Content of Final Report
Project Title: PIG GENOTYPES FOR OUTDOOR KEEPING ON FAMILY
FARMS
Principal Investigator: Prof.dr. Marija Uremović
Subject of the Investigation :
The investigation was conducted to determine pig genotypes su itable
for outdoor production under different climatic conditions. Research
was made in Vukovarsko -srijemska County and Osječko -baranjska
County with continental climate and in Istarska County with
Mediterranean climate. The results of this investigation w ere
published in these scientific and professional papers:
1.
Uremović Marija, Uremović Z., Luković Z. 2000: Production
properties of the Black Slavonian pig breed. Zbornik Biotehniške
fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani. Vol. 76. No 2, p. 131 -134.
2. Uremović Marija, Uremović, Z., Luković Z. 2001: Stanje u
autohtonoj crnoj slavonskoj pasmini svinja. Zbornik radova
«Biološka raznolikost u stočarstvu Republike Hrvatske», HAZ,
Zagreb, septembar, 18 -19. str. 123 -129.
3. Uremović Marija 2000: Svinjogojska proizvodn ja na otvorenom,
Gospodarski list, broj 18, str. 64.
4. Uremović Marija 2001: Držanje svinja na otvorenom na obiteljskim
gospodarstvima. Bilten, HZPSS, broj 51, str. 23 -25.
Technology Description
Studies were conducted to investigate which pig genoty pes could be
suitable for outdoor keeping. For outdoor production under conditions
of continental climate the following pig genotypes can be successfully
used: Black Slavonian Breed, and crosses between the Black
Slavonian Breed and highbred breeds. Becaus e of higher death rate
in crosses between pure breeds (Swedish Landrace x Large Yorkshire)
in continental climate, increased investments are required for
improving housing for sows with litters. In regions with
Mediterranean climate less resistant pig geno types (Landrace) can
bee successfully grown.
To reduce the costs of feeding and assure good fertility of the pigs in
the open, adequate area should be provided, preferably pastures .
Between 15 and 20 breeding pigs can be maintained on one ha.
2
Economic analysis (profitability)
Housholds
I
Productive
expenses and
paying off loans
Revenues
of
production
Financial result
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
year
year
year
year
year
year
103.394
127.000
127.200
161.000
23.806
34.000
II
68.350
70.800
88.820
94.200
20.370
23.400
III
238.017
276.500
204.850
254.300
-33.167
-22,200
IV
143.087
171.600
132.625
148.210
-10,462
-23,390
The third and the fourth houshold suffered a loss because they failed
to realize their premiums and because of paying off loans for bui lding
pig lots. Economic analysis for the third year of the investigation is
impossible to make. The largest part of pigs and cured meat products
will be marketed in the winter of 2001 and the spring of 2002.
Applicability
Outdoor pig production in Croat ia could be extended into the
continental regions of the country provided resistant genotypes are
produced, adequate housing for farrowing sows are built and simple
pig lots for other pigs used. Building cost is reduced by 40 to 50 % in
comparioson with in door production. The interest in outdoor pig
keeping is likely to grow if favourable loans for building are provided.
Farmers' Evaluation
Family farms owners involved in the investigations expressed
satisfaction with proposed solutions. By preserving the Black
Slavonian breed, through collaboration with the Association of
Producers of Black Slavonian Breed, better production technology for
this breed in the open may be acquired. To achieve better financial
results, production of paprika -flavoured salami was developed. The
initial results of this production process indicate that further
investigations are needed.
3
Quantitative data:
Table 1. Pig fertility on included housholds
Housholds
Mean
numbers of
sows
Breed –
genotype
I
I
III
IV
32
7
26
53
14
Bla c k
Sla v on ia n
Bla c k
Sla v on ia n
x D ur oc
Bla c k
Sla v on ia n
Cro ss bre eds
S L x LW 1
Ge rma n
La ndr a c e
45
138
294
92
9,30
6,96
9,45
9,60
8,52
5,87
7,30
8,82
22,75
8,13
Total
numbers of
182
litters
Number of
liveborn
piglets per
7,38
litter
Number of
reared pigs
6,37
per litter
Death rate,
%
8,81
1 – SL – Swedish Landrace;
8,38
11,51
LW – Large white
Table 2. Fattening and slaughter charachteristics of pigs
Genotype
Black Slavonian
breed
B. Slavonian x
Swedish
Landrace
F1 (S. Landrace
x Large white)
Number
of pigs
Initial
body
mass, kg
Final
body
mass, kg
Daily
gain, g
Muscle
tissue, %
48
27,20
106,05
478
40,93
13
29,50
115,0
523
47,80
65
23,50
96,0
530
54,66
4
Table 3. Meat quality
n
Water, %
Proteine, %
Fat, %
pH24
Water holding
Colour of meat
Genotype of pigs
Black
Black Slavonian
Slavonian
x Swedish
Landrace
23
13
70,42
71,45
19,22
20,85
7,03
4,36
5,73
5,63
2,08
3,12
3,69
3,30
Swedish
Landrace x
Large white
18
72,59
22,19
2,56
5,49
3,75
3,03
Qualitative data
The number of live -born piglets per litter was typical for the studied
pig genotypes. However, death rate on the third farm in the
continental part of Croatia was unacceptibly high (22,75). Also
weight gain during fattening in out door keeping was lower than of
those achieved indoors.
Meat quality of the mentioned genotypes was inconsistant. The Black
Slavonian Breed produced meat of the highest quality for salami
production. At the competition in Otok, Požega, Osijek and Đakovo,
21 pieces of salami were exhibited, 13 of which were awar ded
medals.
The high quality of salami made from meat of the Black Slavonian
Breed was due to low water percentage and high intramuscular fat.
However, this does not imply that salami production should be solely
based on Black Slavonian Breed. This breed p roduces 15 % less meat
than highbred breeds. To provide high quality raw material for
production of cured meat products, highbred breeds could be crossed
with the Black Slavonian.
Conclusions
Based on data from these experiments, it can be concluded that
favourable conditions for outdoor pig production exist in Croatia.
Outdoor pig production offers an alternative use of uncultivated land
and biologically higher quality products (pig meat and products). At
this time, the Republic of Croatia has a limited number of pig
genotypes suitable for outdoor production in the continental part of
the country.
Prof.dr.sc. Marija Uremović