ICAMET
(Innsbruck Computer Archive of Machine-Readable English Texts)
Manual of the Innsbruck Middle English
Prose Corpus
Version 2.4
Manfred Markus
English Department, University of Innsbruck
Austria
© Manfred Markus
Innsbruck, 2010
1
Preface 2010
For a table of contents of this file please open the menu card
LAYOUT and then DOCUMENT STRUCTURE in your WORD
program. You will then see the chapters and subchapters of this
manual in a separate window.
The following manual is an abridged and substantially revised
version of the published booklet of 1999 (Manfred Markus,
Manual
of
ICAMET.
Innsbrucker
Beiträge
zur
Kulturwissenschaft. Anglistische Reihe 7. Wien: Braumüller
Verlag). The new version refers to the Innsbruck Prose Corpus
only; the Innsbruck Letter Corpus will be published separately
elsewhere.
The sampler provided on the distributable CD ROM comprises
only 139 text files of the complete corpus, both in a doc-version
without “cocoa” headers and in an rtf-version with the headers.
The latter version has been added for users who do not presently
work with Windows XP, as well as for users of Raymond
Hickey’s program Corpus Presenter (see below), which accepts
only rtf-files for analysis.
The Innsbruck Prose Corpus as a whole now consists of 159
files, all of which, due to copyright restriction for some of the
texts, are accessible only on a CD ROM at the English
Department of the University of Innsbruck. Chapter 5.2. below
provides information on which files of the total corpus could not
be included in the present sampler.
The earlier sampler of Middle English prose published on the 2 nd
edition of the ICAME CD ROM in 1999 was in need of revision
for two main reasons: the number of text files was considerably
2
smaller than in the subsequent versions, which have profited
from the recent permission of the Early English Text Society to
include in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus 23 books published by
the EETS and still under copyright protection. The exact titles
are identified in the survey table below (5.2.). I am most obliged
to the EETS for this act of benevolence. The other reason why
the first version of the Innsbruck Prose Corpus had to be revised
is the fact that some of the special characters used in the original
DOS files came out modified into “hieroglyphs” in the WinWord
version published by the HIT Centre in Bergen in 1999. I
apologise for this defect and am now pleased to announce that
the problem of the fonts has been solved in the present version.
As regards the copyright barrier, I am still hopeful that Oxford
University Press will allow the "fair academic use" and
distribution of the digitised files of EETS books still under
copyright protection.
As in the past, the Innsbruck Middle English Prose Corpus is
here offered to the international community of researchers for
scholarly purposes on a non-profit basis. Whoever uses the
corpus as a whole or in parts for publications is kindly asked to
send me a message of information about this fact.
The rtf-versions of the present sampler are furnished with
COCOA headers. These headers allow analysts to filter out files
according to any of the 26 parameters offered for this purpose.
For the implementation of the headers in the two Innsbruck
corpora I am much obliged to Raymond Hickey, whose program
Corpus Presenter was published in bookform (cf Hickey 2003). I
would also like to thank Hans-Jürgen Diller, who has been one
of my most critical users of the corpus over the last few years by
referring me to mistakes and incongruities, particularly in the
3
headers. As far as these are concerned, I am also very obliged to
one of my postgraduate students in Innsbruck, Andrea Leonie
Krapf, for helping me to proofread them. Lack of time and
money caused the headers to be anything but perfect and
completed.
While there have been experiments with normalising some of the
texts of the Innsbruck Prose Corpus, we have not been able to do
this systematically for a larger number of texts. This task, which
in principle can be solved with the help of recent programs, such
as Corpus Presenter (Hickey 2003), has to be left to individual
users’ own initiative.
Manfred Markus, University of Innsbruck, Dept. of English,
January 2010
4
Preface (05/1997)
ICAMET, the INNSBRUCK COMPUTER ARCHIVE OF
MACHINE-READABLE TEXTS, has three parts:
(1) the INNSBRUCK PROSE CORPUS (1100 to 1500)
(2) the INNSBRUCK LETTER CORPUS (1386 to 1688)
(3) the INNSBRUCK VARIA CORPUS (still in preparation)
The three sub-corpora are fairly unequal. The PROSE CORPUS
consists of 159 full-text data bases, usually complete books, of
nearly 6 mill. words altogether.
The LETTER CORPUS, considerably smaller, contains 254
letters of a total of 110,307 words (2006: 337 letters of a total of
146,183 words). The VARIA CORPUS is a potpourri of a dozen
or so translated, normalised, tagged or alternative versions of the
texts, particularly of those in the Prose Corpus; also, some texts
ended up in the varia section, because they belatedly turned out
to be in verse or post-1500.
This manual is only concerned with the PROSE CORPUS
(ICAMET proper, so to speak).
ICAMET was supported by the Austrian "Forschungsfonds" in
its initial stage, namely for two years from 1992 to 1994. While I
am most obliged for this support, the reason why the project
could not thrive as planned, has to do with the reduced amount
of funding from the very beginning and the abrupt cancellation
in the late summer of 1994. The original schedule for the
Innsbruck full-text data base of prose was to compile
considerably more files than can now be presented to the
international community and also more representative ones.
Moreover, we were confident of getting full copyright
permission by the EETS for fair academic use.
5
As things have developed, the Innsbruck Prose Corpus is as yet
incomplete and more fragmentary than intended. Some text types
are not at all or insufficiently represented, so are the 12th and
13th centuries vs the 14th and 15th, and the copyright question,
concerning about 2/3 of our texts, has not fully been solved yet
and caused the unpleasant delay of the publishing of this corpus.
Unlike many commercial distributors of CD-ROMs, we have not
deliberately selected old editions only to bypass the copyright
problem. As a result, for the time being some of our texts are not
freely available, whether on CD-ROM or on the Internet. But all
texts of the Innsbruck Prose Corpus, including those that are still
under copyright protection, can be used by researchers in
Innsbruck itself. The regularly updated details concerning the
availability of the Innsbruck Prose Corpus can be found on our
Internet page (address:
www2.uibk.ac.at/fakultaeten/c6/c609/projects/icamet).
Innsbruck, May 1997
Manfred Markus
Acknowledgements
While we are still hoping for access to all the books of the Early
English Text Society included in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus, we
highly appreciate the permission of the Council of EETS to use a
subset of the EETS volumes still under copyright protection,
namely 23 (see the table under 5.2.); for this I am particularly
obliged to Richard Hamer of the EETS. Moreover, the
distribution of our corpus texts was graciously licenced by other
6
publishers, in particular, the Universitätsverlag C. Winter,
Heidelberg, for their series Middle English Texts (General
Editors: Manfred Görlach and O.S. Pickering), and James Hogg
for some volumes of the Salzburg Series. I would also like to
thank the following publishers for receiving permission to
include single texts in our corpus: Almqvist & Wiksell's
Boktryckeri, Upsala; Eynar Munsgaard Publishers, Copenhagen;
Milford Publishers, Oxford & London; Garland Publishing, New
York & London; Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague; The University
of Leeds; Oxford University Press; and Cambridge University
Press.
I am also very much obliged to many helping hands, without
which, needless to say, the project would not have materialised.
Some of them were major members of the project, but most of
them cooperated on a short-term basis (so-called "trainees" and
"tutors"), and they have been too many over the years to be all
mentioned individually. My particular thanks, however, go to
Roland Benedikter, Andrea Kruckenhauser, Robert McColl
Millar, Ulrike Mühlbacher-Nadenik, Paul Perger, Eva Maria
Rainer, Elliot Schreiber, Gerda Schütz, Maturot Sinavarat, Aloys
Wechselberger, and Claudia Herzog.
I would also like to thank both the Department of English and
the Faculty of Letters of the University of Innsbruck for their
infrastructural support and the hardware needed in a project like
the Innsbruck Middle English Prose Corpus. Moreover, I am
very much obliged to the "EDV-Zentrum" and the "Subzentrum"
of the University, in particular the late Georg Anker, for software
and know-how support.
Of the various other people that were of help "warewise" (i.e. in
matters of hard- or software), I would like to mention Mario
7
Andriollo and Josef Wallmannsberger, both temporary Innsbruck
colleagues of the English Department. Moreover, I am aware to
have profited a great deal from several student participants of my
classes on computer philology, taught in Innsbruck over the last
twenty years; in this dynamic academic field, where teachers can
particularly learn from their students, it is not a mere gesture that
I express my thanks to them.
As researchers in residence, some of the users of the full version
of the Innsbruck Prose Corpus, ‘in particular, Hans-Jürgen
Diller, have obliged me by giving us feedback concerning
mistakes in the corpus; we are most thankful for this kind of
cooperation.
Finally, I have often felt inspired and encouraged during my
participation in various conferences of the last few years, among
these a series of ICAME conferences and, as far as historical
linguistics is concerned, several conferences initiated or even
convened by Matti Rissanen of the University of Helsinki; so not
the least of my thanks go there and to the ICAME organizers. It
also has to be acknowledged that The Helsinki Corpus of English
Texts, initiated by Matti Rissanen and Merja Kytö, was the first
of its kind, thus paving the way for many other historical English
electronic corpora to follow.
8
0.
Introduction: organisational
The method of compiling this corpus was basically the
following: the selected text was first scanned, either directly
from the book or, in some cases of bad quality of pages (e.g.
uneven patches), from a xerox copy made for the purpose. The
scanner was a Siemens Highscan 400 machine; the programme
for font recognition was, after an initial phase (1991) of
experimenting with OCR Recognita and Optopus,
PROLECTOR. It is not so easy to handle, but flexible as to the
special needs in view of "badly" printed old books 1.
The scanned texts were all manually corrected by two people and
given a normalised format/layout. Correction always meant
reading against the original edition at least once; shorter texts up
to 100 pages were read independently twice. With longer texts I
functioned as the second corrector by at least checking the
degree of reliability of the first correction. The work of
correction partly included applying global commands and
WORDCRUNCHER index lists (cf. Markus 1994). While all
contributors to the project gave their best, no hundred percent
reliability could be reached. Almost all the members of the
changing team were non-specialised in Middle English
orthography. But then even well-made present-day books are not
a hundred percent perfect. All in all, the Innsbruck Middle
English Prose Corpus and the Innsbruck Letter Corpus, far from
being a mechanical reproduction of edited texts, are reliable
enough to be used as bases for scholarly work. Benevolent users
are invited to report any mistakes found in the corpus texts to my
e-mail address: manfred.markus@uibk.ac.at.
1 The 2005 standard is represented by FineReader 7.0.
9
1. Principles of compiling the PROSE CORPUS
The Innsbruck Prose Corpus is a full-text data base, aiming at
target groups of users who, unlike those of the Helsinki Corpus
of English Texts (cf. Kytö 1993), are not only interested in
extracts of texts, but in their complete versions. The corpus thus
allows literary, historical and topical analyses of various kinds,
particularly studies of cultural history, but it also invites linguists
to raise questions, e.g. of style or rhetorics, for which one would
want a lengthier piece of text, or its beginning and ending.
The corpus is a selection of Middle English prose. The texts are,
therefore, relatively free from poetic stylisation (in spite of the
occasional role of the alliterative and formulaic tradition). The
language of this prose can be assumed to be closer than that of
poetry (if not close) to the way language was really used in
speech. It also represents the many varieties, both in speaking
and spelling, of Middle English as used in special text types and
for special occasions.
1.1. Overall structure
The corpus comprises 159 files, representing 131 texts as found
in scholarly editions, widely those published by the Early
English Text Society (EETS). In line with editing habits, texts
normally have book length, and they are accordingly identified
in our corpus by an individual number. Only in some exceptional
cases, like with Caxton's collected prologues ("caxtpro"), have
we given one ID-number to a collection of (usually short) texts.
On the other hand, many-volume texts (like Pecock's The Donet)
which were published separately under different names are
10
stored volume-wise in the corpus and have accordingly been
given different names and ID-numbers.
Text versions based on different manuscripts and presented
synoptically in some editions have been given one number only,
which is, however, specified by additional letters a, b, c, etc.
1.2. File names
All the files have names within the 8-letter DOS mode. If the
author is known, the first letters of the name of a file usually
suggest the author's name before the title of the work, thus
myrcseve means "John Myrc, Seven Questions...". In the case of
works by Chaucer, however, the question of the manuscript used
for an edition has come in. Here the file name usually includes
reference to a manuscript or edition. So persske is the name for
Chaucer's Parson's Tale in the edition by Skeat. The more
common case is that of anonymous works. Here the file's name
suggests either its title only or the title plus the manuscript; thus,
ancrenero means "Ancrene Riwle, MS Nero". In the rare cases
when author, title of work and manuscript have to be named, the
manuscripts are merely suggested by the last letter (a, b, c, etc.).
