CBS, STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF ISRAEL 2010
27
2010
ENVIRONMENT
4. Protection of soil, ground water and
surface water includes protection and
reclamation of land, and cleaning of
water sources.
5. Protection of animals, plants and
landscape which includes construction,
maintenance, and beautification of parks,
preservation of forests and afforestation,
fire fighting, maintenance of beaches and
nature reserves.
6. Research and development includes
surveys and research in the field of
environmental quality, as well as
expenditures for activities such as
development of alternative energy
sources.
7. Other
services
include
general
management as well as planning and
supervision related to environmental
protection in government ministries, local
authorities, and conurbations. This
category also includes activities that do
not fall within the categories of services
specified above – e.g., activities of
environmental protection units in local
authorities.
Expenditure
for
public
environmental
protection services was classified in the
following categories:
1. Current expenditure, which includes
labour
expenses
(i.e.,
imputed
government expenditures, which reflect
the government’s commitment to pay
funded pensions to employees upon
retirement), and current purchases of
other goods and other services, as well
as a calculated estimate of expenditures
for depreciation of buildings and
equipment.
2. Investment in fixed capital, which
includes expenses for constructing
installations, buildings, other construction
projects, and purchase of machinery and
equipment
for
the
purpose
of
environmental protection.
EXPENDITURE FOR PUBLIC
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
SERVICES
(Financial Data)
(Tables 27.1-27.2)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Environmental protection services were
generally defined according to the guidelines
of the statistical offices of the UN and the
European Union (Eurostat) for classification
of activities aimed at protecting the
environment. Based on this classification,
expenditure for environmental protection
included the following items:
1. Protection of air quality and climate.
2. Treatment of sewage.
3. Treatment of waste.
4. Protection of soil, ground water and
surface water.
5. Protection of animals, plants, and
landscape.
6. Research and development.
7. Other services.
CLASSIFICATION OF EXPENDITURE
Expenditure
for
public
environmental
protection services was classified according
to the implementing sector - the government,
governmental enterprises, local authorities,
and non-profit institutions.
There are seven types of public services for
environmental protection:
1. Protection of air quality and climate,
which mainly includes monitoring of air
quality.
2. Treatment of sewage, which includes
planning, maintenance, and development
of sewage systems, construction and
operation of pumping and treatment
plants, and treatment of rain water.
3. Treatment of waste, which includes
collection, disposal, and incineration of
domestic and industrial waste, treatment
of solid waste and hazardous materials,
street sweeping, and cleaning of market
places.
ENVIRONMENT
‫ שנתון סטטיסטי לישראל‬,‫למ''ס‬
)165(
‫סביבה‬
home heating.
Pb (lead): A heavy metal that was a
necessary additive to petrol for years.
CH4 (Methane): A greenhouse gas produced
in landfills and sewage purification plants
following the breakdown of organic waste in
anaerobic conditions (without oxygen), from
animal digestion processes, mainly from
chewing
cud,
and
from
anaerobic
decomposition
of
animal
secretions.
Methane is also produced from natural
sources such as plant decomposition.
N2O (Nitrous Oxide): A greenhouse gas
produced from fuel combustion and microbic
processes in soil and water, which are
influenced by the use of fertilizers that
contain nitrogen.
NMVOCs (Non-methane volatile organic
compounds): Gases produced at the time of
hydrocarbon fuel combustion or at the time
that liquid fuels, solvents, paint, and
intermediate products for production of
chemicals are vaporized. These gases are
precursors of greenhouse gases.
O3 (Ozone): A pollutant produced by
photochemical
reactions
between
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Ozone is
produced in the lower layers of the
atmosphere (the troposphere), and is
considered a greenhouse gas. However, the
Ozone in the upper layers of the atmosphere
(the stratosphere) plays an important role in
protecting the biosphere, by preventing the
penetration of harmful ultraviolet solar
radiation.
Gases containing fluorides:
HFCs (Hydrofluorocarbons): a group of
organic gas compounds composed of
carbon, hydrogen and fluoride atoms. These
compounds are emitted mainly from cooling
and air-conditioning systems.
