Ultrasonic assisted eco-friendly textile wet technology using arta plant .
Part 1: Optimum condition of extraction
HEBA MANSOUR* & KHADIJAH QASHKARY
Fashion Design Department, Faculty of Arts & Design, King Abdul-Aziz University, KSA.
E.mail*: hfmansour@kau.edu.sa, heba1fm@yahoo.co.uk
Abstract:
Through the recent scientific awareness to reach an eco-friendly and saving energy of
textile dyeing and antimicrobial finishing, this part of a series studies deals with the
optimum extraction condition of arta as a new natural dye using ultrasonic energy (US)
compared with conventional heating (CH). Spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of
flavonoid compounds in arta extract. It was desirable from the economical point of view
that (US) method possessed higher dye absorption, at lower temperature and time with
lesser amount of arta and solvent compared with (CH) method. Solvation of dye depends
on the dipole dipole interactions in non-hydrogen bond donating solvents. pH 9 and the
optimized extract temperature and time increased the solubility and diffusion coefficients.
Efficiency of (US) energy was attributed to the cavitation phenomenon in a liquid medium
that accelerated the rate of diffusion of arta molecules in the extract bath and intense the
liquid agitation.
Key words: Arta, extraction, ultrasonic energy, solvents, , natural dyes, eco-friendly.
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1- Introduction
Stringent environmental standards imposed by many countries in response to the toxic and
allergic reactions associated with synthetic dyes (Bechtold et al., 2003; Gulrajani and Gupta,
1999), which damage the ecological system of the receiving surface water, creating a lot of
disturbance to the ground water resources (Georgiou et al., 2002; Tsui et al., 2003; Araceli
et al., 2009; Uddin et al., 2009).
A widespread interest has emerged applying natural
colorants (Shaukat et al., 2009; Bechtold et al., 2007; Feng et al., 2007; Siva, 2007).
Arta plant belongs to the Polygonaceae family. Its scientific name is Calligonum comosum
L’Herit, its local Name is Arta`, A`bal, waragat Alshams and its Arabic Name is known as
Arti, Arta`,waragat alshams , Ramo, Tape. Since the nineteenth century A.D, it is used for
treating various ailments, and for tanning and dyeing clothes with red or russet brown color.
(plantdiversityofsaudiarabia.info/biodiversity-saudi/ethenobotany.htm; Heather, 1981)
Many problems are derived from the technical application of natural dyes. So, a number of
requirements have to be fulfilled such as: i) the adaptation of conventional dyeing
processes on modern techniques, ii) determination of the standard extraction and dyeing
condition of the plant material and iii) expectation and selection of plant materials that
yield products with acceptable fastness properties (Uddin et al., 2009; Borland, 2000).
At present trends, standardization of extraction parameters are studied carefully to evaluate
and identify the color components and dyeing characteristics on textile fabrics, which
possess technical and commercial importance on the extraction and dyeing processes cost
(Shaukat et al., 2009). Commonly, conventional aqueous extraction gives less amount of
coloring component for coloring textiles. Thus, these methods are, in general, time- and
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solvent-consuming and may promote the degradation of these compounds. To overcome the
drawbacks conditions popular common solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and methanol
have been successfully used to obtain natural dyes and pigment-rich extracts (Shaukat et al.,
2009; Heba and Gamal, 2011; Cristea and Vilarem, 2006). It was reported that the solvent
gave high extraction capacity, had quite low boiling temperature and latent heat of vapor
vaporization. As a result, lead to extract the dye at low temperatures with minimum energy
consumption and insignificant reactivity with pigments to avoid any loss in the color
quality (Peta et al., 2003; Grigonisa et al., 2005; Spigno et al., 2007; Durling et al., 2007;
Michiels et al., 2012).
The present investigation identified the most appropriate leaching extraction parameters of
arta pigment to produce an optimum concentrated extract that will be used for textile
dyeing and antimicrobial finishing. This has been carried out using power ultrasonic (US)
in comparison with conventional heating (CH) where the color components and chemical
constituents were isolated and established based on spectroscopic investigations.
