Second Quarter Review Guide:
This is in general – Go through ALL of your notes and chapters for details!
Chapters 7-13
Second Quarter Power Points are on my website!!
Chapter 11
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Wolves in Yellowstone National Park
The Amazon deforestation
National Forest System, National Wildlife Refuges, National Park System,
National Wilderness Preservation System (and the types of activities
permitted/not permitted in each)
Types of forests: Old growth, second growth, tree farm/plantation
Types of forest management: even aged, uneven aged
Types of tree harvesting: selective cutting, shelterwood cutting, seed tree
cutting, clear cutting, strip cutting
Deforestation and solutions to deforestation (biosphere reserves, neem
tree, tree-free fibers such as kenaf and hemp etc)
Fires: surface, crown, ground
Reducing fire damage: prescribed burning, Healthy Forest Initiative
“Ecological arks” (biodiversity “hot spots”)
Case Study: Costa Rica
Chapters 8 and 12
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Community structure: richness, evenness, biodiversity
Theory of island biogeography
Succession: primary, secondary, climax community, lichens
Early vs. late successional species (plant size, animals, productivity)
Disturbances, inhibition, persistence, facilitation, tolerance
Types of species: native, nonnative/invasive/alien, keystone,
foundation, indicator (definition and examples of each)
Why birds, butterflies, and amphibians make good indicator species
Why Pollinators, top predators, bats, dung beetles sea otters are
important/keystone species
Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism)
Competition (interspecific vs. intraspecific and exploitive vs.
interference); methods of reducing competition (resource partitioning)
Competitive exclusion principle
Predator/prey interactions: predator attack methods and prey defense
methods
Species extinction: local, ecological, biological and reasons for it
Instrumental vs. intrinsic value
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Endangered, threatened/vulnerable species: reasons for it and
examples of each
Importance of wild species and biodiversity
HIPPO (Largest threat to species extinction = habitat
degredation/fragmentation, second threat = invasive species)
Characteristics of species prone to extinction
Case studies: passenger pigeon, Kudzu, fire ants, bushmeat, cane
toads, vanishing amphibians, flying foxes, declining bird species, sea
otters
Carolina parakeet, prairie dogs, and black-footed ferret
Protecting wild species: Lacey Act, ESA (Endangered Species Act),
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Wild Species),
Convention on Biological Diversity, U.S. Marine Mammal Protection
Act, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, zoos, aquariums, and botanical
gardens, eminent domain, migration corridors and flyways
Eco-tourism
Private vs. public property rights
Chapters 7 and 13
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Aquatic organisms: ultra- zoo- and phyto- plankton, nekton, benthos
Marine aquatic life zones and characteristics of each
Coral reefs
Freshwater life zones and characteristics of each
Eutrophic vs. oligotrophic lakes
Cultural eutrophication of freshwater
Lentic vs. lotic water
River zones and characteristics of each
Case studies: Lake Victoria (know the invasive species), whaling
(commercial and blue), Florida Everglades and Lake Okeechobee, the
Colombia River, the Great Lakes (know the invasive species)
Human impacts on aquatic biodiversity
Fishing: trawler, longlining, purse-siene, driftnet; bycatch, TED’s
Legislation: United Nations Law of the Sea, exclusive economic zones,
marine protected areas, marine reserves, the high seas, individual transfer
quotas, mitigation banking, National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act,
International Whaling Commission
Chapters 9 and 10
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Population dynamics – population growth and change
Graphs! Be able to recognize/interpret what all of them represent
Biotic potential
4 types of pop. change curves: stable, irruptive, cyclic, irregular (examples
of species for each)
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3 types of survivorship curves: early, constant, and late loss (examples of
species for each)
Carrying capacity
3 types of population dispersions: clumped, random, uniform
Predator/prey cycles
K-strategists vs. r-strategists (characteristics and examples of species for
each)
Density dependent vs. independent factors that affect populations
Open vs. closed population
Growth patterns: logistic (S) vs. exponential (J)
Population Change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)
Percent growth rate = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration) / initial
population size
Doubling time (rule of 70): 70 / % growth rate
Annual rate of population change = birth rate – death rate/10
Demographic terms: total fertility rate, replacement level fertility, infant
mortality, crude birth and death rates, life expectancy, etc
2 biggest factors that indicate the overall health of a country: life
expectancy and infant mortality
Age structure diagrams: prereproductive, reproductive, postreproductive;
rapid growth, slow growth, ZPG, and negative growth
Demographic Transition Model: 4 stages and what is happening in each
Case studies: Thailand, Iran, India, and China
Growth rate: developed vs. developing countries and reasons for the
different growth rates (examples of countries)
Governments’ policies to slow population growth
Economic effect of negative population growth
Factors that affect birth rates: status of women/empowering women
Population and disease (Chapter 19 sec 4 and Chapter 14 sec 5)
Other Math: Calculate
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Rate (change in rise over change in run)
Percent change (which is the same thing as “growth rate” for populations)
Per capita