УРОК 3
Тема. Основные технологические процессы.
Грамматика. 1. Функции инфинитива – подлежащее и обстоятельство цели (повторение).
2. Конструкция «Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом» (повторение).
Упр. 1. Вспомните значения следующих словосочетаний и подберите к ним
соответствующий перевод из правого столбца.
1. electrical engineering
2. radio engineering
3. measuring devices
4. metals transformation
5. watch-making
6. on the one hand
7. achieve desired results
8. forged parts
9. various kinds of parts
10. major groups
11. fabricating processes
12. choose suitable technique
13. on the other hand
различные виды деталей
достигнутые результаты
производственные процессы
основные группы
достичь желаемых (требуемых)
результатов
6. процессы деформации
7. радиотехника
8. выбрать подходящую технологию
9. измерительные приборы
10. с другой стороны
11. кованые детали
12. электротехника
13. преобразование металлов
14. изготовление часов
15. с одной стороны
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Упр. 2. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на конструкцию
«Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом».
1) Metallurgy is considered to be one of the oldest occupations of people.
Считают, что металлургия является одним из самых старых занятий людей.
2) The behaviour of materials under loads proves to depend on many factors.
Оказывается, что поведение материалов под нагрузкой зависит от многих
факторов.
3) The data of the experiment are likely to be processed by specialists.
Вероятно, что данные эксперимента будут обработаны специалистами.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Iron is known to be extracted from iron ore.
Donbas and Kusbas are believed to be the oldest coal basins of the Ukraine and Russia.
Any processing engineer is expected to be acquainted with the basic fabricating processes.
Electronic devices and turbine parts are known to be produced by different fabricating
processes.
5. Casting is believed to have been used for centuries for producing a wide variety of articles.
6. Radio engineering is found to be of great importance for many branches of modern science.
7. Much information is likely to come through space.
8. Laser is sure to find a wider application in different branches of industry.
9. Our life seems to be quite impossible without metals and alloys.
10. "Taimyr", the atomic ice-breaker designed for northern rivers in Russia, was reported to
have been launched in Finland.
11. Rotor lines are known to have found a wide application in industry.
12. Russia is known to trade with 145 countries, 110 of which buy Russian machines and
equipment for various industries.
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13. Russia proves to supply powe7r equipment to such countries аs Finland, Canada, Norway,
Greece, Iceland and Japan.
14. The US turns out to have bought technologies for underground coal gasification, aluminium
and copper casting in electrostatic field, evaporation cooling of blast furnaces (домна),
magneto-impulse pressing and arc welding of rail butts (стык).
Упр. 3. Слова к тексту “Basic Engineering Processes”.
1. process [prq'ses] v
2. processing [prq'sesIN] a
3. processing engineer n
4. gigantic [GaI'gxntIk] a
5. machine-tool [mq'SJntHl] n
6. machinery [mq'SJnqrI] n
7. technique [tek'nJk] n
8. casting ['kRstIN] n
9. forming ['fLmIN] n
10. machining [mq'SJnIN] n
11. joining ['GOInIN] n
12. mould [mould] n
13. finishing ['fInISIN] n
14. forging ['fLGIN] n
15. stamping ['stxmpIN] n
обрабатывать
Modern computers help process the data
obtained during researches more speedily.
обработка, технология
Diamonds are very hard minerals and their
processing requires special machine tools.
инженер-технолог
Our university trains processing engineers
for petrochemical industry.
гигантский, огромный
Gigantic lorries deliver coal or other
minerals from mines to railway stations.
станок
Machine tools are mechanically operated
tools for processing metals.
механизмы, машинное оборудование
Much new machinery has been installed at
the plant.
техника, методы, технология
There are various techniques for dealing
with industrial pollution.
литьё, отливка (детали)
Bronze monuments are produced with the
process called casting.
процесс формообразования
The process of forming gives form or shape
to metals.
