Title:
SCOPING STUDY OF CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES AND
CHALLENGES FACING MOZAMBIQUE AND MAPUTO
CITY
Prepared by:
Paulo Junior
Email: pconceicaojr@gmail.com ; jr.conceicao.paulo@gmail.com
To:
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)
C/O UNDP Country Office in Maputo
Rua Francisco Barreto 322 - PO Box 4595
Phone: +258 21 481 481 Fax: +258 21 491 691
Maputo – Mozambique
Project:
SUD-Net Cities in Climate Change Initiative (CCCI)
Country:
Mozambique
1
OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................................................. 3
1
THE VULNERABILITY OF MAPUTO TO CLIMATE CHANGE ............................................. 3
1.1
1.2
2
CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PLANS ............................ 9
2.1
2.2
2.3
3
BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 3
WHY MAPUTO IS VULNERABLE TO CLIMATE CHANGE? ................................................................ 4
AT NATIONAL LEVEL ................................................................................................................... 9
AT SECTORAL LEVEL ..................................................................................................................12
AT LOCAL AND CITY LEVEL ........................................................................................................14
CLIMATE CHANGE RESPONSE ACTION PLAN .....................................................................16
3.1
3.2
THE ADAPTATION PROCESS ........................................................................................................16
POTENTIAL AREAS FOR MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION MEASURES ............................................18
4
EXISTING METHODS AND TOOLS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY AND
IDENTIFICATION OF FUTURE BENEFITS AND RISKS ..................................................................19
4.1
UH-HABITAT METHODS, TOOLS AND EXPERIENCES IN MOZAMBIQUE ......................................19
5
LOCAL GOVERNANCE / HUMAN SETTLEMENTS POLICIES AND PRACTICES, IN
PARTICULAR STATE OF DECENTRALIZATION AND HOUSING AND SHELTER POLICIES,
WHICH WOULD BE RELEVANT FOR THE PROJECT. ...................................................................20
5.1
6
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOCUS ISSUES FOR THE CCCI PROJECT ...............................................20
AN OVERVIEW OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS ..............................................................................21
6.1
BRIEF SWOT ANALYSIS OF STAKEHOLDERS THAT SEEM MOST APPROPRIATE AS COUNTERPART
ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................................21
7
PROPOSED FUTURE ACTION PLAN ..........................................................................................23
8
REFERENCES AND CONSULTED DOCUMENTS.....................................................................28
2
Objective
The main objective of this scoping study is to undertake a quick desk review of climate
change issues and challenges facing Mozambique at national and Maputo city levels
focusing on existing climate change policies, strategies, activities, tools, training
facilities, and information networks. Due to the limited time frame of this scope study the
National Consultant has used and compiled pre-analyzed climate change, hazard and
vulnerability information where possible from the legal, scientific sources, as well as
from practical points of views.
1 The Vulnerability of Maputo to climate change
Vulnerability is defined by the IPCC as "the degree, to which a system is susceptible to,
or unable to cope with adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability
and extremes. In this respect vulnerability is seen as the function of the character,
magnitude and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity and
its adaptive capacity”1.
From several evidences of the Maputo vulnerability, one of them is demonstrated by
these remarkable words:
“Our houses are built in low areas. We have no place to take shelter when the flood
starts. The house owners do not help us to drain out water from our houses. People use
buckets to remove water themselves. Though water has just gone, the real disaster has
just begun. That is diseases.” - Residents of Mafalala in Maputo, Mozambique2
1.1 Background
Mozambique is located in Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between
South Africa and Tanzania. Given the geographic location, the country is a highly
vulnerable to natural disaster – in particular those of hydro-meteorological origin. The
climatic regime has two well-defined seasons: a dry season, usually from June to
September; and a wet season, from October to April.
Maputo City is the Capital of Mozambique. Its population is about 1.2 millions
inhabitants according to Preliminary data of 2007 Census Population, INE (2008).
However due to their close interconnectivity and mutual dependence, it’s recommended
to take in consideration the Greater Maputo, which should include Matola city distant 20
km SW of Maputo city center. It has a population of about 0.6 millions inhabitants. In
total it means up to 1.8 million inhabitants.
Matola compriss basically 3 main areas: Machava with 224,606 inhabitants, Infulene
with 236,695 inhabitants and Matola city center itself with 223,449 inhabitants.
The same consideration was adopted by the Program Document on Sustainable
Consumption and Production in Maputo and Matola cities (Programa Sustentável de
Produção e Consumo para as Cidades de Maputo e Matola) prepared by Mozambique
National Cleaner Production Centre (Centro Nacional de Produção Mais Limpa3
CNPML, 2007)3 with support of UNEP and of UNIDO in collaboration with the private
sector through the Business Forum for Environment (FEMA) under coordination of the
Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA) and the Ministry of
Industry and Commerce (MIC).
