CURRICULUM VITAE JONATHAN ROGER BECKWITH Born: December 25, 1935, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1953 Graduated Newton High School, Newton, Massachusetts 1957 A.B. in Chemistry, Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1961 Ph.D. in Biochemical Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts with Dr. Lowell Hager. 1960 Teaching Assistant, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 1961-65 NIH Postdoctoral Fellow with 1. Dr. Arthur Pardee, University of California, Berkeley, and Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. 2. Dr. William Hayes, MRC Microbial Genetic Research Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England. Jane Coffin Childs Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow with 3. Dr. Sidney Brenner, MRC Microbial Genetic Research Unit, Cambridge, England 4. Dr. Francois Jacob, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France 1965 Associate in Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School 1966 Assistant Professor in Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School 1968 Associate Professor in Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School 1969 Professor in Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School; Professor in Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School 1970 Recipient of the Eli Lilly Award for Outstanding Achievements in Microbiology 1970 Guggenheim Fellowship 1971-73 Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics 1975-2000 Director of Genetics Training Grant, Harvard Medical School 1980- American Cancer Society Research Professor 1980-85 Editorial Board. Annual Review of Genetics 1981-91 Member, Scientific Advisory Board, New England BioLabs, Beverly, MA. 1984- Member of the National Academy of Sciences 1985 Visiting Professor, University of California, Berkeley 1985- Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 1985- Advisory Board, Council for Responsible Genetics 1985- Advisory Board, Eritrean Relief Committee 1986- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science 1986 Merit Award from the National Institutes of Health 1986-90 Member, Scientific Advisory Board, International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Naples, Italy. 1986- Member of the Genetic Screening Study Group 1987- 1999 Editorial Board, Genes and Development 1988 Jacques Monod Memorial Lecturer, Institut Pasteur, Paris 1989- Associate Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization 1989-1995 Member of the Working Group on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project for the National Center for Human Genome Research, NIH 1990-92 Editorial Board, EMBO Journal 1990-1993 President, Board of Directors, Science for the People 1991 Samuel Rudin Visiting Professor-Columbia Univ. College of Physicians & Surgeons 1991 Lester O. Krampitz Lecturer in Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University 1992- Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology 1993 Awarded Genetics Society of America Medal 1994-1998 Consultant to Genentech Corporation 1997-1998 Member, Advisory Committee for "Genes, Environment and Behavior," a high school biology curriculum unit prepared by BSCS, Colorado Springs, CO. 1998 Keynote Speaker at 99th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Microbiology 1999 Roger Stanier Memorial Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley 1999-2002 Elected to Harvard Medical School Faculty Council 2000- Editorial Board, ASM News 2000-2002 Member of "Behavioral Genetics Working Group" of the Hastings Center for Bioethics and the American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science 2000 Helen R. Whiteley Memorial Lecturer, University of Washington, Seattle 2001 Frank and Joan Rothman Commencement Forum Lecturer, Brown University 2001 Pan American Association for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Award Lecturer for 2001 (presented in Argentina) 2002- Member, Scientific Advisory Board, Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University 2002- Member, Advisory Board, Program in Science, Technology and