Thematic plan of the lectures
on Pharmacognosy
for the students of ІІІ course of pharmaceutical faculty
for autumn semester 2014-2015 study years
№№
Themes of lectures
Hours
1.
Pharmacognosy as the science and discipline, its tasks and objects for
investigation. Major terms of pharmacognosy, nomenclature of medicinal
plants and medicinal plant materials (MPM). Chemical content of medicinal
plants, their classification. Methods of pharmacognostic analysis.
System of MPM standardization in Ukraine, Order of elaboration,
compliance and approval of the analytic and normative documents on
medicinal plant materials. Sampling of material. Determination of identity
and quality of medicinal plant materials according to Standard Technical
documents
Polysaccharides. Classification, physical and chemical properties. Chemical
reactions for identification and quantitative determination, uses in medicine.
Plants and MPM containing polysaccharides.
Vitamins. Distribution in plant kingdom, classification. Influence of
vegetation phases and environmental conditions on the accumulation of
vitamins in plants. Chemical reactions for identification and quantitative
determination. Uses in medicine. Plants and medicinal plant materials
containing vitamins.
Isoprenoids, volatile oils. Classification, distribution in plant kingdom and
localization in plant materials. Influence of ontogenetic factors and
environmental conditions on the accumulation in plants. Biosynthesis of
terpenoids.
Physical and chemical properties of volatile oils. The methods of obtaining of
volatile oil from medicinal plant materials. Methods of quantitative
determination of volatile oils and analysis of purity and adulterants in volatile
oils. Plants and medicinal plant materials containing terpenoids and volatile
oils.
Iridoids as a group of biological active substance, properties, sources and
uses in medicine.
Lipids and fixed oils. Classification, physical and chemical properties of
fixed oils, the methods of obtaining. Methods of quantitative determination
of fixed oils and analysis of purity (physical and chemical indices). Plants
and medicinal plant materials containing fixed oils, medicinal uses.
Glycosides, nomenclature and classification, general characters. Methods of
analyses. Glucosinolate compounds and cyanogenetic glycosides, their
properties. Plants and medicinal plant materials containing glucosinolate
compounds and cyanogenetic glycosides. Uses in medicine.
Saponins. Peculiarities of classification. Physical and chemical properties.
Methods of analyses. Pharmacological action. Plants and medicinal plant
materials containing saponins. Uses in medicine.
Cardiosteroids. Classification, physical and chemical properties. Methods of
extraction, detection and quantitative determination.
Peculiarities of
standardization. Plants and medicinal plant materials containing
cardiosteroids. Uses in medicine.
Total:
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
22
Thematic plan of laboratory works
on Pharmacognosy
for the students of ІІІ course of pharmaceutical faculty
for autumn semester 2014-2015 study years
№№
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Themes of laboratory works
Unit 1. General part of Pharmacognosy. Medicinal plants and medicinal
plant materials (MPM) containing polysaccharides, vitamins, glucosinolate
compounds, cyanogenetic glycosides, organic acids. Materials of animal
and plant origin yielding carbohydrates, lipids, peptides and vitamins.
Macroscopic analysis of entire MPM of various morphological groups
Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of crushed MPM of the morphological
group "herb
Macroscopic and microscopic analyses of crushed MPM of the morphological
group "root”
Analysis of powdered MPM
Batch quality analysis. Sampling of medicinal plant materials. Determination of
MPM identity.
Determination of MPM purity and quality.
Analysis of medicinal plant materials containing polysaccharides
Analysis of medicinal plant materials containing vitamins
Analysis of medicinal plant materials, containing fixed oils and related
compounds
Unit 2. Medicinal plants and MPM containing monoterpenoid glycosides,
bitters and volatile oils
Macroscopic analysis of entire MPM containing volatile oils, major constituents
of which are exemplified by monoterpenoids and aromatic compounds
Macro- and microscopic analyses of crushed MPM containing volatile oils,
major constituents of which are exemplified by monoterpenoids and aromatic
compounds
Macroscopic analysis of MPM containing volatile oils, major constituents of
which are exemplified by sesquiterpenoids
Macroscopic analysis of crushed MPM containing volatile oils, major
constituents of which are exemplified by sesquiterpenoids
Macro- and microscopic analyses of MPM, containing iridoids and bitters
Analysis of volatile oils, quantitative determination in MPM.