In the last 25 years, a sequence of droughts and floods has been registered disrupting the
country’s social and economic development. Droughts were recorded in the following
periods: 1981-1984, 1991-1992 and 1994-1995; and floods 1977-1978, 1985, 1988 and
1999-2000. In particular, the amounts of rainfall during the 1999-2000 wet seasons were
extraordinarily high and the flood had devastating consequences. During the months of
February to March 2000 a combination of torrential rains and tropical cyclones caused
the most devastating floods in the history of Mozambique that caused the death of 700
people and damage assessed in 600 million dollars.4
The enormous physical consequences of climate change events in urban areas and the
huge financial cost of relief efforts, compared to prevention, makes climate change
adaptation measures a necessity for sustainable development. To facilitate the knowledge
of all issues facing climate change in urban areas, an efficient and strategic attention is
needed.
1.2 Why Maputo is vulnerable to climate change?
By their nature Coastal zones are particularly affected by climate change events like sea
level rise, cyclones, earthquake, and other natural hazards. Moreover Maputo is located in
the coastal zone of Southern African and southeast of Mozambique. It is the major City
of Mozambique with a relatively high density. According to McBean and Henstra (2003),
high population density in urban areas means more people and property at risk.5
African cities are undergoing rapid population growth (more than 3.5 percent per year)
accompanied by consequent rapid development pressure, namely high demand for
housing and infrastructure.6 From the Table 1 below, we can see how the population of
Maputo City is growing comparing data from the official population census.
On other side the predicted sea-level rise related to the global warming (UNEP, 2001)7
may again result in a flooding of the lowest areas around the Coastline of Maputo,
including parts heavily populated. This conclusion is supported by the Mozambique
National Adaptation Action Plan to Climate Change (NAPA).
According to the Holocene Evolution Study of Maputo bay the reconstruction of
palaeoshorelines in the Maputo Bay, its complete picture patterns with its modern
sedimentary environments including Inhaca Island may have evolved when the sea level
has stood close to its present level around 7000 – 5000 years BC, after which the Maputo
Bay became more or less stable.8
4
Table 1 The population of Maputo distributed by seven (7) Municipal districts
Municipal
District Nº
1997 Census
Population
2007 Census
Population
Difference
1997:2007
(Preliminary Data)
1
2
3
4
5
6 (Catembe)
7 (Inhaca Island)
Total
154,284
162,750
210,551
228,244
211,008
15,853
4,672
987,362
108,353
155,264
224,181
289,864
293,716
19,605
3,956
1,094,939
-45,931
-7,486
+13,630
+61,620
+82,708
+3,752
-716
+107,577
Source: Statistics National Institute, National Directorate of Census and Inquiries (INE, 2008)9
The current generation of climate models indicates that global average precipitation
would increase in a warmer climate, namely by about 1-2 percent per degree of
warming.10 This is due to increased evaporation which leads to increased precipitation. A
warmer atmosphere as a result of global warming can hold more moisture before
becoming saturated.11
Figure 1 Precipitation and Temperature data of Maputo City
Source: INAM, data compiled based on normal values from 1971-2000. www.inam.gov.mz
Therefore, the combination of high population density of Maputo and the season relation
episode, where cool climates are associated with dry episodes and warm climates are
associated with wet episodes, increase risk and vulnerability of occurring different severe
impacts on people and property, in relation to each climate change event.
In cities, climate change extreme events will negatively impact water, sewage, and
energy distribution and transportation systems. They will damage buildings, urban trees
5
and green spaces. They will increase illness and deaths in vulnerable populations, see
Table2.
Table 2 Sectors and zones of Maputo vulnerable to climate change events
Sector or zone
Climate
Impact or effect could be
change event
Tropical
Damage to coastal infrastructure, dunes, beaches,
cyclones
and other natural features
Increased erosion or damage to coastal
Coastal zone
infrastructure, dunes, beaches, and other
and ecosystems
natural features
Sea level rise Loss of coastal wetlands and other coastal habitats
and storm flow Increased costs for maintenance and expansion of
coastal erosion control (natural or man-made)
Saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers
Increased risk of pollution from coastal hazardous
waste sites
Reduced effectiveness of sea walls
Transportation
Variations
of Increased road surface and bridges damage
Temperature,
Increased
maintenance
requirements
for
Heavy
roadside/pavement
precipitation
Wetlands
and Heavy
Increased risk of flooding
urban agriculture precipitation
Heavy
Dry Crop failures, water scarcity, drying of water
season
reservoirs and demand for water irrigation.
Increased risk of loss habitat (mangroves), salt
intrusion
Tropical
Loss of households
cyclones
Settlements,
Heavy
Loss of households
Housing
and precipitation,
Need for new or upgraded flood control and,
Infrastructure
erosion control structures
Landslides, road washouts, and flooding
Increased demands on storm water management
systems and sewer overflows
Sea level rise
Reduced effectiveness of sea walls
Health,
food Heavy
Increase in vector-born diseases ( malaria, cholera)
security
and precipitation
Waste
n/a
Need or demand for new collection system and
Management
Management
6
Figure 2 Maputo (with its 7 Municipal Districts) and Matola Cities.
