Study of antioxidants and anticancer activity of licorice
(Glycyrrhiza glabra) extracts
Mohamed K.S Morsi;1 Salwa B. EL-Magoli;1 Nadia T. Saleh ;2 Eshak M.G ELHadidy2 and Heba A. Barakat2*
1
Food Tech., Dept., Fac., of Agric., Cairo Univ.
2
Food Tech., Inst., Agric., Res., Center Giza, Egypt.
Abstract- Licorice root ( Glycyrrhizia glabra) was analyzed for its major constant. Water and ethanolic extracts
of licorice were obtained. Ethanolic extracts were analyzed for its contents of polyphenols and flavonoids and
evaluated as natural antioxidant in comparison with commercial antioxidant (Rutin-BHT-BHA-TBHQ). Also the
efficiency of licorice ethanolic extract as anticancer agent for breast, colon and liver was evaluated. When
licorice extracts were evaluated as natural antioxidant by microsomes, DPPH and Deoxyribose, the results
showed that the ethanolic extract, was somewhat more efficient than the water extract but still it was similar to
BHA and BHT at 100 ppm but was less efficient than TBHQ. Study revealed that ethanolic extract has strong
antihepatic cancer activity at 16.1 µg/ml and anti breast cancer activity at 100 µg/ml, while it has no effect in
colon cancer at 100 µg/ml.
Key words: Licorice, antioxidant and anticancer
*Email: heba1_73@yahoo.com
Introduction
Glycyrrhizia glabra L., family Fabaceae, known as licorice, is a plant growth in Egypt
and other countries of the world. It is used as cold beverage, and in preparing some
pharmaceutical preparations such as haematinic pills (Fenwickie et al., 1990).13
The licorice root extract has been widely used in the food industry as a sweetening
agent, a flavour potentiator and a flavour modifier. Ibanogiu and Ibanogiu (2000)19 added that
the licorice root contains various sugars (up to 18%), flavonoids, saponoids, sterols, amino
acids, starch and gums. The active ingredient in licorice is mainly glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid
glycoside, which constitutes up to 14% of the total soluble solids content and is responsible
for the characteristic sweet taste of the licorice root extracts.
The trace element, copper (cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) act as
cofactors of antioxidant enzymes to protect the body from oxygen free radical that are
produced during oxidative stress. It is necessary to maintain a balance between the harmful
pro-oxidant component produced and the antioxidant compounds that counter these effects
1
(Leung, 1998).24 Antioxidant system depends first on the integrity of an enzymatic system that
requires adequate intake of trace minerals such as selenium (Se), copper (Cu), manganese
(Mn), and zinc (Zn) and second on adequate concentrations of vitamin E, C, A and β-carotene
(Cirelli et al., 1991).6
Natural antioxidants include phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolic acids and
tannins), nitrogen-containing compounds (alkaloids, chlorophyll derivatives, amino acids,
peptides and amines), carotenoids, tocopherols and ascorbic acid or its derivatives. Crude
extracts of species, herbs and other plant materials rich in polyphenolics are increasingly of
interest to the food industry because they have the capacity to retard oxidative degradation of
lipids and thereby improve the quality and nutritional value of food (Velioglu et al., 1998).35
Several research groups have investigated the chemical constituents and biological
activities of licorice. Previous chemical studies have led to the identification of about 100
phenolic compounds, many of which are isoprenoid-substituted phenols. Most of these
isoprenoid–substituted flavonoids are isoflavans with oxygen substituted at the C-5 position.
Some of these flavonoids have shown inhibitory activities against bacterial growth (Fukai et
al., 2004).14
Licorice flavonoids were found to have exceptionally strong antioxidant effects that
were over 100 times stronger than that of vitamin E. A dose of 2.58 mg/ml licorice flavonoids
was found to scavenge more free radicals than 258 mg/ml of vitamin E (20.6% vs 11.2%).
