DECEMBER 26, 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI
FIELD SURVEY (JULY. 09-10, 2005) AT NORTH WEST PENINSULAR
MALAYSIA COAST, PENANG AND LANGKAWI ISLANDS
Ahmet C. Yalciner1, Nor Hisham Ghazali2, Ahmad Khairi Abd Wahab3
July 2005 (Revised on September 22, 2005)
1
Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department, Ocean Engineering Reserach
Center, Ankara, Turkey yalciner@metu.edu.tr
2
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia, Coastal Engineering Division, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia hisham@water.gov.my
3
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Hydraulics and
Hydrology, Skudai, Johor Darul Takzim, Malaysia, drakaw@gmail.com or khairi@fka.utm.my
1. INTRODUCTION
Tsunami Survey Team consisted of Ahmet C. Yalciner, Nor Hisham Ghazali and Ahmad Khairi Abd
Wahab. It was conducted on July 09-10, 2005 at the North West Coast of Malaysia, Penang and
Langkawi islands. This is a report of the field survey and the results on wave runup, arrival time,
damages and casualties along Malaysian coasts seriously affected by the tsunami.
2.
2004
INDONESIA / NICOBAR / ANDAMAN / SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE ON DECEMBER 26,
The devastating megathrust earthquake (Indonesia/Nicobar/Andaman/Sumatra Earthquake) of
December 26, 2004, occured on Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 GMT (7:58:53 AM local
time at epicenter) with Mw=9.0 NEIC
Epicenter
Latitude
3.32
North,
Longitude 95.85 East (USGS) or
3.09N, 94.26E southwest Banda Aceh
in Northern Sumatra (Borrero, 2005).
The earthquake occurred on the
interface of the India and Burma
plates and was caused by the release
of stresses that develop as the India
plate subducts beneath the overriding
Burma plate. The India plate begins
its descent into the mantle at the
Sunda trench, which lies to the west
of the earthquake's epicenter. The
trench is the surface expression of the
plate interface between the Australia
and India plates, situated to the
southwest of the trench, and the
Burma and Sunda plates, situated to
the northeast (Taymaz,Tan, Yolsal,
2005). The fault plane solutions of
the earthquake are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The fault plane solutions of December 26, 2004 Earthquake (Taymaz, Tan, Yolsal, 2005).
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
1
3. INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI ON DECEMBER 26, 2004
The earthquake has also triggered giant tsunami and the tsunami waves that propagated throughout
the Indian Ocean caused extreme inundation and extensive damage, loss of property and life along
the coasts of 12 surrounding countries in the Indian Ocean. The loss of lives also extended to the
people from a total of 27 countries from other parts of the world. The number of casualties and missing
person from the countries bordering Indian Ocean (AFP, 2005) is given in Table 1.
The tsunami waves arrived at the North of Sumatra coastline in half an hour. The waves reached the
coasts of Thailand, Sri Lanka, India and Maldives within hours and also arrived at Somalia in Africa,
some hours later. The number of casualties and missing people are listed in Table 1 (AFP, 2005). The
total number of death toll in the list shows that this tsunami is the most destructive ever experienced in
human history. Because of its exceptional character, it is clearly seen that, the magnitude of North
Sumatra Earthquake has not only triggered a tsunami and cause damages and loss of lives but also
shaken the psychology, social life, scientific considerations, understanding of hazards and priorities of
mitigation measures in the region. This event will remain as the most important item in the agenda of
assessment of natural hazards in the long run.
Table 1. The number of casualties and missing from the Countries Bordering Indian Ocean (AFP,
2005), (The official number of casualty in Malaysia is 69 including one missing)
Country
Dead
Missing
Indonesia
125,598
94,574
Thailand
5,395
3,001
Sri Lanka
30,957
5,637
India
10,749
5,640
Myanmar
61
-
Maldives
82
26
Malaysia
68
1
Somalia:
298
-
Tanzania
10
-
Bangladesh
2
-
Kenya
1
-
TOTAL
173,221
108,879
Understanding the dynamics of the Indian Ocean Tsunami will provide us with very valuable
experience, knowledge and sense to develop better defense against natural hazards. In the following,
the tsunami survey performed is described briefly and the results are presented.