7
Figure 3 The actual Maputo City Administrative Layout
Source: Maputo Minicipal Urban Structure Plan – Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Municipio de Maputo (PEUMM), 2008
8
2 Climate change response policies, strategies and plans
The national policies, strategies and plans constitute the main guidelines for economic development of the country. For the purpose of
this scoping study of climate change issues and challenges facing Maputo City, the following documents have been reviewed taking
into consideration 3 defined levels: national, sector and city local.
2.1
At National level
Table 3 Brief overview of National Policies and Strategies
Policy/strategy
Main
Objectives/Vision/Mission
 Transform Mozambique in
an enterprising and
continuously successful
country by 2025
Priority Actions/strategies or
activities
 Human Capital
 Social capital
 Economic Development
 Governance
Correlation with Urban
Climate Change in general
 Does not give special
attention to CC in urban
areas.
 Brings the view of how
human settlement should
be considered.
Relevance
to
SUD-Net
CCCI
 CCCI appear as an
opportunity to complement
and fulfill the gaps of the
Agenda.
Absolute Poverty
Reduction Action Plan –
Plano de Acção para a
redução da pobreza
absoluta (2006-2009)
(PARPA II)
(Approved by the GOM,
2006)13
 Reduce the incidence of
poverty from 54% in 2003
to 45% in 2009.
 Governance
 Human capital
 Economic Development
 Does not give special
attention to CC in urban
areas.
 Natural disasters and
Urban zones are treated as
transversal issues
 Does not correlate directly
to CC in urban areas
 Poverty in urban areas at
some stage its a
consequence of CC,
specially in Maputo
 CCCI appear as an
opportunity to complement
and fulfill the gaps of the
strategy.
National Adaptation
Action Plan to Climate
Change (NAPA) –
Programa de Acção
Nacional para a
Adaptação
Às Mudanças Climáticas
(Approved by the GOM,
2007)14
 To present clearly and in
simple way, the country
immediate and urgent
necessities identified during
the participative assessment
process where, its
implementation will
increase the national
capacity to deal with
 Reinforcement of the
warming system for natural
disasters prevention,
 Reinforcement the rural
agriculture producers to deal
with the effects of climate
change
 Reduce the impacts related
to climate change in the
 Does not give special
attention to CC in urban
areas.
 It can be used as general
starting source point to
design a National Urban
CC strategy and Action
Plan, based on Maputo
case study.
Agenda 2025 (Adopted in
November 2003)12
9
climate change.
Mozambique
Environmental Strategic
for Sustainable
Development – Estratégia
Ambiental para o
Desenvolvimento
Sustentável de
Moçambique (Approved
by the GOM, 2007)15
 To Create in Mozambique a
common vision for a sage
environmental
management, guiding to a
sustainable development in
order to contribute to
poverty eradication based
on principles of the Agenda
21 and NEPAD.
 To establish a direction
from which all stakeholders
(including NGO’s, private
sector, scientific academic
community, civil society
and other international
partners) will follow up in
their development
programs.
Master Plan for
Prevention and
Mitigation of Natural
Disasters – Plano Director
para Prevenção e
Mitigação das
 Complement the Absolute
Poverty Reduction Action
Plan (PARPA) and fill up
the government sectoral
strategies gaps
implementing actions
Coastal Zones
 Improvement the
management of water basin
resources
 Capacity building for
implementation of strategies
including establishment of
goals at national and local
level to achieve integrated
management and protection
of natural resources and
ecosystems.
 Create institutions with
technical capacity for urban
planning, development of
infrastructures, waste
management, and water and
sanitation services.
 Strengthen the country
capacity to measure, reduce
and evaluate the
environmental pollution
including impact on health
and climate change and
provide technical and
financial support.
 Keep population growth
within the limit of
socioeconomic goals and
sustainable development
objectives.
 Water balance which
includes the analysis of
Water reserves and water
uses, Reforestation
 Food and Nutritional
 Does refers to urban
environment but not in
particular to climate
change in urban areas
(point 3.2 of the strategy)
 Climate change issues are
discussed from
Atmospheric Pollution
point of view. Regarding
this, it addresses a range of
actions to be implemented
in order to fulfill the
government UNFCCC
compromises and terms.
 It can be used as general
starting source point to
draw up a National Urban
CC Action Plan, based on
Maputo case study.
 CCCI appear as an
opportunity to complement
and fulfill the gaps of the
strategy.
 1:1.000.000 Mapping of
arid zones for planning &
monitoring
 Inventory of existing
conservations agricultural
 Does not give special
attention to CC in urban
areas.
 CCCI can learn, share and
adopt some useful
10
Calamidades Naturais
(Approved by the GOM,
2006)16
related to risk management,
vulnerability reduction,
prevention and mitigation
of natural disasters
 The policy includes: the
development of flood
warning systems and the
recognition of effective
disaster management as a
key component of both
poverty reduction and
achieving the Millennium
Development Goals.
