What is linguistics?
* The scientific study of
language
In the compound sign THINKSAME, a movement segment is
added between the final hold of
THINK and the first movement
of SAME. This is an example of:
[61p]
What is the nonmanual marker
for Rhetorical Question?
* Raised eyebrows, and may
also use a slight shake or tilt of
the head
* movement epenthesis
What is language? [p1]
* A rule-governed
communication system
When two signs are
compounded, the noncontact
holds between movements are
eliminated. This principle is:
[p31]
What is the symbol for glossing
of Yes-No questions?
* A “q” on a line above the
question phrase
* hold deletion
Morse code, semaphore, traffic
signals, public symbols; and the
information exchange processes
used by bees, birds, dolphins, apes
are examples of: [p1]
* Rule governed communication
systems
Have arbitrary and/or iconic
symbols that are organized and
used systematically, and are
shared by members of a
community: [p5-8]
* Languages and
communication systems
These are “productive,” have
ways of showing the
relationship between symbols,
can be used for an unrestricted
number of domains, and
change over time: [p8-12]
If I do the sign BELIEVE, and at
the beginning of the sign my
right hand forms on somewhat
of a “C” handshape (rather than
the typical “1” handshape) what
is taking place? [p61]
What is the symbol for glossing
of Wh-questions?
* A "wh-q" on a line above the
question phrase
* assimilation
LOOK and STRONG come
together (compound) to form
the sign: [p62]
* "resemble"
Fingerspelled letters: [p64]
*Are actually signs, are a direct
result of language contact with
English, and may resemble the
written symbol
What is the symbol for glossing
of "Question Mark Wiggle?"
* QM wg
What kind of questions tend to
squint the eyebrows and use
signs like: where, who, when,
what, and why? [128]
* Wh-questions
* Languages
What do you call an English
word that has been selected to
correspond to an ASL sign in
order to represent that sign in
written form?
* A gloss
A “C” “handshape” is simply a
phoneme, but the fingerspelled
letter “C” is actually a …
[p64]
The nonmanual markers of
"making direct eye contact and
maybe frowning" are used with
which kind of sentence?
* Free Morpheme
* Commands
What do you call the principle
that states that in a two-handed
sign, if both hands move, then
they will have the same
handshape and type of
movement? [p3]
* The symmetry condition
What do you call the principle that
states that in a two-handed sign, if
each hand has a different
handshape, then only the active
hand can move; the passive hand
serves as a base and does not
move. [p3]
In fingerspelling, a number of
separate morphemes may
begin to act like one single
morpheme. When this happens
the result is called: [p64]
* Lexicalized fingerspelling
When glossing we use the
symbol # to indicate: [p64]
* Lexicalized fingerspelling
What is the Wh-question
nonmanual marker?
* Squint eyebrows, and may
also: tilt head, lean slightly
forward, or hunch shoulders
What do we sometimes use at
the end of a question when
signer is surprised? [p129]
* Question Mark Wiggle
* The dominance condition
What are the seven basic
handshapes used by the
passive hand in a two-handed
sign. (Note “G” and “1” are
considered the same
handshape.) [p3]
When a fingerspelled word becomes
lexicalized, the location, handshapes, and
orientation may change. Letters may be
deleted. Movement may be added. Which of
the following isn’t one of the changes that
sometimes takes place in lexicalized
fingerspelling? [p64-67]
Each letter may begin to act as a
separate morpheme
*
* A, B, C, G, O, S, and 5.