4. MODELING
The generation, propagation and coastal amplification of tsunami waves are modeled using the
TUNAMI N2 software. TUNAMI N2 is the outcome of UNESCO TIME Project. The model was
authored by Prof. Fumihiko Imamura of Tohoku University Japan, and developed at the Middle East
Technical University-Ankara under support of TUBITAK and in collaboration with Prof. Costas
Synolakis in the University of Southern California, USA and licensed by Imamura-Yalciner-Synolakis.
The initial wave for simulation has been computed by the fault data given in Table 3. The sea state at
5, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 600 minutes in Indian Ocean are presented in Figure 10.
The computed maximum water surface elevations reached at each grid point and travel time curves
during propagation of tsunami in Indian Ocean is also presented in Figure 11.
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
2
Table 2: The fault data used to compute the tsunami source for simulation
Epicenter Eastern Coordinate
Epicenter Northern Coordinate
Fault Length
Fault Width
Strike Angle
Dip Angle
Slip Angle
Displacement
Focal Depth
Maximum +ve Amplitude at Tsunami Source
Maximum -ve Amplitude at Tsunami Source
93.13o N
03.70 o E
443km.
170km.
329 o
8o
110 o
30
25km
+ 10.7m
- 6.6m
Figure 2. The sea state at different time step of Indian Ocean Tsunami (Figures from Animation by
Andrey Zaitsev)
Figure 3. The Computed Maximum Water Surface Elevations Reached at Each Grid Point and Travel
Time Curves During Propagation of Dec. 26, 2004 Tsunami in Indian Ocean .
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
3
5. TSUNAMI FIELD SURVEY AT NORTH OF MALAYSIA
The tsunami effected areas in Malaysia are shown in Figures 4 to 8. In Figure 4, the overall view of
tsunami affected areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia is shown. The tsunami affected
areas along the northern and southern coasts of Penang in Malaysia are shown in Figures 5 and 6
respectively. The tsunami affected areas along Kedah and Langkawi coast are also shown in Figures
7 and 8.
The locations visited during the survey cover almost all the tsunami affected areas and they are
tabulated in Table 3 with their coordinates. The water level data in Table 3 are before tidal correction.
For tidal correction, satisfactory data is given by Tsuji, Namegaya and Ito (2005).
Figure 4. Overall View of Tsunami Affected Areas - West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
4
Figure 5. Tsunami Affected Areas Along the Northern Coast of Penang, Malaysia
Figure 6. Tsunami Affected Areas Along the Southern Coast of Penang, Malaysia
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
5
Figure 7. Tsunami Affected Areas Along the Kedah Coast of Malaysia
Figure 8. Tsunami Affected Areas in Langkawi Island, Malaysia
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
6
Table 2: The list of measured parameters during the field survey on July 09-10, 2005. (The water level data are based on survey date)
No.
Survey point
Latitude
Longtitude
Survey
Date
and
time
(local
time)
Max.
Flow
depth
Inund.
Dist.
Arrival
Time of
tsunami
(local
time in
Malaysia)
Max. +ve
tsunami
amplitude
near the
shore
Notes
1
Sungai Batu,
Penang Is.
05°16.792 N
100° 14.355 E
Jul., 09,
05 at
09:05
0.8m
60m
~ 01:15pm
1.5m
3 waves arrived, receedence of sea
was observed first. Before tsunami
many small waves came to shore,
damage at the head of breakwater by
tsunami
2
Sungai Batu
Penang Is.
05°16.979 N
100°14.149 E
Jul., 09,
05 at
09:25
1.3m
90m
~ 01:15pm
1.5m
Same behaviour of the wave as the
previous data point
3
Pasir Panjang
Penang Is.
05°17.671 N
100° 10.981 E
Jul., 09,
05 at
10:25
2.2m
70m
~ 01:15pm
2.2 m
There is a wall behind the beach.
People could not escape from shore
and 27 casualties and 1 missing at
this location because of the wall
behind the beach.
4
Muara Sungai
Pulau Betong ,
Penang Is.
05°18.347 N
100° 11.523 E
Jul., 09,
05 at
11:10
~3m
100m
~3m
This is a river mouth. 3m runup is
max. in Penang. Wave could not
overtop from the river banks
5
Muara Sungai
Pulau Betong,
Penang Is.
