HealthCare Career Information Sheets
Partners in Career and Workforce Development (PCWD)
Profession: Professional Clinical Coders ...................................................................2
Profession: Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA).........................................................4
Profession: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) .............................................................6
Profession: Medical Assistant ....................................................................................8
Profession: Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLT) ..............................................10
Profession: Medical Technologist (MT) ..................................................................12
Profession: Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA) ...............................................17
Profession: Pharmacist .............................................................................................19
Profession: Pharmacy Technician ............................................................................22
Profession: Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA) ......................................................25
Profession: Research Assistant ................................................................................30
Profession: Respiratory Therapist ............................................................................32
Profession: Registered Nurse (RN)..........................................................................34
Profession: Radiologic Technologist (RT) ..............................................................36
Profession: Professional Clinical Coders
Career Description:
 Professional coders are members of the Health Information Management team
 Responsible for abstracting pertinent information from patient records
 Apply codes based on documentation, guidelines and standards, regulations and policies
 Keep abreast of coding guidelines and reimbursement reporting requirements
Work Environment:
 Hospitals
 Outpatient Clinics
 Physician’s Offices
Working Conditions:
 Always work indoors
 Fast-paced, constantly changing environment
 Low level of social contact
 May work full or part-time
 Required to sit for long periods of time; use desk and computer workstation
Job Outlook:
 The U.S. Department of labor predicts the employment rate for professional coders to
grow faster than average, and expectations are for 21-35% growth of jobs through 2012
Career Advancement:
 Advance through specialization or additional education
 Can work in HIM, Compliance or for Patient Financial Services
 With 1 + years experience and certification it is possible travel around the country to
work in different hospitals, clinics

Earnings:
 In Massachusetts, most professional coders make $15.50 - $20.70 per hour ($32,280$43,080 per year). Some Professional coders make over $30 per hour or over $62,000.00
per year
 Wages vary by employer, location and experience
Education/Training Required:
 Complete accredited RHIT program; most programs lead to a 2- year Associate Degree
 Education includes: anatomy and physiology, microbiology, medical terminology, coding
classifications
 Hands-on, practical training in hospital, physician’s office setting
 Successful completion of national certification exam is preferred
 Continuing education courses are required to renew certification
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Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED;
 Ability to pass college placement exam (math, reading comprehension)
Is this career for you?
 Can you successfully complete required math and science courses?
 Do you enjoy working alone?
 Do you enjoy a fast-paced environment?
 Are you interested in computer technology?
 Are you a good reader?
 Are you able to sit for long periods of time?
 Do you have good dexterity on your hands and the ability to hold your arm/hand in one
position for extended periods of time?
 Do you enjoy learning and education on an ongoing basis?
For more information on this career:
 American Health Information Management Association (AHIMA):
http://www.ahima.org/
 American Academy of Professional Coders (AAPC):
http://www.aapc.com
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Profession: Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)
Career Description:
 Work under the direction of Nurses and Doctors
 Give personal care to patients in hospitals, nursing homes and at home
 Assist patients with daily living activities (bathing, dressing, walking, eating, shaving,
changing and making bed, toileting etc.)