By the same token, texts which were too long for saving on one
diskette were split into different parts identified by final running
numbers after the proper name. Thus, trevdia1 means "Trevisa,
Dialogus inter militem et clericum, Part 1".
The files of the corpus, arranged alphabetically and according to
other principles, are listed in chapter 5 below.
11
1.3. The compiler's dilemma: authenticity vs.
retrievability
On the one hand, the specific characteristics of a manuscript as
reflected in the used edition are to be presented on the screen as
authentically as possible, with all the deficiencies or alleged
deficiencies of the manuscript. On the other hand, medieval
scribes and editors of medieval texts reveal different policies of
encoding, so that the output is anything but consistent. In order
to make things retrievable for the computer, some of the
practices of both scribes and editors have to be emended and
many of the coincidental characteristics of fonts, format and
layout have to be given up. This may be illustrated by two
examples.
Medieval scribes, and partly the editors with them, did not
always pay attention to the unity of words, for example, by
cutting them to pieces from one line to the next without
hyphenation. While it is not entirely clear whether strings such
as there fore are to be considered as one word or two in medieval
texts, we have linked obvious constituents of words, marking the
intervention by an underscore hyphen in parentheses (_). We
have used an underscore hyphen without parentheses in those
cases where a word has been split by the editor through the
breaking of line and has been syllabified. We were thinking of
lexical analyses and crunching programs, which, without our
intervention, would index words like house/hus and bond where
the text really has or intends husbond. On the other hand we did
not want to give up the line-breaking of editors altogether.
Keeping the lines of the editions not only made our task of
proofreading much easier, but will also allow future users easily
to check texts against the editions used in the given cases.
12
Moreover, sticking to frozen lines (preferably those of the
editions) will allow a later semi-automatic production of
normalised interlinear lines. While these are not (yet) provided in
the present version of the Prose Corpus, I have occasionally
reflected the possibility and necessity of such additional
normalised lines for Middle English prose texts (cf, for example,
Markus 1997).
A second example of unavoidable emendation is the inconsistent
use and representation of initials in manuscripts and editions.
While ignoring them would be a real loss in view of their
possible function as markers of the beginning of chapters, the
editors' various ways of marking, or commenting on, different
types and sizes of initials had to be given up for the sake of their
being retrievable. If we had reproduced a dozen or so different
ways of marking initials, how could the user have been in a
position to find them? So we have used just one coded marker
for initials, namely <b> (for "boldface") (see below 4.1.).
13
2.
Survey of used codes
When the corpus was started to be compiled, we had to use
different modes of producing characters not available on the
keyboard or in lower ASCII format. In the meantime, the present
versions of WORD have most of the characters needed for
ICAMET on the keyboard, or they allow access to them in the
INSERT-SYMBOL routine. So most of the problems concerning
characters raised in the first edition of this handbook have been
solved. This is true of the ash, the thorn and the eth, both upper
and lower case, and also the accentuation of all vowels including
y is no longer a problem.
Only one character is, for all I know, not generally available yet,
namely the yogh (Z). As its presentation here shows, the real
problem is not its production on screen - I have taken it from the
collection of fonts in "Times New Roman Phonetics", which is
part of my WORD 2003 package. But if users accidentally
change their fonts, for example to Courier New, our yogh comes
out wrongly as a z. So the true problem involved is to use
encodings that are equally reproduced in different worlds of
fonts and yet are not too non-iconic. In the present case of yogh I
decided for a simple solution by using the number 3. I opted
against the circumscriptive encoding used by the Helsinki
Corpus (+g) because "+" has been used in the Innsbruck Prose
Corpus for other purposes; moreover, "+g" for the yogh makes a
text difficult to read.
Users outside the Latin (Western) script culture may still find
one or other special character misrepresented in their text
processing surroundings. The problem is one of the wide lack of
international encoding norms. All I can say is that we checked
14
our special characters in WINDOWS 1998 and found them
correctly transferred when WINDOWS XP emerged.
2.1. Use of lower ASCII
Though modern keyboards and WINDOWS have made ASCII
superfluous, Table 1 below seems helpful for the sake of the
functions of the signs rather than their mode of production.
The lower ASCII codes are internationally coordinated, but
unfortunately limited in range. Apart from the characters of the
present-day (English) alphabet they comprise the main
punctuation marks and diacritical signs. In the present corpus
most of these codes represent themselves, but some of them,
printed in boldface in Table 1, are used for specially defined
coding purposes (for details see 3.1. below).
ASCII
char.
name/main function
-------------------------------------------------------20
¶
paragraph sign2
33
!
exclamation mark
34
"
quotation mark/double quote
38
&
ampersand sign (meaning 'and')
39
'
apostrophe/single quote/accent aigu3
40
(
opening parenthesis
41
)
closing parenthesis
42
*
asterisk (general text marker)
43
+
plus/Christian cross
44
,
comma
45
minus/hyphen (dash: --)
46
.
period/full stop
2
3
Not to be merged with the usual return sign at the end of paragraphs,
which unfortunately looks the same on the screen, but cannot, of
course, be produced in the middle of lines filled with text.
When an accent sign, which looks rather like an accent aigu, is not
above a character, but has to follow it (like in the case of <y> in the
DOS version of the corpus), the computer produces a vertical stroke,
which is identical with the apostrophe sign and the quotation mark.
15
47
58
59
60
61
62
63
91
92
93
94
95
96
123
124
125
126
/
:
;
<
=
>
?
[
\
]
^
_
`
{
|
}
~
slash
colon
semicolon (;; for inverted semicolon)
opening claret bracket (<-- is used as an arrow)
equals/superscript markers
closing claret bracket (--> is used as an arrow)
question mark
opening bracket
back slash
closing bracket
circumflex
underline
accent grave
opening brace
vertical bar
closing brace
tilde
Table 1: Lower ASCII characters
2.2. Use of ASCII 128 to 255
In case any higher ASCII encodings were overlooked in our
revision (which, we hope, is not the case), Table 2 may turn out
to be helpful:
ASCII char.
name/main function
-----------------------------------------------------145
146
156
164
168
191
226
4
5
æ
Æ
£
ñ
¿
¿

l.c.4 ash
u.c.5 ash
pound sign
n with superscript tilde
l.c. yogh (makeshift)
u.c. yogh (makeshift)
u.c. eth (makeshift)
Abbreviation for "lower case" (i.e. small).
Abbreviation for "upper case" (i.e. capital).
16
232
233
235



Table 2:
l.c. thorn (makeshift)
u.c. thorn (makeshift)
l.c. eth (makeshift)
Higher ASCII characters originally used in the
Innsbruck Prose Corpus
The makeshift characters are, at least in the majority of cases,
somewhat suggestive of the characters really intended.
3.
Special issues of encoding
3.1. Symbols and contractions
Medieval and Middle English manuscripts are full of
abbreviating symbols and contractions. In the editions these have
been either expanded or printed literally, almost as a matter of
taste. In the present corpus, we have generally followed the
editors one way or another. In the few cases where we have not
done so this happened for special reasons, e.g. when the editor
was inconsistent; usually we have made this clear in marked
comments.
Whether contractions, wherever they occur, have to be strictly
marked as such is another question. The use of symbolic signs
and word contractions instead of (complete) words, though
generally frequent in the Middle Ages 6, in individual texts only
concerns a limited set of special cases. In Middle English prose
we are mainly talking about word symbols in the context of
common everyday matters (like money units) and with the
6
Cf. the computer program Abbreviationes by Olav Pluta;
http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/philosophy/projects/abbrev.htm of 19
September 2010.
17
naturally frequent function words (like and); for the rest, the
tendency to contractions focusses on frequent words or phrases
like quoth, that, what, etcetera, frequent affixes like the suffix our or nasal phonemes. Table 3 gives a selective survey.
(a) symbols
character
name
function
--------------------------------------------&/7
ampersand
and/ond/et
+
plus sign
relig.: the cross
(b) words and phrases:
qt
wt
þ
etc./& c.
=
=
=
=
quoth
with
that
et cetera
(c) affixes/phonemes
oþ7
pvoked8
linguã
frō
primo
=
=
=
=
=
Note:
Superscript tilde and stroke above vowels mark the nasal quality
of a vowel or a nasal after the vowel.
oþer
provoked
linguam
from
primo9
Table 3: Symbols and abbreviations in the Innsbruck Prose
Corpus
In the face of the limited number of the symbols and
abbreviations in a given text, corpus users will not find it
7
8
9
Often the upper part of the thorn is crossed by a small horizontal
stroke.
The lower part of the <p> is frequently marked by a small horizontal
stroke.
The same with other ordinal numbers.
18
difficult to identify symbols and contractions, and the markers
applied for these by editors are in the main dispensable. We of
ICAMET have therefore omitted flourishes and have normalised
italics, no matter whether flourishes and italics were used by
editors for marking expansions or not; in some editions they
have, in fact, a merely decorative function. At any rate it would
have been extremely difficult for us to encode the special signs.
Moreover, flourishes have been ignored in many editions
anyway. As to superscript tildes and strokes, they are sometimes
also used for the purpose of abbreviation, but they are by far less
frequent than flourishes and italics; we have therefore abided by
any editor's policy and encoded the superscripts (cf. below 3.5.).
3.2. Punctuation
Punctuation marks are text level markers. Medieval scribes
mostly used them scantily and/or -- from a modern point of view
-- inconsistently. Whatever marks we find in the editions, they
are widely due to the editors. Unlike in present-day usage,
punctuation marks sometimes do not have a syntactic, but a
prosodic function (cf. 3.3. below).
The following punctuation marks do have a syntactic function:
.
,
:
;
?
!
-/
full stop/period
comma
colon
semicolon
question mark
mark of exclamation
hyphen
dash
slash (sometimes functioning as a full stop)
Table 4: Syntactic punctuation marks in the Innsbruck Prose
Corpus
19
3.3. Prosodic signs
The variable degrees of spokenness, as reflected, among other
things, in the prosodic markers of some texts, may be an issue in
future research on Middle English prose. We have, therefore,
tried to keep prosodic markers separate from syntactic ones as
much as possible10, though this has not been the case in many of
our source editions. Our general policy has been to use double
signs for the prosodic function in those cases where the single
sign is occupied syntactically.
First, the middle (midline) dot, obviously a marker of speech
intervals, had to be kept apart from the period (full stop). We
have marked the dot, wherever we spotted it, by a double full
stop (..), unless it was the only dot-like marker in the text, in
which case we have left the simple full stop of the editor
unaltered.
Slashes are very common text markers. They obviously often
have the same function as middle dots, namely to mark the pause
between tone groups. But some editions use slashes (or vertical
bars) as slot markers for the folio or page numbers, with the
figures added in the margin. To avoid confusion here, we have
uniformly used the same marker in all cases of folio marking,
namely brackets, e.g. [fol.19a]. For the details, cf. 4.2. below.
Another frequent text marker used in the middle of lines to
indicate the beginning of new paragraphs is the section sign (¶).
It used to be produced by ALT 20 (now equallly encoded in both
Courier New and Times New Roman symbols) and functions just
like any normal character; i.e., unlike the RETURN sign, which
10
I do not claim complete consistency in this, since keeping the two
types of punctuation marks apart is sometimes a matter of subtle
interpretation and, therefore, difficult to achieve.
20
looks the same on the screen, it does not have a control function
and can be positioned anywhere in the line. Another specially
medieval text marker is the inverted semicolon, the so-called
punctus elevatus, which often has a clearly prosodic function,
suggesting a raising of voice11. This sign has been encoded in
the corpus by a double semicolon (;;).
All other signs with a probably or possibly prosodic function are
used only rarely in our source editions. Within the Innsbruck
Middle English Prose Corpus, they are usually referred to in an
intervention of ours, such as {dots}, and they are also mentioned
in the parameters. We are here talking about markers such as
●
accent signs which seem to mark sentence accent rather
than word stress (')
●
arrangements of dots, such as ::. in Caxton's Prologues
("caxtpro1")
●
half-line slashes, either high or low (as again in
"caxtpro1")
●
marked spaces in the lines (perhaps meant as markers of
speech pauses) (cf. "caxtpro1").
3.4. Different text levels (e.g. editor's emendations)
In view of the complexity of editing Middle English texts the
ICAMET team members abstained from interpreting the text
level codes that are found in the editions, such as italics (used for
the marking mainly of emendations, but also of foreign words,
quotations, expansions etc.). Other such text level codes are:
boldface, parentheses, brackets, claret brackets, italics within
parentheses or brackets, subpunctuation, underlined or crossedout letters or words, letters or words in different sizes or colours
(as often explained in the apparatus), etc. Particularly in critical
11
Cf. Tolkien 1962, XIII.
