OADB–ILRI breed characterisation project supervisors training workshop 11–12 December 2000, ILRI, Addis Ababa* Summary report Purpose: The purpose of the workshop was to create awareness among participants of the OADB/ILRI Breed Characterisation project objectives and strategies. Secondly, the workshop was planned to serve as a consultation forum whereby livestock experts of the different zones came up with basic Zonal livestock information to serve as background for initial design of the project activities. Place and date: The large Auditorium at the International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, 11–12 December 2000 Organisers: Ed Rege Enyew Negussie Anette van Dorland Asfaw Tolossa Invited guests: Aguibou Tall (Head of Administration and Ag. of Resident Director, ILRI) Berecha Turi (Deputy Head, OADB) Aliye Hussen (Head, Research Coordination, OADB) Zonal Livestock Experts of Oromiya Regional State 1. Aselefech Ayele Arsi Zone 2. Teshome Tsige Bale Zone 3. Mulugeta Bekele Borana Zone 4. Tariku Safu East Hararge Zone 5. Samuel Taye East Shewa Zone 6. Moti Cheru East Wellega Zone 7. Turuaynet Damisee Illubabur Zone 8. Mekonin Ayele Jimma Zone 9. Gedefa W/Mariam North-West Shewa Zone 10. Kasiye Gadile West Hararge Zone 11. Negewo Lema West Shewa Zone 12. Kenate Regea West Wellega Zone Note: See Annex 2 for the addresses and telephone numbers of workshop participants. Participants: * See Annex 1 for the programme 1. 2. Opening and introduction Participants were given a welcome word by Ed Rege, followed by a welcome address and introductory remarks from Mr Aguibou Tall and Ato Berecha Turi. Ato Aliye Hussen was invited to say a few words about the project and how it came into existence. Before the last session of the morning, the discussion, Ed Rege gave a presentation about the project, its background, purpose and the reason for this workshop to be held. Questions/points raised during the morning discussion session were: Transportation during the survey. There is lack of vehicles and other forms of transportation at Zonal level and at woreda level. Many vehicles are broken (see Photo 1). How will this be solved? Other questions raised, focussed more on the technical aspects of the survey, which will be discussed during the other sessions of the workshop. Photo 1 Broken motorcycle at woreda office in Wollenchiti in East Shewa Zone. Photo taken during the pre-test 14 December 2000. Reports by Zonal experts 1. Arsi Zone—Aselefech Ayele The size of the human population in Arsi Zone is estimated to be 2.2 million of which 90% live in the rural areas. Arsi has 20 woredas, 543 PAs (peasant associations) and 547 DAs (Development Agents). There are three climatic zones, namely highland with 43.4%, medium land with 27.5% and lowland with 29.1 % of the total area. Other topics presented were: Altitude Land use Livestock numbers by species 1 - Highlights of livestock activities Map of Arsi Zone with its agro-ecological classification Number and distribution of households by woreda and peasant associations, Human population and distribution Number and distribution of peasant associations DA: Household ratios for each woreda Density and distribution of livestock by species 2. Bale Zone—Teshome Tsige The size of human population in Bale Zone is about 1.5 million (1991). Eighty six per cent of the population lives in rural areas. Bale has 17 woredas, 379 PAs and 305 DAs. There are three climatic zones, which are Highland, Semi-Highland and Lowland with (15%, 21% and 64% of the total land area respectively). Other topics presented were: Population density by woreda Woredas per climatic zones Mean annual rainfall and distribution by four locations in Bale Climax vegetation of Bale zone Land use Agricultural Extension Service in Bale zone by woreda including DA: Farmer ratio and PAs Livestock population of Bale zone by species and in each woreda Breeds (types) of livestock found/introduced in Bale Zone 3. Borana Zone—Mulugeta Bekele The human population size of Borana zone is about 1.6 million (1993). Ninety per cent of the population lives in rural areas. Borana has 12 woredas, 448 PAs and 254 DAs. There are three climatic zones, which are known as Highland, MidHighland and Lowland. Other topics presented were: Population and households by woreda Borana administrative divisions with their respective area coverage Number and distribution of PAs in Borana Administrative Zone Percentage of land area covered by different agro-ecological by woreda Number of DAs by woreda Cattle population by woreda after the year 2000 drought Goat population and distribution by woreda Sheep