Part II: Course Syllabus
Table of Contents
Item
Instructor Information
Page
2-1
Course Information
2-2
Course Objectives
2-4
Learning Resources
2-22
Course Requirements & Grading
2-28
Instructor Information
DR. ESSAM HUSAIN JIFFRI (Course Co-ordinator)
Telephone:
Office: 6401000 Ex. 21137
Mobile: 0505613915
E-mail:
ejiffri@kaau.edu.sa
Office Location: 1st floor, Room No. 542/1
Office Hour:
Sat: 10:00 – 12:00 PM
Wed:10:00 – 12:00 PM
DR. HAMED KHOUJA
- Telephone:
Office: 6401000 Ex. 22079 /20209
Mobile: 0504605257
- E-mail:
hkhoja@kaau.edu.sa
- Office Location: 2nd floor, Room No. 512/2
- Office Hour:
Sun 9:00 – 11:00 AM
Tue 9:00 – 11:00 AM
DR. ADEEL G. CHAUDARY
Telephone:
Office: 64O1000 Ex. 22135
Mobile: 0505689076
E-mail:
adeel_c@lords.com
Office Location: 2nd, Room No.552/2
Office Hour:
Sat:
12:00 – 2:00 PM
Mon: 12:00 – 2:00 PM
2-1
Course Information
COURSE NAME:
Clinical Chemistry-1
COURSE NUMBER: MLT 301
COURSE MEETING TIMES:
Lecture hours:
3 hours/week for 14 weeks (Total 42 hours)
Practical hours:
2 hours/week for 14 weeks (Total 28 hours)
Tutorial hours:
1 hour/week for 14 weeks (Total 14 hours)
PRACTICALS
Two/Week
LECTURE
Three/Week
Sat 08:00-09:00 a.m
MALE
FEMALE
Sat 02:00–04:00 p.m (Group A)
Tue 01:00-02:00 p.m
Wed 08:00–09:0 a.m
Wed 02:00–04:00 p.m (Group B)
Sun 08:00 – 09:00 a.m
Sat 10:00–12:00 a.m (Group A)
Mon 01:00 – 02:00 p.m
Mon 10:00–12:00 a.m (Group B)
TUTORIALS
One/Week
Sat 01:00 – 02:00p.m
(Group A)
Wed 01:00–02:00 p.m
(Group B)
Sat 01:00 – 02:00 p.m
(Group A)
Sun 01:00 – 02:00 p.m
(Group B)
Wed 09:00 – 10:00 a.m
COURSE MEETING PLACES:
Male students:
3rd year classroom in the medical center,
Building number 5,
First floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Male section
Female students: 3rd year classroom in the medical center,
Building number 4,
Ground floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Female section
2-2
COURSE WEBSITE ADDRESS:
COURSE PREREQUISITES AND REQUIREMENTS:
A successful completion of Biochemistry (MLT 201) with a final cumulative
grade of above 60% is the pre-requisite for Clinical Chemistry-1 (MLT 301).
ENTRY LEVEL SKILLS:
The student should display basic reading, writing, and mathematical skills
DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE:
This course will be a detailed study of the chemical and instrumental
analyses of human biological material of clinical significance. The student
will be introduced to commonly used clinical chemistry techniques. This
course discusses the clinical aspects of Lab Math, Sources of errors,
carbohydrates, Amino-acidopathes, proteins, Vitamins, Trace Elements,
enzymes, electrolytes. This course will integrate the following topics into the
laboratory and lecture sessions: laboratory mathematics, quality assurance,
specimen collection and processing, sources of biological variation, and
evaluation techniques.
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Course Objectives
GENERAL OBJECTIVES:
Upon completion of this course the student will be able to:
Achieve the objectives designated by a bullet under each lecture, group of
lectures or practical sessions.