21
editions many format markers, including footnoted gaps, only
make sense if the apparatus is accessible, which is, of course,
something a corpus cannot offer.
We therefore decided not to claim or pretend to provide full
transparency in this particular respect. Marked distinctions of
different editorial interventions have been given up and all the
interventions of the editor(s) are equally identified by brackets.
Italics, however, had to be normalised, no matter what their
function was (cf. below). The reasons for this were pragmatic
ones: (a) italics, particularly of single characters, are hard to
recognize, both by machine scanners and human proofreaders;
(b) they are mostly used for routine emendations, such as
expansions of contractions; (c) they cannot be displayed in the
ASCII format so that they would have to be encoded (which
would make the words concerned hard to read).
Another mode of text which no doubt deserves marking is that of
our own (ICAMET's) interventions. These are usually
comments, hardly ever emendations. Such passages are generally
marked by opening/closing braces {}, but only to the extent that
they are not subject to routine modification, as when words are,
for example, broken at the end of lines (cf. 3.6.).
Since the editor's or our comments are not part of the text proper,
they are -- in addition to the brackets and braces -- marked by
vertical bars, so-called “bybes” (|), formerly produced by ALT
124, but now available within both the Courier New and Times
New Roman symbol routine. The scope of these markers is the
subsequent word, so that the spaces between several words in a
comment have to be bridged by an underscore hyphen.
Both the page/line numbers and the headings, i.e. the "title
lines", are also marked by initial bybes and internal underscore
22
hyphens between words. These "title lines", which contain the
main bibliographical data (cf. 6.1. below), are not identical with,
though they often come close to, the editor's or author's
introductory titles as given on the first page of the editions.
One more text level marker is used in the Innsbruck Prose
Corpus (in imitation of HTML tags), namely clarets <...>. They
are used only for very specific purposes of formatting (like in the
case of boldface letters, cf. 3.5. below).
Parentheses are not used as markers in the Corpus. Wherever
they are in the text, they have been taken over from the editor or
author uncritically.
In sum, we have used the following text level markers in the
Innsbruck Prose Corpus:
|[...]
|{...}
|...
|<...>
for the editor's interventions
for interventions done by ICAMET
for headings, page and line numbers, and remarks
for very special tags (cf 3.5.)
Table 5: Text level markers in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus
In all these cases, spaces between words have been bridged by
underscore hyphens (_).
3.5. Character formatting
Given that, for the reasons mentioned in 3.4., we have been
unable to use specific character formats in the Innsbruck Middle
English Prose Corpus, a few formats still have been found
indispensable and therefore have been encoded:
|<b>
12
for marking initials (of various kinds)12
Normal boldface letters had to be normalised, I am afraid.
23
=x=
for a raised letter x, thus, prim=o= for primo13
Note: Complete words or numerical units in
superscript format are likewise marked by =...=,
inserted in the line where they belong.14
x~
for any letter <x> (with a tilde or horizontal stroke
above it); however, <ñ> was formerly available in
higher ASCII (ALT 164) so that we have
reproduced it in the present corpus version with the
help of Courier New or Times New Roman symbols.
y'
for the letter <ý>, with an accent aigu. y did not
allow superscript accents on the keyboard when the
compilation of the corpus was started. Thus we have
also used < y`, y^> for <ỳ, ŷ>.
e<trema> for <ë>; likewise, other vowels with trema and all
vowels with other rare signs are tagged in the
HTML way with explanatory terms in clarets.
The character formats that had to be considered negligible 15 in
the Innsbruck Middle English Prose Corpus are:
●
●
●
●
13
14
15
different colours of fonts;
different sizes and types of fonts, including simple
boldfaced letters, but not initials;
spaced letters;
italics, mainly used for marking the editor's expansions
of contractions;
We have followed the coding practice of the Helsinki Corpus here; cf.
Kytö 1993, 27.
But the superscripts r and v of the folio references, and likewise a and
b used for the same purpose, are not particularly marked that way,
since the folio references are the editor's addition and have in toto
been identified by brackets.
I am not saying that they really are. On the contrary, we should go
back to the manuscripts to reconsider them--after their generally
eclectic and inconsistent treatment by editors.
24
●
flourished letters (used by the scribes mainly for marking
contractions).
3.6. Line, paragraph and page formatting
The line division of our source editions has strictly been
preserved. This is achieved by the use of the RETURN-key at
the end of the lines.
We have not bothered about an overlength of lines. Whenever a
line is longer than 80 characters, which occurs very rarely, it will
automatically run on into the next line on the screen. To avoid
unnecessarily reduced length and thus overflow of lines, corpus
users should set the page margins of their word processing
programs on zero. One may also think of reducing the size of
fonts.
When a word is broken by the change of line (hus- plus
bondman), the second element is taken over to the end of the
first line and the intervention is marked by an underscore hyphen
(_). This marker and method is also used when the breaking of
line is marked otherwise in an edition (e.g. by a short vertical bar
added by the editor) or when a word is broken by the change of
line without a hyphen (which is often the case in the
manuscripts). In the latter case, we are talking about instances of
our own intervention, so that underscore hyphens had to be
marked by braces {...}.
In all editions the lines, whenever counted at all, are numbered in
groups of five or, sometimes, four, normally pagewise, but
occasionally chapterwise. The line numbering of the edition is
always provided in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus on the left
margin of the computer screen. To keep it distinct from the text
proper it is marked by an initial vertical bar ("bybe").
25
Paragraphs have been marked in the corpus in accordance with
the layout of the source text (by an additional RETURN). Page
numbers, like line numbers, are marked by initial bybes and
strictly follow the source edition. Occasionally texts were
arranged columnwise in an edition; we then had to come back to
a previous page after a number of columns so that pagination is
then not fully sequential.16
3.7. Document formatting
Letters, words, lines, paragraphs, pages and chapters--these are
the traditional units of segmentation in a prose text. Given the
different versions of manuscripts and, as a result, editions of
some Middle English prose, the texts are not comparable with
one another unless they are divided into equal blocks; if the lines
as basic units do not correspond to each other, their numbering is
not really helpful for the collation so that we need other,
analogous blocks instead. Collating programs, such as
COLLATE217, are based on the definition of such blocks.
To give an example: the various versions of the Ancrene Riwle
are so different from one another that an early editor and
translator, J. Morton (1853), found it reasonable to tag them with
a numerus currens "M.1", "M.2", etc. throughout the whole text
in a synoptic way. These tags or anchor spots, which mark
content-based units, have been taken over by most editors in
order to make the relationship between the text versions
transparent.
16
17
Cf., e.g., some of the Caxton editions.
Cf. Robinson 1994.
26
Segmenting parallel text versions into blocks and tagging or
marking the blocks would seem an advisable strategy useful for
some texts of the Innsbruck Middle English Prose Corpus. So
far, we have, however, only experimented with such reference
codes, implementing them outside the official Corpus in versions
of the different editions of Ancrene Riwle. Such pilot versions
are intended for computer analysis and therefore, in principal,
open to all kinds of further tags implemented for specific
purposes.
4.
Permitted and omitted types of format
As has been mentioned earlier in this manual, some textual
features of the source text had to be ignored or modified in the
corpus. This may sound like an offence against philological good
manners, but it is unavoidable and, moreover, fully in line with
editorial habits. Editors of Middle English texts have widely
disagreed on which features of the source manuscript(s) to abide
by and which to drop; and they all and sundry were bound in
some way or another to abstract from the physical appearance of
the manuscripts. Corpus compilers for their part have to adapt
their source texts, in our case the editions, to their own medium.
To make things transparent to the user of this corpus (even at the
cost of occasional repetition), the source features omitted or
modified in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus are singly discussed in
the following survey of subchapters 4.1. to 4.9.
27
4.1. Different initials
There are different sizes, types and colours of initials in Middle
English manuscripts. They range from "Four-line ornamental
initial R in blue with red pen-flourishes, continued down left
margin" (as commented by the editor in view of the beginning of
the Cleopatra MS of Ancrene Riwle18) to an "Unusually large
and prominent black capital" in the middle of a line a few pages
later19. Moreover, initials may be lower or upper case letters,
really written and painted or merely "virtual", i.e. planned and
suggested by the free space in the manuscript and/or by a normal
letter which may or may not be fully visible.
Faced with such differences and sometimes undecided about the
function of initials beyond that of decoration, most editors,
unlike Dobson in the case just mentioned, have not marked or
described the differences of initials to the full or consistently.
Accordingly, whoever wants to study the initials in detail is
advised to return to the manuscripts and to work out a complete
typology based on these manuscripts. This could not be achieved
on the basis of editions and, thus, within the present corpus
project. The only aim has been to mark all the initials as such,
including the minor, often black ones in the middle of lines, and
to suggest the decorative size of the major ones by giving them
space on the screen, for example, a four-line margin in the case
of the Ancrene Riwle.
For users to find the initials, these are all coded by |<b> (for
"boldface"), with a space before the letter concerned.
18
19
Cf. Dobson 1972, 1, footnote 1.
Cf. Dobson 1972, 10, footnote 22.
28
4.2. References to manuscripts, folios and pages
The references to folios or pages of a manuscript/printed book
and also the references to the manuscript itself are all given in
brackets [...] and, in addition, marked by │r (r for ‘remark’). We
have regularised and shortened "folio", "fol." and other versions
to "f." and "page" or "pag." to "p.", likewise "recto" to "r" and
"verso" to "v". Moreover, we have never marked the superscript
quality of r or v or of any other such letter. When the recto pages
have zero markings so that "f.8" means "f.8r", we have left them
as they are, as long as the opposition to the verso pages was
clear. We have also tolerated "a" or "b" for the recto and verso
pages respectively.
Unlike our source editors, we have always inserted the folio or
page reference numbers within the lines where they belong, not
in the margin. If a word is split by the change of folio or page,
we have moved the reference to the end of the word concerned
and marked the exact spot within the word by an asterisk * (even
if editors have used other symbols).
References of a similar kind to the folio numbers, for example,
references to pages or cross references to previous editions of a
text, have been treated in an analogous way, likewise dates,
proper names or other criteria of text arrangement 20; "column"
has always been abbreviated to "col."
Other manuscript markers of this kind referring to shelf-marks,
lines ("sign."/"l.") or the like are so rare in our source editions
that we have not made a point of regularising them, but have
aimed at following the editor instead.
20
Cf. the collections of charters, letters or (Caxton's) prefaces.
29
4.3. Layout
As regards layout, the source texts have generally been imitated.
This goes as far as blank spots in the text (for example due to
holes or erasures etc. in the vellum). The numbers of pagination
and lines are, however, always on the left margin, at a
regularised distance irrespective of the idiosyncrasy of the
source edition. Our pedantic imitation of the lines, pages and
other layout features of the source editions is based on our
opinion that the present corpus cannot be a substitute of
scholarly editions, but only their complement and that the way
back to the editions should be kept as viable as possible, also in
order to allow easy scholarly control of the corpus texts in
relation to their sources.
Head- or footnotes, however, like all marginal comments of the
editor(s), have been omitted. Marginal comments of the original
scribe or printer have, of course, been treated differently and
preserved.
Occasionally, multi-column lists and tables have created
exceptional layout problems on the screen. We have tried to
solve them as best we could, steering clear of tabs and other
word processing commands of format or deviant scripts.
4.4. Allographic letters (wynn, ſ )
Wynn <p> is hardly ever, long s <ſ> rarely used in editions of
Middle English texts. Since they seem to be allographic, i.e. do
not -- in spite of positional preferences in the case of long s -have any specific function, they have tacitly been normalised to
<w> and <s> respectively in those extremely rare cases where
editors have still applied them.
30
4.5. Punctuation marks and signs
Some editions (for example Ancrene Riwle, ed. Day 1952) use
vertical strokes within words, thus marking the fact that the
words concerned are divided in the manuscripts between two
lines and have no syllabification marker; other editions use other
markers for the same purpose. We have not kept this case apart
from the similar one when the editor/printer has syllabified a
word and marked the change of line by a hyphen. In either case
the word-unifying intervention is marked in the Innsbruck Prose
Corpus by an underscore hyphen, thus mar_tir.
In some other cases we have ourselves linked the isolated
segments of a word split by the breaking of line both in the
original text and in the source edition. We have then marked our
intervention, according to our rule, by an underscore hyphen in
braces, thus mar{_}tir.