population and distribution by woreda Distribution of camel, equine and chicken population by woreda 1 - Land use and land coverage by woreda 4. East Hararge Zone—Tariku Safu The human population size of East Hararge is about 2 million. East Hararge has 15 woredas, 417 PAs and 413 DAs. There are three climatic zones, which are Highland, Mid-Highland and Lowland with about (18%, 47% and 35% of the total land area respectively). Other topics presented were: Climate and topography of the zone Land use Livestock population, systems, distribution and animal production by species Feed Resources, availability, requirement and balance Trends of Livestock population size Livestock genetic resources, classification of cattle breeds Livestock related problems Human population and distribution Number of DAs by woreda The following maps were presented: climatic regions, relief, mean annual rainfall, rainfall pattern, land use and land cover, vegetation, grass cover, drainage basin, distribution of veterinary clinics by woreda, slaughter centres, livestock markets and AI service centre. 5. East Shewa Zone—Samuel Taye The human population size in East Shewa is about 2 million (1993). Seventy one per cent of the population lives in rural areas. East Shewa has 12 woredas, 442 PAs and 319 DAs. There are three climatic zones, which are Dry climate, Tropical rainy and temperate rainy climate. Other topics presented were: Livestock density and distribution Livestock population per species and woreda (1996) Human population and distribution by woreda (2000) Number and distribution of households by woreda and peasant association 6. East Wellega Zone—Moti Cheru The human population size in East Wellega is about 1.6 million. Eighty nine per cent of the population lives in rural areas. East Wellega has 17 woredas, 280 PAs and 506 DAs. There are three agro-ecological zones, which are Highland (10%), Mid-altitude (50%) and Lowland (40%). 2 Other topics presented were: Livestock density and distribution Species composition by woredas Different types of breeds present in the zone Number and distribution of PAs, households and DA: Farmers ratio Land use Maps of relief, cattle, sheep and goat distribution. 7. Illubabur Zone—Turuaynet Damisee The human population size of Illubabur zone is about 1 million. Ninety-one per cent of the population lives in rural areas. Illubabur has 12 woredas, 387 PAs and 350 DAs. There are three agro-ecological zones, which are Highland (12.4%), Semi-highland (62.1%) and Lowland (25.5%). Other topics presented were: Livestock density and distribution including the different cattle breeds Livestock species composition by woreda Number of DA, PA and households by woreda Agro-ecological classification or agro-climatic characteristics Human population and distribution by woreda 8. Jimma Zone—Mekonin Ayele The human population size of Jimma zone is about 2 million (1994). Ninety percent of the population lives in rural areas. Jimma has 13 woredas, 455 PAs, 394 DAs and four climatic zones. Other topics presented were: Map of relief Livestock related information and constraints The location and agro climatic classification of the district Number and distribution of households by woreda and by PA Livestock density and distribution by woreda Land resources by use and by woreda 9. North-West Shewa Zone—Gedefa W/Mariam The human population size in North-West Shewa is about 1 million people. Ninety two per cent of the population lives in rural areas. North-West Shewa has 12 woredas, 303 PAs and 316 DAs. There are three agro-ecological zones, which are dega (54%), woinadega (28%) and kolla (18%). 3 Other topics presented were: Rainfall, soil types, land use and constraints concerning the overall livestock production Year round water resource for irrigation by woreda Livestock population by classes of animals (only for cattle) and by species General information 10. West Hararge Zone—Kasiye Gadile The human population size of West Hararge is about 1.4 million. Ninety two per cent of the population lives in rural areas. West Hararge has 10 woredas, 305 PAs and 238 DAs. There are three agro-ecological zones, which are dega (43.6%), woinadega (41.4%) and kolla (43.6%). Other topics presented were: Map with altitude zones, tables of rainfall and temperature Livestock population and distribution by woreda by species, breed names and types, health and production constraints, etc. Agro-ecological zonation by woreda Area coverage of each woreda Distance of woredas from zone capital and Addis Population, distribution and density by woredas Average number of farmers by PA Extension service and