2-4
OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE TOPICS:
The course consists of lectures, practical classes, demonstrations and
tutorials. The following is a listing of lecture topics and number of lectures
for each topic:
LECTURE TOPICS
NUMBER OF LECTURES
1- Course Scope
3
2- Basic & Lab Math
3
3- Source & Types of Errors & QC
3
4- Carbohydrates
6
5- Proteins
6
6- Trace Elements
3
7- Vitamins
3
8- Enzymology
6
9- Electrolytes & Ca, Mg, P
9
TOTAL
42
2-5
1. BASIC SCOPE &LAB MATH
(Six lectures)
Objectives:
To make sure that the student is able to:
1. realize, understand and deal with numerical values in the clinical lab in
the best possible way to reflect accuracy and precision of the given
value (significant figures, decimals, scientific notation, rounding off
numbers)
2. recognize, understand and interpret SI units as applies to mass,
volume, lengths, area & concentrations
3. carry out conversions of single units within the SI system
4. carry out conversions of combined units within the SI system
5. recognize, understand and interpret commonly used conventional units
such as mg/dL; ng/mL, pg/mL
6. knowing the formula weight of substances, or appropriate conversion
factor, be able to convert from conventional to SI units.
7. knowing the formula weight of substances, or appropriate conversion
factor, be able to convert from SI units to conventional units
8. calculate the concentration of solutions in various terms such as g/L;
mol/L, mg/L.
9. calculate molarity and normality of solutions.
10.express the amount of substances in terms of respective percentages
(i.e; % w/v; % v/v, % w/w).
11. work out single, multiple, serial and parallel dilutions.
2-6
12. calculate the concentration of analytes in the neat sample which was
diluted by a specific dilution factor.
13. calculate the final concentration of solution which was diluted by a
specific dilution factor.
14.work out how to prepare various solutions from stock solutions
15.work out how to prepare various reagents from various compounds
and substances
16.knowing the specific gravity and % acids; work out how to prepare
weaker concentrations of acids from concentrated stock solutions
17.calculates the mean, SD & cv
18.calculates % deviation
2. SOURCES & TYPES OF ERRORS
(Six lectures)
Objectives
The student must be able to;
1- describe the discipline of clinical chemistry.
2- explain the importance of clinical chemistry in lab medicine.
3- describe the function of the clinical chemistry lab.
4- describe the type of results obtained in the clinical labs.
5- describe the characteristics of quantitative results.
6- describe and perform calibration of pipettes used in the lab by
gravimetric procedures.
7- describes the basic quality control and quality assurance requirements
for the lab.
8- describe reliability, accuracy and precision of results.
2-7
9- describe sensitivity and specificity of procedures.
10- describe the types of analytical errors in the lab.
11- describe the effects of these errors on the result of tests.
12- describe the three stages of quality assurance in the lab.
13- explain the preanalytical factors that may lead to errors in the analysis.
14- explain the analytical factors that may lead to errors in the analysis.
15- explain the postanalytical factors that may lead to errors in the reported
results.
16- describe limits of accuracy of the reported result in terms of ;
a. reported values
b. decimal places
c. procedure limitations
d. instrument limitations
e. clinical significance
f. assay range
g. clinical range
h. extent of linearity
i. reagents
j. calibrators
k. temperature
l. humidity
m. vibration
n. air current
o. interference
p. cross-reactivity
q. sensitivity limits
r. specificity
s. reagent blank
2-8
17- describe how to spot errors in the lab.
18- describe how to eliminate or minimize the size and frequency of errors.
19- outline ways to improve accuracy, precision of results.
20- outline possible steps to improve the sensitivity and specificity of
methods in the lab.
21- recognize the need for continuous development and modifications of
existing systems in the lab and outside the lab.
22- describe the major precautions that must be observed in the lab to
ensure the reliability of the reported results.
3. CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
(Six lectures)
Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1- Identify the primary biological function of carbohydrate in humans.
2- Describe, in general terms, the metabolism of carbohydrates in
humans.
3- Compare and contrast the four types of utilization of glucose:
glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, glycogenolysis.
4- Outline the formation of other constituents, such as glycogen,
galactose, fructose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, from glucose.
5- Discuss the importance of the anaerobic and aerobic pathways and
the pentose phosphate shunt in the metabolism of glucose.
2-9
6- Identify and explain the role of the following hormones in glucose
metabolism;
a. Insulin
b. Glucagone
c. Epinephrine
d. Thyroxine
e. Adrenocorticotropic,
f. Cortisol
g. Hormones (ACTH)
h. Growth hormone
7- Discus the symptomatology of hypo- and hyperglycemia in humans.
