting)
1, 15
23.65 ***
1, 15
16.51 ***
1, 16.24
0.07
Organ
5, 80
122.04 ***
5, 80
39.65 ***
5, 81.44
97.8 ***
Stage x Organ
5, 80
4.97 ***
5, 80
10.3 ***
5, 79.40
14.6 ***
1, 15
5.67 *
1, 16.69
Log(total 13C per plant)
Log(mass per organ)
Log(total mass per plant)
1, 93.41
1, 15
83.85 ***
0
287.4 ***
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b) Treatment (Flower-removal during flowering)
Sex (Male, Female)
1, 32
0.69
1, 32
0.16
1, 31.78
0.4
Treatment (Intact, Flower removal)
1, 32
1.88
1, 32
0.43
1, 31.74
3.99
Organ
5, 165
Sex x Treatment
1, 32
Sex x Organ
5, 165
Treatment x Organ
Sex x Treatment x Organ
206.1 ***
0
104.24 ***
5, 168.4
192.17 ***
1, 32
0.28
1, 31.73
0.01
0.63
5, 165
1.68
5, 164
9.21 ***
5, 165
0.34
5, 165
0.77
5, 164
0.44
5, 165
0.43
5, 165
1.19
5, 164
1.98
1, 32
4.61 *
1, 31.73
Log(total 13C per plant)
Log(mass per organ)
Log(total mass per plant)
5, 165
1, 194
1, 32
214.01 ***
12.55 **
1351.23 ***
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APPENDIX S3. DISTRIBUTION OF LEAST -SQUARES MEAN EXCESS 13C AMONG ORGANS AFTER
ADJUSTMENT FOR AMONG - PLANT VARIATION IN TOTAL EXCESS 13 C AND INDIVIDUAL ORGAN
MASS
(2008)
To assess the extent to which carbon allocation simply reflected the size of each organ (i.e.
mass), excess 13C was analysed with ln(mass per organ) as a covariate (Fig. S1). Detailed
interpretations are presented in the main text.
For females during the early fruiting period (Fig. S1c), mass affected the distribution of
excess 13C among organs differently, depending on treatment (Table 1c, Ln(mass per organ) x
Treatment x Organ interaction), primarily because of effects on fruits. For intact and defoliated
plants, excess 13C in fruits increased with mass (intact; partial regression coefficient ± SE = 2.34
± 0.20, t116.4 = 11.61, P < 0.001, defoliation; 2.68 ± 0.21, t116.1 = 12.67, P < 0.001), whereas in
fruit-removed plants, excess 13C varied independently of mass (0.17 ± 0.46, t118 = 0.38, P =
0.70). Thus, fruits of fruit-removed plants received much less excess 13C than those of intact and
defoliated plants.
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FIG. S1. Distribution of least-squares mean (±SE) excess 13C among organs (Fl - flowers; Fr =
fruits; L - leaves; S - stems; CR - current rhizomes; PR - previous rhizomes; NR - new
rhizomes) after adjustment for among-plant variation in total excess
13
C and individual organ
mass with respect to a) sex and stage, (b) sex (flowering stage only), and (c) and treatments
applied to females (intact, defoliation, and fruit removal) during fruiting in Thalictrum
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occidentale. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) among factors
within an organ. Note the logarithmic scaling of the ordinate. Statistical results are shown in
Table 1.
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APPENDIX S4. R ELATIONS OF LEAST -SQUARES MEAN FLOWER NUMBER AND FLOWER MASS TO
DEFOLIATION , AND OF FRUIT MASS TO DEFOLIATION OR FRUIT REMOVAL AFTER ADJUSTMENT
FOR AMONG - PLANT VARIATION IN PLANT MASS
(2008)
FIG. S2. Relations of least-squares mean (±SE) flower number and mass to defoliation, and of
fruit mass to defoliation or fruit removal after adjustment for among-plant variation in mass per
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plant for Thalictrum occidentale. Note the logarithmic scaling of the ordinate. Statistical results
are shown in Table 3.
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APPENDIX S5. RESULTS OF GENERALIZED LINEAR MODEL FOR SIZE-DEPENDENT
ALLOCATION TO FLOWER PRODCUTION DURING 2012
Table S3. Results of analyses of size-dependent allocation to flower production during 2012
using a generalized linear model that considered the effects of sex, reproductive status during
the past year (fully or limited reproduction during 2011), and stem diameter during 2012 as a
measure of plant size in Thalictrum occidentale.
Effect
df
F
Sex
1, 105
2.79
Past reproduction (PR)
1, 105
3.99*
Sex x PR
1, 105
3.55
ln(stem diameter)
1, 105
8.58**
ln(stem diameter) x Sex
1, 105
4.46*
ln(stem diameter) x PR
1, 105
5.66*
ln(stem diameter) x Sex x PR
1, 105
5.32*