05°16.792 N
100° 14.355 E
Jul., 09,
05
~3m
100m
~3m
Wave could not overtop from the river
banks, 2 missing here
6
Penang Is
05°19.533 N
100° 11.734 E
Jul., 09,
05
at 11:45
50m
~2m
Mangrove stopped the wave here
since flow depth is about 1.4 m. Wave
just overtopped above sea wall
100m
~3m
Very small river but wave penetrated 3
km along the river channel
7
Penang Is
05°20.272 N
100° 11.713E
Jul., 09,
05
~1.4m
~2.6m
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and
Langkawi Islands
7
8
Tanjung
Bungah,
Penang Is
05°28.043 N
100° 16.592 E
Jul., 09,
05
~2 m
3 km
along
river bed
~2.5 m
9
Miami Beach,
Penang Is.
05°28.583 N
100° 15.941 E
Jul., 09,
05
~3m
10 m
(no area
for
inundati
on)
~3m
10
Gurney Drive
Penang Is.
05° 26.347N
100° 18.487E
Jul., 09,
05
~1.0m
11
Mainland
05°34.491N
100° 20.290E
Jul., 09,
05
12
Kampung Tepi
Sungai
05°34.794N
100° 20.264E
Jul., 09,
05
Kampung
Paya
05°36.663N
100° 20.464E
Jul., 09,
05
1.5m
70m
05°35.920N
100° 20.452E
Jul., 09,
05
at 15:45
1.5m
150m
06°18.220N
99° 43.288E
Jul., 10,
05
at 09:20
2.65m
500m
along
the river
13
14
15
Sungai
Chenang
Langkawi
200m
~2.5 m
< 1m
400m
~3m
~2.5m
~01:15 pm
12:15
noon time
Some houses on the piles facing to
sea swept away. There is a mosque
near the sea on the piles
23 Casualties here because no
evacuation possible at the steep wall.
The wave arrived here after reflection
from the mainland.
Here is the southernmost point of
significant tsunami impact at the
mainland. It is the border of Penang
and Kedah states of Malaysia. The
effect of tsunami has been extended to
all the Malaysian coastline to Sabak
Bernam in North of Selangor (near the
middle of the Straits of Malacca).
11 casualties in the damaged houses
at first row. A seawall with 2.7 m crest
elevation constructed to prevent
coastal erosion. It actually prevented
much more damages. One of the
houses at the first row is timber and on
piles that permit wave to propagate
underneath.
2.5m
2 big waves came in at 5 minutes
intervals
1.5 m
There is a very small river mouth for
small boats. The river mouth is also
shallow and muddy.
Sea penetrated 500m along the river
up to the regulation gate
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and
Langkawi Islands
8
16
Pelangi Beach
Hotel Resort
Langkawi
06°18.074N
99° 43.185E
Jul., 10,
05
at 09:30
17
Kuala Muda
Langkawi
18
Sungai Kuala,
Melaka River
06°12.080N
99° 43.081E
Jul., 10,
05
at 10:00
19
South of Kuala
Triang
06°21.330N
99° 42.912E
Jul., 10,
05
at 10:25
20
Kuala Triang
06°21.668N
99° 42.538E
Jul., 10,
05
at 10:55
21
At land behind
the shore of
Kuala Triang
06°21.035N
99° 43.248E
Jul., 10,
05
at 11:05
2m
12:00
noon time
Jul., 10,
05
at 09:45
4m
2.2m
3 waves arrived. The first one was at
around 12:00, second was at around
02:30 pm, third was at around 3:00
pm.
0.5m
This location is protected by the
offshore breakwaters and no
significant runup as observed at shore.
1000m
Water level rised along the river about
2.9m. Maximum height of the wave is
4m from MSL. Only one casualty in
Langkawi, an old handicapped man.
3.7m
4m
Wave overtopped on the 3.5 elevation
seawall, but no damage behind the
wall.
500m inundation along the river
900m inundation along the river
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and
Langkawi Islands
9
6. DISCUSSION OF SURVEY RESULTS
6.1. Runup, Inundation, Arrival Time
It was about the time of the predicted high tide in Langkawi and Penang when the tsunami hit
Malaysia.