 Take vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, temperature) and provide skin care
 Record vital signs and food intake and output
 Observe patients’ physical, mental and emotional conditions and report any changes to
Nurse or Doctor
 Answer call bells, read charts, deliver messages, and greet and communicate with
patients and families
 May include some clerical work such as filing and making appointments
Work Environment:
 Hospitals
 Nursing Homes; patient Homes
 Rehabilitation facilities; hospice facilities
Working Conditions:
 Requires physical stamina (long hours on feet; moving of patients and equipment)
 Some risk of exposure to hazardous body fluids and diseases, infections from patient
contact
 Usually work indoors in close contact with patients and co-workers
 Wear uniforms
 May work days, nights, weekends and holidays; full or part-time
 Typically work a regular schedule
Job Outlook:
 Growth in employment opportunities in U.S. predicted to grow faster than average
through 2014
 Over 1.4 million CNAs employed in U.S.; over 40,000 work in Massachusetts
 Approximately 500,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and
replacement positions); 28% growth rate
 Approximately 1180 CNA positions predicted to be open annually in MA through 2008;
faster than average growth rate expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 May expand skills by moving to critical care or emergency departments
 May progress to lead nursing assistant or supervisory roles
 Can advance into other healthcare careers, generally with more education and training
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Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for nursing assistants is $1,730 per month; Half of all
nursing assistants earn $1,470-$2,060 per month or $17,640-$24,720 annually
 Average salary in MA is $2,150 per month; Half of all nursing assistants earn $1,900$2,410 per month or $22,800-$28,920 annually

Education/Training Required:
 Certified Nursing Assistant programs are offered through high schools, vocationaltechnical schools, and some community colleges
 Programs vary in length based on whether they are full or part time
 Training includes instruction and supervised clinical experience related to basic patient
care
 Program content includes medical terminology, nutrition, patient care procedures,
interpersonal/communication skills, basic anatomy, safety and assisting with therapies
 Nursing assistants must be certified by the state of MA
 Certification requires completion of an approved training program of 75 hours or more;
certification exam required; continuing education required to maintain certification
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
Is this career for you?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Do you work well as part of a team?
 Do you have good communication skills?
 Do you mind continuous repetition of some routine daily tasks?
 Are you physically able to stand for long periods and lift up to 60 pounds?
 Are you observant and flexible and a good problem solver?
 Are you willing to put patients first and go out of your way to provide exceptional care to
individuals with a wide variety of physical and emotional needs?
For more information on this career visit:
 American Red Cross:
http://coursereg.stores.yahoo.net/healthcare.html
 National Network of Career Nursing Assistant:
http://www.cna-network.org/pages/home.htm
 Long Term Care Careers:
http://www.longtermcarecareers.org/train.php
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Profession: Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
Career Description:
 Work under the direction of Registered Nurses (RNs), Nurse Practitioners, Physicians
Assistants and Physicians
 Provide direct patient care in a variety of health care settings (huge demand in
ambulatory settings)
 Assist with biopsies/excisions/tube insertions
 Conduct walk-in and telephone triage in ambulatory settings
 Evaluate patient needs, wound care, change dressings, remove sutures, implement care
plans, take vital signs, collect specimens for laboratory tests and conduct point of care
testing.
 Provide education and counseling to patients
 Start IV’s, administer prescribed medications and injections, keep records, and other
clerical duties
 In ambulatory settings, supervise medical assistants and other staff
 In nursing care facilities, may supervise nursing assistants and aides
Work Environment:
 Ambulatory Care Settings
 Hospitals
 Nursing Homes, Rehabilitation facilities, Hospice Facilities
 Patient Homes
 Schools, Occupational Health offices
Working Conditions:
 Requires physical stamina (long hours on feet; moving of patients and equipment)
 Some risk of exposure to hazardous body fluids and diseases, infections from patient
contact
 Usually work indoors in close contact with patients and co-workers
 Wear uniforms
 May work days, nights, weekends and holidays; full or part-time
 Typically work a regular schedule
Job Outlook:
 Over 700,000 LPNs employed in U.S.; over 17,000 work in Massachusetts
 282,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and replacement
positions); 17% growth rate
 580 open LPN positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; average growth rate
expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 Can advance into RN roles or other healthcare careers; with more education and training
 May advance into positions as special procedures nurses and in critical care settings
 With experience, may supervise medical assistants, nursing assistants and aides
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Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for LPNs is $2,760 per month. Half of all LPNs earn
$2,330-$3,290 per month or $27,960-$39,480 annually
 Average salary in MA is $3,700 per month. Half of all MA. LPNs earn $3,210-$4,340 per
month or $38,520-$52,080 annually
Education/Training Required:
 LPN programs are offered through high schools, professional technical schools, and
community colleges
 Programs vary in length based on whether they are full or part time
 Training includes instruction and supervised clinical experience related to basic patient
care
 Classes include anatomy and physiology, nutrition, psychology, chemistry, biology and
the study of diseases and treatments
 Nursing assistants must be certified by the state of MA to work in long-term care.
