National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
Removal of Neutral Red Dye from Aqueous Solution by
Adsorption onto Rice Bran
Rafah Muhammed Thiyab
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Kufa University.
(NJC)
(Received on 9 /10 /2007)
(Accepted for publication 19/6 /2008)
Abstract
This work is concerned with the study of locally available rice bran (Oryza sativa
L) as an adsorbent for the removal of neutral red dye from solution as low-cost adsorbent
in wastewater treatment for the removal of color which comes from textile dyes or other
industries.
Adsorption process were occurred at different acidity of solution (pH=3, 7, 11). The
experiments were repeated at different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50°C) in order to
measure the thermodynamic parameters (ΔHº, ΔGº, ΔSº).
Rice bran showed good adsorption capacity against neutral red dye and can extract the
dye from aqueous solution. Adsorption isotherms of neutral red dye on bran from
aqueous solution obeyed Freundlich adsorption isotherm indicating the heterogeneity of
rice bran surface.
The thermodynamic parameter values are calculated as follow:
ΔHº=-44.92 KJ.mol-1, ΔGº=-5.06 KJ.mol-1, ΔSº=-136.05 J.mol-1.ºK-1
In conclusion, adsorption of on rice bran is exothermic process with relatively high
thermodynamic parameters values. The adsorption enhanced by decreasing temperature
and with increasing acidity of the medium. It can be concluded from the results of the
present study that the process of adsorption of neutral red dye on rice bran may be used
effectively to remove the dye from aqueous medium.
400
‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‪ 2008-‬المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬
‫‪National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414‬‬
‫الخالصة‬
‫يعنى هذا البحث بدراسة مادة متوفرة محلياً (نخالة الرز) كمادة مازة ألزالة صبغة (‪ (N-R‬من المحلول‬
‫كمادة مازة رخيصة (أوقليلة الكلفة) في معالجة مياه الفضالت الصناعية من معامل األنسجة والصناعات األخرى‬
‫إلزالة اللون‪.‬‬
‫أجريت عملية األمتزاز عند درجات حامضية مختلفة‬
‫)‪ (pH=3, 7, 11‬كما وأعيدت التجربة عند أربعة درجات‬
‫ح اررية مختلفة )‪ (20, 30, 40, 50°C‬لحساب الدوال الثرموديناميكية (‪.)∆Sº, ∆Gº, ∆Hº‬‬
‫أظهرت نخالة الرز سعة أمتزاز جيدة لصبغة ‪ N.R.‬كما ونستطيع أستخالصها من المحلول المائي ‪.‬‬
‫درست أيزو ثرمات األمتزاز ووجدت أنطباقية لمعادلة فرندلش عليها مشيرةالى عدم تجانس سطح نخالة الرز‪.‬‬
‫تم حساب القيم الثرموديناميكية وكاألتي ‪:‬‬
‫‪ΔHº=-44.92 KJ mol-1, ΔGº=-5.06 KJ mol-1, ΔSº=-136.05 J mol-1 ºK-1‬‬
‫وبالنتيجة االمتزاز على نخالةالرز باعث للح اررة وذلك من قيم الدوال الثرموديناميكية العالية نسبيا‪.‬‬
‫أفضل امتزاز ظهر بنقصان درجه الح اررة مع زيادة حامضية الوسط ‪.‬‬
‫ويمكن إن نستنتج من نتائج الدراسة الحالية بان عمليه امتزاز صبغه األحمر المتعادل على نخالةالرز قد تستعمل عمليا‬
‫الزاله الصبغة من الوسط المائي‪.‬‬
‫مفاتيح الكلمات‪ :‬نخالة الرز‪-‬األحمر المتعادل – االمتزاز‬
‫‪process of adsorption; the concentration‬‬
‫‪Introduction‬‬
‫‪of adsorbate (substance being adsorbed),‬‬
‫;‪adsorbent‬‬
‫‪surface‬‬
‫‪adsorb substances from aqueous medium‬‬
‫‪temperature,‬‬
‫‪onto their surface, however only some‬‬
‫‪solubility,‬‬
‫‪few solid materials have the selective‬‬
‫‪adsorbent and adsorbate molecules and‬‬
‫‪adsorption‬‬
‫‪strength,‬‬
‫‪both‬‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪were tested‬‬
‫‪of‬‬
‫‪the‬‬
‫‪ionic‬‬
‫‪area‬‬
‫‪Any solid has some tendency to‬‬
‫‪pH,‬‬
‫‪chemical‬‬
‫‪state‬‬
‫‪adsorbate‬‬
‫‪to‬‬
‫‪capacity‬‬
‫‪the kinetic effect ( 3, 4, 5).‬‬
‫‪molecules. The adsorbate may be atoms,‬‬
‫‪Different adsorbents‬‬
‫‪ions or molecules (adsorbate) of organic‬‬
‫)‪(6, 7, 8‬‬
‫‪for their ability to remove and extract‬‬
‫‪(1,‬‬
‫‪different dyes from aqueous solutions‬‬
‫‪Many factors can influence the‬‬
‫‪401‬‬
‫‪compound, color, odor, moisture etc..‬‬
‫)‪2‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
(10,
1/40 that of activated carbon, which
, and agriculture products (16,
would lower the cost of wastewater
which used widely as adsorbents in
treatment significantly. Additionally, the
the adsorption processes for different
use of rice bran is significant from the
substances from solution including metal
aspect of effective utilization of waste
ions (18, 19, 20), and organic pollutants (21).
