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Etiology- what causes a disorder-
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Psychoanalytic (Freud)definition and dynamics of personality development- free association, dream analysis, repression and unconscious forces, infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, division of psyche: o Ego- prevents us from acting on our basic urges, mediates o o the demands of the id
Id- unconscious, satisfies basic urges, desires, and needs
Superego- acts socially appropriately, contradicts the id, sense of right and wrong
 synaptic cleft- the gap between the two neurons communicating with one another. This is where the neurotransmitters are passed from one neuron to another
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parts of the neuron
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soma- Cell Body
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Dendrites- receives messages
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Axon- transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons
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Axon terminal- divides at the ends of the axons-
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Synaptic vesicles- hold neurotransmitters before they are released
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Synapse- where neurons communicate
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Transport protein- sends neurotransmitters back into the synaptic cleft
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MAO- monoamin oxidase- “gobbles” neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
 behavioral theory o o etiology of a disorder- treated with conditioning (classical and operant)
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Axis I, II, III, IV, V
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Axis I- Clinical Disorders: (can come and go like depression,
ADHD, learning disorders)
Axis II: Personality Disorders (stay forever and affect daily life)
Axis III: General Medical Conditions (distinguish b/w symptom and condition/disorder) o can be the cause of a disorder o can act as a stressor o can make managing the disorder more difficult (maybe you can’t take a medicine) o unrelated o (examples: lupus, flu, psoriosis, etc)
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Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems

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 o Any stressors
 Parents, social environment, housing, economic, educational/occupational, etc.
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Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) o 2 things to consider- stress and impairment. generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months about basically everything o 3 or more symptoms including: restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating/mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep deprivation
Panic Disorders with Agoraphobia: have had panic attacks which causes a fear of them which prevents you from going outside.
Panic Disorders without Agoraphobia: have had panic attacks, but it does not prevent you from going outside
Agoraphobia without a history of Panic Disorder: never had a panic attack, but afraid to specific phobia- fear of a certain object of situation.
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Animal
Natural environment (heights, storms, water)
Situational (airplanes, elevators, enclosed places)
Blood-injection-injury (only ones that cause fainting)
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Other types (choking, vomiting, loud sounds, costumed characters, contracting illness) social phobia
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 speaking in public performance-related and link to embarrassment nature of a psychological disorder
DSM- systematic desensitization
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behavioral therapy, slower than ERP
Exposure with Response Prevention-
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Expose the person to their fear and prevent response (ERP)- need to stay focused on feared object for it to work
Anxiety disorder-
Tarasoff ruling
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