механическая обработка
Machining is a process of making or shaping
something using a machine.
сборка
There are different processes of joining –
using heat and without it.
литейная форма
A mould is a container filled with a molten
metal for obtaining a desired form after
cooling.
отделка, доводка
All parts of watches require careful
finishing.
ковка
Forging gives shape to metals by heating
and hammering.
штамповка
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16. pressing n
17. remove [rI'mHv] v
18. excess ['ekses] a
19. milling machine n
20. boring machine n
21. turning machine n syn. lathe [leID] n
22. grinding ['graIndIN] machine n
23. welding n
24. soldering ['souldqrIN] n
25. brazing ['breIzIN] n
26. riverting ['rIvqtIN] n
27. attach [q'txtS] v
28. impart [Im'pRt] v
29. hardening ['hRdqnIN] n
30. annealing [q'nJlIN] n
31. tempering ['tempqrIN] n
32. normalizing ['nLmqlaIzIN] n
33. a wide range of
34. variety [vq'raIqtI] n
прессование
Stamping and pressing are forming
processes.
удалять, снимать
What do you advise to remove chewing-gum
from my dress?
лишний
Cut any excess fat from the meat.
фрезерный станок
расточный станок
токарный станок
шлифовальный станок
сварка
Welding has found a wide application in all
branches of industry.
пайка (мягким припоем)
Easily melted alloys when melted join
harder metals in soldering.
пайка (твёрдым припоем)
Brazing is joining metals with an alloy of
brass and zink.
клёпка
Riverting is used to join the parts of
airframes.
прикреплять, присоединять
My family bought a large house with a
garage attached.
придавать (свойство, форму)
Carbon in great amounts imparts brittleness
to steel.
закалка
отжиг
отпуск
нормализация
разнообразный
Mendeleyev was an outstanding chemist and
he had a wide range of interests.
разнообразие, ряд, множество
There is now a great variety of alloys.
Прочитайте текст “Basic Engineering Processes”. Выполните следующие
задания:
1. Скажите, какие технологические процессы используются для обработки металлов.
2. Найдите в тексте конструкции «Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом»
BASIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES
The processing of metals is considered to be the most important part of fabricating a wide
range of products, such as the tiniest parts used in electronics, electirtcal and radio engineering,
watch-making, all kinds of measuring devices, etc., on the one hand, and gigantic parts for
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turbines, engines, machine-tools and even whole sections of machines to produce machinery, on
the other hand.
Metal processing is known to involve the following major techniques: casting, forming,
machining, joining and heat treatment.
Casting may be briefly described as shaping by means of transforming the metal from the
liquid to solid state in specially designed moulds. Some castings are used as they come from the
mould, others require machining and finishing operations.
Forming, contrary to casting, is shaping metals in the solid state, which is possible due to
the peculiar property most metals possess, called “ductility”. Forming includes rolling, forging,
stamping and pressing.
Machining is removing the excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts in order to
obtain a desired shape. To achieve the desired result various kinds of machine-tools are
employed. The most important machine-tools include the milling, boring and grinding machines
and the lathe, which is one of the most widely used production machines.
Joining includes welding, soldering, brazing and riverting which are used for attaching
one surface to another.
Heat treatment is used to improve the properties of metals by controlled temperature
changes. It is possible to impart the metal high mechanical properties required for the operation
of modern machinery and tools. There are four major groups of heat treatment, namely:
hardening, annealing, tempering and normalizing.
The knowledge of all fabricating processes is believed to be necessary for a processing
engineer, in order to choose the most suitable and economical technique.
Упр. 4. При помощи суффиксов - tion, -ment, -ty образуйте существительные
от следующих слов. Переведите их на русский язык.
transform, treat, peculiar, ductile, operate, equip, develop, measure, improve, remove, produce,
fabricate, employ.