PRCs (Perfluorocarbons): a group of
organic gas compounds composed of carbon
and fluoride atoms. These compounds are
emitted mainly from the electronics industry
and semi-conductors.
SF6 (Sulfurhexafluoride): a non-organic gas
compound, emitted mainly by production
processes and magnesium casting, as well
as its use as an isolating medium in
switchgear and circuit breakers system.
AIR
(Tables 27.3-27.9)
Air pollutants pose a potential danger to
humans, plants, and the environment. Some
air pollutants derive from natural sources, but
most are anthropogenic (generated by
human activity), such as energy production,
transportation,
industrial
activity
and
agriculture.
Hydrocarbon
fuels
contain
various
supplements such as sulphur and lead
compounds. Fuel combustion usually does
not take place under optimal conditions, so
that pollutants and greenhouse gases are
emitted into the atmosphere in the
combustion process.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide): A greenhouse gas
originating from the complete combustion of
fuel.
CO (Carbon Monoxide): A gas produced by
the incomplete combustion of fuel, deriving
mainly from emissions from motor vehicles.
This gas is a precursor of greenhouse gases.
SOx (Sulphur Oxides): Compounds derived
from the combustion of fossil fuels such as
coal and kerosene. Most of these compounds
are emitted by power plants, refineries, and
industrial plants.
The combustion process produces mainly
SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide), which is a precursor
of greenhouse gases and aerosols, and acts
to cool the climate.
NOx (Nitrogen Oxides): Acidic gases
emitted primarily by power stations,
manufacturing plants and motor vehicles
(mainly from diesel engines). These gases
are precursors of greenhouse gases.
HC
(Hydrocarbons):
Compounds
of
Hydrogen and Carbon emitted during the
combustion and the evaporation of fuel.
These gases are mainly produced by
emissions from vehicles and refineries.
SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter): Small
particles found in the atmosphere, mainly
carbon-based.
The most hazardous particles are those that
are less than 10 microns in size, particulate
matter (PM10), which can penetrate the
respiratory system. They derive mainly from
natural sources and include fractions of small
particles that are smaller than 2.5 microns,
fine suspended particulate matter (PM2.5),
usually emitted by industries, transport, and
ENVIRONMENT
)166(
‫סביבה‬
EMISSION OF POLLUTANTS
(Tables 27.3-27.6)
EMISSION OF AIR POLLUTANTS
FROM COMBUSTION OF FUEL
SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF
CALCULATION
1. Annual quantities of various types of fuel
consumed by manufacturing and by
motor vehicles are based on the annual
energy balance. Data on percentages of
sulphur in coal that is used to generate
electricity were obtained from the Israeli
Coal Company.
2. Annual kilometers travelled, by type of
vehicle and by age of vehicle. Data on
kilometrage were obtained from the
Survey
of
Kilometers
Travelled,
conducted by the CBS.
3. Emission coefficients of CO and NOx
from stationary sources (manufacturing).
As of 2000, data are based on IPCC
coefficients (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change), according to fuel
consumption. The other coefficients of
pollutants from stationary sources were
taken
from
the
United
States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
(USEPA), and applied to the conditions in
Israel for 1997. The emission coefficients
were obtained from the Air Quality
Division (stationary sources) of the
Ministry of Environmental Protection.
4. Emission coefficients of air pollutants
from different types of mobile sources
(vehicles)
are based on studies
conducted at the Technion on the
“Evaluation of Pollutant Emission Factors
from Motor Vehicles in Israel” (L.
Tartakovski et al., June 1997) and
“Evaluation of Pollutant Emission Factors
from Diesel Vehicles in Israel (stage 1 busses)” (L. Tartakovski et al., May 2000).
To date, these emission coefficients have
been developed only for private motor
vehicles running on petrol and for buses.
Emission factors for other types of
vehicles and other fuel types were based
on data from The Netherlands, Britain,
and the US (AP42), obtained from the Air
Quality Division of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
5. Changes in the calculation of CO2
(Carbon Dioxide): In the past, quantities
of emissions were calculated for Carbon
(C) only. In order to convert the emissions
ENVIRONMENT
into CO2, (as of 1998), all of the data from
previous years were multiplied by 3.666
(the ratio of the CO2 molecular weight to
that of C). As of 2000, emissions are
calculated on the basis of coefficients of
the IPCC according to fuel consumption.