Society Program, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 2005 Recipient of Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the Univ.of Massachusetts, Lowell 2005 Awarded Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award of the American Society for Microbiology 2006-2008 Member of ASM committee to select Abbott Lifetime Achievement Award 2007 Elected Honorary Member of Phi Beta Kappa by the Alpha Iota Chapter of Massachusetts at Harvard College June 5, 2007, in recognition of high attainments in liberal scholarship 2009 Awarded: 1)Selman Waksman Award in Microbiology from the National Academy of Sciences for “excellence in the field of microbiology” and 2)The Edinburgh Medal for professional achievements that have made a significant contribution to the understanding and well-being of humanity 3)Harvard Medical School Division of Medical Sciences Hooding Speaker “For inspired teaching and exceptional commitment and service to graduate education”. 2010 Brina Sheeman Shackleford Teaching Award from the PhD program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School 2011 ASM Graduate Microbiology Teaching Award 2012 Keynote Speaker at the Bacteria, Archaea and Phages Meeting at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory 2012 Keynote Speaker at Quest for Research Excellence Conference organized by the Office of Research Integrity of the National Institutes of Health. 2013 Keynote Speaker on Bioethics, University of Rochester Medical Center. . Addendum I am American Cancer Society Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics at Harvard Medical School. I teach genetics and I and my coworkers do research in bacterial genetics. Our work has been in the area of gene expression, the mechanism of protein secretion, the structure and function of membrane proteins, disulfide bond formation in proteins and cell division. I with my coworkers have published over 300 papers on these subjects. I have graduated 35 PhD students (as of 2009). I have also been active since 1969 in activities and public discussions of issues of the social impact of genetics. For many years I was active in Science for the People, an organization which worked to demystify scientific issues for the public and to describe the social and political influences on scientific research and its uses. More recently, as a member of the Genetic Screening Study Group, I have worked on critiques of biological determinist thinking. We have been critical of such areas as sociobiology, arguments that variation in human traits such as IQ and anti-social behavior are largely due to genetics, and claims that women are inferior to men in their mathematical ability for biological reasons. I have also been concerned with the social impact of genetic screening programs and of the Human Genome Project. As a result I was appointed to the first Working Group on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project of the National Center for Human Genome Research. In addition, our Study Group has published two reports on surveys that reveal "genetic discrimination" in such areas as health insurance resulting from the use of information from genetic tests. I am author of a memoir entitled “Making Genes, Making Waves: A Social Activist in Science” published by Harvard University Press in 2002. Author of over 300 scientific publications and over 100 publications on science and society issues. PUBLICATIONS: BOOKS: Beckwith, J.R. and Zipser, D. editors "The Lac Operon." A book published by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (1970). Beckwith, J., Davies, J. And Gallant, J.A. editors. Gene Function in Prokaryotes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. (1983). Beckwith, J., and Silhavy, T. The Power of Bacterial Genetics: A Literature-Based Course. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. 828 pages (1992). Beckwith, J. Making Genes, Making Waves: A Social Activist in Science. Harvard University Press (2002). (Translated into Korean, 2009.) Alper, J.S., Ard, C., Asch, A., Beckwith, J., Conrad, P., and Geller, L., eds. The Double-Edged Helix: Social Implications of Genetics in a Diverse Society. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. Baltimore. (2002). BOOKS AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS: 1. Shaw, P.D., Beckwith, J., and Hager, L.P. Biological chlorination. II. The biosynthesis of delta-chlorolevulinic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 234:2560-2564 (1960). 2. Beckwith, J.R. and Hager, L.P. The synthesis of D, L-caldariomycin. J. Org. Chem. 26:5206-5208 (1961). 3. Pardee, A.B., and Beckwith, J.R. Genetic determination of constitutive enzyme levels. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 60:452-454 (1962). 4. Beckwith, J.R., Pardee, A.B., Austrian, R. and Jacob, F. Co-ordination of the synthesis of the enzymes in the pyrimidine pathway in E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 5:618-634 (1962). 5. Pardee, A.A., and Beckwith, J.R. Control of constitutive enzyme synthesis. In "Informational Macromolecules," Rutgers University, September, 1962. 255-269. 6. Beckwith, J.R., Clark, R. and Hager, L.P. Biological chlorination. VII. Studies on the biosynthesis of caldariomycin. J. Biol. Chem. 238:3086-3090 (1963). 7. Beckwith, J.R. and Hager, L.P. Biological chlorination. VIII. Later intermediates in the biosynthesis of caldariomycin. J. Biol. Chem. 238:3091-3094 (1963). 8. Beckwith, J.R. Restoration of operon activity by suppressors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta.76:162-164 (1963). 9. Beckwith, J.R. A deletion analysis of the lac operator region in E. coli. J. Mol. Biol.8:427-430 (1964). 10. Beckwith, J.R. Restoration of operon activity by suppressors, in Stubbe, H. (Ed.) Structure and Function of the Genetic Material (Erwin-Baur-Symposium III, 1963). Abhdlg. d. Dadb., Klasse f. Medizin, Mo. 1-119-124 (1964). 11. Broda, P., Beckwith, J.R. and Scaife, J. The characterization of a new type of F-prime factor in E. coli Kl2. Genetical Research 5:489-494 (1964). 12. Brenner, S. and Beckwith, J.R. Ochre mutants, a new class of suppressible nonsense mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 13:629-637 (1965). 13. Signer, E.R., Beckwith, J.R. and Brenner, S. Mapping of suppressor loci in E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 14-153-166 (1965). 14. Newton, A., Beckwith J.R., Zipser, D. and Brenner, S. Nonsense mutants and polarity in the lac operon of E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 14:290-296 (1965). 15. Beckwith, J.R., and Signer, E.R. Transposition of the lac operon of E. coli. I. Inversion of the lac operon and transduction of lac by ö80. J. Mol. Biol. 19:254-265 (1966). 16. Gorini, L. and Beckwith, J.R. Suppression. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 20:401-422 (1966). 17. Fox, C.R., Beckwith J.R., Epstein, W. and Signer, E.R. Transpositon of the lac region of E. coli. II. On the role of thiogalactoside transacetylase in lactose metabolism. J. Mol. Biol. 19:576-579 (1966). 18. Signer, E.R. and Beckwith, J.R. Transposition of the lac region of E. coli. The mechanism of attachment of coliphage ö80 to the bacterial chromosome. J. Mol. Biol. 22:33-51 (1966). 19. Beckwith, J.R., Signer, E.R. and Epstein, W. Transposition of the lac region of E. coli. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 31:393-401 (1966). 20. Scaife, J.G. and Beckwith, J.R. Mutational alteration of the maximal level of lac operon expression. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 31:403-408 (1966). 21. Beckwith, J.R. and Signer, E.R. The effects of inversion, transposition and deletion on lac operon activity in E. coli. In "Regulation of Nucleic Acid and Protein Biosynthesis." Ed. Koningsberger Bosch, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 288-297 (1967). 22. Beckwith, J.R. The regulation of lac operon activity in E. coli. Science 156:597-604 (1967). 23. Arditti, R.R., Miller, J.H., Scaife, J.G. and Beckwith, J.R. The role of promoter sites in gene expression, in Molecular Genetics. A symposium of the GesellschaftDeutscher Naturforscher und Arzter, Ed. H.G. Wittman and H. Schuster. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 213-222 (1967). 