Based on this report, flavonoids from licorice are currently the strongest natural antioxidants
known (Ju, 1989).23
Amarowicz et al. (2004)2 found that the content of total phenolic compounds in the
ethanolic extract of licorice root was 63 mg/g extract. Moreover, they investigated the
antioxidant activity of licorice ethanolic extracts on their free radical scavenging capacity and
their antioxidant activity by a number of chemical assays included a β- carotene-linoleic acid
(linolate) model system, reducing power, scavenging effect on the DPPH, and free radical and
capacity to scavenge hydroxyl free radicals (HO˙) by use of electron paramagnetic resonance
(EPR) spectroscopy. They reported that the licorice extracts had powerful potential
antioxidant activity.
2
Glabridin, a major flavonoid of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), possesses multiple
pharmacological activities, but it elevated the level of two endogenous antioxidants in the
brain, i.e. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH), Xue et al. (2008).38
There is a strong correlation between diet and cancer; the dietary constituents that
inhibit mutagenesis and/or carcinogenesis are of paramount importance for the prevention of
human cancer Gagandeep et al.( 2005).15 It has become increasingly obvious that chemicals
found in our foods and beverages can prevent the genetic damage and hence leads to cancer
initiation. Thus Shankel et al. (2000)31 described the antimutagenic potential of Glabrene (a
compound isolate from Glycyrrhiza glabra). Duke et al. (2004)11 administration of licorice
administrorice to hepatitis c patients prevented liver cancer and helped in treating stomach
cancer. They added that alpha terpinol, anethole, apigenin, benzaldehyde, bergapten,
camphor, estragole, eugenol, ferulic acid, formanonetin, galangin, genistein, geraniol,
glabrene, glabridin, glabrol, glycrrhetic acid, glycrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizic acid,
glycyrrhizin, indole, isoliquirtigenin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol, licoumarone, licoflavanone,
lignin, linalool, liquiritigenin maltol, methyl salicylate, naringenin, o-cresol, ρ–hydroxylbenzoic acid, ρ– methyl- phenol, phenol, quercetin, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, soyasaponin,
umbelliferone, vitexin and xanthotoxin had anticancer effect. The ethanol extract of Chinese
licorice root, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) was investigated for its estrogenic effect
and its ability to inhibit cell proliferation in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. This
study showed that the ethanolic extract of the root of G. uralensis has an estrogen-like activity
and anti-cancer effects against MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. On the other hand the use of
phytoestrogens to protect against hormone-dependent cancers or its use as a ‘natural’
alternative to hormone replacement therapy remains controversial Jo et al. (2005).21
Isoliquiritigenin acts as a monofunctional inducer of phase II enzymes through the activation
of the anti oxidant response element (ARE) Cuendet et al (2006).8 This compound exhibited
cytotoxic activity against several cancer cell lines Maggiolini et al (2002)26 and Takahashi et
al (2006).34 Licorice was selected for study because of its peroxynitrite scavenging activity
(88.3% scavenging activity at 20 µg/mL). Biological studies have demonstrated that
thechemical constituents of licorice have a variety of biological effects, such as antiinflammatory, anti-ulcer, antihepatotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytoprotective, and
cytotoxic activities. All isolates compounds such as, hispaglabridin B, isoliquiritigenin, and
paratocarpin B were found to be the most potent anti-oxidant agents. Furthermore,
isoliquiritigenin was demonstrated to prevent the incidence of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced
3
colon and lung tumors in mice when administered at a dose of 300 mg/kg. Chin, et al (2007)7
and Takahashi et al (2006).34 For these reasons this study was carried out to determine
efficiency of ethanolic and water extract of licorice as antioxidant and anticancer agents for
breast, liver and colon.
Material and Methods
Material
Licorice powder root was obtained from the local market. Samples were ground. Fifty
gm sample were soaked in either 500 ml water (to obtaine water extract) or 500 ml 95%
ethanol (to obtaine ethanol extract) for 48 hr at room temperature with occasional shaking.
