Spatial and temporal patterns of growth and consumption by juvenile
spring/summer Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.
P. M. Chittaro1, R. W. Zabel, K. Haught, B. L. Sanderson and B. P. Kennedy
Paul M. Chittaro: Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine
Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle,
WA 98112, USA.
Richard W. Zabel: Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine
Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle,
WA 98112, USA.
Kerri Haught: Fish Ecology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine
Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle,
WA 98112, USA.
Beth L. Sanderson: Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA,
98112, USA.
Brian P. Kennedy: Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow,
ID, 83844, USA.
_____________________________________
1
email: Paul.Chittaro@noaa.gov
Online Resource Table 1. Invertebrate taxa (and invertebrate groups) found in O. tshawytscha
diets (data obtained from gut contents analysis) and their respective energy densities (J g-1 wet
weight) (obtained from the literature).
Energy density (J g-1)
4591.70 (3500.00)
3184.55
4669.09
3596
4602.68
2746.02
Invertebrate group
Diptera
(3841.43+/-778.42 J g-1)
Taxa
Chironomidae (larva)
Simuliidae
Tipulidae
Ceratopogonidae
Other Diptera + Simulidae larva
Other Diptera larva
Ephemeroptera
(4104.70+/-845.26 J g-1)
Baetidae
Leptophlebiidae
Heptageniidae
Ephemerellidae
Other Ephemeroptera (emerging) (adult)
4551.272
4342.992
4674.365
3065.826
3716 (4837.92) (4535.51)
Plecoptera
Plecoptera
4455.76
Trichoptera
(4317.29+/-363.05 J g-1)
Hyrdopsychidae
Limnephilidae
Other Trichoptera (brachycentridae,
lepidostomatidae, glossomatidae, rhyacophilidae)
Trichoptera; emerging, adult
4507.005
4034.611
Ceoleoptera/Hemiptera
(4756.83+/-294.56 J g-1)
Elmidae larvae
Collembola
Other aquatic beetle larva
Aquatic Hemiptera adult
4434.15
4769.17
5144.24
4679.746
Gastropoda and other taxa
(3939.32+/-1036.16 J g-1)
Oligochaete
Nematode
Mite
Snail
Ostracod
Copepod
Cladocera
4620.87
3675.08
4863.62
814.27
2585.7
3035.35
4165.9
Terrestrial taxa
(4263.72+/-497.05 J g-1)
Homoptera—hopper, aphid
Diptera
Lepidoptera
Hemiptera
Psocoptera
Coleoptera—Beetle (larva)
Hymenoptera—ant, wasp
Thysanoptera—Thrips
Orthoptera—Grasshopper
Spider
Other terrestrial insects
Unknown larva
4721.26
4533.7
4567.78
3581.00
4567.18
3606.61 (5144.24)
3649.32, 4928.85
4383.78
4435.04
4331.70
4500
3876.32
4853.44
4208.97, 3982.44
Online Resource Table 2. Parameter values for the equations (see below) of the O. tshawytscha
bioenergetics model taken from Hanson et al. (1997).
Symbol
Consumption
CA
CB
CQ
CTO
CTM
CTL
CK1
CK4
G1
G2
Respiration
RA
RB
RQ
RTO
RTM
RTL
RK1
RK4
ACT
Parameter description
Value
Intercept of allometric mass function (gg-1d-1)
Slope of allometric mass function
Water temp. for G1 (C)
Water temp. for G1 (C)
Water temp. for G2 (C)
Water temp. for G2 (C)
Proportion of Cmax for KA
Proportion of Cmax for KB
G1 = (1 / (CTO - CQ)) * ln (( 0.98 * (1 - CK1)) / (CK1 * 0.02))
G2 = (1 / (CTL - CTM)) * ln (( 0.98 * (1 - CK4)) / (CK4 * 0.02))
0.303
-0.275
5
15
18
24
0.36
0.01
0.527418
1.472394
Intercept of allometric mass function (g of O2g-1d-1)
Slope of allometric mass function
Rate at which the function increases over low water temp. (approximates Q 10)
Coefficient of swimming speed dependence on metabolism (scm-1)
Constant
Cutoff temp. at which the activity relationship changes (C)
Intercept of the swimming speed above the cutoff temp. (cms-1)
Mass dependent coefficient for swimming speed at all temp.