24. Ippen, K., Miller, J.H., Scaife, J.G. and Beckwith, J.R. New controlling element in the lac operon of E. coli. Nature 217:825-827 (1968). 25. Ohlsson, B.M., Strigini, P. and Beckwith, J.R. Allelic amber and ochre suppressors. J. Mol. Biol. 36:209 (1968). 26. Arditti, R.R., Scaife, J.G. and Beckwith, J.R. The nature of lac promoter mutants. J. Mol. Biol. 38:421 (1968). 27. Miller, J.H., Ippen, K., Scaife, J.G. and Beckwith, J.R. The promoter-operator region of the lac operon of E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 38:413 (1968). 28. Miller, J.H., Beckwith, J.R., and Muller-Hill, B. The direction of reading of a regulatory gene in E. coli. Nature 220:1287 (1968). 29. Epstein, W. and Beckwith, J.R. Control of gene expression. Annual Reviews of Biochemistry 37:411-436 (1968). 30. Schwartz, D.O. and Beckwith, J.R. Mutagens which cause deletions in E. coli. Genetics 61:371 (1969). 31. Reznikoff, W., Miller, J.H., Scaife, J.G., and Beckwith, J.R. A mechanism for repressor action. J. Mol. Biol. 43:201 (1969). 32. Reznikoff, W., and Beckwith, J.R. Genetic evidence that the operator locus is distinct from the z gene in the lac operon of E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 43:215 (1969). 33. Gottesman, S., and Beckwith, J.R. Directed transposition of the ara operon: A technique for the isolation of specialized transducing phages for any E. coli gene. J. Mol. Biol. 44:117-127 (1969). 34. Silverstone, A., Magasanik, B., Reznikoff, W.S., Miller, J.H. and Beckwith, J.R. Catabolite sensitive site of the lac operon. Nature 221-1012 (1969). 35. Shapiro, J., MacHattie, L., Eron, L., Ihler, G., Ippen, K., Beckwith, J., Arditti, R., Reznikoff, W., and MacGillivray, R. The isolation of pure lac operon DNA. Nature 224: 768774 (1969). 36. Schwartz, D.O., and Beckwith, J.R. Mutants missing a factor necessary for the expression of catabolite-sensitive operons in E. coli in "The Lac Operon," 4l7-422 (1970). 37. Eron, L., Beckwith, J.R. and Jacob, F. Deletions of translation start signals in the lac operon. in "The Lac Operon," 353-358 (1970). 38. Zubay, G., Schwartz, D.O. and Beckwith, J.R. The mechanism of activation of catabolite-sensitive genes: a positive control system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 66:104-110 (1970). 39. Arditti, R.R., Eron, L., Zubay, G., Tocchini-Valentini, G., Conaway, S., and Beckwith, J. "In vitro" transcription of the lac genes. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 35:437-442 (1970). 40. Beckwith, J.R. and Zipser, D. editors "The Lac Operon." A book published by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. (1970). 41. Eron, L., Arditti, R.R., Zubay, G., Connaway, S. and Beckwith, J. A cyclic-AMP binding protein which acts on the transcription process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 68:215-218 (1971). 42. Miller, J.H., Reznikoff, W.S., Silverstone, A.E., Ippen, K., Signer, E.R. and Beckwith, J.R. Fusions of the lac and trp regions of the E. coli chromosome. J. Bact. 104:1273-1279 (1970). 43. Beckwith, J.R. Lac: the genetic system. A review chapter in "The Lac Operon" 5-26 (1970). 46. Beckwith, J.R. Gene expression in bacteria and some concerns about the misuse of science. Bact. Revs. 34:222-227 (1970). 47. Eron, L., Morse, D., Reznikoff, W. and Beckwith, J. Fusions of the lac and trp regions of Escherichia coli: Covalently fused messenger RNA. J. Mol. Biol. 60:203 (1971). 48. Zubay, G., Schwartz, D., and J. Beckwith. The mechanism of activation of catabolite-sensitive genes. Cold Spr. Harb. Sym. Quant. Biol. 35:433-435 (1970). 49. Ippen, K., Shapiro, J.A., and Beckwith, J. Transposition of the lac region to the gal region of the Escherichia coli chromosome: Isolation of λlac transducing phage. J. Bacteriol. 108:5-9 (1971). 50. Beckwith, J., Grodzicker, T., and Arditti, R. Evidence for two sites in the lac promoter region. J. Mol. Biol. 69-155-160 (1972). 51. Arditti, R., Grodzicker, T., and Beckwith, J.R. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-independent mutants of the lactose operon of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 114:652-655 (1973). 