Mixter was filtered through cheese cloth followed by filter paper. Ethanolic solution was
evaporated in water bath at 40 оC till completely evaporation of ethanol and yield was in the
form of thick paste.Water extract solution was freeze dried at (-30 оC) under high vacuum, the
yield was highly hydroscopic powder.
Methods
1-The chemical analysis included, moisture, ash, ether extract, crude fiber and crude
protein were determined according the procedures described in AOAC (1995).4 While,
nitrogen free extract % was calculated by difference [100-(ash+protein+ether extract+crud
fiber)].
2- Chemical contents of the most effective antioxidant components in licorice root
wre measured.
a- Phenols were determined colorimetrically as described by Daniel and George
(1957). 9
b- Flavonoids were determined according to the methods of Snell and Snell (1954).33
c- Carotenoids were determined according to the methods of Fedtke (1973).12
d- Total tannins and ascorbic acid were determined colorimetry as described by
AOAC (1995).4
e- Saponins were determined by the method of Hiai et al. (1976).16
3- K, Na, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mg in licorice root and its water and ethanol
extracts were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) (model
pye-Unicom sp-3300), according to the method illustrated by Kirlies (1984).24
4
4- Polyphenols and flavonoids Contents in the ethanolic extract of liquorice were
determined using HPLC (Hewlett Packard series 1100). Column used was hypersil BDS 5 µm
C 18, detector was uv 254 nm, solvent used were A: (0.50 ml acetic acid/99.50 ml distilled
water), B: (0.50 ml acetic acid/99.50 ml acetonitrile) flow rate 1 ml/min in a gradient system
starting with 100% A and ending with 100% B through 35 min at temperature ambient 25 оC
according to Merfort et al. (1997).28
5- Effect of ethanol and water extracts as antioxidant.
a- Microsomes from rat liver were used for lipid peroxidation test according to the
methods of Josephson and Gyllensward. (1957) 22 and Buega and Aust (1978).5
b- The free radical scavenging effect of the licorice extract was assessed by the
decolouration of a methanolic solution of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)
radical (violet colour) according to the method of Viturro et al. (1999).36
C- Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity effect of the licorice extracts was measured
according to the method of Panovska et al (2005).29
d- The designation of induction period by rancimat instrument was taken as a tool to
compare the effectiveness of licorice extract fractions on corn oil stability against
corn oil antioxidant according to the method of Mendz et al. (1997).27
6- Effect of ethanol extract as anticancer.
Measurement of potential cytotoxicity activity of ethanol extract of licorice against the liver
carcinoma cell line (HEPG2), colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116) and breast carcinoma cell
line (MCF7) was tested by SRB assay using the method of Skehane et al. (1990).32 This
experiment was conducted in Egyptian Cancer Institute, Cairo, Egypt.
Results and Discussions
1-Chemical analysis of licorice
Results in Table (1) showed that the licorice root contains 7.97% protein, while it was
rich in N.F.E and crud fiber (47.58 and 37.68%, respectively). These data are in agreement
with Duka (1985).10
5
Table (1): Chemical composition of licorice (% on dry weight basis)
Components
%
Ash
5.42
Crude protein
7.97
Ether extract
1.35
Crud fiber
37.6
% Nitrogen free extract
(N.F.E)
47.66
(by difference)
Moisture
9.04
% Nitrogen free extract=100-(ash+protein+ether extract+crud fiber).
The results in Table (2) showed that raw, ethanol or water extract of licorice contained
some micro-elements such as Cu, Zn, Mn and Mg. The ethanol extract contains more Zn and
Cu than the water extract, while water extract contains more Na than ethanol extract, but both
contain nearly the same content of Mg. On the other hand Al-Bachir (2004)1 reported that
licorice root solution contained 5 mg/g calcium, 23.2 mg/g potassium and 17.2 mg/g sodium.
Ansari et al. (2004)3 noticed that Glycyrrhiza glabra contained more than50 µg/g copper
whereas it was very rich in Fe contents >4000 µg/g. Finally the difference between the results
of the present study and the results of the other investigators may be due to one or more of the
following reasons: type, varieties, geographical origins, environmental condition or the
method applied in the extraction-transportation and storage of the root.