Farmer service cooperative Animal diseases prevalent in the zone Distribution of animal health institutes and veterinary personnel Breed type, population and distribution of livestock Population and distribution of exotic breeds by woreda Goat breeds introduced by Farm Africa Area of land used for various purposes Ratio of grazing land out of total land used by woreda 11. West Shewa Zone—Negewo Lema The human population size of West Shewa Zone is about 2.3 million. Ninety per cent of the population lives in rural areas. West Shewa has 23 woredas, 807 PAs, and 588 DAs. There are three agro-ecological zones, which are dega (57%), woinadega (25%) and kolla (18%). Other topics presented were: Land utilization pattern by woreda Soil types, major crops grown by woreda 4 - Livestock distribution by species and by woreda and breeds present Human population by woreda The altitude of woredas in the zone The accessibility of woredas in the zone 12. West Wellega Zone—Kenate Regea The human population size of West Wellega Zone is about 1.8 million (1999). Ninety one per cent of the population lives in rural areas. West Wellega has 17 woredas, 620 PAs and 421 DAs. There are three agro-ecological zones, which are dega (5%), woinadega (72%) and kolla (23%). Other topics presented were: Livestock population, distribution and density Livestock production constraints Human population and distribution Land use pattern by woredas Number and distribution of livestock species by woreda and by agroecological zone Population of cross breed cattle Information on DA centres Number and distribution of PAs and distribution of farmers households by agro-ecological zone Points raised during and between presentations by Zonal Livestock experts: 1. Bushes and shrubs are not used by humans and are not grazed. 2. In Borana Zone, Highland breeds crossed with Borana breeds, causing a dilution of the pure breed Borana. 3. Due to the drought, the interest in raising chickens has increased. 4. In the nomadic farming system, the ‘unproductive’ cattle are moving, while the ‘productive’ cattle remains in one place (milking cows, calves). Where there are permanent watering points, migration is only during the dry season. Where there are no watering points, migration is in the wet season. 5. Restocking programmes in Borana. Several NGOs distribute mixtures of goats and camels (breed wise) to farmers, which lead to intermixing among indigenous breeds. 6. The question was raised whether or not we could make use of veterinary technicians during the survey. It was suggested that since these Animal Health technicians are not DAs and operate differently they cannot be used. On the other hand, a suggestion was made to 5 make use of the existing infrastructure of the animal health care in consultation with Bureau chief at woreda level so to help in the survey work. 3. Discussion on the use and availability of livestock and livestock related information The purpose of this session was to get an idea of the actual use and availability of livestock and livestock related information in the different zones and woredas and to make participants aware of the importance of such information. Besides this, problems associated with collection and organisation of such information at the zonal and woreda offices were also discussed. The following discussion points were presented and discussed: 1. What purposes does information available on livestock resources serve? 2. How adequate is information available on livestock resources at regional, zonal and woreda levels? a. What information is missing and what are problems associated with collection of this information? b. What do you suggest to solve this problem? In the discussion the following points were raised: 1. Information on livestock is needed for services like mass vaccination of animals, which requires that the number of animals is known. Also, for other health care services, livestock information is needed for planning and distribution of such care. During a drought alarm in Borana, information about the number and species of animals was required for the distribution of feeds and other emerging aids. For the development of policies and design of improvement strategies, livestock information is needed. 2. It was also suggested that the collected data may sometimes not be reliable, mainly because farmers are afraid of providing information as they think it will be used for taxation purposes by the government. Taxation makes pastoralists and nomads reluctant to give information on the number of animals they own. In Borana, households receive no emergency help if the number of TLU they own is above a certain number. This may also lead to the collection of unreliable data. However, it was also suggested that farmers will give information if there exist a good relationship between the farmer and the extension agents. It 6 3. 