The English-Chinese Bilingual Teaching and Learning Outline of
Biochemistry Ⅱ (English Version)
Chapter one
Nucleotide and Nucleic acids
Propose:
1. Grasp of the nucleotide structure, including the component of the nucleotide and the chemical
bonds linking the components, and the names and abbreviations of bases, nucleosides and
nucleotides.
2. Profound grasp of the key knowledge of the structure and function of DNA and RNA.
3. Familiarity with the physio-chemical properties of DNA and the relation between these
properties and the DNA structure.
4. To know the technique of isolation and purification of nucleic acids and DNA sequencing.
Contents:
1. General concepts of nucleic acids.
(1) Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
(2) Nucleotide is composed of base, pentose, and phosphate.
(3) The 3’,5’phosphodiester bond links nucleotides, many nucleotides are linked by the 3’,5’
phosphodiester bond to form nucleic acids.
(4) Nucleic acids are divided into DNA and RNA.
(5) Other functions of the nucleotides.
2. the three dimensioned structure of DNA
(1) Double helix structure is the secondary structure of DNA.
① The double helix DNA model put forth by Waston and Crick.
② The features of double helix DNA.
③ A- DNA and Z- DNA.
④ Triple strand DNA.
(2) Supercoils of DNA
① Prokaryotic circular supercoiled DNA.
② Eukaryotic mtDNA and ctDNA.
③ Topoisomerases.
(3) Eukaryotic chromosome
① Nucleosome.
② From chromosome to chromatin and chromosome.
(4) DNA is the genetic material
① Avery’s experiment.
② The genome.
③ Euchromatin and heterochromatin.
3. Structure and functions of RNA
(1) Four main kinds of RNA
(2) mRNA: structure and function.
(3) tRNA: structure and function.
(4) rRNA: structure and function.
(5) Other small RNAs.
4. Physico-chemical properties of nucleic acids
(1) Hydrolysis.
(2) UV absorbance.
(3) Denaturation, renaturation, and hybridization.
5. Nuclease
(1) Ribonuclease.
(2) Dexoyribonuclease.
6. Techniques of isolation and purification of nucleic acids and DNA sequencing.
(1) Methods of isolation and purification of nuceic acids.
(2) DNA sequencing.
Chapter two Nucleotide metabolism
Purpose
1. To know digestion and absorption of nucleic acids and anabolism pathway of nucleic acids in
the human body.
2. Profound grasp of the raw material of purine and pyrimidine synthesis, the end products of
purine and pyrimidine breakdown.
3. Grasp of the formation of deoxynucleotide from ribonucleotide.
4. To know the function of antimetabolites.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nucleotide functions.
Anabolism and catabolism of purine.
Anabolism and catabolism of pyrimidine.
From ribonucleotides to deoxynucleotide.
antimetabolites.
Chapter Three DNA biosynthesis and DNA damage repair
Purpose
1. Familiarity with the central dogma.
2. Grasp DNA replication and reverse transcription.
3. To know DNA damage repair systems.
Contents
1. General feature of DNA replication.
(1) Semiconservative.
(2) Bidirectional.
(3) Replication fork
(4) Semidiscontinuous
(5) The Ori.
(6) The primer
(7) Enzymes participating in DNA replication.
2. Features of DNA polymerase.
(1) The substrates.
(2) The active center.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(3) The enzyme activation.
DNA replication in E.coli.
(1) DNA replication initiation.
(2) Chain elongation.
(3) Replication termination.
Eukaryotic DNA replication.
(1) Eukaryotic DNA polymerase.
(2) Process of DNA replication.
(3) Telomerase and telomere.
DNA damage.
(1) Causes of DNA damage.
(2) Mismatch repair system.
(3) Other DNA repair systems.
Reverse transcription.
(1) Development of the central dogma put forth by Crick.
(2) Retrovirus and reverse transcription.
Chapter Four RNA biosynthesis and post-transcriptional processing
Purpose
1. Grasp of the concept of RNA biosynthesis.
2. Grasp the feature of transcription and post-transcriptional processing of pre-mRNA pre-tRNA
of pre-rRNA.
3. Familiarity with ribozyme and self-splicing.
4. To know RNA replicase.
Contents
1. DNA dependent RNA synthesis.
(1) RNA polymerases.
① Prokaryotic RNA polymerase.
② Eukaryotic RNA polymerase.
(2) Transcriptional initiation.
① Prokaryotic transcriptional initiation.
② Eukaryotic transcriptional initiation.
(3) Transcriptional termination.
2. Pre-RNA processing.
(1) Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing.
① 5’ end capping.
② 3’ end polyadenylation.
③ Splicing.
(2) Pre-rRNA and pre-tRNA processing.
(3) mRNA edition.