Slashes and dashes are, for the sake of uniformity, always
typographically kept apart by a space from their surroundings; so
are inverted semicolons and midline dots (cf. 3.3.). In the case of
other punctuation marks (semicolons etc.), we have followed our
source texts and not done any normalising.
Tildes and superscript strokes, when used to mark a contraction,
are not kept apart; the two symbols are both represented by a
tilde after the letter concerned, thus x~, except for the letter <ñ>,
which could originally be produced by ALT 16421.
Iconic material (pictures, diagrams, various signs) has generally
been omitted, but the omission is made evident in a comment in
braces. The cross sign, graphically suggested in many a religious
21
It is now represented by a Times New Roman symbol.
31
text of the corpus, has, however, been represented by a plus sign
(+); this is always kept apart from its neighbourhood by a space.
4.6. Contractions (curled letters)
The flourishes of curled letters have been ignored and omitted;
so have now meaningless accents and strokes above <i's> and
nasals respectively, for example in Ayenbit of Inwit and in Mirk's
Festial.22 These signs may have had a graphical function in
Middle English manuscripts, for example in view of the minim
problem23; but in modern printed editions letters are, of course,
sufficiently identified. In either case normalisation seems
legitimate, since only a very small set of everyday words is
concerned (cf. 3.1., Table 3 above), or only special letters, such
as <łł> and < í >.
4.7. Degrees of (il)legibility
There are different types and degrees of legibility or illegibility
in the manuscripts. Some editors tried to keep some of these
degrees distinct (for example Dobson 1972 in his edition of the
English Text of Ancrene Riwle). But without a reviewing of the
manuscripts, corpus users are not in a position to judge for
themselves and have to take the editors' decisions and
interventions for granted.
We have therefore normalised the various kinds of editorial
interventions by marking them all alike with brackets [...], even
when, like in the case of Dobson's edition, various markers and
categories of legibility have been used. Corpus compilers and, I
22
After a first analysis, Festial (EETS ES 90) was finally excluded from
the corpus, since it provides only extracts.
23
Cf. Markus 1990, 35.
32
daresay, corpus users do not want to be concerned with questions
of worm holes or erasures caused by water or light.
4.8. Traces of the scribe's self-correction
To give full evidence of the editorial history of a text cannot be
within the range of a machine-readable corpus based on editions.
Whatever editors, sometimes with a great deal of ambition, have
done in this respect (Dobson 1972 is a good example), such
distinctions in the present project have been considered to be
subject to normalising.
Underlined or "subpuncted" segments of texts, thus marked to
give evidence of the scribe's or another scribe's corrections, are
therefore normalised in format. Crossed-out segments are
marked by square brackets to indicate that the passages have
been subject to the editor's interpretative and interpretable
intervention.
4.9. Foreignness
It would be a helpful service, particularly for future lexicological
work, to tag the foreignness of words as opposed to Middle
English words proper. This would be in line with the Helsinki
Corpus policy (cf. Kytö 1993, 30f.). But mixture of languages is
so common, even typical in Middle English prose texts (more
than in Old English and Modern English) that -- in line with
most of our source editions -- we had to abstain from marking
language codes. Tagging foreignness would not only have been a
great deal of additional work; in parts it would have been an
impossible task, since lexical foreignness cannot always reliably
be identified. Is Middle English courage a "foreign" word? It
certainly was in its initial stage of loaning.
33
French, Latin or other foreign words or passages have therefore
been integrated unmarked up to a point, namely up to the length
of five lines (also occasional verse lines have been taken in up to
that length). Foreign and verse texts beyond that length have
been omitted and referred to in braces.
This policy of not marking a foreign language code may seem
regrettable, particularly in view of the considerable role of
macaronic language mixing in Middle English prose. 24 But then
the Innsbruck Prose Corpus would profit from tags not only of
the used language, but of all kinds, from syntax to semantics and
pragmatics, to mention only these three fields. Any initiative and
help in this task of tagging the Innsbruck Middle English Prose
Corpus would be welcome.
5.
Corpus texts (INNSBRUCK MIDDLE ENGLISH
PROSE CORPUS)
In the following, the files implemented in the Innsbruck Prose
Corpus are listed in two different ways: first, alphabetically, with
the complete bibliographical data; second, arranged
alphabetically by the short names of the files. The second list
provides information about the exact sizes and copyright
conditions/restrictions of the files. Those texts which could not
(yet) be included in the sampler due to copyright restriction are
highlighted by bold-faced letters. The numerus currens, added to
each title, does not fully correlate with alphabetical order, which
24
The number of researchers who have dealt with this topic include Laura Wright; cf
her Sources of London English Medieval Thames Vocabulary. Oxford: Clarendon Press
(1996).
34
is due to the fact that some texts were added to the corpus as
follow-up files after the first attribution of numbers.
5.1. Alphabetical list of the texts
Abbey of the Holy Ghost. In Religious pieces in prose and verse. Ed. from Robert
Thornton's Manuscript (c. 1400) in the Lincoln Cathedral Library by George G.
Perry. EETS OS 26 (1867/1914), pp. 51-62.
abbey
1
Agnus Castus. A Middle English Herbal. ed. S. B. Liljegren. Upsala: Almqvist &
Wiksells Boktryckeri AB, 1950, pp. 119-205.
agnus
121
Alphabet 1: "An Alphabet of Tales." An English 15th Century Translation of the
"Alphabetum Narrationum" of Etienne de Bascon. Part I: A-H. From Additional
MS. 25,719 of the British Museum. Ed. Mrs. Mary Macleod Banks. EETS OS 126
(1904). Part I: A-H.
alpha1
2a
Alphabet 2: "An Alphabet of Tales." An English 15th Century Translation of the
"Alphabetum Narrationum" once attributed to Etienne de Bascon. From
Additional MS. 25,719 of the British Museum. Ed. Mrs. Mary Macleod Banks.
EETS OS 126 (1904). Part II: I-Z.
alpha2
2b
Ancrene 1: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle: Ancrene Wisse, Corpus Christi
College Cambridge MS 402, ed. J.R.R. Tolkien and N.R. Ker. EETS OS 249 (1962
for 1960).
anccor
3
Ancrene 2: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle, ed. from Gonville and Caius
College MS. 234/120, by R.M. Wilson. EETS OS 229 (1954).
ancgon
4
Ancrene 3: The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle, ed. from Cotton MS. Nero A.
XIV, by Mabel Day. EETS OS 225 (1952 for 1946).
ancnero
5
Ancrene 4: Ancrene Riwle, ed. from Magdalene College, Cambridge, MS. Pepys
2498, by A. Zettersten. EETS OS 274 (1976).
ancpepys
6
Ancrene 5: The English Text of the. Ed. from Cotton MS. Titus D. XVIII by
Francis M. Mack, together with the Lanhydrock Fragment, Bodleian MS. Eng. th.
c. 70, ed. by A. Zettersten. EETS OS 252 (1963 for 1962).
anctit
7
35
Angels' Song, Of. Ed. Toshiyuki Takamiya, in Two Minor Works of Walter Hilton.
Tokyo: Privately Printed, 1980, pp. 9-15.
hiltang
109
Art of Hunting, The. William Twiti. ed. Bror Danielsson. Stockholm: Almqvist &
Wiksell International, 1977, pp. 40-58.
arthunt
112
Boke of Sygnes from the St. Paul's Cathedral Library MS. In The Rewyll of Seynt
Sauioure. Ed. James Hogg. vol. 3: The Syon Additions for the Brethren and The
Boke of Sygnes. Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik der Universität,
1980. pp. 134-144.
boke
8
Book of Quintessence, The. Or the fifth being; that is to say, man's heaven. Ed.
from British Museum MS. Sloane 73 about 1460-70 A.D. by Frederick J.
Furnivall. EETS OS 16 (1866; rev. ed. 1889) [Sloane MS 73, fol. 10-25b].
bookqe
9
Book of the Foundation of St. Bartholomew's Church in London, The. Ed. Norman
Moore. BM Cotton MS. Vespasian B ix. EETS OS 163 (1923), pp. 1-63.
barthol
103
Brut1: The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, ed. from MS Rawlinson B 171,
Bodl. Library by Friedrich W.D. Brie. Part I. EETS OS 131 (1906, repr. 1960)
brut1
116
Brut2: The Brut, or The Chronicles of England, ed. from MS Rawlinson B 171,
Bodl. Library by Friedrich W.D. Brie. Part II. EETS OS 136 (1908, repr. 1987)
brut2
117
Capgrave: John Capgrave's Abbreuiacion of Chronicles (1462,3). Ed. Peter J.
Lucas. MS Gg.4. 12. Cambr. U. Libr. EETS 285 (1983).
capgrave
10
Caxton 1: Blanchardyn and Eglantine (c. 1489), ed. Leon Kellner. EETS ES 58
(1890).
caxtblan
16
Caxton 2: The Curial by maystere Alain Charretier. Translated thus in Englyssh
by William Caxton 1484. Ed. Frederick J. Furnivall. EETS OS 54 (1888).
caxtcur
17
Caxton 3: Caxton, William, Dialogues in French and English, ed. Henry Bradley.
EETS ES 79 (1900).
caxtdial
18
Caxton 4: Doctrinal of Sapience, printed by William Caxton, 1489. Ed. Joseph
Gallagher. Middle English Texts (Heidelberg: Winter, 1993).
caxtdoc
19
36
Caxton 5: Eneydos, 1490. Englisht from the French Liure des Eneydes, 1483, ed.
W.T. Culley, F.J. Furnivall. EETS ES 57 (1890; repr. 1962).
caxteney
20
Caxton 6: Foure Sonnes of Aymon, The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the.
Englisht from the French by William Caxton and Printed by him about 1489. Part
I. Ed. Octavia Richardson. EETS ES 44 (1884), repr. 1975.
caxtaym1
11
Caxton 7: Foure Sonnes of Aymon, The Right Plesaunt and Goodly Historie of the.
Englisht from the French by William Caxton and Printed by him about 1489. Part
II. Ed. Octavia Richardson. EETS ES 45 (1885), repr. 1975.
caxtaym2
15
Caxton 8: Knight of La Tour-Laundry, The Book of the. Compiled for the
instruction of his daughters; from the unique manuscript in the British Museum,
Harl. 1764, and Caxton's print, A.D. 1484, tr. by Thomas Wright. EETS OS 33
(1868).
caxtkni
14
Caxton 9: Paris and Vienne. Tr. from the French by William Caxton. Ed.
MacEdward Leach. EETS OS 234 (1957; repr. 1970).
caxtpar
21
Caxton 10: The Prologues and Epilogues of William Caxton, ed. W.J.B. Crotch.
EETS OS 176 (1928 for 1927).
1st edition = caxtpro1
22a
2nd edition = caxtpro2
22b
Caxton 11: William Caxton, Quattuor Sermones, ed. N.F. Blake. Middle English
Texts. Heidelberg 1975. pp.19-89, 95-108.
caxtquat
12
Caxton 12: Thomas of Canterbury. In The Golden Legend or Lives of the Saints as
Englished by William Caxton, transl. by Caxton (1483), ed. F.S. Ellis. London:
Dent, 1900. 2: 182-97; 4: 56-60.
caxttho
13
Caxton 13: Caxton, William, Tulle of Olde Age. Textuntersuchung mit
literarischer Einführung, ed. Heinz Susebach. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer
Verlag, 1933, pp. 1-95.
caxtulle
119
Cely Letters 1472-1488, The. Ed. Alison Hanham. EETS OS 273 (1975).
cely
23
37
Chaucer’s prose:
Chaucer 1, Treatise on the Astrolabe (ca. 1380), in The Complete Works of
Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Walter W. Skeat. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899.
vol. 4.
astske
26
Chaucer 2, Boethius' Consolatio Philosophiae (ca. 1380), ed. Skeat, 1899, vol. 2.
boeske
26b
Chaucer 3, “The Tale of Melibeus”, in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey
Chaucer, ed. from the Hengwrt Manuscript by Norman Blake. London: Arnold,
1980.
melbla
26c
Chaucer 4, Canterbury Tales, “Melibeus Tale”, ed. Skeat: 2nd ed., vol. 4, 1900.
melske
26d
Chaucer 5, “The Person's Tale", in The Canterbury Tales, , edited from the
Hengwrt Manuscript, ed. Norman Blake. London: Arnold, 1980.
persbla
26e
Chaucer 6, Canterbury Tales, “Parson's Tale”, ed. Skeat: 2nded., vol. 4, 1900.
persske
26f
Chronicle, see Peterborough Chronicle.