What term means that the
actual form of a symbol doesn’t
reflect the form of the thing or
activity it symbolizes? [p5]
Lexicalized means: [p68]
* “Like a word”
Look like questions but the
signer doesn’t expect an
answer. [p129]
* Rhetorical Questions
The gloss for a rhetorical
question is: [p130]
* “rhet”
* Arbitrary
What term means that the form
of a symbol is an icon or picture
of some aspect of the thing or
activity being symbolized? [p5]
* Iconic
What do you call it when the
sound of a word symbolizes the
sound of the object or activity to
which the word refers? [p5]
When two languages are in contact,
then tend to borrow from each
other. ASL borrows from other sign
languages. The signs that are
borrowed from one language to
another are called: [p69]
It is common to do these signs:
WHEN, WHO, WHAT, WHERE,
FOR-FOR, and REASON with
raised eyebrows in what type of
question? [p130]
* Loan Signs
* Rhetoricals
Quite a few of the indigenous signs used by
people in other countries to refer to their
country have been adopted by ASL users to
refer to those countries. For example, instead
of using the former ASL signs for JAPAN,
ITALY, CHINA, and AUSTRALIA, we now use
the signs used by each of those countries.
These signs are: [p69]
The process of changing an
affirmative sentence to a
negative is called: [p131]
* Onomatopoeia
*
Loan Signs
* negation
What do you call groups of
words that resemble each other
and whose form seems to
reflect their meaning? [p5]
* Phonesthesia.
What are the three main
communication domains of
animals? [p10]
Meaningful units of language
that cannot occur alone are
called: [p72]
* Bound morphemes
Signs are composed of various
parameters and articulatory
features. Which of the following
is not a parameter or
articulatory feature of signs?
* mating, danger, food
What do we call it when the
object of the sentence is moved
to the front of the sentence?
[p131]
* Topicalization
What is a lexical item? (135)
* A lexical item is basically a
“word” (Or a “sign”)
* Glosses
Who established the Connecticut
Asylum for the Education and
Instruction of Deaf and Dumb?
(Which was later changed to the
American School for the Deaf).
[p14]
In the sign WEEK, you can
change the handshape from a 1
to a 2, or a 3 and so on to mean
a specified number of weeks.
This process in ASL is known
as: [p72]
* tense markers
* Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
and Laurent Clerc
* Numerical incorporation
What term refers to the various
sign systems that were
developed to represent English
on the hands? [p14]
The sign “TWO-WEEKS” can be
thought of as having two meaningful
parts. The first part would be the bundle
of information consisting of the holds,
movement, location, orientation, and
nonmanual signal. What is the other
meaningful part? [p73]
* Manually Coded English
(MCE)
(According to the text) In
spoken languages, do smaller
gestures combine to form larger
gestures? [p15]
In the sign “TWO-WEEKS” the
“2 handshape”: [p74]
* Is a bound morpheme
* compounding
In English “s” and “ed” are:
(135)
* Bound morphemes
* The handshape
* No
“Language contact” like what
happened at Deaf Way is an
avenue or process of
introducing new symbols into
ASL. Name another process for
introducing new symbols that
also begins with the letter “c.”
[p.9]
When discussing "time" in
linguistics, the special
morphemes in English “s” and
“ed” are called:
For most native signers, the
handshape for WEEK can be
changed from 1 through: [p74]
* nine
The number handshape in signs
that use numerical incorporation
is a: (136)
* Bound morpheme
Is there really an imaginary time
line that we use in ASL?
* Yes –it runs perpendicular to
your body (from behind you to
in front of you -- going off into
the distance both ways).
In ASL you wouldn’t use a
preposition such as “on” to
indicate a book is on a table.
What would you use instead?
[p.9]
The handshape change that we
see in “ages 1 to 9” is the result
of: [p74]
* phonological assimilation
* classifier predicate
What nonmanual signal uses
pouted lips with the tongue
visibly positioned between the
teeth and can be translated as
meaning “carelessly?” [p.8]
In the sign LOUSY, its individual
parts: [p74]
* do not have independent
meaning
* “th”
The study of how the meaning
conveyed by a word or sentence
depends on aspects of the context in
which it is used (such as time, place,
social relationship between speaker and
hearer, and speaker’s assumptions
about the hearer’s beliefs). [p2]
In the signs SUMMER, UGLY,
and DRY, space is used to
indicate what kind of contrast?
