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Electronic Supplementary Information
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Table S1. Description of study sites giving the location, colonization history, habitat type and available host plants. The sites are split into three groups: a) =
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Long-established, HN-dominated; b) = Long-established, Geraniaceae-dominated; c) = Recently-colonized sites (both habitat types). Colonization history:
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‘Established’ = A. agestis present since 1970-82 and ‘Recent’ = present since 1995-99 [28]. Dominant host refers to the most abundant plant(s) in each
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habitat type as assessed through observation and host cover estimates (* means insufficient data to identify dominant host). HN= Helianthemum
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nummularium; GM = Geranium molle; GD = Geranium dissectum; EC= Erodium cicutarium. Additional host plants are those found at much lower
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frequency but still present at the site. Habitat type is based on classifications used by the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme.
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a)
b)
c)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Site
Latitude
Longitude
Aston Rowant
Beacon Hill
Lydden
Llangwstenin
Rodborough
Swyncombe
Gwithian Towans
Hadleigh
Holme Dunes
Knettishall
Barnack
Gibraltar Point
Kirkby
Messingham
Spurn Head
51°40'7.07"N
50°59'52.87"N
51° 9'26.39"N
53°14'8.59"N
51°43'4.42"N
51°37'5.76"N
50°12'59.22"N
51°32'56.53"N
52°58'29.07"N
52°23'28.16"N
52°37'47.51"N
53° 5'50.64"N
53° 7'53.65"N
53°31'11.44"N
53°34'55.08"N
0°56'55.32"W
1° 8'18.93"W
1°15'48.80"E
3°31'43.52"W
2°12'6.54"W
1° 1'58.74"W
5°23'38.20"W
0°35'34.40"E
0°32'55.91"E
0°52'15.00"E
0°24'33.10"W
0°19'42.33"E
0° 9'4.07"W
0°37'40.14"W
0° 7'19.05"E
Colonization
History
Established
Established
Established
Established
Established
Established
Established
Established
Established
Established
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Dominant
Host
HN
HN
HN
HN
HN
HN
GM EC
GM
EC
EC
HN
EC
GM EC
GM EC
*
Additional
Hosts
GM GD
EC GM
GM GD
GD
GD
GM GD
HN GM GD
GM GD
GM GD
GD
GD
GM EC GD
Habitat classification
Chalk grassland
Chalk grassland
Chalk grassland
Chalk grassland
Chalk grassland
Chalk grassland
Coastal dune grassland
Neutral/Acid grassland
Coastal dune grassland
Heathland
Chalk grassland
Coastal dune grassland
Neutral/Acid grassland; Heathland
Neutral/Acid grassland
Coastal dune grassland
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1
10
11
12
13
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Table S2: Variation in population host preference across years at three sites. The value in bold is the percentage preference for the host plant in that
particular year and the number in brackets is the number of eggs on which that estimate is based. The consistency of host preference estimates across years
was tested by likelihood-ratio tests (χ2 = chi-squared test statistic) on deletion of the interaction between year of study and host plant species on the average
number of eggs laid per plant (used to estimate percentage preference).
Site
Barnack
Messingham
Gibraltar Point
Host plant
Erodium cicutarium
Geranium dissectum
Geranium molle
Helianthemum
nummularium
Erodium cicutarium
Geranium dissectum
Geranium molle
Helianthemum
nummularium
Erodium cicutarium
Geranium dissectum
Geranium molle
Helianthemum
nummularium
2000
2.7 (5)
18.0 (33)
67.2 (123)
2001
5.2 (5)
11.5 (11)
66.7 (64)
2004
-
Year*Host plant interaction
χ2 = 1.879
df = 3
p = 0.598
12.0 (22)
-
16.7 (16)
7.3 (19)
15.1 (39)
51.0 (132)
0.0 (0)
39.7 (9)
51.5 (11)
χ2 = 7.197
df = 3
p = 0.066
7.9 (107)
14.2 (194)
63.8 (867)
26.6 (69)
5.7 (5)
11.4 (10)
69.3 (61)
8.8 (2)
-
χ2 = 0.492
df = 3
p= 0.921
14.1 (192)
13.6 (12)
-
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2
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Table S3: Percentage population host preference estimates for each of the four host plant species. The sites are split into three groups as for Table S1.
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‘Study year’ indicates the year(s) that host preference assays were conducted at a site. ‘% Pref’ is the preference for a host plant species based on the
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average number of eggs laid per plant (see text for details). ‘no. Eggs’ is the number of eggs laid on all the plants of that species placed at this field site
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(combined across study years for Barnack, Gibraltar Point and Messingham). ‘no. Plants’ is the number of individuals of each host plant species placed at a
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site across all study years (not including dead host plants at end of period in field).
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Site
a)
b)
c)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Aston Rowant
Beacon Hill
Lydden
Llangwstenin
Rodborough
Swyncombe
Gwithian Towans
Hadleigh
Holme Dunes
Knettishall
Barnack
Gibraltar Point
Kirkby
Messingham
Spurn Head
Study year
2001
2004
2004
2000
2004
2004
2000
2001
2001
2001
2000, 2001
2000, 2001
2004
2000, 2004
2001
%
Pref
3.1
3
0
3.7
0
12.5
36
8.7
24.8
3.2
3.6
7.7
4.6
9.3
10.9
E.cicutarium
no.
no.