Rebalance covering: Food
Security and seed provision ,
Investigation and extension
of crop species with very
short growth cycle period
and tolerant to drought,
Domestication of non
conventional crop species,
Adoption and dissemination
of other industrial crop
species and Development of
non agriculture activities
with economic value
 Emergency management and
resources related: will
require the existence of
promptitude, decentralized
management system, rescue
and aid capacity and
recovering support to
normal life after disaster
practices and agro
floristries in the country
(with priority to local
practices) and other arid
zones of the world.
 Introduction of
conservations agricultural
practices
 Introduction of agricultural
practices using local
species tolerant to drought
 Adoption and
implementation of the
local land use planning
experiences used by INGC
and their partners in rural
areas to apply in urban
context.
11
2.2 At Sector level
Table 4 Brief overview of Sector Strategies
Policy/strategy
Water Policy – Politica de
Aguas)
(Resolution nº 46/2007 of
the GOM, 2007)17
National Water
Resources management
Strategy – Estratégia
Nacional de Gestão de
Recursos Hídricos
(Approved by the GOM,
2007)18
National Energy Strategy
– Estratégia de Energia
(Resolution nº 24/2000 of
the GOM, 2000)19
Main
Objectives/Vision/Mission
 The Vision: to have
available water resources in
quantity and quality for the
actual and future
generations in order to use
for sustainable
development, poverty
reduction and promoting
peace and well being, and
minimize the negatives
impacts of floods and
droughts .
 Develop an effective and
integrated management of
water resources that
contribute to socioeconomic
development
Priority Actions/strategies
activities

or
Correlation with Urban
Climate Change in general
 It provides the need of
improvement of the water
drainage system and
infrastructures,
considering the impacts
created by floods in
urban areas like soil
erosion.
Relevance
CCCI

 Promote the expansion of
access to energy sources in
the context of efficient
utilization and
environmental protection
to
SUD-Net
 Build capacity for water
resources management
 Develop infrastructures for
water supply and sanitation
services
 Develop a framework for
integrated management
 Promote the adoption of policies
for sustainable use of water
resources different uses.
 It discuss and define how
should be done the
management of floods in
general but does not
specify in urban areas.
 Potential for the CCCI
analysis of climate
change impacts in water
supply and water quality
to the Maputo City.
 Ensure low cost energy supply
 Increase energy availability for
domestic sector
 Promote reforestation in order to
increase biomass fuel
availability
 Strengthen institutional capacity
of relevant stakeholders
 Does not specify energy
issues related to urban
climate change
 Relevant for elaboration
of adaptation measures
with impact on energy
saving in urban areas,
reforestation of urban
and peri-urban areas.
12

Teritoril Ordaining
Policy – Politica de
Ordenameto Territorial
( Resolution n.º18/2007 of
GOM)20
 Create a legal framework
for urban development of
the country.





involved in energy supply in
order to improve their
performance
Promote development and use
of renewable energy (solar,
wind and bio-fuels)
Ensure people’s right access to
land and its resources
Re-qualification of urban soil
degraded due to emergency
occupation
Identification and valorization
of the socio-economic and
cultural activities of rural
population
Protect ecological quality and
fertility of forestry soils, water
resources and sea
Develop a legal framework that
optimizes the management of
natural resource and its use and
access.
 Does not specify urban
climate change issues
 Relevant as reference to
urban issues
13
2.3 At Local and city level
Table 5 Brief overview of local and city level strategies
Policy/strategy
Main Objectives
Maputo Municipal
Development Program –
Programa de
Desenvolvimento
Municipal de
Maputo (PROMAPUTO)
(Aproved by CMM,
2006)21
 To improve the quality of life
of citizens and provide a three
phase development strategy
framework for the period
2007-2016.
 The objective for Phase I is to
strengthen the CMM's
institutional and financial
capacity to support
achievement of long-term
service delivery goals, and to
implement selected priority
investments
 To implement and improve
the system of Municipal Solid
waste (MSW) collection and
its economic component
 Adopt the polluter/pay
Principle
 Develop a sustainable System
Achieve based in cost/revenue
Maputo City Waste
Management Strategy –
Estratégia de Gestão de
Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos
na Cidade de
Maputo
(September 2006)22
Maputo Minicipal Urban
Structural Plan – Plano
de Estrutura Urbana do
Municipio de Maputo
(PEUMM) (approved by
CMCM, 2008)23
An instrument of City Planning
or arrangement that reflect its
organization philosophy
through the following
orientation:
 Define the spatial vision and
strategic priorities of the city
 Identify priorities areas for
public investment
 Establish the base from which
Priority Actions/strategies or
activities
 Governance: Ensure strategic,
efficient and participative
Municipal management
 Municipal finance: Improve the
revenue system and promote
efficient expenditure
 Planning and Improvement of
services delivers: urban and
planning services;
infrastructures services and;
quality and coverage of
Municipal Solid Waste
Management services
 Phase 1: Develop the
institutional capacity for MSW
collection in urban area
 Phase 2: Expansion of the
services to peri-urban areas
 Phase 3: Achieve a sustainable
system of MSW Management
 Re-ordaining of the informal
(slums) neighborhoods
 Recover land for all social
activities, services and public
equipments
 Increase the occupation of city
land where the conditions are
 preserve free land for the
ecological equilibrium and
Correlation with Urban
Climate Change in general
 Climate change its not part
in specific but some actions
in are related to mitigation
of urban climate change
effects: the improvement of
services provider like
rehabilitation of urban
infrastructures ( roads,
drainage pluvial water
system, coastline protection
barrier)
Relevance to SUDNet CCCI
 It clearly relevant to
CCCI as guidance
policy for any
intervention in
Maputo City.