matter (26).
including activated charcoal
11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
17)
(9)
, clays
Some active surface materials
Rice bran has a good adsorptive
have important applications in medicine
activity against different substances
arises
including different pesticides from an
from
their
high
adsorption
capability as physical antidotes in the
aqueous solution
treatment of acute poisoning by toxic
29)
substances and drug overdosage
and as a drug carrier
(24)
vary
in
(22, 23)
dichloromethane,
. Dietary fibre is
composition
(27, 28,
, metal ions
, several organic compounds, such as
chloroform,
tetrachloride,
carbon
trichloroethylene,
tetrachloroethylene, and benzene (30).
mainly composed of plant cell walls
which
(26)
and
Neutral
red
used
in
(31, 32)
the
properties according cell type and plant
measurement of cytotoxicity
species. In addition to polysaccharides,
apoptosis measurement
the walls of some plant cell types contain
photosynthesis inhibitor in different light
the hydrophobic polymers lignin or
dependent species (34). Neutral red stains
suberin that may produce surface activity
both normal and cancer mitotic cells, but
(25)
. One of these important dietary fibers
uptake by living mitotic cancer cells is
is rice bran from rice (Oryza sativa L.).
distinctly higher than in normal cells (35).
(33)
It is a by-product of making polished
rice from brown rice. Therefore, rice
bran is very inexpensive, costing 1/50–
Cl
-
+
N(CH3)2
N
CH 3
N
H
NH3
Neutral Red: 3-amino-7(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-hydrochloride.
402
, cell
, and
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
Rice
bran,
among
in
vitro
the
adsorb
environmental
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
anothers,
This work is concerned with the
hydrophobic,
study of locally available rice bran as an
mutagen
1,8-
adsorbent for the removal of neutral red
dinitropyrene and other mutagens. Direct
dye from solution as low-cost adsorbent
mechanisms of protection of cancer by
in wastewater treatment for the removal
fibers
of color which comes from textile dyes
include
the
adsorption
of
carcinogens onto undegraded dietary
or other industries.
fibres which pass out of the intestinal
Experimental
tract in the faeces
(25, 36)
.
A- Adsorption process
In one research, dietary fibers have the
Commercial
ability to nonspecific adsorption of T4
rice
bran
(Oryza
sativa L.) was obtained from locally
(37)
. Adsorption of the vital dye, neutral
markets. It was cleaned and dried at
red was previously studied on the matrix
50˚C for two hours and kept in an
of the calcium-binding "vesicles" from
the green alga
airtight container. A volume of 10
(38)
.
milliliters
The term adsorption isotherm
of
different
(2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16mg/L) was
of adsorption (Qe) or (X/M) with the
concentration
eight
concentrations of neutral red solutions
refers to the relation between the extent
equilibrium
of
shaken with 0.05g of dried rice bran
the
adsorbent at a certain temperature in a
adsorbate in solution (Ce) at constant
thermostated shaker bath at shaking
temperature. (X) is the amount of dye
speed 60cycle/minute for 30 minutes
adsorbed in milligrams by (M) grams of
which is measured experimentally as a
the adsorbent (23).
time needed for reaching the equilibrium
The process of adsorption from
state. After the equilibrium time is
solution is more complicated than the
elapsed, the mixtures were centrifuged at
corresponding process of gas adsorption
a speed of 3000Xg for 10 minutes.
on solid surface. The solvent effect and
Acidity of the solutions were adjusted
the complicated interaction between
using few drops of 0.1N HCl or 0.1N
solvent molecules and dye molecules to
NaOH solutions. Absorbencies were
be adsorbed have to be taken into
measured at the maximum wave length
account.