[p77]
Name some common time signs
discussed in the chapter that
are only partly related to the
timeline: (136)
* YESTERDAY, TOMORROW,
NOT-YET, RECENTLY
Name the time signs identified
in the book as being strongly
linked to the time line: (136)
* UP-TILL-NOW AND FROMNOW-ON
Name some time signs that
(according to the authors)
signing further out on the
timeline serves only to
emphasize the concept.
* phonological
* NOW, TODAY, LATER,
LONG-TIME-AGO, and
FUTURE
The application of the methods and
results of linguistics to such areas as
language teaching; national language
policies; lexicography; translation; and
language in politics, advertising,
classrooms, courts, and the like. [p2]
The sentences “I GIVE YOU”
and “YOU GIVE ME” makes
what kind of use of space?
[p77]
Name some time signs that
allow numerical incorporation:
(137)
* Applied Linguistics
* morphological
The study of the way in which
words are constructed out of
smaller meaningful units. [p2]
If I use movement and space to
show that someone is “giving”
continually or over and over
again, what kind of marker am I
using? [p77]
* Pragmatics
* Morphology
* aspectual
The study of meaning; how
words and sentences are
related to the objects they refer
to and the situations they
describe. [p2]
* Semantics
When a location in space is
associated with a nominal, it
performs what kind of function?
[p77]
* referential
* MORNING, AFTERNOON,
NIGHT, NOON, MIDNIGHT,
DAY, MINUTE, TIME
Name some signs that can use
location and/or orientation to
indicate units of time in the past
or the future. (137)
* WEEK, YEAR
EVERY-WEEK, EVERYMORNING, and EveryMONDAY Are examples of 137
* Habitual time
The study of the brain and how
it functions in the production,
perception and acquisition of
language. [p2]
* Neurolinguistics
What do we call the smallest
contrastive units of language?
[p19]
* Phonemes
What term do sign language
linguists use to refer to the
study of how signs are
structured and organized? [p19]
When you use space to provide
information about the location of
a person or object in a threedimensional network, what sort
of function are you using? [p77]
* locative
A good example of a signer
describing something using a
“relative frame of reference”
would be: [p77]
* Signing a scene from his or
her perspective.
A good example of a signer is
describing something using an
“absolute frame of reference”
would be: [p77]
* Phonology
* Giving directions using the
standard signs EAST, WEST,
NORTH, and SOUTH.
What are the five basic parts of
signs? [p19]
A good example of a signer is
describing something using an
“narrative perspective” would be:
* handshape, movement,
location, orientation, nonmanual
signals
* A phrase in which the person
takes on the role of one of the
characters as if he were actually
that person. [p77]
What term means choosing an
appropriate English word for
signs in order to write them
down? [p21]
Location can have independent
meaning in ASL Signs. [p76]
* TRUE
* Glossing
What kind of features are
indicated on a line above sign
glosses? [p21]
* Nonmanual features
Locative verbs [p79]
* The direction or location of the
sign contains specific meaning
What time signs (according to
the author) can commonly be
used as an exclamation point?
(137)
* WILL, FINISH
What is “semantics?” (138)
* The study of the meaning of
words and sentences.
Sign Language Dictionaries
(142)
* Are almost necessarily
bilingual
How was Stokoe’s Dictionary of
American Sign Language was
different from most other sign
language dictionaries? (142)
* It presented signs by the
parameters of location,
handshape.
