Syllabus (Pharmacology) for the students of 2nd year (MPHL – 231)
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General Pharmacology
Cholinergic /Anticholinergic Drugs
skeletal muscle relaxants
Adrenergic /antiadrnergic drugs
Autocoids
Diuretics
Drugs in heart failure
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Antihypertensive Drugs
Antianginal Drugs
Drugs in hyperlipidemia
Anticoagulants
Fibrinolytics / Antiplatelet drugs
Antianeamic Drug
Antidiabetic Drugs
Corticosteroids
Thyroid /Antithyroid Drugs
Fertility /antifertility Drugs
Oxytocics and Uterine relaxants
Prescription writing
Syllabus (Pharmacology) for the students of 3rd year (MPHL – 232)
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Antimicrobial drugs
Drugs to treat Tuberculosis (T.B) /Leprosy
Immunopharmacology
Cancer chemotherapy
Antifungal drugs
Local anesthetics
General anesthetics
Anthelmintic drugs
Antischistosomal drugs
Drugs to treat leishmaniasis
Antiamoebic drugs
Sedatives / hypnotics
Antianxiety drugs
Drugs in migraine
Drugs in epilepsy
Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs)
Drugs in gout
Opioid analgesics
Drugs in Parkinson's disease
Antipsychotic drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Mood Stabilizing drugs
Respiratory Pharmacology
Drugs to treat peptic ulcer
Drugs in bowel dysfunction
PRACTICALS/EXPERIMENTS ON LIVE ANIMAL AND ISOLATED
ANIMAL TISSUES
MPHL – 231
1.
Guinea pig ileum
2.
Rabbit's eye
3.
Isolated rabbit heart
4.
Cat blood pressure.
MPHL – 232
1.
Local anaesthetics
2.
Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs
3.
Effects of anticonvulsant drugs
4.
Sleeping time
PRACTICAL # 1
EFFECTS OF AUTOCOIDS
ON ISOLATED GUINEA-PIG ILEUM
DRUGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Histamine
Mepyramine
Cimetidine
Prostaglandins: PGE2 / PGF2
Acetylcholine
Atropine
10 g / ml
10 g / ml
10 g / ml
10 g / ml
10 g / ml
100 g / ml
METHOD:
A piece (2-3 cm) of the ileum is suspended in an organ bath
containing Tyrode solution through which air is blown. The temperature
of the outer bath is maintained at 32C. Contractions of the ileum in
response to drugs are recorded using one-channel electronic recorder.
The following cycle is used:
0 min
1 min
1.5 min
3.0 min
Start the recorder
Add the drug
Stop the recorder and wash the preparation
Start the recorder
Proceed to test the effects of different autacoid drugs as follows:
1.
Study the relationship between the dose and response by
testing the
effect of different doses of histamine:
0.1 ml histamine solution
0.2 ml histamine solution
0.3 ml histamine solution
0.4 ml histamine solution
You can measure the contractions to construct a dose-response curve.
2.
Add 0.1 ml of mepyramine solution to the bath and allow it
to act for
1 minute. Then without washing it, add histamine (the dose
which produced the submaximal response in the previous
step).
3.
Add 0.1 ml cimetidine solution to the bath and allow it to act
for 1 minute, then without washing, test the effect of the
submaximal dose of histamine.
4.
Study the effect of 0.1 ml of the prostaglandin solution you
have.
5.
Study the effect of 0.1 ml solution of acetylcholine.
6.
Add 0.2 ml atropine solution to the bath, leave it to act for 1
minute, then without washing add 0.1 ml of acetylcholine
solution.
7.
Record your results and write your comments in the attached
table.
EFFECT OF DRUGS ON ISOLATED
GUINEA – PIG ILEUM PREPARATION
NO.
1.
2.
DRUG
Histamine
(10 µg / ml)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Mepyramine
(10 µg / ml)
ml Wash
ml “
ml “
ml “
0.1 ml
3.
No Wash
Then:
Histamine
Cimetidine
(10 µg / ml)
0.1
ml
4.
No Wash
Then:
Histamine
Prostaglandin (10 µg)
5.
ACH
0.1ml
(10 µg / ml)
6.
0.1 ml
Atropine
(10 µg / ml)
0.2
No Wash
Then:
ACH 0.1 ml
ml
OBSERVATION AND COMMENTS
PRACTICAL # 2
MPHL – 231 (II YEAR) – EFFECTS OF
DRUGS ON RABBIT’S EYE
OBJECT: To test the effects of drugs on the rabbit’s eye.
Drugs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Procedure: A.
following:
1.
2.
3.
Phenylephrine
Pilocarpine
Atropine
Lignocaine
=
=
=
=
0.12%
1%
1%
2%
Before adding the drugs examine the eyes for the
Size of the pupil
Light reflex
Corneal reflex
B. Add 2 drops of the drug to be tested into the conjuctival
Sac. Wait for 5 minutes. Examine the eye. If there is
no response, add another 2 drops of the same drug in
the same eye. Wait again for 5 minutes and examine
the eyes for any change in the above parameters.