8- Characterized the following types of diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2,
and gestational diabetes mellitus.
9- Discuss the major acute and chronic complications associated with
diabetes mellitus.
10-Differentiate
diabetic
ketoacidosis
(DKA);
hyperglycemic,
hyperosmolar, nonketotic coma (HHNC); and lactic acidosis using
arterial pH and PCO2 values with blood ketone (acetoacetic acid)
results.
11-Describe the action of insulin.
12- Describe how the following laboratory tests are used
the evaluation of hypo- or hyperglycemia;
a. Blood glucose
b. Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c)
c. Ketones
2 - 10
13-Discuss the role of self-monitoring devices for diabetes in the
measurement of blood glucose.
14- For Oral Glucose Tolerance and two Hour Post Prandial Testing;
a. describe proper patient preparation, including dose and
administration of glucose.
b. describe specimen collection procedures, including time
of collection.
15-
describe actual patterns of serum glucose levels in the
following conditions:
normal
malabsorption
diabetmellitus
hypoglycemia
hyperinsulinism
16- Outline the current classification scheme for diabetes, including
possible etiologies.
17- Compare and contrast anticoagulants/preservatives for blood
specimens for glucose analysis.
2 - 11
18- For each test listed below describe the rationale,
clinical usefulness, specimen requirements, patient
preparation, procedure, principle(s), measurement used to
calculate activity, limitations, and reference range(s):
a - Glucose Enzymatic: glucose oxidase
b - Galactose
c - Glycosylated Hemoglobin = Hemoglobin A1c
19- Compare methods for glycated hemoglobin analysis in regard
to product measured and frequency of use in the
clinical laboratories.
20- Discus laboratory tests used to evaluate the presence
of ketoacidosis and microalbuminurea.
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4. AMINO ACIDOPATHIES
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
Students are given the fundamental concepts of metabolic disorders and their
pathways. Accumulation and subsequent overflow of precursors due to the
deficiency or inactivity of a certain metabolite (amino-acid containing protein
or enzyme) are considered the basis of these disorders. Detection of these
metabolites in blood and their overflow into the urine is clinically significant.
Discuss the metabolic disorders are rare however some of them are more
common than others and these include:
 Phenylketonuria: Inherited autosomal recessive disorder where early
detection of accumulating metabolite is crucial for better prognosis
 Alkaptonuria
 Tyrosinuria: TypeI and Type II
 Maple Syrup Urine Disease
 Homocystineuria
 Cystinuria
The topics covered include various methods of detection, screening tests and
reference methods. Also criteria for blood and urine sample collection is
discussed
2 - 13
5. PROTEINS
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
The students are required to know the clinical significance of proteins and to
differentiate between various fractions of proteins depending upon their
functions. As laboratory technologists the students must know different
methods of detection and their underlying principles.
The topics covered include:
 Structures of proteins, amphoteric property, concepts of catabolism and
anabolism
 General functions of proteins
 Hyperproteinemia and hypoproteinemia
 Methods of detecting total serum proteins
 Protein electrophoresis and densitometery
Protein sub fractions covered in detail in this chapter include:
a. Pre-albumin
b. Albumin
c. Alpha-1 globulins
d. Alpha-2 globulins
e. Beta globulins
f. Gamma globulins
Sub fractions are also covered in details including alpha-1 acid glycoproteins,
alpha-1 antitrypsis, alpha feto proteins, hepatoglobins, ceruloplasmin etc
along with their functions, clinical significance, methods of detection,
pathophysiology.
2 - 14
Specific methods of detection for protein sub fractions include: radial
immunodiffusion, immuno electrophoresis, ELISA, nephlometry.
Clinical significance of Albumin and globulin ratio is covered along with it’s
affect on total hyper and hypoproteinemia.
Other diseases that have profound affect upon specific protein sub-fractions
are analyzed along with their densitometric patterns e.g. liver cirrhosis,
inflammation, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, monoclonal increase.
Certain globulinemias are clinically significant and have direct affect on
serum and urinary proteins and some of the disorders covered are Multiple
Myeloma, Franklin’s disease, Waldenstorms’ macroglobulinemia.