Упр. 5. Переведите однокоренные слова на русский язык и определите части
речи:
ductile - ductility,
engineer - engineering,
to measure - measurement,
solid - solidify - solidification,
to vary - various - variety,
to attach - attachment,
to name - namely,
to know - knowledge,
brief - briefly, briefing,
electron - electronic - electronics,
to machine - machining – machinery
Упр. б. Закончите следующие предложения, используя текст “Basic
Engineering Processes”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Metal processing is considered ...
Casting is designed for ...
Forming is designed for ...
Machining is known as …
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5. Joining includes ...
6. Heat treatment is used ....
7. The processing engineer is believed to know ...
Упр. 7. Переведите на русский язык:
1.
2.
In casting the liquid metal flows into specially designed moulds where it is cooled.
In forming, contrary to casting, the solid metal is shaped due to the peculiar property, called
"ductility".
3. Some casting processes are expected to produce castings which will require no machining
operations.
4. The choice of the most economical manufacturing process is considered to be of great
importance.
5. Rolling seems to be the most economical process for producing a large variety of simple
shapes.
6. Joining operations are necessary when one surface is to be attached to another.
7. Heat treatment is considered to be the fabricating process of improving the properties of
metals by controlled temperature changes.
8. The processing engineer has to deal with various fabricating processes.
9. Metal processing is believed to play an important part in fabricating a wide range of
products.
10. The excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts is said to be removed by means of
different machine-tools such as lathes, grinding, milling and boring machine-tools.
11. A new powerful rolling mill (прокатный стан) is reported to have been tested at the Serp
and Molot workshops.
Упр. 8. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующим словам и
словосочетаниям:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
обработка металлов
необходимая часть
крошечные детали
измерительные приборы
огромные детали
станки
основные методы
кратко описать
требовать механической обработки
предназначать(ся) для ...
в отличие от ...
благодаря
особые свойства
удалить, снять лишний металл
для того, чтобы ...
желаемые результаты
контролируемые изменения температуры
современные механизмы
а именно
подходящие методы обработки металлов
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Упр. 9. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на функции
инфинитива.
1.
(In order) to export goods to highly developed countries, their quality must be sufficiently
increased. (обстоятельство цели)
Для того, чтобы экспортировать товары в высокоразвитые страны, их качество
должно быть значительно улучшено.
2. Metals must be melted to a liquid state to be cast. (обстоятельство цели)
Нужно расплавить металлы до жидкого состояния, чтобы их можно было отливать.
3. Tо machine metal parts means to remove the excess metal from cast, rolled or forged
parts. (подлежащее)
Подвергнуть металлические детали механической обработке означает удалить лишний
металл с отлитых, прокатанных или выкованных деталей.
1. Тo produce numerically controlled machine-tools ( станки с ЧПУ ) is a very difficult
task.
2. Engineers improve the existing equipment to raise labour productivity and to increase
the quality of products.
3. To demonstrate the achievements of countries in different branches of industry
international exhibitions are often held.
4. To increase the service life of machine parts processing engineers must know the
properties of materials these parts are made of and the fabricating processes аs well.
5. To reconstruct the ruined economy of the USSR after the Great Patriotic war became
possible due to great efforts of our people.
6. To create Kuzbas, a coal-metallurgical area of nationwide importance, people of 27
nationalities came to Siberia, including a thousand people from the USA, Italy, Germany,
Finland, Poland.
7. To construct atomic power stations in the regions where there are no energy sources is
necessary.
8. A new 3,000 mm rolling mill at the Azov steel plant is designed to produce 2.5 million
tonnes of frost-resistant heat tempered sheet steel for large-diameter pipes, annually.
9. To build the Baikal-Amur Railway was important for the development of industry in
Siberia and the Far East.
10. In the 1970’s the Soviet Union delivered modern metallurgical equipment to India to
help the country to modernize its ferrous metallurgy.
Упр. 10. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Известно, что СССР был крупным экспортером черных и цветных металлов, а также
металлургического оборудования.