Results in Table (3) showed that licorice contains reasonable amounts of total
phenols, flavonoids, saponins (405.02, 114.91 and 27.99 mg/100 g, respectively). It also
contains moderate amounts of tannins and carotenoids (47.54, 11.78 mg/100g, respectively).
These data are in close agreement with results represent in Sharma (2004)30 who reported that
licorice contains about 5-20% saponins.
6
Table (2): Minerals content of raw and ethanol extract on licorice root (mg/100g on dry
weight basis)
Minerals
Licorice (raw) root
Ethanol extract
Water extract
(DWB)
(DWB)
(DWB)
Mg
473.51
175.9
174.7
Na
180.48
66.63
122.8
Zn
1.312
0.511
0.40
Mn
1.25
0.151
0.40
Fe
25.27
5.97
1.19
Ca
984.01
528.61
104.55
K
480.17
349.54
341.5
Cu
0.843
0.310
0.18
Table (3): Antioxidants content of licorice root (mg/100g on dry weight basis)
Components
mg/100g (DWB)
Total phenol
405.02
Total flavonoids
114.91
Tannins
47.54
Saponins
27.99
Carotenoids
11.78
Vitamin C
1.20
2- Polyphenols and flavonoids in licorice ethanol extract
An extract of licorice roots has been reported recently to possess scavenging effects against
peroxynitrite as well as nitric oxide, but the active principles were not individually
established. The phenolic compounds isolated and investigated may be responsible, at least in
part, for such peroxynitrite scavenging activity (Yokozawa et al., 2005).37 Results in Table (4)
showed that polyphenol and flavonoids of Licorice contained high contents of kaempherol
and cinnamic acid (32.95 and 31.22 µg/g, respectively) then apignin and Myrcetin (29.97 and
27.62 µg/g, respectively). In contrast, its content of resrocenol and protocatechuic acid were
lower than other components (9.22 and11.50 µg/g, respectively). On the other hand salicylic
acid and quercetin were not detected. (Hirano et al., 2001)17demnstrated that the components
structure of Rutin, cinnamic acid , Quercetin, and Kaempherol were the best scavenging of
free radicals.
7
Table (4): Polyphenols and flavonoids in licorice ethanol extract (µg/g dry weight basis) of
the root
Compounds
Resrocenol
Protocatechuic acid
OH-benzoic acid
Phenol
Vanillin
p-coumaric
Ferulic acid
Salicylic acid
Rutin
Myrcetin
Apignin
Cinnamic acid
Quercetin
Kaempherol
Rt= Retention time
Rt
9.565
11.142
14.420
18.399
19.156
21.025
22.465
22.972
24.006
28.030
29.368
31.213
32.213
36.286
µg/g(root)DWB
9.22
11.50
14.40
18.40
20.43
21.67
22.54
24.41
27.62
29.97
31.22
32.95
3-Free radical scavenging activity of licorice extract by different methods
The free radicals scavenging activity of licorice ethanol and water extracts were
assessed by the DPPH test. The activity of licorice extract was individually tested in
triplicates using different concentrations (50, 100 and 200 µg/ml) respectively compared with
rutin (as natural antioxidant) and BHT (as synthetic antioxidant). Data in Table (5) showed
that the activity of the extract increases by increasing the concentration. The ethanol extract
was more effective than the water extract, 24.5-42.4-82.1% and 12.0-17.7-28.1% for 50, 100
and 200 µg/ml respectively). On the other hand, ethanol extract activity was somewhat higher
than BHT (82.1 and 78.8, respectively) at 200 µg/ml.