4. was also indicated that if farmers are well informed about the purpose for which the information will be used, they are willing give the information. In some communities, there exists a contact farmer, who has on average four farmers under him for whom he acts as a team leader. This contact farmer can obtain information from the farmer, which may be more reliable than the information, which will be obtained by enumerator, because the contact farmer lives within that community and is known to these farmers. It is found that some zonal livestock experts have not much contact with experts at woredas level. The reason for this being the activity in each of the woredas. In some woredas, there may be a lot of activities going on, while in others there may not even be a livestock expert assigned. In those cases sometimes the crop expert will also deal with livestock activities. It was also mentioned that sometimes the number of activities may be so high, that livestock activities become second place. After this discussion, there was a discussion about supervision of the survey activities in the field. There are supervisors at zonal level and at woreda level. The supervisors at woreda level (most probably DAs) should be competent and active to be involved in the survey activities. If not, they should be exchanged. It is important that there is a good organisation of the activities and that the activities are performed well. The supervisors at woreda level should also act as enumerator, so this person also experiences doing an interview and using the questionnaire. The time of the training for the DAs, (who will act as enumerators), was also discussed. At first, we looked at the availability of the farmer to participate in an interview, but it is as important or even more important to look at the availability of the enumerators. DAs are yearly engaged with for example, distribution of seeds and other inputs. It was decided; the focus should be on the DA, because he needs to be trained to participate in the survey work. The outcome of these discussions is presented in Table 1. 7 Table 1. Proposed time schedule for training and field survey Zone Training months Field survey months 1. Arsi Sept–Oct Oct–Dec 2. Bale Oct–Nov Nov–Dec 3. Borana Mid October Nov–Jan 4. East Hararge Sept–Oct Nov–Dec 5. East Shewa Sept–Oct Nov–Dec 6. East Wellega October Oct–Dec 7. Illubabor Sept–Oct December 8. Jimma Sept–Oct Nov–Dec 9. North-West Shewa Sept–Oct Oct–Nov 10. West Hararge Sept–Oct Nov–Dec 11. West Shewa Sept–Oct Nov–Dec 12. West Wellega Sept–Oct Nov–Dec All Sept–Oct Oct–Dec Training sites It was agreed that the training of DAs should be conducted in 3 selected zonal towns of the Oromiya Regional State (see Table 2). Table 2. Training sites for the DAs Training Site Participating DAs coming from 1 Nekempte West-Shewa, Jimma, Illubabur, East Wellega, West Wellega Zones 2 Awassa Borana, Bale and Arsi Zones 3 Nazareth East Shewa, North West Shewa, East Hararge and East Hararge Zones. * In Awassa, the training can be held at the university 4. Questionnaire During the last session of the first day of the workshop, a presentation was made on the questionnaire, which was developed for the survey (see Annex 3). The following day a working session on the questionnaire was held where the whole group of participants were split up into three groups (Table 3) and discussed on the following points. 1. Is the order of the questions and is the structure of the questionnaire logical? If not, how would you change it? 2. Are there, according to you, shortcomings in the questionnaire? What other information should be captured? 8 a. Indicate which questions may be difficult for the farmer to understand and which questions may be sensitive to ask. b. How would you improve/change these questions? Please make specific suggestions on the copies of questionnaires provided and summarise for discussion in the plenary. Table 3. Grouping for the discussion on the questionnaire Group 1, Cattle Group 2, Sheep Group 3, Goats Mulugeta Bekele Teshome Tsige Kasiye Gadile Samuel Taye Mekonin Ayele Kenate Regea Aselefech Ayele Moti Cheru Tariku Safu Negewo Lema Turuaynet Damisee Gedefa W/Mariam The outcome of the discussions were written down on flipcharts and presented by each group and discussed upon. Group 1 Cattle 1. The group agreed that the structure of the questionnaire was logical. 