Электрошлаковая плавка (electroslag smelting), как считают, является самым
экономичным металлургическим процессом, т.к. она не требует дальнейшей
механической обработки деталей.
Чтобы получить новый сорт (grade) стали, учёные должны проделать много опытов,
применяя различные легирующие элементы,
Сообщили, что Япония построила 2 металлургические установки, разработанные в
России.
Разнообразные изделия из металлов, как известно, изготавливаются на предприятиях
чёрной и цветной металлургии.
Было сообщено, что запасов угля в Кузбассе хватит на 5-6 веков.
Установлено, что сварка, как технологический процесс соединения металлических
деталей, используется чаще, чем пайка и клёпка.
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Говорят, что учёные Института металлургии им. Байкова разработали новый сорт
высоко-легированной стали.
9. Доказано, что литьё является одним из самых распространённых технологических
процессов.
10. Для улучшения механических свойств металлов применяют термообработку.
8.
Упр. 11. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст “Basic
Engineering Processes”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
In what way is the desired shape from cast, rolled and forged parts obtained?
What technique is used to shape metals in the liquid form?
What technique is used to shape metals in the solid form?
What is the term “machining” applied to?
What kinds of machine-tools are generally employed?
What technique is used to impart metals and alloys desired properties?
What are high mechanical properties of metals required for?
What do we call a specialist who studies the properties of engineering materials and the
existing fabricating processes?
Упр.12. Прочитайте следующие вопросы и найдите ответы на них в тексте
“Beryllium”.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What kind of metals are necessary for aircrafts and balloons flights?
Why is beryllium considered to be one of the basic aircraft materials today?
What parts of the Friendship 7 spacecraft were made from beryllium?
Why can beryllium be used in highly efficient propellants for flights to the Moon and other
celestial bodies?
BERYLLIUM
emerald ['emqrqld] n – изумруд
precious ['preSes] a – драгоценный
mastery ['mRstqrI] of the air – господство в воздухе
nose cone [koun] n – головная часть космического корабля
precision [prI'sIZqn] n – точность
install [Ins'tLl] v – устанавливать, монтировать
propellant [prq'pelqnt] n – ракетное топливо
celestial [sI'lestjql] a – небесный
Beryllium as a metal was not known in the past. But its minerals such as emerald,
aquamarine, alexandrite were well-known as precious stones. Now beryllium is one of the most
remarkable elements of tremendous theoretical and practical importance.
Mastery of the air and flights of aircraft and balloons are impossible without light metals.
Scientists forecast that beryllium would help aluminium and magnesium, the current aircraft
metals. The future belongs to beryllium!
A study of pure beryllium has demonstrated that it possesses many valuable properties.
The atomic weight of beryllium is 9.1.
Being one of the lightest metals, beryllium at the same time is remarkably strong,
stronger than structural steels. Moreover, it has a much higher melting point than magnesium and
aluminium. This fortunate combination of properties makes beryllium one of the basic aircraft
materials today. Aircraft parts made of beryllium are one and a half times lighter than those
made of aluminium.
12
Excellent thermal conductivity, high heat capacity, and heat resistance make it possible to
use beryllium and its compounds in space engineering as a heat-protective material. According
to American press reports, the nose cone and floor of the cabin of the Freindship-7 spacecraft, on
which John Glenn made his orbital flight in 1998 were manufactured from beryllium.
Parts made from beryllium are capable of maintaining high precision and stability of
dimensions and are used in gyroscopes, instruments of the orientation and stabilization systems
installed on rockets, spacecrafts and artificial earth satellites.
There is yet another property of beryllium which makes it promising in space
engineering: while burning it releases colossal amounts of heat – 15 000 kcal per kilogram. Thus,
it may well be used in highly efficient propellants for flights to the Moon and other celestial
bodies.
Упр. 13. Переведите следующий текст, пользуясь словарём. Озаглавьте его.
Выполните следующие за текстом задания.