6. Emissions of CO, NOx, HC and SPM
from motor vehicles are calculated on the
basis of km travelled. The mean
emission coefficients of pollutants on
urban and interurban routes were used
according to the year of production of the
motor vehicle.
7. Certain types of fuels came into use in
Israel during different periods. If a
particular cell in the table is empty, that
type of fuel was not used during that
particular year.
8. Emission of sulphur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, and particles from electricity
production from coal are calculated on
the bases of international emission
coefficients, taking into account the
existing reduction technology and the
concentration of sulphur in the imported
coal.
9. Data processing and modeling were
conducted in cooperation with the
Ministry of Environmental Protection.
Emission
coefficients
from
land
transportation are currently being audited
and may change.
10. In 2004, Israel began to use natural gas
for electricity generation. Calculation of
Sox and SPM emissions from natural gas
for electricity generation are based on
measurements made by the Israel
Electric Corporation.
11. As of 2000, the emission coefficients of
the pollutants were updated as a result of
new information received on the
composition of fuels in Israel.
12. Generation of electricity also includes
private producers of electricity.
13. As of 2000, the coefficients of emissions
of SPM from taxies, minibuses and trucks
have been updated.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. The data do not refer to all air pollutants
emitted into the atmosphere.
2. Some of the emission coefficients were
derived from Europe or the United States
and are not completely adapted to the
conditions in Israel.
3. Emissions from motor vehicles do not
include trains.
)167(
‫סביבה‬
4.
Emissions of SOx and Pb are calculated
on the basis of the permissible levels of
their concentration according to law.
the radiation effects of greenhouse gases in
relation to Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Precursors of greenhouse gases: Gases
involved in the production of ozone (O 3),
which is also a greenhouse gas.
Greenhouse gases are emitted from the
following sources:
Combustion of fuels: This process takes
place in energy industries (electricity
generation and oil refining), manufacturing
and construction industries, transportation,
and various economic sectors.
Other sources of greenhouse gas
emissions: Industrial processes that are not
related to energy, treatment of solid waste
and sewage, agriculture, changes in land
use, and forestry (also including absorption
of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) by forests).
EMISSIONS OF GREENHOUSE GASES
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Greenhouse
gases:
Gases
in
the
atmosphere that can be penetrated by
ultraviolet solar radiation. These gases
absorb infra-red radiation emitted by the
earth. The infra-red radiation that is
absorbed in greenhouse gases turns into
heat, which causes global warming.
Direct greenhouse gases: Gases that
absorb the radiation emitted by the earth.
Direct greenhouse emissions, in terms of
CO2:
In the calculation of total emissions of direct
greenhouse gases emissions of Methane
(CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) and gases
containing fluoride are converted into equal
value units of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), using
an index of the global warming potential on
the radiation effects of greenhouse gases
relating to Carbon Dioxide – GWP (Global
Warming Potential).
Precursors of greenhouse gases: Gases
involved in the production of ozone (O3),
which is also a greenhouse gas.
Greenhouse gases are emitted from the
following sources:
Fuel combustion: This occurs in energy
industries (electricity generation and oil
refining), manufacturing and construction
industries, transportation and various
economic sectors, and constitutes the main
source of greenhouse gases emissions.
Other sources of greenhouse gas
emissions: Industrial processes that are not
related to energy, use and maintenance of
products and systems (e.g., air-conditioning,
cooling and firefighting), treatment of solid
waste and sewage, agriculture, changes in
land use, and forestry (also including
absorption of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) by
forests).