52. Brickman, E., Soll, L., and Beckwith, J. Genetic characterization of mutations which affect catabolite sensitve operon in E. coli, including deletions of the gene for adenyl cyclase. J. Bacteriol. 116:582-587 (1973). 53. Beckwith, J., Rossow, P. Analysis of genetic regulatory mechanisms: the approaches and the pitfalls. Annu. Rev. Genetics 8: (1974). 54. Mitchell, D., Reznikoff, W., Beckwith, J. Genetic fusions defining trp and lac regulatory elements. J. Mol. Biol. 93:331 (1975). 55. Sabourin, D. and Beckwith, J. Deletion of the Escherichia coli gene crp. J. Bacteriol. 122:338-340 (1975). 56. Brickman, E., and Beckwith, J. Analysis of the regulation of E. coli alkaline phosphatase synthesis using deletions and o80 transducing phages. J. Mol. Biol. 96:307-316 (1975). 57. Mitchell, D., Reznikoff, W., Beckwith, J. Genetic fusions that help define a transcription termination region in E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 101:441-457 (1976). 58. Inouye, H., Pratt, C., Beckwith, J. and Torriani, A.M. Alkaline phosphatase synthesis in a cell-free system using DNA and RNA templates. J. Mol. Biol. 110:75-87 (1977). 59. Silhavy, T., Casadaban, M.J., Shuman, H.A., and Beckwith, J.R. Conversion of âgalactosidase to a membrane-bound state by gene fusion. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. 73:3423-3427 (1976). 60. Casadaban, M.J., Silhavy, T.J., Berman, M., Shuman, H.A., Sarthy, A., and Beckwith, J.R. Construction and use of gene fusions using bacteriophage MU insertions. in DNA Insertion Elements, Plasmids and Episomes. Bukhari, A.I., Shapiro, J., and Adhya, S. Ed. (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. p. 531-536 (1977). 61. Guarente, L., Mitchell, D.H., and Beckwith, J. Transcription termination at the end of the trp operon of E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 112:423-436 (1977) 62. Inouye, H., and Beckwith, J. Synthesis and processing of an E. coli alkaline phosphatase precursor in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74:1440-1444 (1977). 63. Silhavy, T., Shuman, H., Beckwith, J., and Schwartz, M. The use of gene fusions to study outer membrane protein localization in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 74:5411-5415 (1977). 64. Guarente, L., and Beckwith. J. A mutant RNA polymerase of E. coli which terminates transcription in strains making defective rho factor. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 75:294-297 (1978). 65. Zabin, I., Fowler, A.V. and Beckwith, J.R. Position of the mutation in β-galactosidase ochre mutant Ull8. J. Bacteriol. 133:437-438 (1978). 66. Bassford, P., Beckwith, J., Berman, J., Brickman, E., Casadaban, M., Guarente, L., Saint-Girons, I., Sarthy, A., Schwartz, M., Shuman, H., and Silhavy, T. Genetic fusions of the lac operon: a new approach to the study of biological processes in The Operon, ed. by J.H. Miller and W.S. Reznikoff. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 245-261 (1978). 67. Beckwith, J., Silhavy, T., Inouye, H., Shuman, H., Schwartz, M., Emr, S., Bassford, P., and Brickman, E. The mechanism of localization of proteins in Escherichia coli in Dahlem Workshop on Transport of Macromolecules in cellular systems. Ed. by S. Silverstein. Dahlem, Berlin, 299-314 (1978). 68. Shuman, H.A., and Beckwith, J. Mutants of E. coli Kl2 that allow transport of maltose via the â-galactoside transport system. J. Bacteriol. 137:365-372 (1979). 69. Bassford, P.J., Silhavy, T., Shuman, H., Emr, S., Brickman, E., and Beckwith, J. The use of gene fusions to study protein localization in E. coli. in Microbiology 1979, ed. by D. Schlesinger. ASM Press, Washington. p. 30-33 (1979). 70. Bassford, P., and Beckwith, J. Mutants of Escherichia coli which accumulate the precursor of a secreted protein in the cytoplasm. Nature 277:538-541 (1979). 71. Berman, M., and Beckwith, J. Fusions of the lac operon to the transfer RNA gene tyrT of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 130:285-301 (1979). 72. Berman, M., and Beckwith, J. Use of gene fusions to isolate promoter mutants in the transfer RNA gene, tyrT, of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 130:305-315 (1979). 