Activity multiplier is the intercept of the relationship between swimming speed and
mass at water temp. < RTL (cm/s for 1 g fish at 0C)
BACT
Water temp. dependence coefficient of swimming speed at temp. < RTL (C)
SDA
Proportion of energy lost to specific dynamic action
OXY
Oxycalorific coefficient (taken from Elliot 1976) (calg-1 of O2)
THER
Thermo constant (calJ-1)
Egestion & Excretion
FA
Intercept of the proportion of consumed energy egested vs. water temp. & ration
FB
Coefficient of temp. dependence of egestion
FG
Coefficient of feeding level dependence of egestion
UA
Intercept of the proportion of consumed energy excreted vs. water temp. & ration
UB
Coefficient of temp.dependence of excretion
UG
Coefficient of feeding level dependence of excretion
Predator Energy Density
Alpha
Intercept of the allometric mass function (Jg-1)
Beta
Slope of the allometric mass function
0.00264
-0.217
0.06818
0.0234
0
25
1
0.13
9.7
0.0405
0.172
3240
0.239006
0.212
-0.222
0.631
0.0314
0.58
-0.299
7602
0.5266
Online Resource 1 - Bioenergetics model equations:
Consumption (C) is the mass-specific consumption rate (gg-1d-1) and is defined as,
C = P * Cmax * f (T),
where P is the proportion of maximum consumption necessary to obtain simulated growth, Cmax
is the maximum mass-specific feeding rate (gg-1d-1), which is defined as,
Cmax = CA * WCB,
where W is fish mass (g). f(T) is the temperature dependence of consumption function (Kitchell
et al. 1977; Table A2), defined as,
f(T) = KA * KB,
where T is water temperature (C), KA is the increasing portion of the temperature dependent
equation,
KA = (CK1 * L1) / (1 + CK1 * (L1 - 1)); L1 = e (G1 * (T-CQ)),
and KB is the decreasing portion of the temperature dependent equation,
KB = (CK4 * L2) / (1 + CK4 * (L2 -1)); L2 = e (G2 * (CTL - T)),
Respiration (R) is the mass-specific rate of respiration (gg-1d-1), and is defined as,
R = RA * WRB * f(T) * ACTIVITY * (OXY/THER),
where an exponential relationship describes the temperature dependence of metabolism and
activity as a function of swimming speed (Stewart et al. 1983; see Table A2), such that,
f(T) = e(RQ * T),
ACTIVITY = e(RTO * VEL),
VEL = ACT * WRK4 * e(BACT * T), when T ≤ RTL,
and S is the proportion of energy lost to specific dynamic action (Jg-1),
S = SDA * (C - F),
Waste losses are modeled via egestion and excretion equations. Egestion (F) is the waste
attributed to fecal loss (J/g) and excretion (U) is the waste attributed to nitrogenous loss (Jg-1),
such that
F = PF * C, and
U = UA * TUB * e(UG * p) * (C - F),
respectively. PF and PE correct for indigestible prey (see Stewart et al. 1983). PF is the
proportion of egested prey, PFF is the proportion of prey that is indigestible (which we set to
0.1), and PE is the proportion of consumption that was egested prey.
PF = ((PE - 0.1) / 0.9)*(1-PFF) + PFF,
PE = FA * TFB * e(FG * p),
Predator energy density (ED; J/g) was defined as
ED = Alpha + (Beta * W) (see Table A2).
Next we estimated the amount of surplus energy (E; per gram of fish) available for growth (Jg1),
such that
E = C – R – S – F – U,
and the estimated fish size (EFS; g)
EFS= W + (E * (W / E)).
The difference between the estimated fish size from the bioenergetics model and fish size
determined from otolith microstructural analyses was minimized in R by changing values of the
proportion of maximum consumption (P).
0.6
September
0.4
0.2
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Invertebrate taxa
Invertebrate taxa
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July
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Invertebrate taxa
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0.2
1
Invertebrate taxa
Di
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Propor on of diet
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September
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Propor on of diet
0.6
July
Di
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1
Di
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Propor on of diet
1
Invertebrate taxa
Invertebrate taxa
Online Resource Figure 1. Proportion of prey invertebrate groups in the diet of O. tshawytscha collected in July and September 2004,
from each of four rearing streams; a) SFS, b) ELK, c) MAR, and d) VAL (see Table SI for invertebrate taxa associated with each
group). Proportion of diet was calculated from averages across individuals within a stream collected in July or September (see Table 1
for sample sizes).