2- Materials and methods
2-1-Materials
Arta; purchased from Saudi market was washed to remove dust particles and left to dry at
room temperature, then was grinded to powder form in an electrically grinder. Distilled
water, acetone, ethanol, sodium hydroxide and acetic acid were all of analytical grade.
2.2. Pigment leaching and estimation of extraction yields
To determine the standardization method of extraction, the extract parameters were carried
out using power ultrasonic (US) in comparison with conventional heating (CH), using
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(1-15) % w/v arta powder, dissolved in pure distilled water and (5- 75 % v/v) aqueous
solutions of acetone and ethanol at pH (3-9), for (15- 90 min) at (25- 90)°C for
conventional heating and 60oC in case of (US) method.
3.3. Spectral analysis
The absorption spectra were recorded for the determination of absorbance on Pharmacia
Biotech Ultrospec 3000 UV/Vis spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 300-800 nm.
Infrared spectra of the compounds were recorded on a PerkinElmer FTIR spectrum
(version 10, 03.08) in the frequency range 4000-450 cm_1.
3- Results and discussion
As shown in Figures 1 and 3, the yield coefficients of co-solvents with both conventional
(CH) and ultrasonic (US) methods were more efficient than mono-solvent and
water-acetone was found to be the most selective co- solvent. As shown in Figure 2, in case
of (CH); 25% (v/v) acetone released over 51% of the total arta extract absorbance in
comparison with 30% and 19% water-ethanol and pure distilled water respectively. This
was relevant to (39, 30 and 22) % of the total arta extract absorbance from 20% (v/v)
water-acetone, 25% (v/v) water-ethanol and pure distilled water in case of (US) as shown in
Figure 4. The maximum arta extract absorption occurred with much less solvent
concentration (20% acetone, 25% ethanol) in case of (US) in comparison with (25%
acetone, 40% ethanol) in case of (CH) as shown in Figure 5, where their comparative
absorbance percentages were evaluated in Figure 6. The dye molecules are complex
organic molecules which might carry charge centers and are thus prone to absorption
changes in various solvents media (Muhammad et al., 2008; Oliveira et al., 2002).
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Acetone acts as the non-hydrogen-bond donating (non-HBD) solvents, in case
water-acetone, the salvation of extract is non-HBD type of solvent mainly occurs through
ion -dipole interaction and hydrogen bonding. In this situation, the methyl groups of
acetone are responsible for the solvation of the arta extract, thus, decreasing the amount of
non-HBD acetone solvent concentration increasing the amount of HBD solvent. (Bevilaqua
et al., 2006; Muhammad et al., 2008). Water and ethanol are considered as polar protic
solvents, they are the hydrogen-bond donating (HBD) solvents, their polarity stems from
the bond dipole of the O-H bond, whereas the large difference in the electro- negativities of
the oxygen and hydrogen atom combined with the small size of the hydrogen atom, warrant
separating the arta molecules that contain the OH groups from those polar compounds that
do not (Oliveira et al., 2002; Muhammad et al., 2008). Although water has the highest
dielectric constant among ethanol and acetone solvents, its extraction demonstrated the
lowest value of absorbency. This might due to the formation of strong hydrogen bond
between water itself rather than with the dye extract molecules (Wang et al., 2007; 23
Zhang et al., 2007; Oliveira et al., 2002; Bevilaqua et al., 2006)
Less concentrations of solvents than the optimum condition might bring an increased
concomitant extraction of other compounds lower the pigment concentrations and decrease
the absorbance value (Grigonisa et al., 2005).
As shown in Figure 7, the maximum arta extract absorbance was achieved at pH 9 due to the
increased solubility and diffusion coefficients. While the decrease of absorbance extraction at
pH values 3, 5 and 7 was due to the possible degradation of pigment compounds caused by
hydrolysis and polymerizations (Alonso et al., 2001).
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Expectedly as shown in Figure 8, when the amount of arta increased, the extract absorption
also increased whether using (CH) or (US) methods with much higher values with (US). A
decline was achieved with the increase up to 12% in case of (US) while the other case
showed continuously proportional absorbency increase with the amount increase. As shown
in Figure 9; the maximum dye absorption attained with 15% w/v arta in case of (CH)
compared with 12% w/v in the (US) was evaluating difference in absorbance percentage of
a ratio (46: 54) % respectively.