73. Silhavy, T.J., Bassford, P.J., and Beckwith, J.R. A genetic approach to the study of protein localization in E. coli in Bacterial Outer Membrane: Biosynthesis, Assembly and Functions. Ed. by M. Inouye. J. Wiley and Sons. 203-254 (1979). 74. Wanner, B., Sarthy, A., and Beckwith, J. Escherichia coli pleiotropic mutant that reduces amounts of several periplasmic and outer membrane proteins. J. Bacteriol. 140:229-239 (1979). 75. Brickman, E., Silhavy, T., Bassford, P.J., Shuman, H., and Beckwith. J. Sites within the lacZ gene for formation of hybrid active â-galactosidase molecules. J. Bacteriol. 139:13-18 (1979). 76. Bassford, P., Silhavy, T.J., and Beckwith, J. Use of gene fusion to study secretion by maltose-binding protein in Escherichia coli periplasm. J. Bacteriol. 139:19-31 (1979). 77. Silhavy, T.J., Brickman, E., Bassford, P.J., Casadaban, M.J., Shuman, H.A., Schwartz, V., Guarente, L., Schwartz, M., and Beckwith, J.R. Structure of the malB region in Escherichia coli K12. II. Genetic map of the malE,F,G operon. Mol. Gen. Genetics 174:249-259 (1979). 78. Guarente, L., Beckwith, J., Wu, A.M., and Platt, T. Localization of mutations in the transcription termination region of the tryptophan operon of E. coli. J. Mol. Biol. 133, 189-197 (1979). 79. Sarthy, A., Fowler, A., Zabin, I., and Beckwith, J. The use of gene fusions to determine a partial signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase. J. Bacteriol. 139, 932-939 (1979). 80. Shuman, H.A., Silhavy, T.J., and Beckwith, J. Labelling of protein with â-galactosidase by gene fusion: Identification of a cytoplasmic membrane component of the Escherichia coli maltose transport system. J. Biol. Chem. 255:168-174 (1980). 81. Silhavy, T.J., Emr, S., Schwartz, M., and Beckwith, J. l979. The use of gene 0fusions to study outer membrane protein localization in Limited proteolysis in microorganism.. ed. by G.N. Cohen and H. Holzer. DHEW Publications No. (NIH) 79-1591. pp. 177-179. 82. Chang, C.N., Model, P., Inouye, H., and Beckwith, J. Alkaline phosphatase precursor is processed to the mature enzyme by an E. coli inner membrane preparation. J. Bacteriol.142:726-728 (1980). 83. Welply, J.K., Fowler, A.V., Beckwith, J.R., and Zabin, I. Map positions of early nonsense and deletion mutations in lacZ. J. Bacteriol. 142:732-734 (1980). 84. Bedouelle, H., Bassford, P.J., Jr., Fowler, A.V., Zabin, I., Beckwith, J., and Hofnung, M. The nature of mutational alterations in the signal sequence of the maltose binding protein of Escherichia coli. Nature 285:78-81 (1980). 85. Wu, A.M., Chapman, A.B., Platt, T., Guarente, L.P. and Beckwith, J. Deletions of distal sequences affect termination of transcription at the end of the tryptophan operon in Escherichia coli. Cell 19:829-836 (1980). 86. Sarthy, A., Michaelis, S., and Beckwith, J. Deletion map of the Escherichia coli structural gene for alkaline phosphatase. J. Bacteriol. 145:288-292 (1981). 87. Sarthy, A., Michaelis, S., and Beckwith, J. Use of gene fusions to determine the orientation of the phoA gene in the Escherichia coli chromosome. J. Bacteriol. 145:5145:293-298 (1981). 88. Ito, K., Bassford, P.J., Jr., and Beckwith, J. Protein localization in E. coli. Is there a common step in the secretion of periplasmic and outer membrane proteins? Cell 24:707-714 (1981). 89. Beckwith, J. A genetic approach to characterizing complex promoters in Escherichia coli. Cell 23:307-308 (1981). 90. Brown, S., Brickman, E.R., and Beckwith, J. Blue ghosts: A new method for isolating amber mutants in essential genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 146:422-425 (1981). 91. Inouye, H., Michaelis, S., Wright, A., and Beckwith, J. Cloning restriction map and generation of deletion mutants in vitro of the alkaline phosphatase structural gene (phoA) of E. coli. J. Bacteriol. 146:668-675 (1981). 92. Bassford, P.J., Emr, S.D., Silhavy, T.J., Beckwith, J., Bedouelle, H., Clement, J.-M., Hedpeth, J., and Hofnung, M. The genetics of protein secretion in Escherichia coli in Methods in Cell Biology. eds. A. Hand and C. Oliver. 23:28-33 (1981). 