2. General information: - Rainfall and temperature information may not be available in all woredas. - Meteorological stations do not give accurate information about rainfall etc. it may sometimes not be reliable and has to be purchased in Addis. Some woredas may not even have a station. - GPS information is not available at woreda level. A GPS is needed to measure the altitude, longitude and latitude. - Page numbers are missing on the questionnaires. Phenotypic description: - Number 7, 9, 10, 13 need additional reference, including number 15 and 17. Some questions need pictures to clarify the descriptions, other may need an index for clarification (e.g. Ear size, small is <15 cm, medium 15– 30 cm, large >30 cm) 3. a. Donkey meat may be a sensitive issue since donkeys are not meant for meat in Ethiopia. Herd size. The farmer may be reluctant to respond to that question and care should be taken in asking this question. Phenotypic questionnaire may be difficult to understand by the respondent. 9 b. For completing the phenotypic questionnaire it is advisable to make use of references, like photos or measurement indexes Group 2 Goats 1. Group 2 find the structure of the questionnaire logical 2. Group 2 identifies shortcomings and suggest additional information is needed in the chapters ‘Household’, ‘Breeding’ and ‘Production characteristics’ - Household, question number 8. 8.2 Level of importance (income) Milk selling ___ % Milk consumption ___ % 8.3 Home consumption (meat) ___ % Alive goat selling ___ % - Breeding, question number 3 3.2 Mating Jan Jul Feb Aug Mar Sept Apr Oct May Nov Jun Dec - 3. Production characteristics, question number 15 15.2 Skin size 15.3 Skin quality Large High Medium Medium Low Low Group 3 indicated that skin size and quality are important characteristics and depend on the type of breed. No comments from group 2 on question 3. Group 3 Sheep 1. Group 3 indicated that they to have no problem with the structure of the questionnaire 2. - Group 3 identifies shortcomings in the phenotypic description part of the questionnaire. Especially for questions 8, 10, 13, 16 and 17. These questions need a measurement index. 10 - 3. The information asked in question 11 to 14 (rainfall and temperature), in the woreda questionnaire, is too detailed. This information is difficult to obtain, because it can only be purchased in Addis. Most questions in the production characteristics questionnaire are too time consuming, except for question 7 and 14(?). There are too many technical terms used and it will take too much time to explain to the farmer what information is needed. During the whole group discussion the following additional comments were given: In the production system questionnaire, question number 3. The choices dowry, ceremonies and cultural could be combined. Chicken questionnaire. Hardly or no chicken breed names are known, they have not been classified and given specific names. In the breed/age/sex structure questionnaire, on crossbreeds, it is sometimes very difficult to see if a certain animal is a cross or a purebred. Camel blood is also used in some areas. Semi pastoralist = transhumance Regarding the pre-test of the questionnaire, it was suggested the questionnaire should be tested in all the different production systems. This was because if testing is done in a certain area only then some comments may not be captured. For instance, if pre-testing is done in an area with mixed farming systems, it may give different information in comparison to testing in a nomadic area. 5. Introduction to the sampling design In this session aspects of developing the sampling frame and the information required to do so, were discussed (see Annex 4). The participants were briefed on what kind of information is required to develop the sampling frame. In addition, a sampling frame proposal was made and its implementation plan was presented and discussed. Sampling frame proposal—I Number of zones is 12 (100%). All zones will be sampled Total number of woredas is 180 Four scenarios were proposed for the selection of the woredas per zone: 1. 5–10% = 9–18 woredas to be sampled from the 180 2. 10–15% = 18–27 woredas to be sampled from the 180 3. 15–20% = 27–36 woredas to be sampled from the 180 4. 