Total direct greenhouse gases – in terms
of CO2: In the calculation of total emissions
of direct greenhouse gases, Methane (CH4)
and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) emissions are
converted into measures whose value is
equivalent to that of Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
on basis of the Global Warming Potential
(GWP), which is the index used to measure
ENVIRONMENT
SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF
CALCULATION
The data for 1996 and 2000 were received
from
the
Ministry
of
Environmental
Protection, Industries Cluster, Air Quality
Division. Data for 1996 were taken from the
publication “Inventory of Emissions and
Removals of Greenhouse Gases in Israel”
(Jean Koch, Uri Dayan, and Abraham MeyMarom August 2001). Data for 2000 were
taken from the publication “Greenhouse
Gases in Israel, Inventory Update of
Emissions and Removals for 2000” (Jean
Koch and Shlomo Shafat, December 2002).
As of 2003 data have been calculated by the
CBS according to the guidelines of the IPCC
(Intergovernmental
Panel
on
Climate
Change). As of 2008 the inventory includes
gases that contain fluorides.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1.
The IPCC International coefficients were
used to calculate total emissions,
except in cases where local coefficients
were found.
2.
The differences between the data in
Table 27.6 and the data in Tables 27.327.5 can be attributed to differences in
emission coefficients, fuel classification,
sources of emissions, and data
sources.
3.
In calculating the inventory of emissions
from industrial processes, estimates
were derived for some of the emissions
on the basis of data from previous
years. As of 2003, emissions from other
sources, as well as emissions from
additional industrial sources (from
)168(
‫סביבה‬
industrial processes and treatment of
industrial waste) have been included in
the calculation.
4.
As of 2003, oil shales are included in
calculations of SOx emissions.
5.
As of 2005, data on NMVOC emissions
from construction of roads are based on
estimates.
6. Greenhouse gas emissions refer to
emissions resulting from the production and
use of products during the year of
calculation, and do not include emissions
from previous inventories.
The following table presents environmental
standards for Israel (1992). All of the values
are in micrograms per cubic meter of air
(g/m3), except for CO, which is in milligrams
per cubic meter (mg/m3).
SO2
½ hr
CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS
(Tables 27.7-27.9)
PM10
230
60
160
8 hr
24 hr
280
Yearly
60
560
CO
11
150
60
There is no Israeli standard yet for PM2.5. In
the United States, the daily standard for
these particles is 65 micrograms per m3 and
the yearly standard is 15 micrograms per m3.
This standard has been adopted in Israel as
a target standard.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
High monitoring stations: Stations that
monitor air quality over a broad area. These
stations are located at rooftop level.
Transportation
monitoring
stations:
Stations intended to monitor pollutants
deriving from vehicles. These stations are
located near major transportation routes.
Measurements are taken at the level of
vehicles. Most of the transport monitoring
stations began full operation in 1998.
Maximum value - half-hour / 8 hours / 24
hours: The maximum values for every halfhour / eight-hours / twenty-four hours
(respectively) obtained over a period of a
year.
Uptime Level: The percentage of time that a
station was active during the course of the
year. Data from stations whose uptime is
less than 75% may be biased and are listed
in parentheses.
Environmental standard / Air quality: The
threshold concentration of a given pollutant
allowed in the air inhaled by humans at a
given time.
A distinction is made between two types of
environmental standards:
1. Statistical standard (99.75%) - This
standard applies to the pollutant SO2, and
defines
the
maximum
permitted
concentration of a pollutant during 99.75%
of the time. In Israel, the statistical
standard can be exceeded up to 44 times
a year at each monitoring station, for the
maximum half-hourly value.
2. Absolute standard (100%) - This
standard applies to all pollutants and
defines the maximum concentration of a
pollutant permitted at all times.
ENVIRONMENT
NOx O3
1,000
940
(absolute)
500
(statistical)
SOURCES AND METHODS OF
CALCULATION
The data were received from the National Air
Monitoring Network, which is affiliated with
the Air Quality Division of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
Data are based on records taken at the
stations every five minutes. From these
records, averages were calculated for
different periods of time.
The maximum half-hour value at the transport
monitoring station in Petah Tiqwa is
calculated according to the half-hour running
average.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. The data do not refer to all air
pollutants.
2. The
tables display data on
concentrations of pollutants from
only a few representative stations in
Israel.
3. Not all of the stations measure all of
the pollutants. Therefore, there may
be a situation of no cases at certain
stations.