The maximum positive amplitude of tsunami near the shoreline has been measured (on the day of
survey) by following the information obtained from eyewitness interviews and also compared with the
field measurements done by DID during post tsunami survey soon after the event. At all coastal
locations where we have surveyed, the inland inundation due to the tsunami is greater along the
rivers.
The waves reached Langkawi 3 hours 15 minutes after the earthquake with an average nearshore
positive amplitude of 2.5-3m. The arrival time to Penang was 4 hours after the earthquake with an
average nearshore positive amplitude of 2-3m.
Eyewitnesses reported that the sea receeded first followed by high waves in Langkawi and Penang.
The inundation distance varies and it reached about 1000 m from the shore along some small rivers in
Langkawi.
The seawalls constructed for coastal protection with about 3m crest elevation had protected the land
behind since the maximum nearshore amplitude was about 2.5-3m Kampung Tepi Sungai (Kedah)
and South of Kuala Triang (Langkawi) are two examples for this condition.
6.2. Damages and Casualties in Malaysia
.
The total casualties in Malaysia is 68 with one missing. The damage was severe at the Kedah
coastline north of Kuala Muda. Although there was no severe damage in Penang, the casualties were
greater (54 out of 68) there. 27 deaths were in Pasir Panjang and 23 in Miami Beach. The only reason
why the majority of casualties are at these two locations was the absence of any unhindered
evacuation routes at these narrow beaches. The photo in Figure 9 shows Pasir Panjang beach
where there is no way to escape the wave efficiently. The photo in Figure 10 shows Miami Beach in
Penang where there is no clear path of evacuation during the waves. Figure 10 also shows the level of
water rise in Miami beach.
Nevertheless, the overall findings point to the fact that it was the unknown danger that was the actual
cause of deaths. Even as the killer waves were approaching, victims were seen standing and even
walking towards the sea out of curiosity at a sight and sound they have never before seen or heard
(Abdullah et. al., 2005).
The other 11 casualties were in Kampung Tepi Sungai, which is partly protected by a sea wall. All
damages and casulties occured at the location where there was no protection wal. The photo in Figure
11 shows the protection wall in Kampung Tepi Sungai and also the level of the water rise.
It was observed in our survey and also noted in Abdullah et. al. (2005) that the coastal protection
structures and revetments especially in Perlis, Kedah, and Perak had protected houses and
agricultural areas behind and they experienced very minor damages under the tsunami attack with
approximate nearshore amplitude of 3m. Overtopping at some protection structures has also been
observed in Langkawi and north Perak. Some river banks collapsed due to the sudden drawdown of
water during the return-flow. On the other hand, tsunami waves deposited mud and sand at the river
mouths in the north and northwest of Penang.
Most of the damaged houses in the impact areas were old timber or part-brick buildings. In Kuala
Muda, it was observed that single-brick walls could not withstand the onslaught of the tsunami waves.
However, reinforced concrete walls of houses along the first row of buildings from the sea managed to
stay intact (Abdullah et. al. 2005).
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
10
Figure 9: Pasir Panjang beach where there was a concrete barrier behind the beach. People could not
escape in time and there were 27 casualities at this location because of poor evacuation route.
Figure 10: Miami Beach in Penang where there is highway that prevented easy evacuation. There
were 23 casualities at this location mainly due to lack of clear evacuation route.
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
11
Figure 11: The protection wall in Kampung Tepi Sungai and the level of water rise. There was no
damage and casualty behind this location because of the coastal protection. (Note that the 11
casualties and damages occured 50m to the North where there is no coastal protection.
6.3. Post-tsunami Investigations and Findings by DID Malaysia
The DID Malaysia, had duly responded by inspecting the impact sites immediately on the evening of
December 26, 2004. Two days later, investigators from the headquarters-based Coastal Engineering
Division (CED) were dispatched simultaneously to Kedah, Penang and Perak, the three major impact
areas. Photographic and anecdotal evidences were then gathered with the help of the DID offices in
the respective districts and compiled by the CED (Abdullah et. al. (2005).