(λmax)
403
of
neutral
red
solutions
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
depending on the pHs used in the
adsorbate molecules on the surface while
experiment. The maxima used were
the
λmax=539 nm for pH=7, λmax=543 nm
(equation) consider heterogeneity of the
for pH=3, λmax=428 nm for pH=11
surface and the formation of more than
using
one layer is probable. The linear form of
UV-Visible
spectrophotometer
(Apple®) and then
converted into
Freundlich
adsorption
Freundlich
absolute concentration readings through
isotherm
is:
1
log Ce
n
-- (2)
log Qe  log k 
the calibration curve. The experiments
isotherm
were repeated at different temperatures
Where k and n are Freundlich
(20, 30, 40, 50°C) in order to measure
constants characteristics of the system,
the thermodynamic parameters (ΔHº,
including the adsorption capacity and the
ΔGº, ΔSº).
adsorption intensity, respectively (4, 23).
B-Adsorption Isotherms Calculations:
C-Adsorption Thermodynamics:
Two main theories have been
adopted
to
order
to
obtain
a
adsorption
thermodynamical state of the adsorption
Langmuir
process, the adsorption experiments were
adsorption isotherms which represented
repeated at different temperatures (20,
by the linear equation:
30,
isotherms.
describe
In
The
first,
Ce
1
Ce


Qe
ab
a ….(1)
40,
50°C)
to
measure
the
thermodynamic parameters (ΔHº, ΔGº,
ΔSº). The equilibrium constant (K) for
the
adsorption
process
at
each
Where (a) represents a practical
temperature is calculated from division
limiting adsorption capacity when the
of the quantity of dye adsorbed on the
surface
bentonite surface on the quantity of dye
is
fully
covered
with
a
monolayer of adsorbate. The constant b
still
present
is the equilibrium adsorption constant
K
Qe * 0.05
Ce * 0.01 -----(3)
which related to the affinity of the
Where
binding sites (24).
in
(0.05g)
solution:-
represent
the
The applicability of these equations on
weight of the clay that has been used and
the adsorbent-adsorbate (solute) system
(0.01) represents the volume of the dye
assume the formation of one layer of
solution used in the adsorption process.
404
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
The change in free energy (∆Gº)
adsorbents for removing dyes from
could be determined form the equation:-
aqueous solutions in different industries
G  RT ln K -----(4)
(39, 40, 41)
Where R is the gas constant (8.314
Adsorption isotherms of neutral red dye
J.mole-1.ºK-1) and T is the absolute
on bran from aqueous solution obeyed
temperature.
Freundlich adsorption isotherm (Figure
.
The heat of adsorption (∆Hº) may be
(1)). This fact obtained from the
obtained from the vant Hoff's equation:-
applicability of the linear form of
 H 
 cons tan t
RT
---(5)
Freundlich
Where K is the equilibrium
(2)). Table (1) showed the Freundlich
constant when Ce approaches to zero at
constants that indicated the adsorption
certain temperature. It obtained from
capacity (k)
plotting (Ln K) of each concentration
adsorption
against corresponding Ce. Plotting (In
temperatures. In general, the results of
K) versus (1/T) should produce a straight
Table (1) indicated the decrease in
line with a slope =(-∆Hº/R) from which
adsorption capacities and intensities as
the enthalpy (∆Hº) of the adsorption
temperature
process is obtained.
isotherms of different dyes on different
ln K 
from
Gibbs
indicating
as
adsorbents for different dyes in order to
obtain
cheep,
available,
(n)
non
the
at
intensity of
four
increases.
heterogeneity
surfaces (4, 23).
used
high
different
Adsorption
(29, 30, 31, 42)
were also obeyed Freundlich isotherm
equation:
Results and Discussion
substances
and
surfaces including rice bran
G H   TS  ---- (6)
Many
with
correlation coefficient values (Figure
The change in entropy (∆Sº( was
calculated
equation
toxic
405
of
these
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
Table (1): Freundlich constants (k and n) of adsorption of methylene blue on
bentonite clay surface at three temperatures. Where k refers to the adsorption
capacity and n refers to the adsorption intensity.