WATER
(Tables 27.10-27.14)
For water levels and salinity in aquifers, as
well as water levels in the Sea of Galilee and
the Dead Sea and data on average salinity in
the Sea of Galilee, see Chapter 1 Geophysical Characteristics.
)169(
‫סביבה‬
For data on water production and
consumption, see Chapter 21 - Energy and
Water.
water systems and faulty maintenance of
supply systems.
Routine test: A test conducted at the
frequency specified in the national health
regulations (sanitary quality of drinking
water).
Exceedences: Tests of water samples in
which the results exceed the values
permitted in the state health regulations
(sanitary quality of drinking water).
Rural locality: A locality that is not urban.
QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER
(Table 27.10)
Microbial quality tests are conducted at water
sources, supply networks of localities, and
entrance points to the network. The number
of tests and frequency of sampling that the
supplier must conduct for drinking water are
established in the regulations. In addition,
the regulations stipulate that the water
supplier must disinfect the water so that it
includes the remnants of disinfectants when
it reaches the entrance to the locality.
Microbial tests are conducted in the water
supply systems of local authorities according
to a yearly monitoring plan, which is
determined and supervised by the Ministry of
Health together with the water suppliers (the
local authorities).
The plan for sampling drinking water is
based on the stipulations in the regulations,
as well as on the professional discretion of
the people in charge of the issue at the
Ministry of Health, after they have consulted
with the water supplier. The plan also
includes sampling from “sensitive” areas,
and/or “problematic” points, and may be
updated by the people in charge of the issue
at the Ministry of Health, following
consultations with the responsible parties in
the local authorities (water suppliers). The
changes may be as follows: adding new
sampling points, and changing the locations
of existing sampling points.
SOURCES OF DATA AND METHODS OF
CALCULATION
Results of microbial tests were obtained from
the Ministry of Health.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1.
The sampling points are selected
after careful consideration, and may
change from time to time. Therefore,
randomness cannot be maintained
and makes it difficult to calculate
statistical indices.
2.
In 2003, unlike previous years, the
category exceedences included
only samples that were found to
deviate from the standard even
after the test was repeated within
24 hours.
QUALITY OF SEA WATER
AT THE BEACHES
(Table 27.11)
PRESENTATION OF DATA
The table presents microbial tests of sea
water at authorized beaches. For the Red
Sea, data are also presented on sea water at
non-authorized beaches.
The Mediterranean Sea beaches are
presented in geographical order, from north
to south. The Sea of Galilee beaches are
presented clockwise, from the westernmost
beach. The Red Sea beaches are presented
clockwise, from the beach farthest to the
southwest.
PRESENTATION OF DATA
The table presents the results of routine
microbial tests of drinking water in the supply
network.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Microbial Analysis: A test to reveal coliform
bacteria or faecal coliforms. Pollution can be
attributed mainly to low quality of the water
source. This may derive from surface water,
where not all of the requirements for
protection against pollution have been met,
and where the water has been supplied
without appropriate disinfecting and filtering
treatment. Other sources of pollution are
supply of drilling water, where the
disinfecting facilities are not operated
continuously and properly, as well as old
ENVIRONMENT
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Microbial Analysis: A test to reveal coliform
bacteria or faecal coliforms.
Most of the pollution of sea water comes from
coastal sources: the flow of sewage or
discharge of wastes from land to the sea. It
may also be caused by maritime activity of
vessels along the coast that discharge fuels,
oils, and waste.
)170(
‫סביבה‬
The Ministry of Health conducts microbial
analyses at authorized beaches in order to
determine that they are suitable for human
use. The table presents the results of faecal
coliform counts per 100 milliliter (ml.) of sea
water. Permits to open beaches for the public
must conform to the standards for water
quality (the numerical standard), and to the
frequency of sampling. Beaches that fail to
conform to the standard will be declared as
closed by the Ministry of the Interior, at the
recommendation of the Ministry of Health,
according to the results of sanitation survey.
It should be mentioned that in some cases a
beach will be closed as a result of a
sanitation survey, even it conformed with the
numerical standard.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1.
Data
are
presented
only
from
measurements
taken
during
the
swimming season.
2.
The swimming season may open at
different times from one year to the next
(with differences of a few days).