Cloud of Unknowing and the Book of Privy Counselling, The. Ed. Phylis Hodgson.
EETS OS 218 (1944 for 1943; repr. 1958).
cloudunk
27
Cookery Books: Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery-Books. Harl. Ms. 279 (from
1430), & Harl. 4016 (from 1450). Ed. Thomas Austin. EETS OS 91 (1888).
cookery
28
Courtesy: A Fifteenth-Century Courtesy Book. In A Fifteenth-Century Courtesy
Book and Two Fifteenth-Century Franciscan Rules, eds. R.W. Chambers and
W.W. Seton. EETS OS 148 (1914). pp. 11-17.
courtesy
29
Craft of Dying, The. (c. 1450) In Ratis Raving, and Other Moral and Religious
Pieces in Prose and Verse. Ed. from the Cambridge University MS., KK. 1.5.
London: EETS OS 43 (1870). pp. 1-8.
craftdye
30
Curye on Inglysch. English Culinary Manuscripts of the Fourteenth Century
including the Forme of Cury. Ed. Constance B. Hieatt and Sharon Butler. EETS
SS 8 (1985), pp. 39-156.
curying
56
Dan Jon Gaytryge's Sermon. In Religious pieces in prose and verse. Ed. from
Robert Thornton's Manuscript (c. 1400) in the Lincoln Cathedral Library by
George G. Perry. EETS OS 26 (1867/1914), pp. 1-15.
gaytryge
31
38
Dan Michel's Ayenbite of Inwyt, or, Remorse of Conscience. In the Kentish dialect,
1340 A.D. vol. 1: Ed. R. Morris. EETS OS 23 (1866; reprint 1965).
danayen
32
Deonise Hid Diuinite and other treatises on contemplative prayer related to The
Cloud of Unknowing, ed. Phyllis Hodgson, MS Harley 674. EETS OS 231 (1955
for 1949).
deonise
33
Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers, The. Ed. Curt F. Bühler, ICAMET text: the
Scrope translation (1450). EETS OS 211 (1941 for 1939), repr. 1961.
dicts
34
Dorothea, Life of Saint. In Prosalegenden, ed. Carl Horstmann 1880 (Anglia),
pp. 325-328.
doroth
35
Eight Chapters on Perfection, ed. Fumio Kuriyagawa. Tokyo: Privately Printed by
F. Kuriyagawa and Toshiyuki Takamiya, Dept. of English, Keio University, Mita,
Minatoku, Tokyo 108 Japan, 1980, pp. 14-32.
hiltperf
108
English Conquest of Ireland, The. A.D. 1166-1185. MS. Trin. Coll. Dublin, E.
2.31. ed. Frederick J. Furnivall. EETS OS 107 (1896), pp. 2-150.
conquest
111
Equatorie of the Planetis, The. From the Peterhouse MS. 75.I., ed. Derek J. Price.
Cambridge: C. U. P.: 1955, pp. 19-44.
equat
122
Familiar Dialogue of the Friend and the Fellow, A. A translation of Alain
Chartier's Dialogus Familiaris Amici et Sodalis, ed. Margaret S. Blayney. EETS
OS 295 (1989).
famdial
36
Fistula in Ano, Treatise of. Haemorrhoids and Clysters. Ed. D'Arcy Power. EETS
OS 139 (1910; repr. 1968).
fistula
37
Gesta Romanorum: The Early English Versions of the Gesta Romanorum. Ed. Sir
Frederick Madden, re-ed. by Sidney J.H. Herrtage. EETS ES 33 (1879, repr. 1898,
1932, 1962).
gestarom
38
Gild of St Mary, Lichfield, ed. F.J. Furnivall. EETS ES 114 (1920).
gildmary
39
Gilds: English Gilds. The original ordinances of more than one hundred early
English gilds, ed. Toulmin Smith. EETS OS 40 (1870; repr. 1963).
gilds
40
39
Gilte Legende, Three Lives from the. In Middle English religious prose, ed. N.
Blake. London: Arnold, 1972. pp. 151-173.
giltele
41
Govern see Secreta Secretorum
Hali Meidenhad. An alliterative homily of the thirteenth century from Ms. Bodley
34, Oxford, and Cotton Ms. Titus D.18, BM. Ed. F.J. Furnivall. EETS OS 18
(1922).
Bodley: halibod
42a
Titus: halitit
42b
Hali Meidhad, ed. Bella Millett. EETS OS 284 (1982) (critical edition).
halicrit
43
Hieronymus, The Life of St, in Prosalegenden, ed. Carl Horstmann 1880 (Anglia),
pp.328-360.
hieron
44
History of Reynard the Fox, in Early prose romances, ed. Henry Morley
(London, etc.: Routledge 1889).
histreyn
45
History of the Holy Rood Tree. Ed. A.S. Napier. EETS OS 103 (1894).
ME: roodme
46
Homilies 1: Twelfth-Century Homilies in MS Bodley 343, ed. A.O. Belfour. EETS
OS 137 (1909, repr. 1962, 1988).
homilbod
47
Homilies 2: Early English Homilies from the Twelfth Century, MS Vespasian D.
XIV, ed. Rubie D.-N. Warner. EETS OS 152 (1918; repr. 1971).
homilves
48
Homilies 3: Old English Homilies of the Twelfth Century, from the unique Ms. B.
14.52. in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge. Second series. Ed. R. Morris,
1873. EETS OS 53 (1873), pp. 3-219.
oehom
49
Imitatione Christi: Middle English translations of De Imitatione Christi, from a
ms. in the library of Trinity College, Dublin (tr. l5th cent.), ed. John K. Ingram.
EETS ES 63 (1893; repr. 1987).
imita
50
John Capgrave's Lives of St. Augustine and St. Gilbert of Sempringham, and a
Sermon. Ed. J.J. Munro. EETS OS 140 (1910).
caplives
100
Julian of Norwich's Revelation of Divine Love. The Shorter Version. Ed. from B.L.
Add. MS 37790 by Frances Beer. Middle English Texts 8 (Heidelberg: Winter,
1978).
julian
51
40
Juliana: Iuliene, The Liflade ant te Passiun of Seinte (c1200), ed. S.T.R.O.
d'Ardenne (Liège, 1936, repr. EETS OS 248 (1961).
MS Bodley juliabod
52a
MS Royal juliaroy
52b
Katherine: Seinte Katerine, The Life of. From the Royal Ms. 17 A xxvii, &c. Ed.
Eugen Einenkel. EETS OS 80 (1884).
Royal, ed. Einenkel: kathroy
53
Kentish Sermons, Old. In Old English Miscellany. Ed. Richard Morris EETS OS
49 (1872, repr. 1927), pp. 26-36.
kentserm
54
Kings: The Three Kings of Cologne. An early English translation of the "Historia
Trium Regum" by John of Hildesheim. Ed. by C. Horstmann. London. EETS OS
85 (1886), pp. 2-157.
Cambridge: kingscam
55a
Royal: kingsroy
55b
Lanterne of Li3t, The. Ed. Lilian M. Swinburn. EETS OS 151 (1917 for 1915).
lantlit
57
Lapidaries, English Mediaeval. Ed. Joan Evans/Mary S. Serjeantson. EETS 190
(1933).
lapidari
58
Late Middle English Treatise on Horses, A. Ed. from BL Ms Sloane ff. 102-117b
by Anne Charlotte Svinhufvud. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International,
1978, pp. 85-147.
horses
107
Letters concerning Christchurch. James Cornwallis, chief baron of the exchequer
of Ireland, the prior of Christ Church (circa 1430).
lettchri
59
Liber de Diversis Medicinis, Thornton MS Lincoln Cathedral A. 5.2, ed. Margaret
Sinclair Ogden. EETS OS 207 (1938).
liber
60
Lincoln Diocese Documents 1450-1544, ed. Andrew Clark. EETS OS 149 (1914),
repr. 1971.
lincdoc
61
Litil tretys on the Seven Deadly Sins, A. Richard Lavynham, O. Carm, ed. Dr.
J.P.W.M. Van Zutphen. Rome: Institutum Carmelitanum, 1956, pp. 1-25.
treatise
113
Lollard Sermons, ed. Gloria Cigman. EETS OS 294 (1989).
lollard
62
41
Love, Nicholas. Mirror of the Blessed Life of Jesus Christ. A critical edition based
on Cambridge University Library Additional MSS 6578 and 6686. Ed. with
introduction, notes and glossary by Michael G. Sargent. Garland Medieval Texts,
18 (New York, London: Garland Publishing, 1992).
mirbles
63
Malory, Syr Thomas, Le Morte D’Arthur. Original edition of William Caxton, ed.
H. Oskar Sommer (London: David Nutt, 1889), 2 vols., vol. 1, pp. 1-406.
malory1
129
Mandeville, John: The Bodley Version of Mandeville's Travels. From Bodleian Ms.
E Musæo 116 with parallel extracts from the Latin text of British Museum Ms.
Royal 13 E. IX, ed. M.C. Seymour. EETS OS 253 (1963).
mandevil
64
Margaret 1: Seinte Marherete, Þe Meiden ant Martyr. Ed. Frances M. Mack
(Oxford/ London: Milford, 1934), pp. 2-54.
MS. Bodley 34.
margabod
65a
Margaret 2: Seinte Marherete, Þe Meiden ant Martyr. Ed. Frances M. Mack
(Oxford/London: Milford, 1934), pp. 3-55.
MS. Royal 17
margaroy
65b
Maria, Life of Saint, in Prosalegenden, ed. Carl Horstmann 1880 (Anglia).
maria
66
Melusine. Compiled (1382-1394) by Jean d'Arras
Englisht about 1500. Ed. A. K. Donald. EETS ES 68 (1895).
melusine
67
Merlin or the early history of King Arthur: a prose romance. Ed. Henry B.
Wheatley. EETS OS 10, 21, 36 (1865-1869), with an introduction by William
Edward Mead 1899 (repr. 1969).
1: merlin1
68,1
2: merlin2
68,2
3: merlin3
68,3
42
Metham, John. John Metham’ Prose Works. Ed. Hardin Craig. EETS OS 132
(1916 for 1906), pp. 83-158.
Palmistry, Garret Ms., pp. 84, 86, etc. to 116.
metpa1
69a
Palmistry, All Souls’ Ms., pp. 85, 87, etc. to 117.
metpa2
69b
Physiologus, All Souls’ Ms., pp. 118-145.
metphys
69c
Christmas Day, Garret Ms., pp. 146-7
metchri1
69d
Christmas Day, All Souls’ Ms, pp. 157-8.
metchri2
69e
Days of the Moon, Garret Ms., pp. 148-156
metmoon
69f
Middle English Prose Complaint of Our Lady and Gospel of Nicodemus, The.
From Cambridge, Magdadene College, MS Pepys 2498, ed. C. William Marx and
Jeanne F. Drennan. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1987, pp.73-129.
compl
123
Middle English Translation of Macer Floridus de Viribus Herbarum, A. Ed. Gösta
Frisk. The English Institute in the University of Upsala, Copenhagen: Ejnar
Munksgaard, 1949, pp. 57-202.
herbarum
115
Mirror of St Edmund, The. In Religious pieces in prose and verse. Ed. from Robert
Thornton's Manuscript (c. 1400) in the Lincoln Cathedral Library by George G.
Perry. EETS OS 26 (1867/1914), pp. 16-50.
mirredm
71
Misyn, Richard, tr. The Fire of Love and the Mending of Life or The Rule of Living
by Richard Rolle, ed. Ralph Harvey. EETS OS 106 (1896).
misfire
72a
mismend
72b
Mittelenglische Originalurkunden (1405- 1430), ed. Hermann Flasdieck.
Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1926.
urkundfl
24
Mittelenglische Originalurkunden, ed. Lorenz Morsbach. Heidelberg: Winter
(1923).
urkundmo
25
43
Myracles of Our Lady, The. From Wynkyn de Worde’s edition, ed. Peter
Whiteford. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1990, pp. 41-73.
myracles
124
Myrc, John, Seven questions to be asked of a dying man. In Instructions for Parish
Priests. Ed. Edward Peacock, F.S.A. From Cotton Ms. Claudius A.II. EETS OS 31
(1868).
myrcseve
70
Myrour to Lewde Men and Wymmen, A. A prose version of the Speculum Vitae, ed.
from B.L. MS Harley 45 by Venetia Nelson. Middle English Texts 14 (Heidelberg:
Winter, 1981).
mirror
73
Order: The Thirde Order of Seynt Franceys for the Brethren and Susters of the
Order of Penitentis, in A Fifteenth-Century Courtesy Book and Two FifteenthCentury Franciscan Rules, edited from a XV Century MS. Formerly in the
Pennant Collection, ed. R.W. Chambers, EETS OS 148 (1914). pp. 43-55.
order
74a
Oseney: The English Register of Oseney Abbey, by Oxford. Written about 1400.
