Perspective
Biological
Evolutionary
Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic- use more
techniques and combination of perspectives)
Cognitive
Behavioral/Behaviorism/Behaviorist
Humanistic
Sociocultural
Psychologists
N/A
Charles Darwin
Freud
Neo-Freudians: Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson
Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Beck, Ellis, Chomsky,
Whorf
Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura
Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow (Martin Seligman
– Positive Psychology)
N/A
Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Max Wertheimer
Freud
John Watson/Thorndike/Pavlov
Structuralism
Functionalism
Gestalt – whole greater than the sum of the parts
Psychoanalysis
Behaviorism
Chapter 2: Neuroscience - there are no specific psychologists to remember
Chapter 3: Nature and Nurture - there are no specific psychologists to remember
Chapter 4: Development
Piaget
Kohlberg
Carol Gilligan
Erikson
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
Mary Ainsworth
Harry Harlow
Diana Baumrind
Freud
4 stages of COGNITIVE development: Sensorimotor,
Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal
Operational
3 stages of MORAL development: Preconventional,
Conventional, Postconventional
Opponent of Kohlberg’s theories (felt he was sexist)
8 stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL development: Trust v.
Mistrust, Autonomy v. Doubt, Initiative v. Guilt,
Industry v. Inferiority, Identity v. Confusion,
Intimacy v. Isolation, Generativity v. Stagnation,
Integrity v. Despair
5 Stages of Dying: Anger, Denial, Bargaining,
Depression, Acceptance
Attachment studies, Strange Situation
Rhesus monkey studies: contact comfort important
4 Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Passive,
Permissive, Authoritative (the best one)
5 Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency,
Genital
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
Young-Helmholtz
Weber’s Law
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision – red, green,
blue receptors in retina
Just Noticeable Difference, difference Threshold
Chapter 6: Consciousness
Ernest Hilgard
Hidden Observer Effect in dissociation
Chapter 7: Learning (behaviorism)
John Watson
Ivan Pavlov
Edward Thorndike
B.F. Skinner
Garcia & Koelling (Garcia effect)
Albert Bandura
Wolfgang Kohler
Baby Albert/white rat – classical conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Law of Effect
Operant Conditioning
Biological preparedness in classical conditioning.
We are biological prepared to be conditioned for
certain things
Social Learning, modeling, Bobo doll experiment
Insight learning in chimps
Chapter 8: Memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Elizabeth Loftus
Forgetting curve
Constructed (false) memories
Chapter 9: Thinking, Language and Intelligence
Noam Chomsky
Benjamin Whorf
Binet
Terman (at Stanford led to Stanford-Binet)
Stern
Spearman
Goleman
Gardner
Language capability innate (born with a language
acquisition device)
Linguistic Relativity – language controls/influences
thinking (this idea has been found to be mostly
untrue except for the impact of labeling)
Measure mental age
Revised Binet’s tests
Devised IQ (intelligence quotient)
g – general intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Multiple Intelligences
Chapter 10: Motivation
Abraham Maslow
Yerkes-Dodson
Hierarchy of Needs
Arousal Theory
Chapter 11: Emotions, Stress and Health
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schacter Two-Factor Theory
Selye
Physiological arousal precedes emotion
Physiological arousal + cognition = emotion
Physiological arousal and cognitive components
interact to produce emotion. Explained the
cognitive component more to differentiate theory
from Cannon-Bard
General Adaptation Syndrome (3 phase response to
stress: 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion)
Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders
Rosenhan
Effects of diagnostic labels
Chapter 12: Personality
Freud
Psychoanalytic – defense mechanisms,
psychosexual stages
Carl Jung
Collective unconscious; Archetypes, personality
traits (intuitive, sensing, feeling, thinking – the
basis for Myers-Briggs personality inventory)
Alfred Adler
Birth order; inferiority and superiority complexes
Karen Horney
Women envy; felt Freud was sexist in saying that
men have stronger superegos than women
Gordon Allport
Idiographic method: cardinal, central and secondary
dispositions or traits specific to individual
Eysenck-Cattell
Nomothetic method: Used factor analysis to identify
common traits in all people
Julian Rotter
Locus of control
Carl Rogers
Self Theory - Self-concept; ideal vs. real self;
unconditional positive regard
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs; top of the hierarchy – selfactualization
Albert Bandura
Social-cognitive theory: reciprocal determinism;
self-efficacy
Martin Seligman
Positive psychology
George Kelly (we didn’t talk about him, but know Personal-Construct Theory: people develop their
him)
own constructs to understand the world. Based
on fundamental postulate – people are
influenced by their cognitions.
William Sheldon
Somatotype Theory (3 body types): Endomorphs
(fat) are friendly and outgoing, Mesomorphs
(muscular) are aggressive, Ectomorphs (thin) are
shy and secretive
Barnum Effect (named after PT Barnum)
The tendency for people to believe personality
descriptions provided by palm readers, psychics,
astrologers, etc.
Chapter 14: Therapy
Pinel and Dix
Freud
Carl Rogers
Fritz Perls (we didn’t talk about him, but know
him)
Beck
Albert Ellis
Advocated humane treatment for mentally ill
Psychoanalysis: free association, uncover
unconscious, transference, resistance
Humanistic: Client-centered Therapy using active
listening
Gestalt/Humanistic Therapy: get in touch with
whole selves (even body position) and stressed
the importance of the present time
Cognitive Therapy: used the cognitive triad – beliefs
about self, world and future
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET):
expose and confront irrational thoughts
Chapter 15: Social Psychology
Leon Festinger
Rosenthal
Sherif
Asch
Milgram
Zimbardo
Cognitive Dissonance
Pygmalion Effect = self-fulfilling prophecy
Superordinate goals promote cooperation
Conformity – the line study
Obedience – the shocking experiment
Stanford Prison Study – role playing