Includes information about the
signer’s feelings, attitudes, or
opinions [143]
* Affective Meaning
Includes information about the
identity of the language user
[142]
* Social Meaning
When glossing, what do we use
“small capital letters in English”
to represent? [p21]
* Signs
When glossing, what do we
represent with small capital
letters preceded by the #
symbol? [p21]
* lexicalized fingerspelled words
When glossing, what is
represented by dashes between
small capital letters? [p21]
* full fingerspelling
Plain verbs: [p76]
* The function of location is
articulatory
One difference between locative
verbs and classifier predicates
is that: [p79]
The idea, thing, or state of
affairs described [142]
* Referential Meaning
The social and affective
meaning of a sign is often called
its [143]
* The handshape in locative
verbs doesn’t have independent
meaning
* Connotation
Verbs that include information
about two subjects and two
objects simultaneously such as
the verb "LOOK-AT-EACHOTHER" are best described as:
[p78]
Referential meaning of a sign is
often called its [143]
* Denotation
* reciprocal verbs
Name two systems that have
been developed for describing
the structure of signs. [p22]
* “The Stokoe system” and the
“The Liddell and Johnson
system”
What do we call the agreedupon symbols that linguists use
to describe the structure of
signs in a consistent and
predictable manner? [p22]
Plain verbs: [p76]
* The function of location is
articulatory
"I give to you" is best described
as what kind of verb: [78]
* indicating verb
The collection of words or signs
that users of a language know
is called the [144]
* Lexicon
The study of the rule governed
ways in which languages
structure meaning [141]
* Semantics
* Conventions
William C. Stokoe designed the first
system for describing ASL. His
system claimed that signs
consisted of three cheremes
[parameters or parts). What were
the parts? [p26]
* tab – location, dez – handshape,
and sig – movement
Verbs that contain information related to
action or state of being and/or that
convey information about certain
aspects of their meaning such as
showing where things are in space,
showing what things look like, and/or
showing how things move are best
described as: [80]
*
depicting verbs
The rules for making sentences
[113]
* Syntax
The Stokoe system of
describing ASL is limited in its
usefulness as a description
system. Stokoe’s system
provides an insufficient
The linguistic term for verbs or
predicates that do not allow
objects is: [p83]
The prefix "hypo-" means [144]
* below
* Intransitive
* See Page 26-30
What model for describing the
structure of signs did Scott K.
Liddell and Robert E. Johnson
develop? [p37]
The term for verbs that allow
objects is: [p84]
* Transitive
* The Movement-Hold Model
According to the MovementHold Model, signs consist of
hold segments and movement
segments that are produced:
[p37]
The relationship between
"hand" and "arm" is best
described as [144]
* Part/Whole
The basic word order in ASL for
sentences is: [p84]
Gradable and nongradable are
two types of [145]
* Subject-Verb-Object
* Antonymy
There are at least six possible
movement hold combinations,
which one is not used? [p38]
In languages that do not use the
verb "to be" a predicate may
consist of: [p90]
"If/then" relationships such as
teacher and student [147]
* HM
* verbs, nouns, or adjectives
The Liddell and Johnson
system claims that the basic
units of signs are produced:
[p40]
A classifier is: [p91]
* sequentially
An extension of the use of a
word beyond its primary
meaning [148]
* A symbol for a class of objects
* Metaphor
* sequentially
Stokoe claimed that parameters
of signs were produced:[p40]
* Converseness
A classifier, when combined
with location, orientation,
movement, and nonmanual
signals, forms a [p91]
* simultaneously
Orientational, ontological, and
structural are types of [148]
* Metaphor
* classifier predicate
Linguists’ have come up with
varying numbers of “primes” for
sign parameters (handshapes,
locations, orientations, movements,
holds, and nonmanual signals).
How many primes did Stokoe
count? [p40]
Name two basic parts of
classifier predicates: [p92]
* the movement root and the
handshape
The relationship between two
signs that are opposite in
meaning [145]
* Antonymy
* nineteen
Linguists’ have come up with
varying numbers of “primes” for
sign parameters (handshapes,
locations, orientations,
movements, holds, and
nonmanual signals). How many
did Liddle and Johnson count?
[p40]
Name three kinds of movement
roots: [p92]
* Stative descriptive, process,
contact
What are the "semantic roles"
played by signs in a sentence?
[152]
* Agent, Patient, Experiencer,
Instrument, and Cause
* more than 150
What is the segmental structure
of CHAIR? [p40]
The signed concept “MOUND
OF RICE” would fall into which
of the following classifier types
or movement roots: [p92]
* MMMH
* Stative descriptive
Sometimes a movement segment is
added between the last segment of
one sign and the first segment of
the next sign. The process of
adding a movement segment
between two signs is called: [p42]
In the sentence: CAT CHASE
DOG, the sign "CAT" fills which
semantic role?