6. VITAMINS
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
Students are made aware of the importance of vitamins as essential
component of daily nutrition. Important vitamins are covered that includes:
Vitamin-A, C, D, K and B complex. Their trivial names, reference ranges,
dietary source and functions are covered.
Topics including clinical symptoms due to their deficiency or overdose are
also explained followed by various methods of detection which include:
 In-vivo and in-vitro bioassays
 Microbiological assays
 Vitamin loading tests
2 - 15
 Flourometric and Colorimetric analysis
 HPLC
 RIA & ELISA
 Amperometry
 Erythrocyte fragility test
 Prothrombin and partial thrombin test
 Activity coefficient test
To understand the advantages and disadvantages of each of the above
method is describes and the students are made well aware of the reference
methods and screening methods used.
7. TRACE ELEMENTS
(Three lectures)
Objectives:
To understand what these trace elements are? And to appreciate their
presence in the human body.
To understand the nutritional value and functional importance of essential,
moderately essential and non-essential trace elements.
To understand the nutritional value and functional importance of ultratracelements
Trace elements covered in this chapter include:
 Iron: normal ranges, proteins carriers, clinical significance, methods of
detection, transferring and ferritin, Iron saturation and binding
capacity. Iron picture in various types of anemias
2 - 16
 Copper: clinical significance, functions and transporting enzyme
(ceruloplamsin), method of detection, types of sample and interfering
substances
 Zinc: function, clinical significance, method of detection, types of
sample and interfering substances
Ultra-trace elements covered in this chapter include:
 Selenium: Function in association with vitamin-E and glutathione
peroxidase, clinical significance, methods of detection, types of sample
and normal range
 Manganese: function and clinical deficiency, type of sample required
 Cobalt: absorption in relation to vitamin B12 and intrinsic factor.
8. ENZYMOLOGY
(Six lectures)
Objectives:
Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to:
1- Explain the different factors affecting serum enzyme:
•
Rate of entry of enzymes into blood
•
Enzyme inhibitors
•
Clearance of enzyme
2 - 17
2- Explain specificity of serum enzyme measurements:
• Test results and clinical features
• Test pattern recognition
• Isoenzymes
3- Give examples of substances that act as inhibitors of enzyme activity.
4- Identify and discus isoenzymes of clinical importance.
5- Discuss the clinical utility for the measurement of the following
major enzymes of diagnostic interest:
a. Phosphatases (ALP & ACP)
b. Transaminases (ALT & AST)
c. Amylase and Lipase
d. Cholinsterase
e. Creatin Kinase
f. Lactate dehydrogenase
g. Gamma-glutamyltransferase
6- Discuss the serum enzymes in diseases:
a. Myocardial infarction
b. Muscle Diseases:
1. Muscular Dystrophy
2. Toxic Myopathies
3. Malignant Hyperpyrexia
4. Traumatic Myopathies
2 - 18
c. Liver disease
d. Bone Disease
e. Haematological disorders;
1. G6PD
2. Haemolytic anaemia
3. Megaloplastic anaemia
4. Leukaemia
7- Explain the general consideration in enzyme assay in the clinical
laboratory.
8- Discuss the different methods for the determination in serum and urine.
9- Assess specimen integrity for enzyme analysis based on samples;
a. collection
b. precessing, and
c. storage conditions
2 - 19
9. ELECTROLYTES (Na, K, Cl,) & Ca, Mg, Pi
( Nine lectures)
Objectives:
The student must be able to;
1- describe the physiological roles of Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi
2- describe the major factors that influence the concentration of these
substance in the body and blood.
3- describe the clinical significance and correlations in the measurements
of Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi.
4- describe the specimen requirements for the determination of Na, K, Cl,
Ca, Mg & Pi.
5- describe the possible sources of errors in the determination of Na, K, Cl,
Ca, Mg & Pi.
6- describe the effects of such errors on the results obtained for each of the
analytes (i.e; false increase or false decrease).
7- describe major interfering factors that may affect the results.
8- describe how to eliminate interferences.
9- describe the ways to minimize or eliminate the various sources of
errors.
10-describe the reference methods for determination of Na, K, Cl, Ca,
Mg & Pi.
11-describe the most commonly used methods for the determination of
Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg & Pi which are used in the clinical lab.