 Does not correlate directly
to urban climate change in
general but indirectly yes,
because the way you
manage municipal solid and
waste, you will increase or
decrease the row of material
(solid and waste) in the city
during rain season.
 Essential planning
instrument of Maputo City
which:
 identify sensitive areas
within Maputo Municipality
vulnerable to climate
change extreme events
 gives the direction for any
urban development program
intervention even related to
 Potential to develop
sustainable CDM’s
solutions for
Municipal Solid and
Waste Management.
 Strongly relevant to
CCCI program
14
Sustainable Consumption
and Production for
Maputo and Matola
Cities – Programme
Document – Consumo e
Produção Sustentável
para as Cidades de
Maputo e Matola (2007)
the municipals in charge
would use to solve problems
based on principles and not in
personal opinions.
 Provide clear direction to
private initiative
 Establish a simple and
systematic process of the
necessary data collection and
analyzes to permanent
planning
ensure the environmental quality
 Establishment of the necessary
conditions for transit flow and
mobility
 Promote the construction of
social houses
 Promote and facilitate the
development of urban
agriculture
 promote urban diversification of
activities and functions,
avoiding the suburbanization
and spatial segregation of the
lower communities
 Reduce the social asymmetry
and privileges during the
location of land for
infrastructures net, services and
equipments.
SCP is a follow up of the
African Ten Year Framework
Programme on Sustainable
Consumption and Production in
Africa that:
 Identify the key priorities that
could be undertaken under the
thematic areas of energy,
water, urban development,
and industrial development.
 Water and sanitation
 Energy efficiency and
sustainable energy
 Urban development and
infrastructure
CC
 Does not specify issues
related to urban climate
change
 The methodologies
used for assessment
could be usefully to
CCCI
15
3 Climate Change Response Action Plan
Adaptive capacity represents the ability of a society to reduce vulnerability; thus the
strengthening of adaptive capacity should be targeted at the most vulnerable groups and
territories. There is a general agreement on the need to move away from top-down
implementation and centralized planning towards building adaptation capacity and
resilience at the ground level. To achieve this requires enhancing the capacity of local
actors in a specific area to mitigate the effects of climate change extreme events and
recover from their effects.
According to Rosenzweig, 2003 key questions related to climate adaptation research
needs are: What is response capacity and capability in urban areas to climate? What
conditions make particular sites, people, and systems in urban areas more vulnerable than
others? How can these sites, people, and systems be made less vulnerable?24
Before to engage on designing a climate change adaptation strategy for Maputo City it is
important to start with a systematic assessment system of the impacts. Because
comprehensive impact assessments examine not only how climate change is likely to
affect the natural environment and physical infrastructure of an urban region, but also
trace likely economic impacts on municipal operations and on the city’s economy, as well
as social impacts on vulnerable populations.25 The most important steps of this process
are expressed in the figure 2.
3.1 The Adaptation Process
Figure 4 The adaptation process
16
Source: Clean Air Partnership, 2007. Cities Preparing for Climate Change, A Study of Six Urban Regions.
(Figure 1 The Adaptation process, pp.6)
Awareness and Engagement of Stakeholders (AES): for Maputo city scoping study, the
result of brief consultations and interviews with key people from the Ministry of
Coordination of Environments Affairs - (MICOA), Maputo City Municipality Council –
CMM, National Institute for Disasters Management – INGC, Meteorology National
Institute – INAM shows the evidence of strong engagement to CCCI initiative. However
further comprehensive consultation process is needed to identify
Climate Change Impacts and Assessment (CCIA): From the present scoping study
experience, because of lack of specific data and information related to Maputo city
climate change further investigation process its crucial in order to identify adaptation
measures applicable and compatible with Maputo reality. It means that CCIA is needed
covering the followed steps:
 Review and analysis of existing data on climate change and its likely impacts
for Maputo City;
 Identification of priority impacts for further investigation and action;
 In-depth studies of specific vulnerable sectors (e.g. coastal zones, wetlands,
water, energy, health);
 Assessment of the potential costs of climate impacts (may be derived from case
studies of recent extreme weather events).