Unit 3. Medicinal plants and MPM containing triterpenoids, steroids,
saponins and cardiac glycosides. Natural sources of hormones.
Macro- and microscopic analyses of MPM, containing saponins
Detection and quantitative determination of saponins in MPM
Macro- and microscopic analyses of MPM, containing cardiac glycosides
Detection and quantitative determination of cardiac glycosides in MPM
Macro- and microscopic analyses of unknown sample of MPM.
Final control for Module 1
Total:
Hours
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
84
Thematic plan of independent work
on Pharmacognosy
for the students of ІІІ course of pharmaceutical faculty
for autumn semester 2014-2015 study years
№№
Themes of independent work
Hours
1.
Brief historical review on evolution of pharmacognosy. The mains
historical phases, influence of Arabic medicine (Avicenna), European
medicine (Dioscorides, Galen, Hippocratus) and other medicinal systems
on pharmacognosy evolution. Origin of pharmacognosy as science.
Expedition works for detection of natural plant resources. Resource base of
medicinal plants, trade, introduction
Chemical composition of medicinal plants and classification of medicinal
plant materials. The main groups of biological active substances,
pharmacologically active constituents, inert constituents. Primary and
secondary constituents. Biogenesis. The chemical, botanical,
morphological, pharmacological systems of classification for medicinal
plants and medicinal plant materials. Organization of collection.
Standardization of medicinal plant materials in compliance with the
European Pharmacopoeia. Quality control of plant materials. Standard
Technical documents (Pharmacopoeia, State Standards, Temporary
Pharmacopoeia Monographs, Branch Standards). Pharmacopoeia
monograph structure. Requirements of Standard Technical documents for
medicinal plant materials. Major trends of scientific research concerning
investigation of medicinal plants
The main trends of scientific investigations in pharmacognosy. Methods of
discovering of new medicinal plants: studies and utilization of experience
of the folk medicine, chemical screening, phylogenetic principles. Studies
of wild plants resources. Biologically active constituents in plants and
methods of their analysis. Studies of chemical composition of medicinal
plants and development of new drugs. Elaboration of Standard Technical
Documents concerning collection, drying and storage of medicinal plant
materials.
Carbohydrates. Glycosides. Solanum tuberosum, Triticum vulgare, Zea
mays, Oryza sativa, Cichorium intybus, Plantago spp., Rubus idaeus,
Laminaria spp., Gummi Armeniacae, Gummi Tragacanthae, Gossypium
spp., Ficus carica, Cetraria islandica, Malva sylvestris, Tilia spp.
Lipids and related compounds: Oleum Cucurbitae, Oleum Arachidis,
Oleum Lini, Oleum Juglandis,Gossypii oleum, Lanolinum (Adeps lanae),
Cetaceum, Cera, Maize oil, Wheat germ oil, Evening Primrose oil, solid
animal fats.
Proteins and enzymes: Spirulina platensis, Medicago sativum, Viscum
album, Nigella damascena, Carica papaya, Ananas comosus, Citrullus
lanatus. Sponge.
Vitamins: Fragaria vesca, Cucurbita pepo, Daucus carota, Citrus spp,
Viburnum opulus.
Macro- and microelements. Organic acids: Spinacia oleracea, fruits of
Citrus spp., Rosa spp., Equisetum arvense, Polygonum aviculare, plants of
the families Boraginaceae and Poaceae (Borago officinalis, Agropyron
repens, Avena sativa and others).