Ed. Andrew Clark. EETS OS 133 (1907).
oseney
75
Paston Letters, The. Ed. James Gairdner. Library Edition, 6 vols. 1904. Repr.
Gloucester: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1986, vols. II to VI (I = Introd.)
paston2 to paston6
76,1-5
Pater Noster of Richard Ermyte, The. A Late Middle English Exposition of the
Lord’s Prayer,ed. F. G. A. M. Aarts, from Westminster School Library MS. 3. The
Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1967, pp. 3-56.
pater
118
Pecock 1: Pecock, Reginald. The Donet. EETS OS 156 (1921 for 1918), repr.
1971. pp. 1-214, Ms. Bodley 216.
pecdon1
77
Pecock 2: Pecock, Reginald. The Folewer to the Donet. EETS OS 164 (1924 for
1923), repr. 1971. pp. 1-227, Ms. Royal 17 D.
pecdon2
78
Pepysian Gospel Harmony, The. Ed. Margery Goates, Ms. Pepys 2498. EETS OS
157 (1922 for 1919).
pepys
102
Peterborough Chronicle 1070-1154, The. Ed. Cecily Clark. From Ms. Bodley
Laud Misc. 636 (London: Oxford UP, 1958; 2nd ed. 1970),
pp. 2-60.
peterbor
91
44
Prynces see Secreta Secretorum
Prose Life of Alexander, The. From the Thornton Ms. Ed. J.S. Westlake. EETS OS
143. (1913 for 1911),
pp. 7-50, 52-115 (= original ME text).
[pp. 1-7, 50-52 (= ModE translation) stored in Innsbruck Varia]
lifealex
104
Register of Godstow Nunnery near Oxford, The English. Written about 1450.
Rawlinson Ms. B. 408 (c.1450). Ed. Andrew Clark. EETS OS 129 (1905; repr.
1971), part I.
reggod1
79
Register of Godstow Nunnery near Oxford, The English. Written about 1450.
Rawlinson Ms. B. 408 (c.1450). Ed. Andrew Clark. EETS OS 129 (1905; repr.
1971), part II.
reggod2
80
Revelations of St. Birgitta, The. Ed. from the fifteenth-century ms. in the Garrett
Collection in the Library of Princeton University by William Patterson Cumming.
EETS OS 178 (1929 for 1928), repr.1987.
birgitta
81
Rolle 1: Yorkshire Writers. Richard Rolle of Hampole. An English father of the
Church and his followers. Ed. C. Horstmann (London, New York: Swan
Sonnenschein, MacMillan, 1895), vol. I.
rollhor1
82
Rolle 2: Richard Rolle of Hampole and his followers. Ed. C. Horstmann
(London/New York: Swan Sonnenschein, Macmillan, 1896), vol. II.
rollhor2a
83a
rollhor2b
83b
Rolle 3: Richard Rolle and the Holy Boke Gratia Dei. An edition with commentary
by Sister Mary Lutz Arntz, S.N.D. Ed. James Hogg (Salzburg: Institut für
Anglistik und Amerikanistik der Universität, 1981).
rollebok
84
Rolle 4: English Prose Treatises of Richard Rolle de Hampole, ed. George G.
Perry. EETS OS 20 (1866, 1921).
rollpros
85
Rolle 5: Richard Rolle of Hampole and His Followers, ed. C. Horstman. London:
Swan Sonnnenschein; New York: Macmillan, 1895, pp. 1-182
rollplus
105
The Rewle of Sustres Menouresses Enclosid, in A Fifteenth-Century Courtesy
Book and Two Fifteenth-Century Franciscan Rules, edited from a XV century MS.
in the Bodleian Library by R.W. Chambers, Bodl. 585. EETS 148 (1914), 81-116.
rule
74b
45
Saint Bartholomew. In Three Lives from the Gilte Legende, from MS B. L. Egerton
876, ed. Richard Hamer. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1978, pp. 7587.
stbarth
127
Saint George. In Three Lives from the Gilte Legende, from MS B. L. Egerton 876,
ed. Richard Hamer. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1978, pp. 65-74.
george
126
Saint Nicholas. In Three Lives from the Gilte Legende., from MS B. L. Egerton
876, ed. Richard Hamer. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, 1978, pp.5164.
nichol
125
Sawles Warde: In Old English Homilies and Homiletic Treatises. First series, parts
I & II. Ed. Richard Morris. From manuscripts in the British Museum, Lambeth,
and Bodleian Libraries. EETS OS 29 & 34 (1867/8), pp. 245-267. MS Bodley 34:
sawleswd
86
Secrete see Secreta Secretorum
Secreta Secretorum, Three Prose Versions of. Ed. Robert Steele. vol. I: Text and
Glossary. EETS ES 74 (1898), repr. 1973.
secrete
87a
govern
87b
prynces
87c
Speculum Christiani, A Middle English Religious Treatise of the 14th Century, ed.
Gustav Holmstedt, MS. Harley 6580. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, pp.2240.
specchri
114
Speculum Sacerdotale, ed. Edward H. Weatherly. BM MS Add. 36791. EETS OS
200 (1936 for 1935),
pp.1-253.
speculum
101
Spheres and Planets. In The Book of Quinte Essence or the Fifth Being; that is to
say, Man's Heaven. Ed. from British Museum MS. Sloane 73 about 1460-70 A.D.
by Frederick J. Furnivall. EETS OS 16 (1866; rev. ed. 1889),
p. 26.
spheres
88
Syon Additions for the Brethren, The, and The Boke of Sygnes from St Paul's
Cathedral Library MS. Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik der
Universität 1980,
pp. 12-133.
syon
89
46
Syon Additions for the Sisters, The, from St Paul's Cathedral Library MS.
Salzburg; ed. James Hogg. Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik der Universität
1980,
pp. 1-206.
syonsist
90
Testament of Love, The. In Walter W. Skeat, ed. Chauceriana and Other Pieces,
London: Oxford University Press, 1897, pp. 1-145.
testlove
106
Three Kings’ Sons. The. Ed. F. J. Furnivall. MS, Harleian 326, EETS Extra Series
67 (1895), pp. 1-207.
threekin
110
Three Middle English Sermons from the Worcester Chapter Manuscript F. 10, ed.
D. M. Grisdale. Leeds: Titus Wilson of Kendal, 1939, pp. 1-80.
sermworc
120
Treatyse of Loue, The. Ed. John H. Fisher. EETS OS 203 (1951; repr. 1970).
tretlove
92
Trevisa, John (?), Methodius: `The Bygynnyng of the World and the Ende of
Worldes'. Ed. Aaron Jenkins Perry. EETS OS 167 (1925 for 1924), part III,
pp. 94-112.
trevmeth
93b
trevmead (Northern version of BM MS Add. 37049)
93c
Trevisa, John, Dialogus inter militem et clericum, ed. Aaron Jenkins Perry. EETS
OS 167 (1925 for 1924).
trevdia
93a
Vices and Virtues. Being a Soul's Confession of its Sins, with Reason's Description
of the Virtues. A Middle-English dialogue of about 1200 A.D. Ed. Ferdinand
Holthausen. From Stowe Ms. 240 of the British Museum. EETS OS 89 (1888).
vices
94
Wenefreda: Prosalegenden. Legende der heiligen Wenefreda. Ed. C. Horstmann.
From Lambeth 306, fol. 188 in Caxton's print 1484. Anglia 3 (1880), 295-320.
wenefr
95
Wheatley Manuscript from British Museum Additional Manuscript 39574, The. Ed.
Mabel Day. EETS OS 155 (1921)
pp. 76-99: Life of Adam and Eve;
p. 100: A Prayer at the Elevation.
wheat
96
47
Wills: Fifty Earliest English Wills in the Court of Probate, London. A.D. 13871439; with a Priest's of 1454. Copied and edited from the Original Registers in
Somerset House, ed. Frederick J. Furnivall, London: Oxford University Press,
1964, pp. 1-134.
wills
128
Wisdom of Solomon, The. In Ratis Raving Ratis Raving and Other Moral and
Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse. Edited from The Cambridge University MS.
KK. 1.5 by J. Rawson Lumby. EETS OS 43 (1870),
pp. 11-25.
solomon
97
Wohunge of Ure Lauerd, The (c1210). In Old English Homilies and Homiletic
Treatises. Series I, parts 1 & 2. Ed. Richard Morris. EETS OS 29 & 34 (18671868),
pp. 269-287.
wohunge
98
Wycliff, The English Works of. Ed. F.D. Matthew. 2nd rev. ed. EETS OS 74
(1880; 1902); in ICAMET split into parts I and II.
wyclif1
99,1
wyclif2
99,2
5.2. List of files arranged by short names
Note: The files in boldface are those that are available only in the full version of
the Innsbruck Middle English Prose Corpus and, thus, not included in the Sampler
on CD-ROM.
name
no.
words
signs
publis
hed
ed.
permis
sion
abbey
1
4,571
19,889
1867 Perry, George
G.
yes
agnus
121
27,412
140,063
1950 Liljegren, S.B.
yes
Harvar
d UP
alpha1
2a
90,250
360,034
1904 Macleod
Banks, Mary
yes
alpha2
2b
90,663
366,800
1904 Macleod
Banks, Mary
yes
48
anccor
3
75,185
313,810
1962 J.R.R. Tolkien
and N.R. Ker
EETS
no
ancgon
4
30,591
132,254
1954 R.M. Wilson
EETS
no
ancnero
5
75,407
321,524
1952 Mabel Day
EETS
no
ancpepy
s
6
77,272
421,913
1976 A. Zettersten
EETS
no
anctit
7
62,713
349,306
1963 Francis M.
Mack
EETS
no
arthunt
112
3,733
26,624
1977 Bror
Danielsson
yes
Almqvi
st & W.
astske
26a
16,838
98,677
1912 Walter W.
Skeat
yes
barthol
103
24,837
103,873
1923/ Norman Moore EETS
1996
yes
birgitta
81
51,949
292,829
1929/ William
1987 Patterson
Cumming
EETS
yeso
boeske
26b
53,076
324,003
1912 Walter W.
Skeat
yes
boke
8
1,880
10,557
1980 James Hogg
yes
Salzbur
g
bookqe
9
9,830
54,860
1889 Frederick J.
Furnivall
yes
EETS
brut1
116
105,94
7
608,766
1906 Friedrich W.D.
Brie
EETS
no
brut2
117
116,49
2
688,109
1908 Friedrich W.D.
Brie
EETS
no
49
capgrav
e
10
87,590
499,101
1983 Peter J. Lucas
EETS
no
caplives
100
58,585
243,691
1910 J.J. Munro
yes
caxtaym
1
11
43,459
599,336
1884 Octavia
Richardson
yes
caxtaym
2
15
94,932
376,038
1885 Octavia
Richardson
yes
caxtblan
16
65,337
370,274
1890 Leon Kellner
yes
caxtcur
17
5,325
28,599
1888 Frederick J.
Furnivall
yes
caxtdial
18
9,388
59,338
1900 Henry Bradley
yes
caxtdoc
19
72,683
306,335
1993 Joseph
Gallagher
yes
Winter
caxteney
20
56,266
329,376
1890 W.T. Culley,
F.J. Furnivall
yes
caxtkni
14
80,078
458,728
1868 Joseph
Rawson
Lumby
yes
caxtpar
21
34,484
178,839
1970 MacEdward
Leach
EETS
yes
caxtpro
1
22a
29,619
161,103
1928/ J.B. Crotch
1973
EETS
no
caxtpro
2
22b
6,087
32,819
1928/ J.B. Crotch
1973
EETS
no
caxtquat
12
26,222
153,367
1975 N.F. Blake
yes
Winter
caxttho
13
4,920
26,359
1900 F.S. Ellis
yes
caxttulle
119
35,995
192,557
1933 Heinz
Susebach
yes
Niemey
er
50
cely
23
90,411
402,332
1975 Alison
Hanham
EETS
no
cloudun
k
27
51,339
277,961
1958 Phylis
Hodgson
EETS
yes
compl
123
13,836
70,063
1987 C. William
Marx and
Jeanne F.