Planning for Adaptation Action (PAA): The above overview analysis of the related
policies, strategies and plans shows clearly how urban climate change issues are not well
integrated at all levels: National, sectoral and city local level. Consequently it is
important to bring the urban CC dimension under the table at simple and understandable
for all stakeholders specially our decision-makers. Adaptive options are not well
systematize despite the fact of isolated adaptation option implemented (or in on-going
process of implementation) in the rural areas.
17
Tacking Adaptation Action (TAA): It means the establishment of institutional
mechanisms to guide the adaptation processes: (Who and How?); the formulation of
policies and/or modification of existing policies to fulfil gaps; the precise incorporation
of adaptation in programs and projects. This phase require a well coordination of the key
stakeholders in order to guarantee the functioning of institutional mechanisms to caring
out new or modify existing policies. Implementation of demonstrative adaptation projects
or programmes its essential as pilot climate change adaptation measures.
3.2 Potential areas for Mitigation and Adaptation measures
The potential areas where mitigation and adaptation measures could be applicable in
urban and peri-urban zones of Maputo City include:
 Water and sanitation
 Urban solid and waste management,
 Transportation versus air pollution,
 Use of renewable energy,
 Shelter and housing development,
 Coastal zones of Maputo,
 Biomass and urban agriculture,
 Management of flooded and vulnerable areas and,
 Development and planning of urban infrastructures.
Table 6 Preliminary list of potential areas and level of priority for intervention of
pilot programs or projects
Potential areas
Level of priority
Key
to intervention
Type of Measures
Stakeholders
programs
involvement
Maputo
Water, sanitation and
Mitigation,
Municipality,
health
High
Urban solid and waste
management
High
Urban Transportation
Air pollution
Low
Use of renewable energy
Shelter and housing
development
Mitigation
Mitigation
Medium
Adaptation,
Mitigation
High
Adaptation,
Mitigation
Coastal zones of Maputo
Biomass and urban
High
Mitigation,
Adaptation
Medium
Adaptation and
Ministry of Health,
Water Directorate
(DNA)
Maputo
Municipality,
MICOA
Maputo
Municipality,
Ministry of
Transport
Maputo
Municipality,
Ministry of Energy
Maputo
Municipality
MOPH, CMCM
Maputo
Municipality,
MICOA
Maputo
18
agriculture,
Management of flooded
and vulnerable areas
Development and
planning of urban
infrastructures.
Mitigation
Medium to High
High
Adaptation and
mitigation
Adaptation
Municipality,
Ministry of
Agriculture
INGC, Maputo
Municipality
Maputo
Municipality and
Private sector
4 Existing methods and tools for climate change vulnerability and
identification of future benefits and risks
The main sectors (MICOA, CMM, INGC and INAM) involved in climate change issues
and visited during the elaboration of this scoping study we find out that still, more
capacity and work is needed to assess vulnerability and, more importantly, on integrated
assessments to include economic and cross-sectional analysis of adaptation options at
National and City local level.
Table 7 Methods and tools for natural disaster prevention
Methods or Tools
Institution related
National Disasters Management Institute
Warming system for flooding events
(INGC) and National Directorate of Water
(DNA)
Warming system for tropical cyclones
Meteorology National Institute (INAM) and
events
National Disasters Management Institute
(INGC).
4.1 UH-HABITAT methods, tools and experiences in Mozambique
From a policy point of view, UN-HABITAT in Mozambique is advocating for a better
urban development in Mozambique, in terms of strategy and government agenda priority.
From a practical point of view, UN-HABITAT in Mozambique has already developed
several activities:
 Training and capacity building: Manuals, game, cartoon (learning to live with floods),
brochures, posters, guidelines, etc.
 Implementation of demonstration interventions: flood/cyclone-resistant construction,
innovative architectural designs, building codes (legal), recommendations for better
constructions, and actual construction
 Assessment tools: participatory planning manual which enhance the use of maps and
geo-information tools
 Methodology: community involvement, work at decentralized levels
UH-HABITAT in Mozambique has developed the following projects related to climate
change:
19
 Slum Upgrading and Vulnerability Reduction in Flood-Prone of Maputo areas,
Chókwé, Tete and Quelimane.
 Improving Water and Sanitation Conditions in Mafala Neighbourhood, Maputo City.
 Regional Urban Sector Profile Study
 Cities without slums
5 Local governance / human settlements policies and practices, in
particular state of decentralization, housing and shelter policies,
which would be relevant for the project.
The decentralization process is part of government strategy in order to ensure the
implementation of development policies. At the Maputo City level this goal still in
process of implementation.
Within the Maputo Municipality as part of the Maputo Municipal Development Program
– Programa de Desenvolvimento Municipal de Maputo (PROMAPUTO), governance is
one of the key actions implemented in order ensure strategic, efficient and participative
Municipal management. One of the outcome examples of the adoption of open and
participative governance in urban development planning activity is the Maputo Municipal
Urban Structure Plan – Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Municipio de Maputo (PEUMM)
recently approved in 2008.