QUALITY OF STREAM WATER
(Table 27.12)
A large quantity of sewage still flows into
most of the streams in Israel. This destroys a
unique ecosystem, which includes plant and
animal species whose only ecosystem is a
clean stream. The high level of pollution
deters visitors and travelers from coming to
the streams. Essentially, the streams have
become a severe health and environmental
hazard - they are a breeding ground for
mosquitoes, spread diseases, and emit
stench.
An environmental target standard was
determined for water quality for the Qishon
Stream (March 2002), which constitutes the
guiding standard for all streams in Israel.
According to this standard, the maximum
value of biochemical oxygen demand is 20
milligrams per liter.
The environmental
standard for water quality defines the quality
of water required at stream, but does not
define the quality of flows entering it.
The numerical standard and frequency of
sampling are determined according to the
regulations of the Ministry of the Interior.
The numerical standard:
The quality of sea water at a beach during its
period of activity will conform with the
following:
1. The geometric average of sea water tests
at the beach during the season, shall not
exceed 200 faecal coliforms per 100 ml. of
sea water. The results of single tests will
not exceed 400 faecal coliforms per 100 ml.
of sea water in more than 20% of the
samples.
2. If the results of a single test exceed the
maximum of 400 faecal coliforms, a repeat
test will be performed, including samples
of sea water which will be taken from three
different points along the beach.
Frequency of sampling:
Samples of sea water are taken from the
beaches at the following frequency:
1. During the swimming season (May to
October), at least one sample must be
taken every week from the sea water of all
beaches.
2. During the winter months (November to
April) one sample must be taken per
month at every beach. If the beach also
operates during the winter, it shall be
tested according to swimming season
frequency.
PRESENTATION OF THE DATA
For the lower Jordan River, the sampling
stations are displayed from north to south,
and for the other streams the stations are
displayed from the source of the stream to its
estuary.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): The
quantity of oxygen required for chemical
oxidation of sewage by a strong oxidizer,
under defined conditions. This is a good
indicator of the impact of the level of pollution
in industrial wastewater.
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand): The
amount of oxygen consumed by organisms
for aerobic decomposition of organic matter
found in raw sewage, under defined
conditions. Intensive oxygen consumption is
the result of a high organic load and a large
amount of nutrients in water.
BOD is a good indicator of the level of
pollution in household wastewater. Standard
tests are performed at a temperature of 20oC.
SOURCE OF THE DATA
The data were obtained from the laboratory
department in the Ministry of Health.
ENVIRONMENT
)171(
‫סביבה‬
“Shafdan”
Project:
Salinity of water (Chloride concentration):
see Definitions and Explanations for “Surface
Water”
(Chapter
1
Geophysical
Characteristics).
TSS (Total Suspended Solids): particles of
various sizes (from 1 millimicron), which
derive
from
various
sources
(e.g.,
wastewater, industrial activity, soil erosion,
etc.), and can cause turbidity in water, harm
health, and damage pipe systems.
Standard tests are performed at a
temperature of 105oC.
Boron (B): An organic substance whose
main source is detergents in sewage. Boron
is an extremely toxic substance for plants
even in low concentrations.
Dan Region Reclamation
The Shafdan project is the largest plant for
treatment of sewage and reclamation of
effluents in Israel. The project’s activities
include collection, treatment of sewage,
recharging effluents to ground water, and
reuse of the water. The Shafdan project is
under the auspices of the “Dan Region
Association of Towns – Sewage and
Environment” and is operated by the national
water company “Meqorot”. The plant treats
raw sewage from Tel Aviv-Yafo, from 11
other cities in Gush Dan (Ramat Gan,
Giv’atayim, Bene Beraq, Petah Tiqwa, Holon,
Bat Yam, Rishon LeZiyyon, Qiryat Ono, Or
Yehuda, Rosh Haayin, and Rehovot) as well
as from six smaller localities (Giv’at
Shemu’el, Ganne Tiqwa, Ramat Ef’al, Kafr
Qasm, Newe Ephraim (Monson), and Azur).