Drennan
yes
Winter
conquest
111
29,794
217,088
1896 Frederick J.
Furnivall
yes
cookery
28
48,007
256,456
1888 Thomas Austin yes
courtesy
29
3,199
17,325
1963 R.W.
Chambers and
W.W. Seton
EETS
yes
craftdye
30
3,390
18,458
1870 J. R Lumby
yes
curyein
g
56
29,704
161,380
1985 Constance B.
Hieatt and
Sharon Butler
EETS
no
danayen
32
104,12
8
396,256
1866 R. Morris
yes
deonise
33
22,633
125,348
1955 Phyllis
Hodgson
EETS
no
dicts
34
58,775
331,945
1961 Curt F. Bühler
EETS
no
doroth
35
1,554
9,314
1880 Carl
Horstmann
yes
equat
122
7,522
37,515
1955 Derek J. Price
yes
CUP
36
11,530
72,007
1989 Margaret S.
Blayney
EETS
yes
famdial
51
fistula
37
40,066
225,271
1910 D'Arcy Power
EETS
no
gaytryge
31
5,446
30,869
1867 George G.
Perry
yes
126
3,028
17,527
1978 Richard Hamer yes
Winter
gestarom
38
134,71
3
564,032
1863 Sir Frederick
Madden
yes
gildmary
39
4,155
25,773
1920 F.J. Furnivall
EETS
yes
gilds
40
83,317
384,882
giltele
41
7,396
42,430
govern
87b
32,911
halibod
42a
halicrit
george
1870 Toulmin Smith yes
1972 N. Blake
Arnold
no
189,089
1898 Robert Steele
yes
9,193
52,290
1922/ F.J. Furnivall
1973
EETS
yes
43
9,200
52,669
1982 Bella Millett
EETS
no
halitit
42b
9,238
52,817
1973 F.J. Furnivall
EETS
yes
herbaru
m
115
37,677
281,600
1949 Gösta Frisk
yes
Munks
gaard
hieron
44
16,809
96,322
1880 Carl
Horstmann
yes
hiltang
109
2,413
13,757
1980 Toshiyuki
Takamiya
yes Jap,
publ,
hiltperf
108
5,130
31,885
1980 Toshiyuki
Takamiya
yes Jap,
publ,
histreyn
45
47,766
250,324
1889 Henry Morley
yes
52
homilbo
d
47
27,517
153,980
1909 A.O. Belfour
yes
homilves
48
60,982
360,442
1918 Rubie D.-N.
Warner
yes
horses
107
9,512
36,218
imita
50
49,382
278,147
52a
7,576
51
juliaroy
1978 Anne Charlotte Almqvi
Svinhufvud
st &W.
yes
1893 John K.
Ingram
yes
41,176
1961 S.T.R.O.
d'Ardenne
EETS
yes
15,151
85,489
1978 Frances Beer
yes
Winter
52b
7,002
38,570
1961 S.T.R.O.
d'Ardenne
EETS
yes
kathroy
53
11,804
79,851
1884 Eugen
Einenkel
yes
kentserm
54
3,996
20,042
1872/ Richard Morris yes
1927
kingsca
m
55a
25,096
142,344
1886 C. Horstmann
yes
kingsroy
55b
24,414
138,258
1886 C. Horstmann
yes
lantlit
57
50,862
286,093
1917 Lilian M.
Swinburn
yes
lapidari
58
36,315
184,263
1933/ Joan
1990 Evans/Mary S.
Serjeantson
EETS
yes
lettchri
59
19,041
103,184
1877 J. B. Sheppard,
M.B.C.S.
yes
liber
60
34,969
185,663
1969 Margaret
Sinclair Ogden
EETS
no
juliabod
julian
53
lifealex
104
45,269
193,022
1971 J.S. Westlake
EETS
yes
lincdoc
61
19,334
114,521
1914 Andrew Clark
yes
lollard
62
96,484
415,844
1989 Gloria Cigman
EETS
no
malory1
129
182,07
1
703,952
1889 H. Oskar
Sommer
yes
mandevi
l
64
25,393
144,639
1963 M.C. Seymour
EETS
yes
margabo
d
65a
8,877
50,110
1934 Frances M.
Mack
yes
Milford
margaro
y
65b
8,818
50,502
1934 Frances M.
Mack
yes
Milford
66
2,468
13,915
1880 Carl
Horstmann
yes
melbla
26c
17,065
76,631
1980 Norman F.
Blake
no
melske
26d
17,837
97,271
1912 Walter W.
Skeat
yes
67
132,36
9
550,157
1895 A. K. Donald
yes
merlin1
68,1
77,431
328,742
1865- Henry B.
69 Wheatley
yes
merlin2
68,2
41,925
584,880
1865- Henry B.
69 Wheatley
yes
merlin3
68,3
101,27
9
435,276
1865- Henry B.
69 Wheatley
yes
metchri1
69a
592
3,577
1916/ Hardin Craig
1973
EETS
yes
metchri2
69b
353
2,207
1916/ Hardin Craig
EETS
maria
melusine
54
1973
yes
metmoo
n
69c
2,981
17,122
1916/ Hardin Craig
1973
EETS
yes
metpa1
69d
5,633
33,775
1916/ Hardin Craig
1973
EETS
yes
metpa2
69e
5,374
32,122
1916/ Hardin Craig
1973
EETS
yes
metphys
69f
9,144
56,465
1916/ Hardin Craig
1973
EETS
yes
mirbles
63
40,480
592,413
1992 Michael G.
Sargent
yes
Garland
mirredm
71
14,395
80,496
1867 George G.
Perry
yes
mirror
73
24,258
491,126
1981 Venetia Nelson yes
Winter
misfire
72a
51,169
278,673
1896 Ralph Harvey
yes
mismend
72b
12,668
69,071
1896 Ralph Harvey
EETS
yes
myracles
124
14,195
82,828
1990 Peter
Whiteford
yes
Winter
myrcsev
e
70
662
3,785
1868 Edward
Peacock,
F.S.A.
yes
nichol
125
4,097
23,220
oehom
49
42,304
235,778
1873 R. Morris
yes
order
74
19,503
110,775
1914/ R.W.
1963 Chambers
EETS
yes
oseney
75
72,770
322,550
1907 Andrew Clark
yes
1978 Richard Hamer yes
Winter
55
paston 2
76,1
85,325
362,350
1904/ James
1986 Gairdner
yes
paston 3
76,2
21,927
503,240
1904/ James
1986 Gairdner
yes
paston 4
76,3
21,453
483,701
1904/ James
1986 Gairdner
yes
paston 5
76,4
99,648
402,209
1904/ James
1986 Gairdner
yes
paston 6
76,5
49,601
285,888
1904/ James
1986 Gairdner
yes
pater
118
28,855
153,118
1967 F. G. A. M.
Aarts
yes
Nijhoff
pecdon 1
77
76,542
334,997
1921 Pecock,
Reginald
EETS
no
pecdon 2
78
30,283
541,149
1921 Pecock,
Reginald
EETS
no
pepys
102
40,333
163,367
1922 Margery
Goates
EETS
no
persbla
26e
30,300
134,479
1980 Norman F.
Blake
no
persske
26d
31,707
174,447
1912 Walter W.
Skeat
yes
peterbor
91
21,955
127,835
1958/ Cecily Clark
1970
OUP
yes
prynces
87c
52,699
318,733
1898 Robert Steele
yes
reggod1
79
62,489
769,129
1905 Andrew Clark
EETS
yes
reggod 2
80
108,67
9
495,079
1905 Andrew Clark
EETS
yes
rollebok
84
35,787
196,956
1981 James Hogg
yes
56
Salzbur
g
rollho2a
83a
66,790
272,801
1895 C. Horstmann
yes
rollho2b
83b
55,195
245,802
1895 C. Horstmann
yes
rollhor1
82
137,28
8
558,249
1895 C. Horstmann
yes
rollplus
105
26,627
140,271
1895 C.
Horstman(n)
yes
rollpros
85
18,275
106,725
1866 George G.
Perry
yes
roodme
46
7,456
38,301
1894 A.S. Napier
yes
74b
15,990
67,978
1914 R.W.
Chambers
EETS
yes
sawlesd
86
4,937
27,147
1867 Richard Morris yes
secrete
87a
16,441
95,628
1898 Robert Steele
yes
sermwor
c
120
33,054
182,940
1939 D. M. Grisdale
yes
ULeeds
solomon
97
6,636
36,136
1870 Rawson
Lumby
yes
specchri
114
31,427
250,880
1930 Gustav
Holmstedt
yes
OUP
speculu
m
101
110,51
3
478,275
1936/ Edward H.
1988 Weatherly
EETS
no
spheres
88
320
1,915
1866 Frederick J.
Furnivall
yes
stbarth
127
3,693
20,940
89
23,701
142,979
rule
syon
1978 Richard Hamer yes
Winter
1980 James Hogg
yes
Salzbur
57
g
syonsist
90
47,297
291,692
1980 James Hogg
yes
Salzbur
g
testlove
106
57,037
345,934
1897 Walter W.
Skeat
yes
threekin
110
107,65
0
707,072
1895 F. J. Furnivall
yes
treatise
113
12,119
67,399
1956 J.P.W.M. Van
Zutphen
yes
inst,
Rome
tretlove
92
44,117
253,748
1970 John H. Fisher
EETS
no
trevdia
93a
6,535
36,382
1925/ Aaron Jenkins
1987 Perry
EETS
yes
trevmea
d
93c
3,476
18,625
1925/ Aaron Jenkins
1987 Perry
EETS
yes
trevmeth
93b
3,674
10,417
1925/ Aaron Jenkins
1987 Perry
EETS
yes
urkundfl
24
9,922
58,533
1926 Hermann
Flasdieck
yes
urkundm
o
25
8,792
54,199
1923 Lorenz
Morsbach
yes
94a
28,569
167,169
1888 Ferdinand
Holthausen
yes
wenefr
95
13,402
72,667
1880 C. Horstmann
yes
wheat
96
9,058
50,451
1921/ Mabel Day
1971
EETS
yes
wills
128
41,532
248,113
1964 Frederick J.
Furnivall
yes
OUP
vices
58
wohunge
98
4,090
20,694
wyclif1
99,1
79,281
342,347
1880 F.D. Matthew
yes
wyclif2
99,2
82,245
444,720
1880 F.D. Matthew
yes
Total
1867 Richard Morris EETS
yes
7.874,5 32.987,707
08
As can be gathered from this survey, the number of files still
covered by copyright and thus not available in this sampler is
anything but negligible, the more so since the unlicenced texts
are generally the longer ones. The files amount to 20 (1.071,438
words) and are the following:
name
no.
words
signs
published
permission
anccor
3
75,185
313,810
1962 EETS no
ancgon
4
30,591
132,254
1954 EETS no
ancnero
5
75,407
321,524
1952 EETS no
ancnero
ancpepys
56
75,407
77,272
321,524
421,913
1952
1976 EETS no
anctit
7
62,713
349,306
1963 EETS no
capgrave
10
87,590
499,101
1983 EETS no
caxtpro 1
22a
29,619
161,103
1973 EETS no
caxtpro 2
22b
6,087
32,819
1973 EETS no
cely
23
90,411
402,332
1975 EETS no
curyeing
56
29,704
161,380
1985 EETS no
59
deonise
33
22,633
125,348
1955 EETS no
dicts
34
58,775
331,945
1961 EETS no
giltele
41
7,396
42,430
1972 Arnold no
halicrit
43
9,200
52,669
1982 EETS no
liber
60
34,969
185,663
1969 EETS no
lollard
62
96,484
415,844
1989 EETS no
melbla
26c
17,065
76,631
1980 Arnold no
persbla
26e
30,300
134,479
1980 Arnold no
speculum
101
110,513
478,275
1936/1988 EETS no
92
44,117
253,748
1970 EETS no
1.071,438
5.214,098
tretlove
sum
6.
Identification and description of files
6.1. The title heading
The main data of the title page of a source book are given before
the text, irrespective of some kind of a title that is presented on
the first page of the edition used.
We have kept our title headings short. Their lines are marked by
both braces {...} and an initial “bybe” (ALT 124), moreover by
underscore hyphens between the words. The headlines contain
the usual bibliographical data including the main manuscript (if
mentioned by the editor on the front page), but over-lengthy
titles are cut short and the layout of the title page in the sourceedition (mid-line justification, different scripts, etc.) is ignored in
favour of a normalised, left-justified format. Here is an example:
60
|b{Dan_Michel's_Ayenbite_of_Inwyt,}
|b{or,_Remorse_of_Conscience.}
|b{In_the_Kentish_Dialect,_1340_A.D.}
|b{Ed._Richard_Morris.}
|b{EETS_23_(1866)}
|b{pp.1-271}
6.2. The parameters (survey)
We have tried to abide by the COCOA header of the Helsinki
Corpus as much as possible, but some of the Helsinki parameters
seemed inappropriate for Middle English prose 25 and a few
others nicely add to the description of an edition's profile. The
overall number of parameters is, however, again 26.