* Agent
The signed concept “TREESGO-BY” would fall into which of
the following classifier types or
movement roots: [p92]
In the sentence: TREES,
TORNADO DESTROY, the sign
"TORNADO" fills which
semantic role?
* Process
* cause
The elimination of holds
between movements of signs
that occur in sequence is called:
[p42]
The signed concept “PILE-OFCOINS” would fall into which of
the following classifier types or
movement roots: [p92]
We use "function words or
morphemes" to indicate
* hold deletion
* Stative descriptive
Sometimes parts of the
segments of a sign can change
places. This is called: [p44]
The signed concept “CAT-SIT”
would fall into which of the
following classifier types or
movement roots: [p92]
* movement epenthesis
* metathesis
* Contact root
* Tense, Aspect, Reference,
Deixis
ASL tends to indicate tense by:
* Adding separate lexical items
and/or using the location of the
hands relative to the body, or
leaning.
The signs DEAF, CONGRESS,
FLOWER, RESTAURANT,
HONEYMOON, NAVY, TWINS,
BACHELOR, PARENTS, HOME,
and HEAD can all use this
phonological process: [p44]
To show a crowd of people you
would use the sign “SCADS
OF.” What type of classifier
handshape is “SCADS OF?”
[p93]
* metathesis
* on surface morpheme
This phonological process
occurs when a segment takes
on the characteristics of another
segment near it: [p46]
What type of classifier
handshape is the sign “FLAT
TIRE?” [p93]
* assimilation
Consonants and vowels in
spoken languages are parallel
to what in sign languages?
[p48]
* holds and movements
What is the study of the
smallest contrastive parts of
language that do not have
independent meaning? [p51]
* phonology
In considering phonology and
morphology, which of the
following signs doesn’t fit with
the other on the list? [p52]
* THREE-DOLLARS (In this
sign, the three handshape
functions as a morpheme]
In English, adding “er” to the
term “walk” to create “walker” is
an example of: [p54]
* using a form morpheme to
create a noun from a verb
The manner in which the action
of a verb is performed has to do
with [154]
* Aspect
If we alter the basic structure of
the sign SIT to mean: "SITFOR-A-LONG-TIME" we are
using what type of function
morpheme?
* extent morpheme
* Aspect
A movement root and a
classifier handshape combine to
form: [p93]
* A classifier predicate
Which term most closely refers
to the process whereby the
meanings of the small units get
lost in the meaning of the large
unit? [p95]
* Lexicalization
Productive classifier predicates:
[p96]
* Each part of the sign has
independent meaning.
Lexicalized classifier predicates:
[p97]
* The parts of the sign do not
have independent meaning
Provides information about the
relationship between noun
phrases and their referents
[154]
* Reference
The difference in meaning
between "The man is silly" and
"A man is silly" is due to the use
of
* A determiner
Marks the orientation or position
of objects and events with
respect to certain points of
reference.
* Deixis
The area of linguistics that
investigates the role of context
in understanding meaning. [155]
* Pragmatics
In English, emphasizing or
“stressing” the first syllable of
the word subject instead of the
second syllable, is an example
of: [p54]
* using a process morpheme to
create a noun from a verb
What types of signs differ in
their movement but share the
same handshape, location, and
orientation? [p54]
* noun-verb pairs
The process of repetition is
called: [p55]
* reduplication
The process of adding bound
morphemes to other forms to
create new units is called: [p55]
* affixation
The use of affixation in ASL
would result in the creation of a:
[p54-56 “read for
understanding”]
* form morpheme
Noun-verb pairs provide an
example of: [p54-56 “read for
understanding”]
* creation of a process
morpheme
The linguistic term for adding
grammatical information to a
word or sign: [p105]
What do we call the study of the
interrelationship of language
and social structure? [161]
* Inflection
* Sociolinguistics
When the signing space for a
sign is reduced and the
movement is done quickly it
inflects the meaning of a verb to
mean: [p107]
When a user of a language
knows how to use language for
both communicative and social
functions he or she is said to be
* IN-A-HURRY
For a sign like “ANALYZE,” the
meaning of “IN-A-HURRY” can
be indicated with: [p107]
* inflection of the internal
movement of the fingers
Another temporal aspect marker
is “activity performed under
pressure and then concluded.”