Table (5): Effect of licorice (ethanol or water) extract on free radical scavenging activity
(DPPH)
Samples
50 µg/ml
100 µg/ml
200 µg/ml
Rutin
97.0
97.0
97.5
BHT
27.4
60.2
78.8
Ethanol extract
24.5
42.4
82.1
Water extract
12.0
17.7
28.1
Data in Table (6) showed that the inhibitory effects of successive extracts of licorice
by the three concentrations against lipid peroxidation of microsomes were increased gradually
with increasing the concentration. Moreover, the highest inhibition value of licorice ethanolic
8
extracts (1 mg/ml) was 79.9%, while water extract of licorice had the lowest value (22.3%)
compared with Rutin and BHT (96.5 and 94.8%, respectively) in the same concentration.
Table (6): Effect of licorice (ethanol or water) extract on lipid peroxidation in rat liver
microsomes
Samples
% Inhibition
0.25 mg/ml
0.5 mg/ml
1.0 mg/ml
Rutin
91.2
94.0
96.5
BHT
71.3
88.5
94.8
Ethanol extract
25.5
43.6
79.9
Water extract
7.6
14.2
22.3
From the data in Table (7) it is observed that the inhibition value of licorice against
deoxyribose was increased by increasing the concentration. The highest activity of
deoxyribose present in Rutin, BHT and licorice ethanol extract were 73.6-67.8 and 53.9%
respectively at (1 mg/ml), while the activity of water extract of licorice was 19.5% in the
same concentration.
Table (7): Effect of licorice (ethanol or water) extract on hydroxyl radical scavenging activity
(Deoxyribose)
Samples
Rutin
BHT
Ethanol extract
Water extract
% Inhibition
0.5 mg/ml
70.4
52.5
34.2
16.5
0.25 mg/ml
67.4
39.1
21.1
12.0
1.0 mg/ml
73.6
67.8
53.9
19.5
Results in Table (8) showed the effect of licorice (ethanol or water) extract on
oxidative rancidity of corn oil .Corn oil without any added antioxidant (control) and corn oil
mixed with (TBHQ, BHA and BHT) at concentration 100 and 200 ppm, were used as a guide
to indicate the antioxidant activity against different concentration of licorice ethanol or water
extracts.
The percentage antioxidant activity (AA) was calculated from the equation:
AA% = Induction period of sample-Induction period of control x 100
Induction period of control
From data in Table (8) one can observe that the induction period of control was 9.2
(hr) while, by increasing the concentration of licorice (ethanol) extracts to 280, 440, 800 and
1000 ppm or increasing concentration of water extracts 1000, 3000, 5000 and 7000 ppm
respectively led to a gradual increase in the antioxidant activity which were 50, 54.34, 56.52
9
and 59.7 or 47.8, 55.43, 57.6 and 59.7 respectively. On the other hand antioxidant activities of
corn oil with synthetic antioxidant as TBHQ, BHA and BHT at 100, 200 ppm were 215.2,
44.5 and 47.8 at 100 ppm and 298.9, 63.04 and 68.47 at 200 ppm respectively.
Ethanolic
extract
Water extract
Table (8): Effect of Licorice extracts (ethanol & water) on corn oil (Oxidative rancidity)
System
Induction period (h)
Control (corn oil)
9.2
Percentage
antioxidant activity
-
C +TBHQ (100 ppm)
29
215.21
C + TBHQ (200 ppm)
36.7
298.91
C + BHA (100 ppm)
13.3
44.56
C + BHA (200 ppm)
15
63.04
C + BHT (100 ppm)
13.6
47.82
C + BHT (200 ppm)
15.5
68.47
C + Licorice (1000 ppm)
13.6
47.82
C + Licorice (3000 ppm)
14.3
55.43
C + Licorice (5000 ppm)
14.5
57.60
C + Licorice (7000 ppm)
14.7
59.78
C + Licorice (280 ppm)
13.8
50
C + Licorice (440 ppm)
14.2
54.34
C + Licorice (800 ppm)
14.4
56.52
C + Licorice (1000 ppmM,)
14.7
59.78
AA% = Induction period of sample-Induction period of control x 100
Induction period of control
Conclusively, the ethanol extract was more effective than the water extract as natural
antioxidant, and its efficiency increased gradually by increasing its concentration in all
method used. These results proved that polyphenols and flavonoids in licorice extracts are
powerful antioxidant. These data confirm results by Amarowicz et al. (2004)2 who found that
the ethanol extract of licorice is useful as scavenging agent as measured by DPPH method.