12-explain how to use lab results to differentiate between various types
of hyponatremia.
13-explain the term "panic values".
2 - 20
14-list the panic values for Na & K.
15-explain the relationship between acid base disturbances and Na, K,
Cl, Ca & Mg.
16-write the MacLean-Hastings Formula for the calculation of ionized
Ca (Ca2+).
17-calculate the Ca2+ concentration using the MacLean-Hastings Formula.
18-list the conditions for the use of the MacLean-Hastings Formula
for the calculation of Ca2+.
19-describe the common methods used to measure Ca2+ .
20-write the formula used to calculate the anion gap (AG) in blood.
21-write the formula used to calculate the AG in urine.
22-calculate AG values in blood and in urine.
23-describe the clinical significance for the calculation of AG in blood;
a. increased AG
b. decreased AG
c. apparently normal AG
24-describe the clinical significance for the calculation of AG in urine.
25-explain the effect of combined errors on the considerations of the
AG values in clinical situations of metabolic acidosis.
26-explain how AG is used in the clinical lab.
2 - 21
LEARNING RESOURCES
TEXT BOOKS & READING MATERIALS:
Assigned Textbook :
Clinical Chemistry, Principles, Procedures, and Correlations, 3rd Ed.
By Michael Bishop, Edward Foddy, and Janet Duben
J.B. Lippincott , Philadelphia, 2005or latest edition.
Recommended References :
1- Clinical Diagnosis and Management, by John Bernard Henry,ed.
W.B. Saudners, Philadelphia.latest edition.
2- Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry Tietz, latest edition., W.B. Saunders Kaplan
& Pesce. latest edition.
3- Clinical Chemistrv Theory Analysis Correlation, latest ed. C.V. Mosby
Clinical Chemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment, Zilva & Pannell,
latest edition.
WEBSITE ADDRESSES:
http://www.Clinical Chemistry.net
http://www.Annals of Clinical Chemistry.com
2) Instructor’s handouts
2 - 22
LABORATORY MATERIALS / MANUAL / ATLAS TEXTBOOK:
-During each laboratory sessions practical procedure sheet will
be distributed to all students
LABORATORY LOCATIONS:
Male students:
Teaching laboratory in the medical center,
Building number 5,
Second floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Male section
Female students: Teaching laboratory in the medical center,
Building number 13,
Second floor,
Faculty of applied medical sciences,
Female section
2 - 23
LABORATORY HOURS:
PRACTICALS
Two/Week
MALE
FEMALE
Sat 02:00 – 04:00 (Group A)
Wed 02:00 – 04:00 (Group B)
Sat 10:00 – 12:00 (Group A)
Mon 10:00 – 12:00 (Group B)
LABORATORY SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
1) There will be no smoking and no eating or drinking
2) Use proper universal precautions and infection control
3) Handle all glassware, equipment and specimens with care
4) Follow the guidelines for waste disposal and avoid excess
biohazardous waste
5) Do not leave until you have cleaned up your work area and
returned supplies and equipment to the appropriate areas
REQUIRED PURCHASES:
- Laboratory coats and gloves
- Text book, atlas textbook and laboratory manual
- Calculator
2 - 24
PRACTICAL LABORATORY OBJECTIVES
Having attended all of the practical lab sessions, listened to and understood
the explanation of the procedure done, watched a demonstration by the
instructor (or the lab technologist in charge), and read all the materials
assigned, the student must be able to perform all of the experiments (tests,
procedures, etc.) explained and taught. The student must be able to exhibit a
satisfactory competence level by achieving no less than 60% of any given
practical exam performed within a suitably assigned time.
General Laboratory Objectives:
1. Describe the types, preparation, use and storage of chemicals used in
a chemistry laboratory.
2. Discuss the composition, use, and limitations of laboratory glassware,
plastic ware and tubing.
3. Identify the various types of volumetric equipment in common
usage in the chemistry laboratory.
4. Describe protocols for the calibration of volumetric equipment, it's
use and maintenance.
5. Explain the theories of operation of centrifuges and balances.
6. Discuss calibration; maintenance requirements, and environmental
factors involved in the use of centrifuges and balances.
7. Describe the principles of procedures used to prepare samples and
solutions for analysis.