This can be shown by: [p108]
* Signing with the lips parted
and tense, the eyes squinted,
and then the mouth drops open
and the eyes relax
The sign ARRIVE (M H) can be
produced with an added initial hold
(H M H) to mean ARRIVE-AT-LAST
OR ARRIVE-FOLLOWING-SOMEDELAY. The added initial hold is
essentially an: [p108]
* communicatively competent
Regional variation at the
phonological level is referred to
as what?
* Accent
This person graduated
Gallaudet College, was a
respected teacher and leader in
the Deaf community, served two
terms as president of the NAD
and in 1913 gave a speech that
came to be known as
"Preservation of the Sign
Language."
* Veditz
Use of language that goes
beyond the sentence
* discourse [169]
* affix
The process of making new
units for a language is typically
described as: [p110]
* Derivational morphology
Apologizing, warning,
threatening, commanding,
requesting, recognizing
someone's existence, and
striving to control other's
behavior are examples of:
* Functions of language:
The creation of a new word by
combining two free morphemes
is called: [p58]
* compounding
Making nouns from verbs
(noun/verb pairs),
compounding, lexicalized
fingerspelling, numerical
incorporation, classifier
predicates, and perspective
verbs, are all examples of:
[p110]
Storytelling, poetry, ABC
games, and number games are
examples of:
* Language as Skilled Work:
* Derivational morphology
The first contact rule applies to:
[p59]
* compounds
When compounds are made in
ASL, internal movement or the
repetition of movement is
eliminated. This principle is
called: [p60]
The process of adding
grammatical information to units
that already exist is: [p111]
* Inflectional morphology
* The Norms and Structure of
Language Use
Changing the verb “SIT” to
mean the noun “CHAIR” is an
example of a [p110]
Used in conversations to tell
someone about a conversation
that has already taken place
(“He said …then she said…”)
* Derivational process
* The simple sequence rule
When a right handed signer
signs the concept “BELIEVE,”
(which is made up from the
signs “THINK” and “MARRY”)
his left hand is formed into a “C”
handshape while the right hand
is signing “THINK.” This is an
example of: [p60]
How many people can talk at
once, how much should one
person sign, what can be
signed about, and turn taking:
Changing the verb “SIT” to
mean "sit for a long time" is an
example of a [p111]
*Constructed Dialog (Role Shift)
The setting in which discourse
takes place (formal vs informal)
and choosing language
appropriate for certain
occasions
* Inflectional Process
* Register Variation [172]
* weak hand anticipation rule
Movement epenthesis, hold
deletion, and assimilation are
what kind of rules? [p61]
* Phonological rules
The first contact rule, the simple
sequence rule, and the weak
hand anticipation rule are what
kind of rules [p59]
* morphological rules
Which of the following sentence
types isn't marked by any
particular nonmanual signal?
[p127]
Consideration of using a first
name vs using a formal title
would be an example of what
aspect of discourse analysis?
* declarative
* Social Identity
What is the nonmanual marker
for Yes-No Questions? [p127]
Colonialism, military invasions,
social economic reasons,
nationalism, education,
urbanization, and intermarriage
are common reasons for:
* raise eyebrows , and might
also: tilt head, lean body
forward, raise shoulders, hold
last sign longer
* Bilingualism
Fingerspelling, I have “cha”
homework, mouthing of English
words, lexicalized mouthing and
code switching between ASL
and SEE are examples of:
*Unique phenomena
Pizza and spaghetti (in English)
as well as AUSTRALIA ITALY
JAPAN CHINA (in ASL) are
examples of:
* Lexical borrowing
_