Eggs
Plants
4
16
1
14
0
7
1
24
0
6
1
8
18
24
19
16
26
16
26
16
10
40
112
40
2
13
19
23
7
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G. dissectum
%
No.
No.
Pref
Eggs Plants
38
16
29.5
24
21
48
8
15
19.5
2
24
7.4
1
15
13.9
2
16
12.5
3
24
6
116
16
53
13
16
12.4
81
16
10
44
40
15.8
204
40
14.1
4
13
9.2
48
33
16.3
13
16
20.3
%
Pref
64.3
42
38.8
14.8
41.6
25
56
34.7
59
80.2
67
64.1
83.7
50.2
45.3
G.molle
No.
No.
Eggs Plants
83
16
19
19
17
16
4
24
3
15
4
16
28
24
76
16
62
16
653
16
187
40
928
40
42
15
143
32
29
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H.nummularium
%
No.
No.
Pref Eggs Plants
4
16
3.1
2
12
7
16
14
41.7
20
24
74.1
3
14
44.6
8
16
50
1
24
2
8
16
3.7
4
16
3.8
54
16
6.6
38
40
13.6
204
40
14.1
1
12
2.5
71
33
24.2
15
16
23.4
22
3
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Table S4: Proportion of larvae surviving to adulthood from each of the five study sites and for the two larval rearing groups. A generalized linear mixed
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effects model with binomial error was also used to test for differences in the proportion of larvae within each family that survived to adulthood, for families
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from the two rearing batches (controlling for the random effect of site of origin; ‘Batch effect’) and among sites within rearing batch (no random effects
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necessary; ‘Site effect’). The statistics represent the significance of the change in variance when including ‘site’ or ‘batch’ as a fixed effect in the model.
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Within rearing batches, larval survival showed no significant differences between sites.
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Batch A
Batch B
Site
Barnack
Holme Dunes
Total
Kirkby
Rodborough
Swyncombe
Total
N
159
272
431
92
71
111
274
% survival
16.4
18.4
17.6
57.6
64.8
56.8
59.1
Statistics
Site effect: Chi-squared = 0.287, df=1, p=0.592
Site effect: Chi-squared = 1.302, df=1, p=0.522
Batch effect (A vs B): Chi-squared = 19.15, df=1, p<0.0001
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4
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Table S5: Effects of rearing batch (A or B) on larval development time (days to emergence) and measures of dispersal morphology (relative thorax mass
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and forewing size). Mean relative thorax mass and relative forewing size represents the means of residuals of a regression between thorax mass and total
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mass (or forewing size and total mass). Standard errors (S.E.) and sample sizes (number of families, N) of larval development time and these flight
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morphology measures are also given. A linear mixed effects model, with rearing batch as a fixed factor and site of maternal origin as a random effect (with
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a covariate of total mass for the two flight morphology measurements) was used ‘Sig’ gives p-values to test for the significance of the effect of the factor on
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the three traits (‘Sig’).
A) Females
Category
Factor levels
N
Days to emergence
Mean
S.E
Sig.
54.3
0.6
p=0.005
51.9
0.4
54.7
1.3
p=0.631
54.0
0.7
51.0
0.4
p=0.159
51.9
1.7
52.5
0.3
Relative thorax mass
Mean
S.E
Sig.
0.016
0.03
p=0.589
-0.014
0.03
0.057
0.05
p=0.072
-0.034
0.02
0.064
0.06
0.010
0.02
p=0.034
-0.076
0.04
Relative forewing size
Mean
S.E
Sig.
-17.37 12.81
p=0.040
13.71
8.29
4.93
30.63
p=0.775
-2.47
10.91
5.93
25.21
p=0.631
-22.21
6.33
5.92
3.68
Rearing Batch A
B
Batch A sites
Recent:
Established:
Batch B sites
Recent:
Established:
16
19
6
10
6
4
9
Days to emergence
Mean S.E
Sig.
14
51.3
1.0
Rearing Batch A
p=0.022
19
48.9
0.4
B
Barnack
5
50.8
0.9
Batch A sites
Recent:
p=0.730
51.5
1.5
Established: Holme Dunes 9
Kirkby
6
48.3
0.4
Batch B sites
Recent:
p=0.407
4
47.4
1.2
Established: Rodborough
Swyncombe
9
49.9
0.6
* For BHH, N=5 for forewing centroid size measurements.
Relative thorax mass
Mean
S.E
Sig.
0.027
0.03
p=0.508
-0.020
0.06
0.042
0.02
p=0.301
-0.024
0.04
0.104
0.06
p=0.192
0.033
0.04
-0.084
0.12
Relative forewing size
Mean
S.E
Sig.
14.91
20.93
p=0.145
-10.98
4.67
1.46
29.53
p=0.963
-0.81
29.37
6.18
9.12
p=0.315
10.40
11.21
-8.75
5.29
B) Males
Category
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Factor levels
Barnack*
Holme Dunes
Kirkby
Rodborough
Swyncombe
N
5