4-Efficency of licorice extracts as anticancer agent.
Results in Table (9) showed that cytotoxic activity of licorice ethanol extract as
anticancer agent for different organism.
10
Table (9): cytotoxic activity of the licorice extract
Concentration µg/ml
0.0
10.0
25.0
50.0
100.0
IC 50 (µg)
HEPG2
(liver)
1.000
0.553
0.448
0.431
0.271
16.1
HCT 116 (colon)
MCF 7 (breast)
1.000
0.697
0.594
0.588
0.556
-
1.000
0.657
0.610
0.546
0.50.9
100
HEPG 2 (Liver carcinoma cell line)
HCT 116 (colon carcinoma cell line)
MCF7 (Breast carcinoma cell line)
IC 50(dose of the tested compound which reduces survival to50%)
Data in Table (9) showed that the most efficient cytotoxic activity of the licorice
ethanol extract was against (liver cancer) HEPG 2 (IC50=16.1), then against (breast cancer)
MCF 7 (IC50=100) while it has no efficiency cytotoxic activity against (colon cancer) HCT.
These data confirmed past results reported by Jo et al., (2004)20 and Hulka and Moorman
(2001),18 who found that the cytotoxic activity of the licorice was against breast cancer.
11
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‫دراسة نشاط مستخالصات العرقسوس كمضادات لالكسدة واالورام‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪ .‬محمد خيرى‪ , 1‬ا‪.‬د سلوى المجولى‪, 1‬د‪ .‬نادية صالح‪ , 2‬د‪ .‬اسحاق الحديدى‪ , 2‬هبة‬
‫بركات ‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬قسم الصناعات الغذائية – كلية الزراعة – جامعة القاهرة‬
‫‪2‬معهد بحوث تكنولوجيا األغذية –مركز البحوث الزراعية‬
‫الملخص العربى‬
‫تممم تقممدير البركيممم الكينممائا لنبممات العرقسمموو بعاىممم الحصممو علمما النسممبئل‬
‫محبوى النسبئل‬
‫النسبئل‬
‫اويقمماىولا يالنممائا لم ي قممد تممم ت ريممد‬
‫اويقاىولا من ال ينووت يال الفوىيدات يكذلك تقين كنضما اكسمدة يبيعما بعاىمم راتمة تمااير ك ما‬
‫اويقاىولا كنضا لالير ام مقل تريان القدى ي القولون يالكبد‪ .‬يايضحت النبائج عند تقميم العرقسموو كنضما‬
‫اكسدة يبيعا ان قدر النسبئل‬
‫اويقاىولا كنضا اكسد ت وق قدر النسبئل‬
‫تااير لكال من الريوتين –‪ .BHT‬بيننا عند تقيم النسبئل‬
‫فمما تممااير كنضمما اكسممدة مممن النسممبئل‬
‫النائا بحوالا االا اضمعا‬
‫بطريق الراىسينات يجمد ان النسمبئل‬
‫النممائا‪ .‬كنمما يجممد ان السممبئل‬
‫يمناامل فما‬
‫اويقماىولا كمان علما‬
‫اويقمماىولا مبقممار فمما تمم ايرة لكممل مممن‬
‫‪BHA‬ي ‪ .BHT‬عند تركيز ‪ 100 ppm‬يلكنة اقمل ممن ‪ .TBHQ‬كنما ايضمحت الدراتم ان للنسمبئل‬
‫اويقماىولا تمااير‬
‫قوى علا تريان الكبد يالقدى حيث كان تمااير الننيمت لنصمد عمد الئاليما النسمرين همو ‪ 11,1‬ي‪111‬ميكريجمرام ججمم‬
‫علا البوالا بيننا لم يحدث اى تااير علا تريان القولون‪.‬‬
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