RECORD YOUR OBSERVATIONS IN A
TABULATED FORM ON THE ATTACHED
PAGE.
Observations and Comments:
Size of Pupil
Light Reflex
Corneal Reflex
DRUGS
Before
Drug
Phenylephrine
Pilocarpine
Atropine
Lignocaine
After
Drug
Before
Drug
After
Drug
Before
Drug
After
Drug
COM
MENT
S
PRACTICAL # 3
PRACTICAL SHEET FOR MPHL – 231
EFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE ISOLATED PERFUSED
RABBIT HEART LANGENDORFF’S TECHNIQUE
PROCEDURE:
In this method, the heart is perfused through the aorta oxygenated
Lock’s solution at a constant pressure from the reservoir. The pressure of
the perfusing fluid closes the aortic valve, so the fluid passes only
through the coronary vessels and escapes from the excised inferior vena
cava, keeping the tissues warm and moist. The temperature of the
Locke’s solution is maintained to 37 degree ceintigrade (37C).
PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDER:
1.
2.
AMPLITUDE OF CONTRACTION
HEART RATE
DRUGS TO BE STUDIED:
Noradrenaline
Adrenaline
Isoprenaline
Acetylcholine
Atropine
Propranolol
Potassium Chloride
Halothane
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Make sure you have a control recording of each parameter before
injecting
any drug. Always use separate syringe for each drug.
Record your OBSERVATIONS in the attached sheets.
Procedure
1.
CONTROL
Noradrenaline 5g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
CONTROL
2. Adrenaline 5 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
Amplitude of
Contraction (mm)
Heart rate
(Beat/min.)
Comments
CONTROL
3. Isoprenaline 0.2 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
4.
CONTROL
Acetylcholine 2 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
CONTROL
5. KCL
8 mg/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
CONTROL
6. Atropine
40 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 2 minutes
CONTROL
7. Acetylcholine 2 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
CONTROL
8. KCL
80 mg/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 5 minutes
CONTROL
9. Isoprenaline 0.2 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
CONTROL
10. Propranolol 0.2 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3 minutes
CONTROL
11. Isoprenaline 0.2 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 5-10 minutes
CONTROL
12. Halothane
8 g/ml
0.5 ml
Wait 3-5 minutes
CONTROL.
PRACTICAL #. 4
LAB PRACTICAL SHEET FOR MPHL-231
EFFECT OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS ON THE
BLOOD PRESSURE OF THE
CAT
PROCEDURE:
A cat is anaesthetized with pentobarbitone and chloralose (80 mg/kg).
The trachea is
cannulated and respiration is maintained by a respiration pump. The left carotid artery is exposed,
cannulated, and connected to a pressure transducer for blood pressure recording. The femoral vein of
the right leg is cannulated for i.v. injection of drugs.
Drugs to be tested are administered i.v. followed by an injection of 2ml of
0.9% saline.
The effects of the following drugs are to be recorded on the attached sheet.
S.No.
1.
2.
DRUG
Noradrenaline
(5 g /kg)
Adrenaline
(5 g /kg)
3.
Tolazoline
(10 mg /kg)
4.
Adrenaline
(5 g /kg)
OBSERVATION
COMMENTS
5.
Isoprenaline
(5 g /kg)
6.
Pindolol
(1 g /kg)
7.
Isoprenaline
(5 g /kg)
8.
Acetycholine
(1 g /kg)
S.No.
DRUG
9.
Atropine
(2 mg /kg)
10.
Acetylcholine
(A) - 1 g /kg
11.
Acetylcholine
(B) – 0.5 mg / kg
OBSERVATION
COMMENTS
PRACTICAL # 1 MPHL -232
LOCAL ANAESTHTICS
PRACTICAL # 2 – MPHL-232
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
LAB PRACTICAL SHEET FOR MPHL-232
Demonstration of the Anti-inflammatory effects of some NSAIDS
In Rats
Methods:
This method measures the increase in paw volume (oedema) of rats
following the administration of the inflammatory substance carrageenan
(1%).
1.
2.
The paws of the right limbs of all animals are marked, and
their volumes measured by using a plethysmometer.
At zero time:
The test drugs or their vehicles are administered to all the rat
groups as follows:
Group I
:
Diclofenac (5mg/kg, i.p.).
Group II
:
Propylene glycol/i.p. (Control for group I).
Group III
Group IV
III).
:
:
Aspirin (300mg/kg, p.o.).
Carboxymethycellulose/p.o. (Control of group
(CMC)
Group V
Group VI
group V).
:
:
Ibuprofen (20mg/kg, p.o.).
Carboxymethylcellulose /p.o.
(Control
for
(CMC)
3.
At 15 minutes:
Carrageenan (0.1ml/paw) is injected in the right hind paws of rats
in groups
I and II.