Nevertheless there is still work to be done in fields like housing and shelter. In that regard
Mozambique has not yet developed a Housing Policy to ensure the implementation of the
principle of adequate shelter for all. In the Government of Mozambique Five year Plan
2005-2009, it is acknowledged the importance of formulating and implementing a
Housing Policy that was expected to have been filed to the Parliament during the current
Legislature. UN-HABITAT has been considered a relevant partner for that process. 26
While the housing policy is not adopted the City of Maputo and the country in general are
confronted with an increasing demand that is expanding beyond control.
5.1 Recommendations for focus issues for the CCCI project
Build on on-going UN-HABITAT activities in Mozambique, it is recommended that
CCCI builds synergies for enabling strengthening of institutional capacity through
pertinent advocacy, training and financing mechanisms that would target main
institutional partners (MICOA, INGC, Maputo Municipality, MOPH, etc.).
The interest of other entities such as HR Wallingford in taking part on the project, since
CC is an area for which much more investigation is needed, should also be consider as a
great demonstration of building synergies with other international organizations which
shows the importance and relevance of the CCCI project.
20
6 An Overview of stakeholders
 Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs (MICOA)
o National Directorate of Planning and Territorial Ordaining (DINAPOT)
o National Directorate of Environmental Management (DNGA)
 Maputo City Municipal Council (CMM)
 National Disaster Management Institute (INGC)
 Ministry of Energy
 Meteorological National Institute (INAM)
 Eduardo Mondlane University
o Department of Physic
o Department of Geology
 Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MOPH)
o National Directorate of Water (DNA)
 Ministry of Transport
 Private Sector
 Civil Society (FEMA and other associations concerned with environmental issues,
particularly climate change adaptation and mitigation)
6.1 Brief SWOT analysis of stakeholders that seem most appropriate as
counterpart organizations
Table 8 SWOT analysis of stakeholders that seem most appropriate as counterpart
organizations
STAKEHOLDER
MICOA
(Ministry of
Coordination of
Environmental
Affairs)
INGC
(National Institute
for Disaster
Management)
Maputo
Municipality






UN-HABITAT
STAKEHOLDER
MICOA
(Ministry of
Coordination of
Environmental
Affairs)
STRENGTHS
Government Coordination
institution for environment matters
Responsible institution for the
coordination of the implementation
of the UNFCCC
Strong community
partnerships/collaboration
Proactive management team for
Natural disasters risk reduction
Decentralized organization
structure
New transparency governance
policy is on on-going
implementation
OPPORTUNITIES
 Existence and availability of
NAPA and other legal instruments
 Integration and cooperation of
various CC projects running on





WEAKNESS
Lack of qualified Human Resources to
face urban CC
Lack of urban CC dimension discussion
Lack of continuous evaluation and
updating of policies and strategies
Few interventions at urban level
Lack of qualified Human Resources to
face urban CC
 Lack of qualified Human Resources to
face urban CC
 Lack of methods and tools to face urban
CC
TREATS
 Budget constraining
 Staffing capacity constrain
 Multitude of concerns to be addressed
within its mandate
21
INGC
(National Institute
for Disaster
Management)
Maputo
Municipality
 Availability of experience to
coordinate disaster mitigation
activities
 Interdisciplinarity
 Budget constraining
 Staffing capacity constrain
 Increased community
responsibility for service delivery
 Bring urban CC dimension
discussion to the table
 Draft a first Urban CC Adaptation
Action Plan
 Budget constraining
 Staffing capacity constrain
UN-HABITAT
22
7 Proposed Future Action Plan
Table 9 Proposed and Preliminary Action Plan for CCCI in Maputo
SERIAL
ACTION
1
Project management (staff, missions, miscellaneous office expense, equipment)
2
To undertake Maputo City climate change awareness survey to establish the baseline
level of awareness throughout the community and stakeholders.
3
Review and analysis of existing data on climate change and its likely impacts for Maputo
City plus identification of vulnerable locations, populations and activities and potential
opportunities arising from a changed climate.
OUTPUT
Project Profile document
Survey
7
Review and analysis of
existing data on climate
change document.
SWOT analysis document
In-depth CC research or studies of specific vulnerable sectors of Maputo City (e.g. Specific document report
coastal zones, wetlands, water, energy, health).
The Assessment of the potential costs of Maputo climate change impacts (may be Assessment of the potential
derived from case studies of recent extreme weather events)
costs of Maputo climate
change document
Seminars/Trainings, coordination with government institution (INGC, MICOA, Maputo
Municipality)
Advocacy and dissemination of urban CC vulnerability reduction methods and tools
Communication material
9
To produce a summary version of the Maputo City Adaptation Climate Change Strategy
10
To select neighborhood of Maputo City much vulnerable to one type of CC impact and
implement Participatory Planning and Identification of Adaptation options Measures
Implementation of a demonstration intervention (adaptation measures, etc.)