8. Discuss the components, preparation, sources of error and
expressions of concentration of solutions.
9. Define the components of buffer systems and its role in the
maintenance of pH.
2 - 25
10.Describe the types of safety hazards found in the chemistry
laboratory.
11.Identify specific precautions and safety equipment used to
minimize or prevent laboratory hazards.
Laboratory Topics:
1.
Clin. Chem. Lab Function
2.
Sources of Errors Exercise
3.
Lab Math Exercise
4.
Glucose oxidase method
5.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Teas
6.
Glucose & Ketone Bodies in urine
7.
Determination of Total Protein (Biuret)
8.
Determination of Albumin (Dye Binding)
9.
Protein electrophoresis
10.
Determination of : ALP, ALT, AST, CK, and LD activities (Kinetic
and end point Assay)
11.
Na & K (Flame Photometry)
12.
Determination of C & ionized Ca2+
At the completion of the practical course the student should be able to:
1. Construct a frequency histogram.
2. Calculate the mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation from
a list of data.
3. When given absorptivity constant and concentration, calculate
the absorbance.
2 - 26
4. Assess albumin using the BCG dye method with results within 5%
of measured value.
5. Compare and contrast one-point calibration with that of a standard curve.
6. Perform electrophoresis and identify a normal pattern.
7. When given a list of absorbance values calculate the change in absorbance.
8. When given absorbance values, length of light path and molar
absorptivity of a substance, calculate the U value.
9. Compare and contrast endpoint and kinetic enzyme assays.
10. Adjust the aspirati6n rate of the atomizer on the flame photometer.
11. Set the standards of the flame photometer.
12. Analyze controls and patient samples on the flame photometer;
13. Perform the chloride determination and calculate the concentration of
the control and patient samples using the chloride meter.
14. Perform within 5% and with acceptable technique the various glucose
test methods.
15. Perform the following assays with acceptable technique, precision,
and accuracy:
16. Accession specimens and evaluate them as to their suitability for
the determination requested.
17. Prepare aliquots of specimens and distribute them for analysis.
18. Maintain record keeping for specimens.
19. Prepare reagents according to prescribed directions.
20. Demonstrate efficient operation of laboratory instruments to
acceptable levels for the instructor.
21. Perform and interpret analyses on patient specimens and controls
according to protocol.
22. Evaluate test results with results acceptable to the instructor.
2 - 27
Course Requirements & Grading
COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
- In order to successfully complete MLT 301 the following requirements
must be met:
- Attend lectures and practical sessions consistently
- Take and pass two written tests, final written and the
practical examinations
ATTENDANCE:
- Learning in this class is an active, ongoing process. Information will be
presented in class that can not be effectively communicated by reading
another student's notes. You need to experience each class yourself.
Your performance in class depends a great deal on your attendance. It
is important that you are on time, have few or no absences, and remain
in class the full period. Attendance is taken at the beginning of class.
- Sometimes in-class quizzes or other graded activities occur. These
may be individual or in groups, as determined by the instructor. If you
miss a class in which one of these take place, you have a zero for that
quiz/activity
WITHDRAWALS:
- If a student wishes to withdraw from the course, it is his or her
responsibility to inform the instructor. Appropriate withdrawal
procedures will be followed. When a student accumulates unofficial
absences in excess of two lectures or two labs, the instructor may, but is
not obligated to file a withdrawal.
2 - 28
EVALUATION STRATEGIES/GRADING
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (35%)
Test 1
15%
Test 2
15%
Practical Reports & Assignments
5%
FINAL EXAMINATION (65%)
Final Practical Exam
20%
Final Written Exam
45%
Note: If a student must be absent on the day of a test, he/she must
notify the instructor prior to test time in order to be allowed to take a
make-up test. A grade of zero (0) will be assigned if the instructor is not
notified. If the student exceeds the maximum absences of 10%, this will
result in his/her being dropped from the course and from the MLT
program.
GRADING SCALE:
The following grade scale applies throughout the course:
Excellent =
Very good =
Good =
Satisfactory =
Fail =
90.0% - 100.0%
80.0% - 89.0%
70.0% - 79.0%
60.0% - 69.0%
less than 64.0%
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