THE EFFECT OF WATER CONTENT ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF FINE-GRAINED SEDIMENTARY ROCKS G. R. Lashkaripour Assistant professor, Department of Geology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. R. Ajalloeian Assistant professor, Department of Geology, University of Esfahan, Esfahan, Iran. ABSTRACT To investigate the effect of water content on the mechanical behavior of fine-grained sedimentary rocks three different types of shales; clayshale, mudshale and mudstone, from different locations were studied. The samples were tested at different water contents ranging from oven-dried to saturated condition. Preparing samples of standard size for testing was a troublesome task. Many samples break during coring, cutting, grinding and storing because of disintegration of these rocks when subject to change in water content. This nondurable behavior of these rocks is responsible for numerous slope instability problems, underground excavation problems and embankment failures. Water content has been demonstrated to have a marked influence on the strength and deformation properties. The uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity decrease significantly as the water content increases. The results show a reduction of more than 90% in uniaxial compressive strength from oven-dried to saturated condition. This strength reduction due to moisture content for the rocks studied is significantly higher than the values reported by other researchers. A general equation was developed for this type of fine-grained sedimentary rocks that may be used for predicting uniaxial compressive strength from the available information on water content. Modulus of elasticity was found to be influenced by anisotropy, but the most significant influence, regarding reduction of the modulus of elasticity, was the change from dry to saturated condition. Test results show a significant reduction in the static modulus of elasticity from oven-dried condition to saturated condition. The results of these tests show an average reduction in modulus of elasticity, from that in dry state, of about 84% for the shales studied. INTRODUCTION 1 Water content in fine-grained sedimentary rocks is an important consideration in many engineering projects. It has been well established that water content of these rocks significantly changes most aspects of physical and mechanical properties. Fine-grained sedimentary rock in this study includes mudrock or shale. This type of rock is formed in both marine and nonmarine environments and it is one of the most abundant sedimentary rocks. Tucker (1991) reported that mudrock is the most abundant of all lithologies, constituting some 45-55% of sedimentary rock sequences. Because of its abundance, mudrock is the most frequently encountered rock type in engineering construction. King et al. (1994) reported that shales are found in many large civil engineering structures in United Kingdom and elsewhere. Moreover this rock is one of the most problematic materials for geotechnical and petroleum engineers. Many investigators have studied the behavior of fine-grained sedimentary rock under different water content conditions. (Van Eeckhout, 1976; Bauer, 1984; Tandanand, 1985; Steiger & Leung, 1990; Zhiyl & Jinfeng, 1993; Hsu & Nelson, 1993; Ghafoori, 1995; Lashkaripour & Ghafoori, 1999). Analysis of their results has shown that water content of these rocks significantly changes most aspects of physical and mechanical properties. Van Eeckhout (1976) studied the effect of water content on the strength of different rocks. He found a significant reduction in the strength of shale due to an increase in water content from dry condition to saturated condition. He lists five processes of strength loss in shales due to increased moisture content: fracture surface energy reduction, capillary tension decrease (equivalent to the air-breakage of Terzaghi & Peck, 1967), pore pressure increase, frictional reduction, and chemical deterioration. Hsu and Nelson (1993) reported a strong correlation between compressive strength and water content for Cretaceous clay shales of north America. Steiger and Leung (1990) reported that, in shales, unconfined compressive strengths measured with dry samples can be 2 to 10 times higher than for wet samples. Colback and Wiid (1965) found that the compressive strength of quartzitic shale under saturated condition was about 50% of that under dry condition. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To investigate the effect of moisture content on the mechanical behavior of fine-grained sedimentary rock, mudrocks from different locations were tested. The main aim of these series of tests was to establish a correlation between the results of uniaxial compression tests and values of water content. Preparing samples of standard size (NX=54mm) for testing was a troublesome task. These samples were obtained from the blocks of mudrocks from fresh excavation. Many samples break during coring, cutting, grinding and storing because of disintegration of this rock when subject to change in water content and an inherent weakness of bedding planes. This causes great difficulties in sample preparation. All specimen for this research were prepared in the direction perpendicular to the laminations. Effect of Water Content on the Strength To study the effect of water content on the strength of mudrock, three types of mudrocks were tested at different water contents varying from oven-dried to saturated condition. Table 1 shows the results of compression tests of mudrocks at different water content. This table 2 presents a reduction of more than 90% in compressive strength from oven-dried to saturated condition. This strength reduction due to moisture content for the mudrocks studied is significantly higher than the values reported by other researchers. Table 1. Results of compression tests of mudrocks at different water contents. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mudstone W (%) 0.025 0.05 0.12 0.98 1.03 1.11 1.11 1.12 1.35 1.75 2.12 2.14 2.22 2.39 4.61 5.77 6.23 UCS (MPa) 92.039 93.987 81.998 61.293 62.428 54.161 47.581 53.032 39.672 38.660 37.517 38.633 32.199 29.044 11.199 6.513 5.970 Mudshale W (%) 0.05 0.75 0.80 0.96 0.98 0.98 1.17 1.22 1.36 1.38 1.48 2.28 3.47 3.85 3.96 Clayshale UCS (MPa) 100.802 47.912 56.435 53.032 56.972 54.781 44.795 37.698 32.932 46.099 46.248 26.229 15.306 10.382 9.748 W (%) 0.05 1.68 1.70 1.94 2.48 3.03 3.17 3.22 4.01 6.72 UCS (MPa) 76.230 38.139 40.966 31.075 31.596 28.208 26.301 23.645 14.931 4.650 The results of these tests have been presented graphically in figures 1(a), 1(b) and 1(c). These figures show a strong correlation to an exponential relationship between uniaxial compressive strength and water content. Equations for the plots in Figure 1 are as follows: c = 88.087 e-0.544w c = 88.781 e-0.44w c = 82.279 e-0.411w where c = uniaxial compressive strength in MPa (1a) (1b) (1c) w = water content in %. The same trend of decreasing compressive strength with increasing water content was found for all three types of mudrock tested as shown by overlaying the results in Figure 2. A correlation was made for all tested mudrocks in Figure 3 and a general equation was drived for mudrocks (including clayshale, mudshale and mudstone) as follows: c = 83.592 e-0.443w (2) 3 Compressive strength (MPa) As shown in equation 2, the water content significantly affects the uniaxial compressive strength of the mudrocks. From equation 2 a general equation was developed to use for the mudrocks as follows: 120 -0.5443x y = 88.087e 2 R = 0.9617 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 Water content (%) Compressive strength (MPa) (a) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -0.445x y = 88.781e 2 R = 0.9892 0 2 4 Water content (%) (b) 4 6 8 Compressive strength (MPa) 90 80 70 y = 82.279e -0.4111x R2 = 0.9748 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 Water content (%) (c) Figure 1. Effect of water content on the uniaxial compressive strength of tested mudrocks; (a) mudshale, (b) mudstone, (c) clayshale. Compressive strength (MPa) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 8 Water content (%) Figure 2. Trend of decreasing compressive strength with increasing water content for all tested mudrocks. 5 120 Compressive strength (MPa) -0.4433x y = 83.592e 2 R = 0.9557 100 80 clayshale mudstone 60 mudshale all samples 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Water content (%) Figure 3. Correlation between uniaxial compressive strength and water content for tested mudrocks. c = dry e-0.443w where c = uniaxial compressive strength at variable water content in MPa, dry = uniaxial compressive strength at dry condition in MPa. (3) It seems that different parameters control strength loss in mudrocks due to increasing moisture content as noted by Van Eeckhout (1976). Also, mudrock is more affected by the addition of water, especially in the case of montmorillonite clayshale. Effect of Water Content on the Deformation Properties Modulus of elasticity was found to be influenced by anisotropy but the most significant influence, regarding reduction of the modulus of elasticity, was the change from dry condition to saturated condition. A comparison between calculated values of static modulus of elasticity for oven-dried, air-dried, and saturated conditions for three types of fine-grained sedimentary (clayshale, mudshale and mudstone) is presented in Figure 4. This figure shows a significant reduction in the static modulus of elasticity from oven-dried condition to saturated condition. The results show an average reduction in modulus of elasticity in relation to that of the dry state of about 84% for these samples. The highest value of static modulus of elasticity reduction was associated with the mudshale samples. 6 7 clayshale Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 6 mudshale 5 mudstone 4 3 2 1 0 oven-dried air-dried saturated Figure 4. Comparison of static modulus of elasticity for oven-dried, air-dried and saturated conditions for tested mudrocks. The test results show that water content can significantly affect the mechanical behavior (such as strength and deformation properties) of mudrocks. CONCLUSIONS Sample preparation for testing was a difficult task in this study. A large number of the uniaxial compressive strength test samples disintegrated upon contact with water or cracked during drying in oven. Water content has been demonstrated to have a marked influence on the mechanical behavior, such as strength and deformation properties, of these rocks. Testing has shown significant decrease in the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity as the water content increases. These strength and modulus of elasticity reductions for the mudrocks studied are significantly higher than the values reported by other researchers. A general equation was developed for the mudrock that may be used for predicting uniaxial compressive strength from the available information on water content and dry uniaxial compressive strength for this type of rocks. REFERENCES Bauer, R.A. 1984. The relationship of uniaxial compressive strength to point load and moisture content indices of highly anisotropic sediments of the Illinois basin. Proc. 25th US Symp. on Rock Mech., Northwestern University: 398-405. Colback, P.S.B. & Wiid, B.L. 1965. 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