3. RNA dependent RNA synthesis.
Chapter Five Protein biosynthesis, folding and processing
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Grasp of the features of the genetic code.
Familiarity with the structure and function of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
Graspthe process of protein synthesis in prokaryotes.
Familiarity with the process of protein biosynthesis in eukaryotes.
To know protein folding, and clinical relatives in protein synthesis.
Contents
1. The protein biosynthesis system.
(1) mRNA, the template.
(2) The genetic code.
(3) tRNA, the adapter.
(4) Ribosome, and rRNAs.
2. The five stages of protein biosynthesis.
(1) Activation of amino acids.
(2) Translation initiation.
(3) Translation elongation.
(4) Translation termination.
(5) Protein folding and post-translational processing.
3. Clinical relations in protein synthesis.
(1) Antibiotics and protein synthesis.
(2) Diphtheria and protein synthesis.
(3) Interferon and protein synthesis.
Chapter Six Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
Grasp of the basic principle of regulation of prokaryotic gene expression.
Grasp of the concept of operon and familiarity with lac operon.
To know other important E.coli operons and regulation of gene expression in phage λ.
To know translational regulation in prokaryotes.
Contents
1. Basic principle of regardless of gene expression.
(1) The common feature of gene expression is both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
(2) Regulation of transcriptional initiation is the key step in regulation of gene expression.
(3) Induction and repression are the basic models of prokaryotic gene expression.
2. Bacterial operons.
(1) Concept of operon.
(2) Lac operon.
(3) Other important operons.
3. Regulation of gene expression in phage λ.
(1) The life cycle of phage λ.
(2) Regulation of gene expression in lysogen and lysis pathway.
4. Translational regulation in prokaryotes.
(1) Attenuation.
(2) Regulon.
(3) Coordinate synthesis of ribosomal proteins and rRNA.
(4) mRNA stability.
Chapter Seven
Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Familiarity with regulation of transcriptional initiation in eukaryotes.
Grasp of the structure and function of the transcription factors.
To know post-translational regulation of gene expression.
Familiarity with RNAi.
To know translational regulation.
Contents
1. Regulation of transcriptional initiation.
(1) Eukaryotic promoter.
(2) Transcription factors.
(3) Molecular mechanism of transcriptional initiation.
2. Post-transcriptional regulation.
(1) 5’ end capping and 3’ end polyadenylation of mRNA.
(2) Splicing.
(3) mRNA edition.
(4) mRNA transporting from nucleus to cytoplasm.
(5) RNAi.
3. Translational regulation.
(1) eIFs.
(2) 5’ and 3’ UTR binding protein.
(3) Translational initiation sites.
Chapter Eight
Recombinant DNA technology
Purpose
1. Grasp of concepts of recombinant DNA and recombinant DNA technology.
2. Familiarity with the basic principles of recombinant DNA technology.
3. To know the relation between recombinant DNA technology and medicine.
Contents
1. Introduction to recombinant DNA technology
(1) Molecular cloning.
(2) DNA manipulation.
2. Molecular tools.
(1) Tool enzymes.
(2) Vectors.
(3) Host cells.
3. DNA cloning.
(1) Process of DNA cloning.
(2) Application of DNA cloning.
4. Analysis of cloned DNA.
(1) RE mapping.
(2) DNA sequencing.
(3) Bioinformatics in DNA cloning.
(4) Molecular hybridization.
5. Application of recombinant DNA technology in biology and medicine.
(1) To produce bioactive proteins.
(2) To get site-specific mutation.
(3) RNAi.
(4) Transgenic animals and gene knock out.
(5) Gene diagnosis and gene therapy.
Chapter Nine Signal transducer and cellular signal transduction
Purpose
1.
2.
3.
4.
Grasp of concept of cellular signal transduction.
Familiarity with types of signal transducers and secondary messengers.
To know the basic structure of cellular signal transduction network.
Familiarity with general signal pathways mediated by receptors.
Contents
1. The general of signal transduction.
(1) Soluble and membrane binding chemical signal molecules.
(2) Receptors.
(3) The working models of cellular signal transduction.
2. Small chemicals as transduction messengers.
(1) The features.
(2) cAMP and cGMP as secondary messengers.
(3) Lipids as the secondary messengers.
(4) Calcium ion.
3. Proteins families as signal transducers.
(1) Protein kinases and phosphotases.
(2) MAPK pathway members.
(3) PTK pathway members.
(4) G-proteins and small G-proteins.
4. The structural basis of signal transduction network.
(1) The features of transducer compound.
(2) Protein-protein interaction.
(3) The adapter protein and the scaffolding proteins.
5. General signal pathways mediated by membrane receptors.
(1) Pathways mediated by ligand-gated receptor channel.
(2) Pathways mediated by G-proteins.
(3) Pathways mediated by RTKs and PSTKs.