Name _______________________________ Date __________________ Science SOL ES.9 1. The formation of soil is a long process. What is the first step in soil formation? 4. Which of these correctly lists the water zones from the surface to the bedrock? A Water dissolves limestone and the material leaches into weathered rock. A B B Organic material is mixed with sand and gravel. D Solid layers of rock are transformed under heat and pressure into clay and sand. 5. What is true about ground water? C C D Surface rocks are broken down by mechanical and chemical weathering. A B C D surface zone – water level – aquifer aeration zone – water table – saturation zone saturation zone – water level – aeration zone percolation zone – water table – ground water zone The water level increases after a rain. Rains decrease pore space. During drought the water table rises. During drought the water table falls. 2. What is the process called where water soaking into soil dissolves or washes minerals from an upper level to a lower level? 6. The open spaces between rock or soil particles is called what? A B C D A B C D leaching sweeping exfoliation percolation 3. Spectacular underground caves, where the water has dissolved away parts of the rock, which are accompanied by rock formations such as stalactites and stalagmites, such as in Virginia’s Luray Caverns, are caused by the action of water on what mineral? A B C D a crevasse aeration space depletion area pore space 7. Which rock layer would weather first? A B C D conglomerate sandstone shale limestone soapstone limestone bauxite granite _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 1999, 2000 S.S. Flanagan & D.E. Mott 30 Do not reproduce without permission. 07-15-00 Name _______________________________ Date __________________ Science SOL ES.9 8. Below is a concept map of the Earth’s fresh water sources. What sources should be placed in the spaces numbered 1 through 4 ? Fresh Water Sources Reservoirs A 1 Frozen water 2 Icebergs 3 Standing water 4 Lakes and ponds B 1 Standing water 2 Polar ice 3 Frozen water 4 Rivers and streams C 1 Icebergs 2 Frozen water 3 Standing water 4 Underground aquifers Most of the water on Earth is in the polar icecaps and the majority of the rest is in ocean saltwater. B Most of the water on Earth is ocean saltwater and the majority of the freshwater is in underground aquifers. C Most of the water on Earth is ocean saltwater and the majority of the freshwater is in the polar icecaps. D Most of the water on Earth is in underground aquifers and the majority of the rest is in ocean saltwater or in polar icecaps. 3 Glaciers 2 A Running water Groundwater 1 9. Which of these statements about the distribution of water on the Earth is correct? 4 10. Why is untreated ocean water not a good resource for the irrigation of crops? A It carries minerals which interfere with plant growth. B It contains many microorganisms that destroy crops. C It is usually not available in farming areas. D It lacks vital nutrients contained in freshwater. D 1 Cold water 2 Northern rivers 3 Standing water 4 Underground aquifers _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 1999, 2000 S.S. Flanagan & D.E. Mott 31 Do not reproduce without permission. 07-15-00 Name _______________________________ Date __________________ Science SOL ES.9 Use this picture of plants growing in soil to answer the next three questions. Horizon A Horizon B Horizon C Bedrock 14. What type of rock is formed by sediment transported by the fastest-moving water? A B C D shale gypsum sandstone conglomerate 15. What type of rock layer is laid down as sediment when the water is calm? A B C D shale gypsum sandstone conglomerate 11. In which horizon is most plant and animal life found? A B C D Horizon A Horizon B Horizon C Bedrock 12. In which horizon would you possibly find an aquifer? A B C D A B C Bedrock 13. Which zone would contain the "parent" material? A B C D A B C Bedrock _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 1999, 2000 S.S. Flanagan & D.E. Mott 32 Do not reproduce without permission. 07-15-00