20–25% = 36–45 woredas to be sampled from the 180 11 The above percentages are based on the diversity in each zone (between woredas) and the size of the zone (no. of woredas). Total number of households is 3.555.001. Target number of households is 0.1 % = 3,555 Table 4 contains basic statistical information about the number of woredas, PAs, DAs and households given by the participants during their presentation on their zones on the first day of the workshop. Table 4 Number of woredas, PAs, DAs and households per zone in Oromiya Zone No. of No. of PAs No. of DAs No. of Woredas households 1. Arsi 20 543 547 311,657 2. Bale 17 379 305 180,889 3. Borana 12 448 254 292,755 4. East Hararge 15 417 413 420,799 5. East Shewa 12 442 319 340,439 6. East Wellega 17 280 506 239,653 7. Illubabor 12 387 350 166,191 8. Jimma 13 455 394 390,859 9. North-West Shewa 12 303 316 220,161 10. West Hararge 10 305 238 243,632 11. West Shewa 23 807 588 480,735 12. West Wellega 17 620 421 267,231 All 180 5,386 4,651 3,555,001 Table 5 gives an idea of the proposed sampling frame based on information from Table 4. In these calculations, it was assumed that 23% of the woredas from each zone and 1 to 1.5% of the PAs from each woreda are sampled. 12 Table 5. A proposed sampling frame calculation Zone No. of Woredas to Woredas sample 1. Arsi 20 5 2. Bale 17 4 3. Borana 12 3 4. East Hararge 15 3 5. East Shewa 12 3 6. East Wellega 17 4 7. Illubabor 12 3 8. Jimma 13 3 9. North-West 12 3 Shewa 10. West Hararge 10 2 11. West Shewa 23 5 12. West Wellega 17 4 All 180 42 PAs to sample per Woreda 3–5 3–5 5–7 3–5 5–7 2–4 4–6 5–7 3–5 PAs to sample per Zone 15–25 12–20 15–21 9–15 15–21 8–16 12–18 15–21 9–15 4–6 5–7 5–7 48–72 8–12 25–35 20–28 163–247 Summary of the proposed sampling frame: 12 zones, all zones will be sampled 42 woredas, which is 23% of all 180 woredas 163–247 PAs, which 1 to 1.5 % of the PAs per woreda 30 households per PA is proposed (maximum) In total 4890–7410 households will be sampled Implementation proposal Logistical issues: 1. Option A: Simultaneous coverage – all zones at the same time? 2. Option B: One zone at a time? 3. Option C: A group of zones at a time? 4. Option D: Other? How many enumerators are needed? Taking the sampling frame proposal into consideration, there are two scenarios suggested. 1. Scenario 1: Two household per day. a. Maximum 242 persons for 15 days or b. Maximum 121 for 30 days 2. Scenario 2: Three households per day. c. Maximum 242 persons for 10 days or 13 d. Maximum 121 persons for 20 days The calculation of the sampling frame was followed by a group discussion on implementation issues. Participants of the workshop were divided into three groups and discussed on the following points (see Table 6). 1. What are the key variables to be considered in choosing woredas within each zone in your group to ensure that the survey is representative? (Note: the total number of woredas is a separate issue) 2. Based on the maximum number of woredas suggested for sampling in each zone, suggest which woredas to sample (for zones represented in your group). Put them on the map provided (See Annex 5). 3. How should PAs be chosen within each woreda? a. Random? b. Stratify woreda? If so, on what basis? c. Which experts should be involved in making the final choice of PAs? 4. What key variables should be used to stratify to ensure representativeness within each PA – i.e. in choosing households? 5. Should we cover all zones simultaneously? a. If you agree, give reason for this b. If not, suggest an alternative and give advantages of this alternative 6. Suggest ways to handle (apparent) inadequacy of transport for supervision – in light of budgetary constraint 7. For each of the three ‘major’ species, i.e. cattle, sheep and goats, list the breeds or ‘strains’ in each zone as you know them today (see Annex 6). 8. Think of any expenditure item that you believe may have been forgotten in our discussions Table 6. The three different groups used for the group discussion on implementation issues. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 North-West Shewa Borana East Wellega East Shewa Bale West Wellega West Shewa East Hararge Jimma Arsi West Hararge Illubabur At the end of the group discussion, a representative of each of the three groups made a presentation on their group discussion results. 14 Discussion results Group 1 1. When choosing woredas, group 1 suggested that variables like population, breed and farming systems should be taken into consideration. 2. b and c. PA selection should be carried out by stratifying the woreda, which has to be done on the basis of population and species. In making the final choice of PAs, all experts should be involved (at zone, woreda and DA level), including the farmers. 