1 <B>
2 <Q>
3 <N>
4 <A>
5 <I>
6 <E>
Book: title and main bibliographical data
Quid: short file name and number
Name of main MS/print
Author: surname + first name/anon/several
Initiating background text: author and work
Extension: size in rounded thousands of words (10k =
'9,500-10,499')
7 <C> Century (accord. to MS): 12/13/14/15)
8 <M> MS or print date (1100+ = '1100-1149'26)
9 <O> Original date of work (marked as in 8)
10 <K> Contemporariness of MS and original: contemp/11 <D> Dialect: N/EM/WM/South/K/London27
25
26
27
The features dropped are: "verse or prose", "social rank of author",
"audience description", "participant relationship" and "page". Instead, we
have added a new parameter: "Hand (scribe): name/several".
Either var, or in blocks of 50 years, from 1100 on to 1500; ‘11001149’ is expressed by 1100+, etc. ‘Around 1400’ (i.e. ‘1375-1424’) is
expressed by -1400+.
Options: Northern (NL, NO), East Midland (EML, EMO); West Midland (WML,
WMO); Southern (SL, SO), Kentish (KL, KO); London. The additional L stands for
LALME as source, O for other sources, usually the edition of the text at issue.
61
12 <V>
13 <T>
14 <G>
15 <F>
Variation of dialect: var/Text type28
“Genuine” or translation: transl/Foreign
precursor
(language):
Lat/French/Scand/Dutch
16 <W> Written or meant to be spoken: written/spoken
17 <X> Author's sex: male/female/var
18 <Y> Young (author's age): -40/40+
19 <Z> Diachronic prototype: expository/instruction, religious
/instruction, secular/narrative, imaginative/narrative,
non- imaginative/statutory
20 <J>
Interactive: interact/-
21 <H> Hand (scribe): name/several
22 <S>
Secondary MSS/prints: name/several
23 <U> Unusual amount of French, Latin, Scand or Dutch
24 <P>
Prosodic markers (mainly accents): prosod/-
25 <L> Length (abbreviations): abbrev/expanded/26 <R> Record (sth. for the): open list
These 26 parameters, to be used for the "Cocoa Headers" (cf
Hickey 2003, 76f.), are similar to, but not identical with, those of
the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts (cf Kytö 1991, 43f.). The
28
Options: Bible; biography of saints; courtesy books; documents/wills/statutes; dream
books; educational fiction; handbook, astronomy; handbook, cooking; handbook,
craft of dressing; handbook, craft of dying; handbook, craft of hunting; handbook,
language; handbook, medicine; handbook, visiting of the sick; handbook, other;
history; law; letters private/official; pamphlets; philosophy; political allegory;
preface/prologue/epilogue; religious, mysticism; religious, treatise; romance; rules;
science, medicine; science, other; sermon (= homily); travelogue; varia (petition,
proclamation).
62
reason for this offence of what has by now become some kind of
a standard (cf Hickey´s use of the parameters for other corpora as
well, such as the Corpus of Early Medical Writing 1375-1750)
simply is the fact that some of the parameters of the Helsinki
Corpus do not make much sense for Middle English texts,
whereas others not used in the Helsinki Corpus were considered
by us to be most informative (e.g. those concerning the
manuscripts). In Hickey´s program “Corpus Presenter” (cf
Hickey 2003) it does not matter what encodings are used for the
parameters as long as the syntax is observed and as long as the
encodings of the parameters added before each text file are
applied consistently. The syntax for line 4 below, for example, is
<A name>; so given that Chaucer is the author the Cocoa header
is <A Chaucer>.
In some cases the letter markers of the parameters are suggestive
of what they stand for, but the principle could not be adhered to
consistently since we had to stick to the Helsinki letters. Note
that the ICAMET Cocoa Headers use the capital letters of the
Helsinki Corpus in a different order and, in some cases, with a
different sense (see below).
6.3. The reference codes in detail
(a) ID
The first four parameters identify the file: by the short name of
the file -- up to eight letters -- , by the numerus currens of the
Innsbruck Prose Corpus, the main manuscript that the source
edition is based on, and finally the author(s). Authors' names are
given first by surname, then by first name. Two or more authors'
63
names are separated by a semicolon. When unknown, the
author's name is given as "anon" (for anonymous). "several"
means that there are two or more anonymous authors or more
than two known authors.
(b) Intertextuality and size
Parameter 5 takes account of the well-known fact that medieval
works are usually based on previous works, with formal
variation and skill being more important than topical originality.
With a term of recent modern theory this could be called
"intertextuality". Parameter 6 gives the number of words rounded
up in thousands (represented by "k").
(c) Time
In parameter 7 the optional figures are 12 to 15 (for the 12th to
15th century). Parameter 8 refers to the exact manuscript or print
date of the source text if known, otherwise to the 50-year period
concerned, from 1100-1149 on to 1450-1500. Parameter 9 pays
attention to the assumed time of the creation of a work, with time
again measured in 50-year phases.
Parameter 10 interprets parameters 8 and 9 compared. In view of
the vagueness of many medieval dates, contemporariness is
defined with a tolerance of 50 years.
(c) Dialect
Parameters 11 and 12 refer to dialect. The dialect is defined,
widely in line with the dominant conventions and the
abbreviations used and explained by Kytö (1993, 50), as one of
the following options:
dialect
abbreviation
64
------------------------------------East Midland
EML/EMO
West Midland WML/WMO
Northern
NL/NO
Southern
SL/SO
London
LondonL/LondonO
Kentish
KL/KO
unknown
x
Table 14: Dialect abbreviations in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus
In the preceding abbreviations the final "L" stands for LALME,
"O" for other sources than LALME. LALME is the acronym for A
Linguistic Atlas of Late Medieval English by Angus McIntosh,
M.L. Samuels and Michael Benskin. Aberdeen: Aberdeen
University Press (1986).
Parameter 12 asks for traces of additional dialects beyond the
dominant one.
(d) Text type and foreign background
The fourth group of parameters (13-16) first refers to text type.
We have distinguished the following types (in alphabetical
order):
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
Bible
biography of saints
courtesy book
documents/wills/statutes
dream book
educational
fiction
handbook, astronomy
handbook, cooking
handbook, craft of dressing
handbook, craft of dying
handbook, craft of hunting
65
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
handbook, language
handbook, medicine
handbook, visiting of the sick
handbook, other
history
law
letters private/official
pamphlets
philosophy
political allegory
preface/prologue/epilogue
religious, mysticism
religious, treatise
romance
rules
science, medicine
science, other
sermon (homily)
travelogue
varia: petition, proclamation
Table 15: Text types in the Innsbruck Prose Corpus
By parameter 14 we mean the alternative of the source text to be
originally written in Middle English or to be a translation. The
option "transl" also includes fairly autonomous transfers from a
foreign language into Middle English. If the text is a nontranslated original, this is expressed by "-".
In the next parameter (15) reference can also be made to several
languages, for example: Latin; French; Scand; Dutch.
By the parameter features of 16 we mean the question whether
the source text has an exclusively written or traces of a spoken
style. As a third option, the two terms can also be combined.
(e) Author's specifics (17 and 18)
The options are: for sex: male, female or var (i.e. variant, when
several authors are involved); for age: -40, 40+ and var (if
several authors are involved).
66
(f) Characteristics of texts (19-21)
The diachronic prototype (19) is defined as one of the following
options:
expository
instruction, religious
instruction, secular
narrative, imaginative
narrative, non-imaginative
statutory
The last parameter of the group (21: "Hand") identifies the scribe
if there is only one, or otherwise the main scribe. If with two or
more scribes ranking is not possible, this is marked by “several”.
(g) Additional descriptive features (22-26)
On the basis of what has been said so far in this subchapter
(6.3.), the additional parameters 22-26 are in the main selfexplanatory, except perhaps for two points:
(1) An "unusual amount" of Latin or French (or other
languages) in parameter 23 is defined by the length of six or
more continuous lines in the foreign language occurring at
least once.
(2) The other parameters of this group are based on occasional
observations and merely meant to encourage further
research. Of course, the answers given within these
parameters do not aim or claim to be conclusive. In the case
of parameter 25, which raises the question of the use of
abbreviations or contractions, I am aware that the Innsbruck
67
Prose Corpus, like many of the edited texts that it is based
on, are unreliable sources, since abbreviated spellings have
often been normalised. The parameters “abbrev” and
“expanded” are meant to encourage scholars in the cases
concerned to go back to the manuscripts rather than to fully
rely on the mixed practices of the editions.
Note: In all parameters, "don't know" is marked by "x". Vague or
hypothetical information is signalled by an added question
mark.
7.
Final remarks concerning accessibility of the
corpus
While I naturally regret that the Innsbruck Prose Corpus has not
been allowed to be presented for the international community of
researchers on the Internet, I am happy now to present what has
been allowed for distribution on this CD-ROM. I would,
however, like to inform researchers that the full corpus is readily
accessible "to colleagues at Innsbruck". Whoever is interested in
using it to the full is cordially invited to get in touch. For details
about contact and the conditions of staying in Innsbruck as a
68
researcher in residence of the Department of English Studies see
the
website
of
the
ICAMET
projects
under
ICAMET/availability:
www2.uibk.ac.at/fakultaeten/c6/c609/projects/.
References
Abbreviationes n.y. (ca. 1995), ed. Olaf Pluta, Institut für Philosophie, RuhrUniversität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum.
Day, Mable ed. 1952. The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle, ed. from Cotton Nero
A. XIV, EETS OS 225.
Dobson, E.J. ed. 1972. The English text of the Ancrene Riwle, ed. from B.M.
Cotton MS. Cleopatra C.VI, EETS OS 267.
Hickey, Raymond 2003. Corpus Presenter. Software for Language Analysis, with
a manual and A Corpus of Irish English as sample data. Amsterdam:
John Bernjamins Publishing Company.
Kytö, Merja 1993. Manual to the diachronic part of The Helsinki Corpus of
English Texts. Coding conventions and lists of source texts. 2nd
edition. Helsinki: Department of English, University of Helsinki.
Kytö, Merja, Matti Rissanen, and Susan Wright eds. 1994. Corpora across the
centuries. Proceedings of the First International Colloquium on
English Diachronic Corpora. St Catharine's College Cambridge,
25-27March 1993. Atlanta: Rodopi.
Lalme: Mclntosh, Angus; M.L. Samuels; Michael Benskin eds. 1986, LALME: A
Linguistic Atlas of Late Middle English, 4 vols, Aberdeen:
Aberdeen University Press.
Markus, Manfred 1990. Mittelenglisches Studienbuch. UTB Große Reihe.
Tubingen: Francke.
Markus, Manfred 1994. "The concept of ICAMET (Innsbruck Computer
Archive of Middle English Texts)." In Kytö et al. eds. 1994.
Corpora across the centuries. 41-52.
Markus, Manfred 1997. “Normalisation of Middle English prose: possibilities
and limits”. In Corpus-Based Studies in English. Papers from the
Seventeenth International Conference on English Language
Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 17), Stockholm, May
69
15-19, 1996. Ed. Magnus Ljung. Amsterdam/Atlanta, GA: Rodopi.
pp. 211-226.
Markus, Manfred 1999. Manual of ICAMET (Innsbruck Computer Archive of
Machine-Readable English Texts). Innsbrucker Beiträge zur
Kulturwissenschaft, Anglistische Reihe, vol 7. Innsbruck:
Leopold-Franzens-Universität.
Morton, James ed. 1853. The Ancrene Riwle, Camden Society, 57.
Rainer, Eva Maria 1989. Das Perfekt im Spatmittel- und Fruhneuenglischen:
eine Frequenz- und Funktionsanalyse anhand von Brieftexten.
Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft, Anglistische Reihe 2
Innsbruck. Institut für Anglistik.
Robinson, Peter 1990. "COLLATE: A Program for Interactive Collation of
Manuscripts." Old English Newsletter 24:27-31.
Robinson, Peter 1994. Collate 2: A user guide. Oxford: Oxford University
Computing Services.
Tolkien, J.R.R., ed. 1962. The English text of the Ancrene Riwle, ed. from MS.
Corpus Christi College Cambridge 402, intr. by N.R. Ker, EETS 249
(1962 for 1960).
Wright, Laura 1996. Sources of London English Medieval Thames
Vocabulary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
End of file