Tsunami heights were approximated from the known crest heights of coastal structures and the
inundation levels from the watermarks left as the waters receeded. Marks as high as 1.5 meters were
noted in Kuala Muda but the main tsunami wave is estimated at about +5 meters LSD. Between 300 to
400 meters of the shore width was inundated. It was also observed that the damage was less where
the coastal mangroves were dense. On the tourist belt of Batu Ferringhi, the tsunami inundation
distance did not reach the lobbies of the major hotels although some swimming pools were affected.
Typical tsunami damage occurred in the river mouths of Sungai Muda and Sungai Pulau Betong as
the tsunami surge overtopped the river banks. Areas constricted by deposition, bays and inlets such
as Sungai Pulau Betong suffered the worse fate where the waters rose rapidly up to 2 meters above
the bank level trapping villagers within their houses.
7. CONCLUSION
The Indian Ocean Tsunami is the most destructive tsunami experienced in humanity history. The
nuımber of death tolls is around 300 000. The earthquake that triggered this tsunami created a need to
understand the hazards posed, priorities of mitigation measures, strategies, public response,
awareness and preparedness. The lessons learned from this event is unique in all countires. Tsunami
effect in Malaysia is also different and there are many lessons to be learned from these effects.
In this report the data collected by the observations during the field survey (on July 09-10, 2005) is
presented. The distribution of nearshore amplitude of the wave, arrival time, and flow depth are
tabulated together with inundation data (Table 1).
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
12
The wave height and tsunami effect was not so significant in Malaysia coasts comparing to other
coastal locations in the region such as Indonesia, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka, but there still occured
considerable number of casualties and destructions. This must be assumed as an important evidence
of worse events in the future.
A total of 61 people (out of 68) died at three locations where the total coastline length is about 200m.
27 died in Pasir Panjang (where the shoreline length is approximately 75m and there were almost no
significant damage) and 23 were in Miami Beach (where the shoreline length is approxiately 60m and
there were only minor property damage) and 11 died in Kampung Tepi Sungai (damage also occured
along 120 m length of coastline )
In this report the general characteristics of the North Sumatra Earthquake and the Indian Ocean
Tsunami is presented. It has also been observed that the coastal protection structures and also
densely distributed mangroves tsunami protect the land area leeward when the nearshore tsunami
amplitude is about 2.5-3m.
The wooden structures (especially old ones) and single brick walls are very vulnerable against any
size of tsunami attack. The concrete structures may stand if the flow depth is less than 2m. There
must be sufficient open area of windows that permit the transmission of the wave through the structure
in order to decrease the damage level on the concrete structures. The significant scour around
concrete structures, generally partial damage on masonry walls, full damage on wooden and single
brick structures are basic typical structural response data obtained during observations and post
tsunami surveys at all locations around the Indian Ocean after the event.
The results presented in this report are not complete. The additional photographs from this survey are
also available from yalciner@metu.edu.tr and other authors.
8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thanks Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Coastal and Offshore Engineering Institute (COEI)
and Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia (DID) Coastal Engineering Division in Kuala
Lumpur and the DID offices in Kedah, Penang and Langkawi for their full support, guidance, logistic
support and arrangements during all stages of the survey. Prof. Hadibah Ismail is also acknowledged
for her invaluable efforts, arrangements and success which made this survey successful.
The tsunami propagation model used in this study has originally been authored by Prof. Dr. Imamura
with the support of UNESCO TIME Project and developed by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Cevdet Yalciner
and Prof. Dr. Costas Synolakis. TUNAMI-N2 is a licensed software by Imamura-YalcinerSynolakis.The model applications for this event have been done by Research Assistants Ceren Özer,
Hülya Karakus, Gülizar Özyurt and Ilgar Şafak at Middle East Technical University (METU), AnkaraTurkey and Prof. Dr. Efim Pelinovsky and Research Assitant Andrey Zaitsev from Institute of Applied
Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. During the estimate stage of the
initial wave Geophysicist Ugur Kuran, Seismologist Prof. Dr. Tuncay Taymaz and Prof. Emile Okal
has contributed the model in determination of the tsunami source.
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Special Earthquake Report, March 2005
Yalciner A.C., Ghazali N. H, Abd Wahab A. K., (2005), “Report on December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami, Field
Survey on July 09-10, 2005 North West of Malaysia, Penang and Langkawi Islands
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