T
logk
K
1/n
n
293
0.313
2.058
1.142
0.876
313
-0.262
0.548
1.349
0.741
323
-0.365
0.432
1.398
0.716
333
-0.615
0.243
1.868
0.535
3.5
3
Qe (mg/g)
2.5
2
1.5
Tem p=20C
Tem p=30C
1
Tem p=40
Tem p=50C
0.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Ce (mg/L)
Figure (1): Adsorption isotherms of neutral red on rice bran at different temperatures
(20, 30, 40, and 50°C).
406
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
LogQe
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
Temp=20C
temp=30C
Temp=40C
Temp=50C
0.7
y = 1.1419x + 0.3134
R2 = 0.9961
0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.7
LogCe -0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
-0.1
0.3
0.5
-0.3
y = 1.3488x - 0.2616
R2 = 0.9616
-0.5
y = 1.3975x - 0.3645
R2 = 0.9756
y = 1.8677x - 0.6146
R2 = 0.9602
-0.7
Figure (2): Linear form of Freundlich equation of adsorption of neutral red on rice
bran at different temperatures (20, 30, 40, and 50°C).
The study of the adsorption process of
removal by rice bran was examined
dye on rice bran requires taking the
using
nature of the surface and the chemical
removal efficiencies varied from 22.2%
composition
into
to 98.8%. The variation in the removal
consideration. Rice bran contains lectin,
efficiency of different pesticides was
chitin
of
rice
bran
(43)
22
different
pesticides.
The
, and myo-inositol derivatives
studied, and the pesticides with high
(44)
. It has shown that different types of
lipophilicity were found to be easily
plant cell walls adsorbed a range of
removed by rice bran (26).
carcinogens
heterocyclic
Rice bran was the most effective of the
aromatic amines which are like the
adsorbents among different adsorbent
chemical structure of neutral red dye.
including charcoal and different natural
Cell walls that contained lignin or
and modified clays in removal of
suberin
organochlorine
including
adsorbed
hydrophobic
carcinogens particularly well.
(25)
environment (45).
. The
407
compounds
from
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
(46)
approaches zero, could be obtained and
for the adsorption isotherm shapes, the
used for vant Hoff’s equation plotted
adsorption isotherm of neutral red dye
(Figure (4)).
molecules on the rice bran surface is of
The thermodynamical parameters values
S2 type indicating the heterogeneity of
are:
the surface and the presence of different
(ΔHº=-44.92
types
KJ.mol-1, ΔSº=-136.05 J.mol-1.ºK-1).
According to the Giles interpretation
of
forces
between
the
dye
ΔGº=-5.06
KJ.mol-1,
molecules and the surface active sites.
Free energy change and entropy values
Rice
among
were measured at 298ºK. These values
different lees materials is effective in
are high and indicated a spontaneous
adsorbing organochlorine compounds.
adsorption process as seen in the
There was a high correlation between the
adsorption of other substances
removal
adsorbing
supposed
such
as
values that, moderate and nonspecific
or
interaction
bran
among different
efficiency
organochlorine
chloroform,
in
compounds
dichloromethane,
from
the
occurs
(40)
. It is
thermodynamic
between
dye
benzene by lees materials and the
molecules and the active sites of rice
number of spherosomes from different
bran surface.
lees materials(47). The removal of these
Exothermic process for the adsorption of
organochlorine compounds and benzene
neutral red on rice bran is consistent with
by rice bran was conformed to the
other adsorption processes (48) and differs
Freundlich type and attributed to the
from other which was endothermic
uptake by intracellular particles called
processes (49).
spherosomes (30).