The amount of raw sewage treated at the
Shafdan plant constitutes about 30 percent
of the sewage treated at all of the treatment
plants in Israel.
MBTP - Mechanical-Biological Treatment
Plant:
During the course of this treatment, a dense
population of bacteria is kept in aerated
vessels. These bacteria degrade the organic
matter as well as the nitrogen compounds
and phosphates in the raw sewage. This
plant has been implemented since 1987.
RE (Recharged Effluents): The treated
sewage is recharged into the regional aquifer
for additional treatment and storage. The
effluents are recharged through recharging
fields at Soreq and Yavne.
RW (Reclaimed Water):
The recharged water is pumped after varying
periods through extraction drills. This water is
used for unlimited agricultural irrigation in the
southern region of the country.
SOURCE OF THE DATA
Data on the Qishon Stream were obtained
from the Qishon Stream Authority, data on
the Yarqon Stream were obtained from the
Yarqon Authority, and data on the rest of the
streams were obtained from The Nature
Reserves and National Parks Authority.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. The table does not specify all of the
sampling stations existing at the streams.
2. The data do not cover all of the pollutants
and tests conducted in the field. The most
representative indicators of quality were
selected.
3. The data apply only to the hour of
measurement.
SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS
(Tables 27.13-27.14)
PRESENTATION OF THE DATA
Table 27.13 presents data on the amounts of
sewage flowing into the Shafdan (Dan
Region Reclamation Project), and how it is
treated. Table 27.14 presents data on the
amounts of sewage flowing into treatment
plants.
SOURCES OF DATA
The data on quantities of raw sewage and
effluents in the Shafdan were obtained from
the Shafdan project.
Data on amounts of raw sewage that flow to
the treatment plants were obtained from the
Division of Water and Streams of the Ministry
of Environmental Protection.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
RS (Raw Sewage): Water that became
polluted due to household, industrial, or
public use, and that is not suitable for further
use unless it is treated and purified.
Effluents: Raw sewage that has been
treated to reduce the organic load. This water
can be adapted for reuse in agriculture and in
manufacturing. It can also be used for
recharging to ground water and even for
reclamation of streams.
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SOURCE OF THE DATA AND METHODS
OF CALCULATION
Data on quantities of waste relates to waste
collected by local authorities. The data are
received from the local authorities and from
the Division of Solid Waste at the Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
For local authorities that did not report to the
CBS and did not report through the landfills
administrations, the data were imputed
through a model of statistical imputation
designed at the CBS, based on the Hot-Deck
method. Imputation takes the “nearest
neighbour to the missing value,” according to
the type of locality, socio-economic cluster.
and district, or according to data from
previous years. The calculation for 2009 was
based on population statistics from the end
of the previous years, whereas the
calculation for 2008 was based on the
average yearly population.
WASTE
RECYCLED SOLID WASTE
(Table 27.15)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Recycled Waste: Waste used as raw
material for producing new products, or
reusing them for their original purpose.
PRESENTATION OF DATA:
The data relate to waste treated in recycling
plants only (e.g., plants constructed for the
purpose of dealing with recycled waste). The
data do not include recycling conducted in
other plants (e.g., plants constructed to save
raw materials.
As of the 2010 Abstract, data on construction
waste, Coal ash, and sludge have been
added.
SOURCE OF THE DATA
Data are collected by the CBS. In addition,
supplementary data are received from the
Solid Waste Division of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
1. The composition of the waste reported for
each locality is not consistent. There are
localities which include only part of the
components of solid waste.
2. Until 2004, the data did not include waste
collected for the purpose of recycling.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
Because recycling materials can be
transferred from one recycling plant to
another, there might be redundancy in the
data.
HAZARDOUS WASTE
(Table 27.17)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Hazardous Waste: By-products obtained
from chemical/industrial processes and/or
from agricultural or commercial activity that
endanger individuals and their environment.
Some of the hazards are immediate and
occur at the time of exposure to the waste,
whereas other hazards are long-term and
are caused as a result of toxic accumulation
in fauna, flora and ground water.