 Certification requires completion of an approved training program of 75 hours or more;
certification exam required; continuing education required to maintain certification
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
Licensure:
 All states require LPNs to be licensed; requirements vary by state
 In Massachusetts, in order to sit for the licensing exam, LPNs must be a graduate of an
approved school or program of practical nursing, OR
 Must be a former student of a professional nursing program who has withdrawn in good
standing and who has completed a program of courses equivalent to that required for
graduation from a school of practical nursing
 In MA, continuing education and fees are required to maintain licensure
Is this career for you?
 Are you able to successfully complete college level math and science courses?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Do you work well as part of a team?
 Do you have good communication skills?
 Do you mind continuous repetition of some routine daily tasks?
 Are you physically able to stand for long periods and lift up to 60 pounds?
 Are you observant and flexible and a good problem solver?
 Are you willing to put patients first and go out of your way to provide exceptional care to
individuals with a wide variety of physical and emotional needs?
For more information on this career visit:
 Massachusetts Center for Nursing: www.nursema.org/programs.html
 National Association of Practical Nurse Education and Service: www.napnes.org/
 National Federations of LPNS: www.nflpn.org/
 National League for Nursing: www.nln.org/
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Profession: Medical Assistant
Career Description:
 Work in outpatient, ambulatory environment
 Assist nurses and physicians in a variety of clinical and administrative functions
 Administrative duties may include: computer tasks, answering phones, greeting patients,
updating and filing patient records, scheduling appointments, billing and bookkeeping
 Clinical duties may include: taking medical histories, explaining treatment procedures to
patients, preparing patients for examinations, assisting physicians during exam, collecting
and preparing lab specimens, performing basic lab tests, removing sutures and changing
bandages
 Other duties may include: cleaning and stocking exam rooms, and ordering supplies
 Take patient vital signs
 Help with prescription refills under the direction of a physician
 Help to sterilize equipment based on hospital/facility policies
Work Environment:
 Hospital
 Private physician office
 Community health center
Working Conditions:
 Work in teams with a high level of social contact (patients, physicians, nurses and
others); must be an effective team player
 Work indoors
 Often exposed to disease and infection
 Wear masks, glasses, rubber gloves, and other protective attire
 Wear uniforms or scrubs
 May work full or part time; weekends, weekdays, or evenings
Job Outlook:
 Medical Assistant is ranked among the top 20 fastest growing positions in the US
 More than 387,000 Medical Assistants are employed in U.S.; over 7000 work in
Massachusetts
 273,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and replacement
positions); 52% growth rate
 Approximately 510 Medical Assistant positions predicted to be open annually in MA
through 2008; much faster than average growth rate expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 May advance into supervisory or lead position
 May specialize in areas such as ophthalmology, podiatry, or others
 With further education and training, Medical Assistants can advance into other medical
positions, including allied health roles, health information management practitioners, and
office managers
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Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for Medical Assistants is $2,030 per month or $24,360
annually; Half of all MTs earn between $1,700 and $2,400 per month, or $20,400 to
$28,800 annually
 In Massachusetts, the average salary for MTs is $2,540 monthly, or $30,480 annually;
half of the MTs employed in MA earn between $2,200 and $2,860 per month, or $26,400
to $34,320 annually
 Wages vary by employer, geographical location, experience and level of education.
Education/Training Required:
 Certificate or diploma from a one-year program or an A.S. degree from a 2-year program
that is accredited by either the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health and
Education Programs (CAAHEP) or the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools
(ABHES).
 Training includes classroom work and an externship that provides hands-on experience in
a healthcare facility
Certification/Licensure Required:
 Optional (but preferred) certifications are “Certified Medical Assistant” (CMA); a
national exam administered by the American Association of Medical Assistants is
required to obtain this certification
 Advanced certification as a Registered Medical Assistant (RMA) is available through the
American Medical Technologists organization; this certification requires at least five (5)
years experience in the field
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 H.S. diploma or GED
 H.S. classes in health, biology, math, and computer applications are helpful
Is this career for you?
 Can you successfully complete required math and science courses?
 Do you enjoy working as part of a team?
 Are you able to provide good customer service, even in stressful situations?
 Do you enjoy a fast-paced environment?
 Are you a good communicator?