Glucosinolate compounds and cyanogenetic glycosides: Laurocerasus
4
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
4
4
4
4
4
2
3
2
3
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
vulgaris, Allium cepa, Allium sativum.
Terpenoids, iridoids: Herba Leonuri, Epicarpium et mesocarpium Aurantii
amari, Radices Harpagophyti, Herba Cnici benedicti, Rhizomata et radices
Valerianae.
Volatile oils: sources of camphor, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa,
Abies sibirica, Cinnamomum spp, Ocimum basilicum, Folia Melissae,
Oleum Rosae, Folia Rosmarini; Flores Chamomillae romanae, Flores
Arnicae, Gemmae Populi, Fructus Anisi stellati, Aetheroleum Anisi stellati.
Correlation between chemical content of volatile oils and their
pharmacotherapeutic effects for aromatherapy.
Diterpenoids, resins and balsams: Pinus sylvestris, Stevia rebaudiana,
Boswellia serrata, Styrax benzoin, Myroxylon balsamum, Myroxylon
balsamum var. pereirae, Commiphora myrrha.
Triterpenoids. Steroids. Saponins: Rhizomata Cimicifugae, Centellae
asiaticae herba, Flores Calendulae, Rhizomata et Radices Polemonii,
Rhizomata Saponariae, Rhizomata et Radices Echinopanacis, Folia
Hederae, Radices Senegae. Natural sources of bile acids. Internal animal
glands as sources of hormones. Cortex Pruni africanae; Serenoa repens,
Urtica urens. Ecdysteroids.
Cardiac glycosides: Bulbus Scillae, Helleborus spp.
Preparation for Module 1 control
Total:
3
3
4
4
3
4
56
Thematic plan of the lectures
on Pharmacognosy
for the students of ІІІ course of pharmaceutical faculty
for spring semester 2014-2015 study years
№№
Themes of lectures
Hours
1.
Phenolics and phenolic glycosides. Classification of phenolics. Physical and
chemical properties of phenolic compounds. Chemical structure. Simple
Phenols. Phenolic alcohols and phenolic aldehydes. Phenolic glycosides.
Phenolic acids. Lignans. Distribution in the plant world. Medicinal uses,
pharmacological activity
Naphto- and anthraquinones, glycosides. Classification. Physical and
chemical properties. Methods of analysis. Pharmacological activity.
Pathways of medicinal uses. Anthraglycosides use features, contraindications
for prescription
Coumarins and phurochromones. Chemical structure. Classification. Physical
and chemical properties. Pathways of medicinal uses, pharmacological
activity. Medicinal plant materials, containing
coumarins and
phurochromones
Flavonoids, general description. Classification. Distribution in the plant
world. Physical and chemical properties. Pathways of medicinal uses.
Flavonoid containing medicinal preparations
Tannins. Classification. Physical and chemical properties. Pharmacological
activity. Medicinal plant materials and preparations containing tannins.
Medicinal uses
Alkaloids. Classification. Chemical structure features. Biosynthesis
pathways. Physical and chemical properties. Distribution of alkaloids in the
plant world
Extraction, identification, quantitative determination methods for alkaloids in
medicinal plant materials. Pathways of medicinal uses of alkaloid containing
medicinal plant materials
Principles of morphological and botanical classification of medicinal plant
materials, their uses for identification of plant materials
Pharmacological classification of medicinal plant materials. Herbal
collections (Species) and teas. Pressed and cut medicinal plant materials,
briquettes: characteristics, methods of analysis and pathways of medicinal
uses
Total:
2
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
18
Thematic plan of laboratory works
on Pharmacognosy
for the students of ІІІ course of pharmaceutical faculty
for spring semester 2014-2015 study years
№№
Themes of laboratory works
Hours
14.
15.
16.
Unit 4. MP and MPM, containing phenolic glycosides.