4.
At 30 minutes:
Carrageenan (0.1 ml/paw) is injected in the right hind paws of rats
in group
III, IV, V and VI.
5.
Carrageenan is allowed to act for 2 hours after which the
volumes of the hind paws are measured.
6.
The effect of the test drugs on the volume of edema is
calculated.
7.
a)
Write your observations in the following table:
Group
TREATMENT
PAW VOLUME (ml)
Difference
Reading
Reading
Before drugs After drugs
Exp – 1
GP I
Diclofenac,
(5mg/kg, i.p.)
Propylene glycol (i.p.)
GP II
Exp – 2
GP III
Aspirin
(300mg/kg.p.o.)
CMC (p.o.)
GP IV
Exp – 3
GP V
Ibuprofen 20mg/kg
(p.o.)
CMC (p.o.)
GP VI
b)
Comment on the observations you have obtained:
Exp.
1
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Exp.
2
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Exp.
3
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Note: i.p. = intraperitoneally;
p.o. = per os (orally).
PRACTICAL #. 3
EFFECTS OF ANTI-CONVULSANTS
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY
MPHL-232 (III YEAR)
EXPERIMENT ON ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS
Materials and Doses:
1.
Carbamazepine
ml/mouse, i.p
50
mg/ml;
0.2
2.
Phenobarbitone
ml/mouse, i.p
36
mg/ml;
0.2
3.
Phenytoin
ml/mouse, i.p
50
mg/ml;
0.2
4.
Strychnine hydrochloride
0.2ml/mouse, i.p
0.45
5.
mg/ml;
Mice , average weight 25 – 30 gm
Procedure:
Each group of students is provided with 4 groups of mice, each group consists 1.
of three mice. All the assigned drugs are injected intraperitoneally.
2.
Inject mice in group 1 with 0.2 ml strychnine hydrochloride.
3.
Inject mice in group 2 with 0.2 ml carbamazeine, followed after 10
mins by strychnine hydrochloride solution. Record the time of
onset of any convulsions or jerky movements.
4.
Inject mice in group 3 with 0.2 ml Phenobarbitone sodium solution,
followed after 10 mins by strychnine hydrochloride solution.
Record the time of onset of any convulsions or jerky movements.
5.
Inject mice in group 4 with 0.2 ml phenytoin solution, followed
after 10 mins. by strychnine hydrochloride solution. Record the
time of any convulsions or jerky movements.
6.
Record your results and give your comments on the findings.
Results of the Experiment
Mouse
No
Drugs
(1)
Strychnine hydrochloride
(2)
Carbamazepine + Strychnine
hydrochloride
(3)
Phenobarbitone + Strychnine
hydrochloride
(4)
Time of onset of
Convulsions or
Jerks / min.
Phenytoin + Strychnine
hydrochloride
COMMENTS:
___________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________
_____________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________
PRACTICAL #. 4
SLEEPING TIME
MPHL-232
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
SLEEPING TIME EXPERIMENT
(A)
Drugs:
Dose
1.
Thiopentone
30 mg/kg, i.p.
2.
Cimetidine
50 mg/kg, i.p.
3.
Phenobarbitone
40 mg/kg, i.p.
(B)
Animals
(C)
Procedure:
1.
Rats – weight 150-180 gm
The animals will be divided into three groups (A,B,C) with 4 rats in
each group.
Pretreat animals in group (B) with daily injections of cimetidine (50
mg/kg, i.p.) for 4 days.
2.
Pretreat animals in group (C) with daily injections of phenobarbitone
(40 mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 4 days.
3.
Inject thiopentone (30 mg/kg, i.p)* in all groups (i.e., A,B,C) on the
day of experiment. Leave the animals flat on the bench.
4.
Start the stop watch and record the sleeping time of each rat in all
groups.
5.
When animals start moving their limbs or try to turn over. This marks
the end point of sleep.
6.
Note the difference in sleeping time (mins.) between the three groups.
7.
Comment on the difference in sleeping time between the groups.
* Animals were pretreated with daily injections of cimetidine (50 mg/kg, i.p.)
or phenobarbitone (40 mg/kg, i.p.) for 4 days before this injection of
thiopentone. This is needed to inhibit or stimulate liver microsomal enzymes,
respectively.
Name:___________________________Reg. No.
___________________Sl.No.____________
MPHL-232
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY
RECORD OF SLEEPING TIME IN RATS
Group”A”
Thiopentone alone
(30 mg/kg, i.p.)
Sr.
No.
Group “B”
Cimetidine, 50 mg/kg, i.p.
+
Thiopentone, 30 mg/kg, i.p.
SLEEPING
TIME
Group “C”
Phenobarbitone,
40mg/kg, i.p. +
Thiopentone,
30 mg/kg, i.p.
(min)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mean
Comments:
1. ____________________________________________________________
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2. ____________________________________________________________
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3. ____________________________________________________________
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4. ____________________________________________________________
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