In one study; adsorption of industrially
Figure (3) showed the natural logarithm
important dyes including methylene blue
of equilibrium constants (LnK) against
from
equilibrium
charcoal has been investigated. The
concentration
(Ce)
of
aqueous
media
for
the
activated
adsorption of neutral red on rice bran
calculated
surface. The intercepts of the straight
adsorption and the free energy indicated
lines give the natural logarithm of
that adsorption of dyes is favored at low
equilibrium constants (LnK) from which
temperatures. These results are differ
the equilibrium constants, when Ce
from the result of our research indicating
408
values
on
heat
of
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
the ability of bentonite as a better
interactions between the surfaces and the
adsorbent when the adsorption occurs at
dyes, which include hydrogen bonding,
high temperature as it happen really in
electrostatic,
different industries (50).
interactions.
The results of this work can be compared
with
other
papers
related
to
and
hydrophobic
The mechanism of adsorption
the
was best described with a model that
adsorption of different dyes on different
included
adsorbents in order to treat the waste
complexation of ion forms of the
water from different industries and
compounds, solution speciation, the
laboratories (51, 52).
presence of other competitor ions in rice
The adsorption of dichloromethane and
bran surface, and the exchangeable pore
chloroform by rice bran was observed
waters
over the range of pH 1-11. Therefore,
adsorption amounts may explained by
rice bran is applicable for treatment of
dependency of adsorption on the relative
wastewater over a wide pH range.
energies
Dichloromethane
adsorbate-solvent,
was
successfully
cation
may
exchange,
also
of
affect
surface
(53)
.
The
adsorbent-adsorbate,
and
adsorbate-
removed from water samples with an
adsorbate interactions (54). These findings
average removal efficiency of 70% after
may be applied for the adsorption of dye
60 minutes when rice bran was added to
on rice bran surface in our study.
water samples containing from 0.006 to
Conclusion:
100 mg/L dichloromethane (30).
Adsorption of on rice bran is exothermic
Adsorption of neutral dye on rice
process
with
relatively
high
bran showed a decrease in basic solution
thermodynamic parameters values. The
and mildly good adsorption capacity in
adsorption
neutral and acidic solution (Figures (5 &
temperature and with increasing acidity
6)). This may be due to the complex
of the medium. It can be concluded from
interaction among solvent, solute, and
the results of the present study that the
surface in response to the changing in
process of adsorption of neutral red dye
acidity. The adsorption results can be
on rice bran may be used effectively to
explained by considering the textural
remove the dye from aqueous medium.
properties of the rice bran and the
409
enhanced
by
decreasing
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
2.5
Temp=20C
Temp=30C
Temp=40C
Temp=50C
y = 0.2528x + 2.0772
R2 = 0.9556
2
Ln K
1.5
1
y = 0.212x + 0.7863
R2 = 0.5845
y = 0.2638x + 0.4636
R2 = 0.9158
y = 0.4548x - 0.1958
R2 = 0.8607
0.5
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Ce (mg/L)
Figure (3 ): Natural logarithm of equilibrium constants (LnK) against equilibrium
concentration (Ce) of adsorption of neutral red on bentonite clay surface. The
intercept represent the (LnK) when Ce approaches to zero at certain temperature.
y = 5.4032x - 16.382
R2 = 0.991
1.8
Ln K
1.3
0.8
0.3
2.9
-0.2
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
(1/T)*1000 °K
Figure (4): Correlation of equilibrium constants ,when Ce approaches to zero of
adsorption of neutral red on rice bran at (20, 30, 40, and 50°C) according to the vant
Hoff's equation.
410
3.5
National Journal of Chemistry,2008, Volume 31, 400-414
‫ المجلد الواحد والثالثون‬2008-‫المجلة القطرية للكيمياء‬
3.5
3
pH=3
Qe (mg/g)
2.5
pH=7
pH=11
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Ce (mg/L)
Figure (5): Adsorption isotherms of neutral red on rice bran at different pHs (3, 7,
11) at 20°C.
pH=3
pH=7
0.6
pH=11
y = 1.1419x + 0.3134
R2 = 0.9961
y = 0.8305x - 0.0801
R2 = 0.9122
0.4
0.2
0
-0.5
LogCe
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
-0.2
-0.4
LogQe
-0.7
-0.6
y = 0.5898x - 0.6983
R2 = 0.9784
-0.8
Figure (6): Linear form of Freundlich equation of adsorption of neutral red on rice
bran on three different pHs at 20°C.
411
1.1
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