Analysis of MPM containing phenolic glycosides and other phenolic
compounds
Determination of identity by macro- and microscopic characters of MPM
containing anthracen-derivatives and their glycosides
Identification and quantitative determination of anthracen-derivatives in
MPM.
Analysis of medicinal plant materials containing coumarins and chromones.
Determination of identity by macro- and microscopic characters of MPM
containing flavonoids
Identification and quantitative determination of flavonoids in medicinal plant
materials
Determination of identity by macro- and microscopic characters of MPM
containing tannins.
Identification and quantitative determination of tannins in medicinal plant
materials
Unit 5. MP and MPM, containing alkaloids and various groups of BAS.
MPM processing pathways, herbal collections and teas.
Determination of identity by macroscopic characters of MPM containing
alkaloids.
Determination of identity by macro- and microscopic characters of MPM
containing alkaloids
Identification and quantitative determination of alkaloids in medicinal plant
materials
Analysis of plant powders of the morphological groups “leaf” and “herb”
Analysis of plant powders of the morphological groups “root, rhizome”,
“bark”, “fruit”
Analysis of briquettes, cut and pressed medicinal plant materials
Analysis of herbal collections (Species)
Analysis of MPM in herbal collections on identity and quality
17.
18.
Detection of various classes of BAS in MPM
Final control for Module 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Total:
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
76
Thematic plan of independent work
on Pharmacognosy
for the students of ІІІ course of pharmaceutical faculty
for spring semester 2014-2015 study years
№№
Themes of independent work
Hours
1.
Medicinal plants and materials containing phenolic compounds: Paeonia
anomala, Cynara scolymus, Filipendula ulmaria, Salix spp., Cannabis sativa.
Lignans. Medicinal plants and materials containing lignans
Benzoquinones and naphtoquinones. Medicinal plants and materials
containing benzoquinones: ubiquinone; naphtoquinones: Juglans regia,
Drosera rotundifolia, Lithospermum officinale.
Medicinal plants and materials containing coumarins and chromones:
Angelica archangelica, Ruta graveolens.
Medicinal plants and materials containing flavonoids: Fagopyrum
saggitatum, Citrus lemon and other citrus fruits, Thea sinensis, Sambucus
nigra, Lespedeza spp., Solidago spp., Aerva lanata, Robinia pseudoacacia.
Xanthones. Medicinal plants and materials containing xanthones:
Centaurium spp., Hypericum spp.
Medicinal plants and materials containing tannins: Rhus coriaria, Chinese
and Turkish galls, Vitis vinifera, Thea sinensis, Potentilla argentea, Hamamelis
virginiana, Filipendula hexapetala
Medicinal plants and materials containing alkaloids: Lobelia inflata,
Anabasis aphylla, Erythroxylon coca, Scopolia carniolica, Sophora
pachycarpa, Fumaria officinalis, Stephania glabra, Securinega suffruticosa,
Cephaelis ipecacuanha, Pausinystalia yohimbe, sources of caffeine (Thea
sinensis, Coffea arabica, Theobroma cacao, Cola spp., Paulinia cupana),
Delphinium spp., Aconitum spp., Taxus baccata, Solanum laciniatum.
Manufacturing of MPM. Analysis of powdered materials: requirements on
quality; uses
Analysis of briquettes, cut and pressed medicinal plant materials: requirements
on quality; uses
Herbal collections (Species): nomenclature of official collections, methods of
analysis, requirements on quality, uses
Medicinal plants and materials containing various types of biologically
active compounds: sources of allantoin (Borago officinale), Phlomis pungens,
Artemisia vulgaris, Pyretrum spp., Levisticum officinale. Tissue culture.
Medicinal plants and materials used in homeopathy
Food additives from MPM: nomenclature, composition, characters of MPM and
uses
The world market of herbal medicines and perspectives for uses of medicinal
plants and materials in the pharmaceutical practice
Preparation for Module 2 control
Total:
4
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
4
68