93. Oliver, D., and Beckwith, J. E. coli mutant pleiotropically defective in the secretion of E. coli proteins. Cell 25:765-772 (1981). 94. Ito, K., and Beckwith, J. Role of the mature protein sequence of maltose binding protein in its secretion across the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane. Cell 25:143-150 (1981). 95. Inouye, H., Barnes, W., and Beckwith, J. The signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase of E. coli. J. Bacteriol. 149:434-439 (1982). 96. Oliver, D.B., and Beckwith, J. Identification of a new gene (secA) and gene product involved in the secretion of envelope proteins in E. coli. J. Bacteriol. 150:686-691 (1982). 97. Garwin, J.L., and Beckwith, J. Secretion and processing of ribose binding protein Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 149:789-792 (1982). 98. Oliver, D., Kumamoto, C., Quinlan, M., and Beckwith, J. Pleiotropic mutants affecting the secretory apparatus of E. coli. Ann. Microbiol. (Inst. Pasteur) 133A:105-110 (1982). 99. Garwin, J.L., and Beckwith, J. Genetic approaches for studying protein localization. In Membranes and Transport, Vol. 1 (Ed. A.N. Martonosi) Plenum Publishing Corp, 1982 100. Michaelis, S., and Beckwith, J. Mechanism of incorporation of cell envelope proteins in Escherichia coli. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 36:435-465 (1982). 101. Silhavy, T.J., and Beckwith, J. Isolation and characterization of mutants of Escherichia coli K12 affected in protein localization. in Methods in Enzymology 97:11 (1983). 102. Oliver, D., and Beckwith, J. Regulation of a membrane component required for protein secretion in Escherichia coli. Cell 130:311-3l9 (1982). 102a. Beckwith, J., Davies, J. And Gallant, J.A. editors. Gene Function in Prokaryotes. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. (1983). 103. Beckwith, J., and Silhavy, T.J. Genetic analysis of protein export in Escherichia coli. Methods in Enzymology 97:3-11 (1983). 104. Michaelis, S., Guarente, L., and Beckwith, J. In vitro construction and characterization of phoA-lacZ gene fusions in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 154:356-365 (1983). 105. Michaelis, S., Inouye, H., Oliver, D., and Beckwith, J. Mutations that alter the signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 154:366-374 (1983). 106. Kumamoto, C., and Beckwith, J . Mutations in a new gene, secB, cause defective protein localization in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 135:254-260 (1983). 107. Oliver, D., Kumamoto, C., Brickman, E., Ferro-Novick, S., Garwin, J., and Beckwith, J. Genetics of the secretory apparatus of E. coli. in Gene Expression. p. 371-383. UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Bioloy, New Series, eds. D. Hamer and M. Rosenberg (Alan R. Liss, Inc., N.Y. (1983). 108. Lopilato, J.E., Garwin, J.L., Emr, S.D., Silhavy, T.J., and Beckwith, J.R. D-ribose metabolism in Escherichia coli K12. Genetics, regulation and transport. J. Bacteriol. 158:665-673 (1984). 109. Brickman, E.R., Oliver, D.B., Garwin, J.L., Kumamoto, C. and Beckwith, J.R. The use of extragenic suppressors to define genes involved in protein export in Escherichia coli. Molecular and General Genetics. 196:24-27 (1984). 110. Froshauer, S. and Beckwith, J. The nucleotide sequence of the gene for malF protein, an inner membrane component of the maltose transport system of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 259:10896-10903 (1984). 111. Kumamoto, C.A., Oliver, D.B., and Beckwith, J.R Signal sequence mutations disrupt the coupling between secretion and translation in Escherichia coli. Nature 308:863-864 (1984). 112. Ebright, R., P.Cossart, B. Gicquel-Sanzey, and J. Beckwith. The molecular basis of DNA-sequence recognition by the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP): Detailed inferences from three mutations that alter DNA-sequence specificity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81:7274-7278 (1984). 113. Ebright, R., P. Cossart, B. Gicquel-Sanzey and J. Beckwith. Mutations that alter the DNA sequence specificity of the catabolite gene activator protein (CAP) in E. coli. 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