1. Beryllium alloys are important engineering materials as they possess excellent
properties.
Alloys of beryllium with copper – beryllium bronzes – are widely used in aviation for the
manufacture of many elements requiring high strength, good resistance to fatigue and corrosion,
retention of elasticity in a wide temperature range and high electrical and thermal conductivities.
It has been calculated that in a modern heavy aeroplane more than1,000 parts are made of these
alloys. Thanks to its elastic properties, beryllium bronze serves as an excellent spring material.
Springs made from it are practically unaffected by fatigue and are capable of withstanding up to
20,000, 000 load cycles. Unlike steel, beryllium bronze does not spark when hit on stone or
metal.
2. The addition of even a small quantity of beryllium to steel makes it fatigue resistant.
While automobile springs made from ordinary carbon steel break after 800-850 000 impacts,
springs with beryllium additions can withstand 14 million impacts without a sign of fatigue.
Beryllium strongly affects the properties of magnesium. The addition of only 0.01 per
cent of beryllium prevents magnesium alloys from igniting during casting (i.e. at a temperature
of about 700° C). It also dramatically reduces the corrosive properties of alloys both in the air
and in water.
The union of beryllium and lithium will result in the creation of alloys that will not sink
in water.
Metallurgists have found yet another important use for beryllium. Saturation of the
surface of steel parts with this metal (beryllization) substantially increases their hardness,
strength and wear resistance.
3. Beryllium has played a remarkable role in the development of the atomic structure
theory. While bombarding beryllium with alpha-particles, the German physicists V. Bothe and
G. Becker discovered the so-called “beryllium radiation”, which was very weak but possessed a
very good penetrating ability: it went through a layer of lead several centimeters thick. In 1932
the British scientist Sir James Chadwick established the nature of this radiation as being a flux of
electrically neutral particles, each with a mass approximately that of the proton. The new
particles were given the name “neutrons”.
4. Beryllium possesses a high radiation resistance, a property it retains even at very high
temperatures. All these remarkable properties make beryllium an essential element in atomic
engineering.
The “sound transmitting” ability of beryllium is of great interest to science. The velocity
of sound is 330 metres per second in the air and 145 metres per second in water. In beryllium it
is the record-breaking 12 500 metres per second.
13
Задание 1.
1. Какова цель данного текста:
а) развлечь читателя (entertain);
б) проинформировать читателя (inform);
в) убедить читателя в чём-либо (persuade).
2. Закончите предложение, с которого можно начать аннотацию:
The purpose of this text is to…
3. Определите основную мысль пункта 1:
а) aviation is the only field of application of beryllium bronzes;
б) beryllium bronzes possess excellent mechanical and physical properties;
в) beryllium bronze is an excellent spring material.
4. Определите основную мысль пункта 2:
а) beryllium can be used as an alloying element;
б) metallurgists use beryllium to increase the properties of steel;
в) the use of beryllium as an alloying element is unique.
5. Определите основную мысль пункта 3:
а) neutrons were discovered due to beryllium;
б) “beryllium radiation” is a flux of electrically neutral particles;
в) beryllium has made a great contribution to the atomic structure theory.
6. Определите основную мысль пункта 4:
а) beryllium possesses remarkable properties;
б) beryllium can be used in atomic engineering;
в) the speed of sound in beryllium is much more than in air and water.
7. Напишите заключительную часть текста.
8. Напишите аннотацию текста, используя свои ответы на задания пунктов 1-6, а
также заключение (п. 7).
Задание 2. Прокомментируйте следующие тезисы, используя выражения из
задания 2 стр. 22 (урок 2).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Pure beryllium is an important engineering material.
Beryllium bronzes are used in aviation due to their excellent properties.
Beryllium is not used as an alloying element.
Beryllium can strengthen the surfaces of magnesium alloys and steels.
Beryllium has contributed to the atomic structure theory.
Atomic engineering cannot do without beryllium.
14