3. In choosing the households, the variables population, species, farmers and willingness of the farmers should be used to stratify the PA. 4. To handle the lack of means of transportation the following suggestions, were presented by group I: - Maintenance of present vehicles - Walking as an alternative for nearby households - Make use of equines - Public transport 5. Group 1 indicated that the following expenditure items were forgotten in our discussions: - Stationary - Telephone calls - Briefcase - Transport costs Group 2 1. In choosing woredas, group 2 suggested to consider the following variables: a. Agro-ecology b. Livestock composition c. Livestock population d. Ethnic composition e. Production system 3. Stratification of the woreda should be based on: a. Farming system b. Ethnic diversity c. Livestock population and composition d. Accessibility PAs should be chosen by extension team leaders and concerned experts in close consultation with supervisors and DAs. The extension team leader should be accompanied by the livestock expert, who will be informed by project supervisors. 4. Key variables suggested for the selection of households were: 15 - Wealth status and - Type of livestock holding 5. Possible ways to handle the shortage of means of transport suggested were: - Vehicle maintenance - Renting mules and/or horses - Maintenance of old bicycles and motorbikes - Imposing a zonal committee to give priority to the planned survey. 6. Group 2 also indicated that the following expenditure items, were forgotten in our discussions: - Stationary - Utility materials e.g. bags, etc. - Incentive/Per Diem for enumerators. Maybe also a soft drink for the farmer - Fuel costs - Maintenance budget - Per Diem for drivers - Per Diem for supervisors Group 3 In choosing woredas, group 3 suggested to consider the following variables. 1. a. The presence of the three major livestock species. That is to say – cattle, sheep and goats. b. Woredas that have experience in extension package in the last 5 years. c. Availability of woredas livestock expert d. The accessibility of the road 3. Stratification should be based on the above-mentioned criteria in question number 1. Woredas livestock experts should be involved. 4. Key variables suggested for the selection of households were: - Households with livestock and - Capability of the respondent to answer the questions (to be chosen by the DA) 5. Possible ways suggested to handle the inadequacy of transportation were: - Purchase new vehicles - Repair old possible vehicles - Maintain motor bicycles - Use mules and horses etc. 6. Group 3 also indicated that the following expenditure items, were forgotten in our discussions: - The hall/tent for training purposes - Stationary for training purpose 16 In addition, group 3 made the suggestion to take pictures of indigenous breeds (a sample) for each species. In this way, the enumerators can identify the different breeds. Additional information required At the end of this session it was found that there was additional information required from the workshop participants, which they should look for, collect and send to the project supervisors in Addis to make the sampling frame calculation and the planning of activities more complete. Firstly, information that is more detailed is needed on woredas and PAs. The participants were given an assignment (see Box I) to select the woredas and PAs for sampling. Besides that, they were asked to calculate the number of households to be sampled in the selected woreda and PA. (see Table 7 and Table 8). Box 1 Assignments given for zonal livestock experts How many enumerators? For each of your woredas: - Work with local experts to choose PAs - Identify an enumerator to cover each of the chosen PAs - Identify households to be sampled in each PA - Consider ‘awareness’ strategies for the households, individually or in groups - Send this information to ILRI/OADB Addis Table 7. Required details on woredas to be sampled Woreda No. of PAs Total Households 1. xxxxxxxxx 2. xxxxxxxxx ? No. of Households to be sampled Table 8 Required details on PAs to be sampled PA (name/code?) Total No. of Households to be Households sampled 1. xxxxxxxxx 2. xxxxxxxxx ? It was agreed that zonal livestock experts should preferably complete their assignments (Table 5 and 6) and send them back to Addis by the end of May. 17 The participant were also asked to make a list of names of the DAs who will be involved in the survey activities and they were asked to indicate how many enumerators were needed in their zone during the survey. This list should preferably be finished around April and May. 6. Final discussion During the final discussion of the workshop, the following points were raised: Per Diem Vehicles Allocation of issues from the participants where ILRI is most responsible for technical issues and OADB will handle mostly financial issues 18