4
5
6
11
Maputo City Climate
Change Adaptation Strategy
summary document
Participatory planning
document
Implemented Action
23
Table 10 Tentative Budget for CCCI in Maputo
SERIAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
ACTION
UNITS
National Consultant – Team Leader
months
National Consultant (climate change awareness
months
survey, establish the baseline level of awareness,
reviewing and analyzing likely impacts of CC for
Maputo City)
National Consultant (assessing CC vulnerability in months
Maputo City and its potential costs)
Trainings (average 30 people each)
units
Advocacy (events and publications)
lump sum
Implementation of demonstrative interventions
lump sum
(adaptation measures, etc.)
Miscellaneous (transportation, stationery, translations,
etc.)
TOTAL
lump sum
QUANTITY
6
3
UNIT
PRICE
3000
2500
TOTAL
18,000
7,500
3
2500
7,500
2
1500
3,000
3,000
100,000
5,000
144,000
24
25
26
Figure 5 Actual Land use of Maputo CIty
Source: Maputo Minicipal Urban Structural Plan – Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Municipio de Maputo (PEUMM), 2008
27
8 References and consulted documents
1
IPCC (2001), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
Cambridge,University Press, Cambridge, UK
2
Action Aid International report, (2006). Climate change, urban flooding and the rights
of the urban poor in Africa. Key findings from six African cities: (Nairobi, Kenya;
Kampala, Uganda; Lagos, Nigeria; Accra, Ghana; Free Town, Sierra Leone & Maputo,
Mozambique) http://www.actionaid.org/docs/urban%20flooding%20africa%20report.pdf
Centro Nacional de Produção Mais Limpa – CNPML (2007). Consumo e Produção
Sustentável para as Cidades de Maputo e Matola - Sustainable Consumption and
Production
in
Maputo
and
Matola
Cities.
http://www.unep.org/roa/docs/pdf/SCPProgramme-Mozambique.pdf
3
Instituto Nacional de Metereologia – INAM, (2002). MOZAMBIQUE: Post-Emergency
Reconstruction Programme in the Field of Meteorology. Available online at
www.inam.gov.mz
4
5
McBean, G. and D. Henstra. 2003. Climate Change, Natural Hazards and Cities. ICLR
Research Paper Series – No. 31, Institute for Catastrophic Loss Reduction, Toronto
6
Background paper on: Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Africa
for the African Workshop on Adaptation Implementation of Decision 1/CP.10 of the
UNFCCC Convention. Accra, Ghana, 21 - 23 September, 2006
7
UNEP, GRID-Arendal 2001: Vital Climate Graphics 65 pp. web version:
http://www.grida.no/climate/vital/index.htm.
8
Mussa ACHIMO, João MUGABE, Fortunato CUAMBA & Sylvi HALDORSEN2,
(n/d).Late Weichselian to Holocene Evolution of the Maputo Bay, Mozambique
National Statistic Institute –INE. (2008). Preliminary Data of the 2007 Population
Census. Available online at: www.gov.ine.mz
9
10
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC (2007). IPPC Fourth Assessment
Reports: Working Group I Report “The Physical Science Basis”. Available online at:
http://www.ipcc.ch/.
11
Andrew Thow and Mark de Blois (2008) Discussion paper Climate change and human
vulnerability: Mapping emerging trends and risk hotspots for humanitarian actors.
Technical annex and additional maps.
12
Agenda 2025 (Adopted in November 2003. www.agenda2025.org
28
13
Plano de Acção para a redução da pobreza absoluta (2006-2009) (PARPA II)
(Approved by the GOM, 2006) Available online at: www.mpd.gov.mz
14
Programa de Acção Nacional para a Adaptação Às Mudanças Climáticas (Approved by
the GOM, 2007) Available online at: www.legisambiente.gov.mz
15
Estratégia Ambiental para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Moçambique (Approved
by the GOM, 2007) Available online at: www.legisambiente.gov.mz
16
Plano Director para Prevenção e Mitigação das Calamidades Naturais (Approved by
the GOM, 2006)
17
Politica de Aguas. (Resolution nº 46/2007 of the GOM, 2007
18
Estratégia Nacional de Gestão de Recursos Hídricos (Approved by the GOM, 2007)
19
Estratégia de Energia (Resolution nº 24/2000 of the GOM, 2000)
20
Politica de Ordenameto Territorial (Resolution n.º18/2007 of GOM) Available online
at: www.legisambiente.gov.mz
21
Programa de Desenvolvimento Municipal de Maputo (PROMAPUTO) (Aproved by
CMM, 2006)
22
Estratégia de Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na Cidade de Maputo (September
2006)
23
Plano de Estrutura Urbana do Município de Maputo (PEUMM) (Approved by CMM,
2008)
24
Cynthia Rosenzweig and William D. Solecki (2003) Adaptation to Climate in Urban
Areas: Identification of Research Needs.
25
Clean Air Partnership, 2007. Cities Preparing for Climate Change, A Study of Six
Urban Regions. Available online at: http://www.cleanairpartnership.org
26
UN-HABITAT (Mozambique), Slum Upgrading and Vulnerability Reduction in
Mozambique. Towards the Achievement of the Millennium Development Goal – Target
11.
29