In Figures 10 and 12 a; it is clear that the standard parameter of extraction time was
achieved after (105 and 120) min. with difference in absorbance percentage of (47 to 53) in
case (CH) and (US) respectively. By the way; as shown in Figures 11and 12b, the standard
parameter of extraction temperature was achieved at (60 and 70)
o
C with difference in
absorbance percentage of ratio (35: 65) in case (CH) and (US) respectively. A decline was
achieved with the increase in time in case of (US) while the other case showed
continuously proportional absorbency increase with the increase of temperature and time.
Generally, the increase in extract absorbency may be explained by the de-aggregation of
arta molecules in the extract bath. In case of (US) method, the decline in the absorbance
value may be not only attributed to the hydrolytic decomposition of the extract molecules
under the influence of sonic energy during prolonged extraction than 105 min.
(Kongkachuichaya et al., 2002), but also
prolong extraction time might potentially
increases the loss of solvent by evaporation (Durling et al., 2007).
The efficiency of ultrasonic-assisted extraction due to ultrasonic energy reflecting the
additional enhancing effect in saving energy is generally attributed to the cavitation
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phenomenon in a liquid medium. As a result, it produces some mechanical effects which lead
to break up of aggregates with higher relative molecular mass and accelerate the rate of
diffusion of the arta molecules in the extract bath and intense agitation of the liquid
(Vajnhandl and Le Marechal 2005; Shanker and Padma 2005; Padma et al., 2006; Kamel et al.
2005, 2007; Mansour, 2009; Mansour and Heffernan, 2010).
The flavonoid pigment extracted from the arta leaves using acetone was confirmed by
FTIR spectroscopy as shown in Figs 13. It was recorded the number of peaks lying
between 3428.94 cm-1, 2924.2 cm-1, 2335.72 cm-1, 1615.33 cm-1, 1384.35 cm-1 and
1019.57 cm-1. The broad band (3600-3000) corresponds to hydroxyl group (bonded). Band
around 2900 cm-1 could be attributed to aliphatic CH3 and CH2.
The bands from 2800 to
2000 cm-1 are normally void of other absorptions, so the presence of alkyne or nitrile
groups can be easily seen. The bands from (1638-1484) cm-1 may be attributed to C=C
group of an aromatic ring. Bands at (1433-1368) cm-1 due to the CH3 and CH2, bending,
and the present bands at (1300-1000) cm-1 indicated C-O group, while the bands below 900
cm-1 indicated the existence of C-H deformation of an aromatic proton. This confirmed the
presence of flavonoid compounds in the arta extract so that the bands in the 1650-1050
cm1 range are characteristic flavone skeleton.
Conclusions
The effect of arta extraction parameters using ultrasonic (US) compared to conventional
heating (CH) to probe their effects on the absorption spectra have been studied. Results
indicated the presence of flavonoid and ultrasonic is rather effective than conventional
heating at lower temperature and shorter time with lesser arta and solvent amounts.
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Fig. 1. Effect of solvent type and concentrations on the absorbance arta using (CH).
Fig. 2. Optimum solvents concentrations on the absorbance percentage of) arta using (CH)
Fig. 3. Effect of solvent type and concentrations on the absorbance of arta using (US)
Fig. 4. Optimum solvents concentrations on the absorbance percentage of arta using (US).
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Fig. 5. Comparison between (US) and (CH) of the optimum solvents on the arta absorbance
Fig.6. Comparison between (US) and (CH) of the optimum solvents on the total absorbance
Fig. 7. Effect of pH values on the absorbance of arta
Fig. 8. Effect of arta amount (w/v) on the absorbance using (US) and (CH
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Fig.9. Comparison between (US) and (CH) of the arta amount on the total absorbance
Fig. 10. Effect of extraction time on the absorbance using (US) and (CH)
Fig. 11. Effect of extraction temperature on the absorbance using (US) and (CH)
B
A
Fig.12 (a,b). Comparison between (US) and (CH) of extraction time and temperature on
the total absorbance
10
Fig. 13. FTIR spectra of arta extract
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