Ramat Hovav Site: A plant for neutralizing
and treating hazardous waste. According to
the Business Permit Regulations, 1990
(Removal of Hazardous Waste), hazardous
waste will be removed only to the site at
Ramat Hovav no later than the end of six
months from the day of its production. The
Ramat Hovav site began accepting
hazardous waste in 1980. In 1990, the
Environmental Services Company (Ramat
Hovav) Ltd. began operating the site under
environmental conditions, as defined by the
Ministry of Environmental Protection in its
business permit.
SOLID HOUSEHOLD, COMMERCIAL
AND YARD WASTE
(Table 27.16)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Solid Waste: A collection of materials in
solid form, which are no longer used by
humans. The materials are generally
produced in a residential environment, e.g.,
construction debris and industrial residue,
yard waste, and food residue.
Household Waste: Food residue, packing
materials, and products which have spoiled
or worn out.
Commercial Waste: Residue of raw
materials which are by-products of the
production process; raw materials and
intermediate products which have spoiled,
been damaged or rejected; and packaging of
the raw materials.
Yard Waste: Residue of branches and
plants.
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2. The quantity of raw material of cytotoxic
waste and gas tanks was received from
the plant in a number of units, not tons.
As of 2002, they have been converted to
weight by multiplying by the coefficients
0.045 and 0.08 tons, respectively,
according to the type of material.
3. Since 2002, the plant has not treated
cotnion.
4. Some materials have undergone various
treatments at various times. Biological
treatment has only been used since
2001. If a cell in the table is empty, that
type of material was not treated by the
method at all, or the method had not yet
been used.
5. As of 2002, oxidants are included in the
category of “Chromates” instead of
“Acids”.
Methods of Treating Hazardous Waste at
the Ramat Hovav Site:
1. Secured Landfill: Burying non-volatile
and inorganic solids.
2. Incineration: Thermal decomposition of
hazardous organic waste.
3. Neutralization: A treatment process
based on neutralization of acids and
alkalines.
4. Detoxification: Chemical treatment to
neutralize cyanides, thionyl chloride,
reduction
of
chromates
and
sedimentation of heavy metals.
Oxidizers undergo a process of
detoxification and then neutralization.
Cotnion does not undergo detoxification
treatment.
In both of the above methods the
generated waste, after treatment, flows
into evaporation ponds.
Today the ponds are in the process of
being closed and no waste is channeled
to them. The generated waste is used as
a component in the process of stabilizing
waste for landfill.
5. Biological Treatment: Treatment using
bacteria on soils polluted by organic
materials,
or
sludge
containing
biodegradable materials.
6. Recycling: Hazardous waste that
undergoes a chemical or physical
process, as raw material or as a specific
component produced from the waste.
7. Other Treatments: Until 2002, the
treatment used was “solidification”.
Since 2002, this category includes
storage and export.
HAZARDOUS WASTE INCIDENTS
(Table 27.18)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Hazardous
Material:
Material
that
endangers the health of individuals, their
environment,
and
their
property.
A
hazardous substance is material in any form
that fits the classification of “hazardous
substance” and is marked with an
international code according to the “Orange
Book” of the United Nations.
A Hazardous Materials Incident is an
unsupervised incident involving a hazardous
substance, which endangers or is liable to
endanger individuals, their environment, or
their property.
SOURCE OF THE DATA
Data were obtained from the Information and
Operations Center in the Department of
Hazardous Materials of the Ministry of
Environmental Protection.
SOURCE OF DATA
The data were obtained from the
Environmental Services Company (Ramat
Hovav) Ltd. and the Hazardous Waste
Division of the Ministry of Environmental
Protection.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA
The data include only incidents that were
reported to the Information Center.
LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA AND
CLASSIFICATION
1. In the table, the data for the following
were
combined:
batteries
and
accumulators; wastewater and alkaline;
hydrazide waste and cotnion; PCB and
PCB oil.
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SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
1406 Sustainable Development Indicators in Israel 2008
35, 1996
37, 1997
CURRENT BRIEFINGS IN STATISTICS
Survey of Waste Water, 1994
Expenditure on Public Services for Environmental Protection, 1993
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Environment Data Compendium - Israel, 2006
Society in Israel, Report No. 2, 2009 (Hebrew only)
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