 Do you like working with computers?
 Do you enjoy learning and education on an ongoing basis?
 Do you have good time management and organizational skills?
 Can you perform multiple tasks simultaneously?
For more information on this career visit:
 American Association of Medical Assistants: http://www.aamantl.org/becomeCMA/how.aspx
 American Medical Technologists: www.amt1.com
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Profession: Medical Laboratory Technicians (MLT)
Career Description:
 Work under the direction of a Medical Technologist or higher level staff member in
laboratories
 Perform automated, routine, and complex analytical procedures on all body fluids,
tissues, and cells using complex instrumentation and/or established manual methods to
help Physicians diagnose diseases
 Prepare slides for microscopic examination by Physician or Laboratory Technologist
 Prepare solutions, controls and reagents
 Prepare and test vaccines and serums to be sure that they are “active” for patient
treatment
 Record test results and analyze for accuracy. Troubleshoot and document problems
 Participate in proficiency testing of unknowns
 Assist medical researchers
 Perform quality control testing
 Perform routine and preventative maintenance on laboratory equipment and instruments
 Participate in internal and external continuing education programs
Work Environment:
 Hospitals (most common)
 Outpatient Health Centers
 Doctor’s Offices
 Public Health Labs
 Medical Research Facilities
 Pharmaceutical Companies
 Universities
 Industrial Medical Labs
Working Conditions:
 Always work indoors
 Usually wears special uniforms: Surgical scrubs and/or lab coat
 Potential exposure to infectious blood, urine, and other bodily fluids
 Fast-paced, constantly changing environment. Must be able to remain calm and efficient
in stressful situations
 May require extended periods of standing and walking
 Must possess visual acuity and manual dexterity sufficient to work with delicate
instruments
 Interpersonal and communication skills are important. Teamwork is important
 May work full or part-time
 May be on call or work nights, weekends, or holidays on a rotating basis
 High level of interaction with Doctors, Nurses, co-workers and patients
 Accuracy important; high level of responsibility for patient results/outcomes
 Must have a high level of analytical ability and judgement
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Job Outlook:
 About 147,500 MLTs employed in U.S.; approximately 2,890 work in Massachusetts
 Approximately 76,000 job openings expected annually in U.S. between 2004-2014 (new
and replacement); 25% growth rate
 80 job vacancies predicted annually in MA through 2008, with average growth rate
through 2012
 Technological advances such as robotics may eventually impact job opportunities, but not
in the near future; currently there is a great need for new MLT’s
Career Advancement:
 Most typical advancement is advancement to Medical Technologist (requires BS degree
and either 2 years of experience or attendance at a nationally accredited Medical
Technologist program)
 May become a sales representative or product tester for lab equipment manufacturers
 May advance into leadership roles/teaching roles w/ increased experience and education
Earnings:
 In Massachusetts, most Medical Technicians make $13.60–$20.40 per hour ($28,288$42,432 per year).
 Wages vary by employer, location and experience
Education/Training Required:
 A.S. degree (includes formal education plus clinical training) from accredited Clinical
Laboratory Technician Program;
 National Certification exam usually required from the Board of Registry of the American
Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 H.S. diploma or GED
 Must have completed high school algebra I and II, chemistry and biology with a
minimum grade of “C-”
 Successful candidates have excelled in high school and/or College science and math
courses
Is this career for you?
 Can you successfully complete required math and science courses?
 Do you enjoy working as part of a team?
 Do you enjoy a fast-paced environment?
 Do you enjoy working with a diverse patient/staff population?
 Are you interested in technology?
 Are you a good communicator?
 Are you able to stand for long periods of time?
 Do you enjoy learning and education on an ongoing basis?
For more information on this career visit:
 American Society for Clinical Pathology:
http://www.ascp.org/Careerlinks/LabCareers/default.aspx
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Profession: Medical Technologist (MT)
Career Description
 Work in labs performing complex tests on samples of bodily fluids to help detect,
diagnose and treat disease
 Perform tests, including the analysis of blood, urine, spinal fluid or other tissue
specimens
 Prepare specimens for examination, grow cell cultures, count cells, and look for abnormal
cells
 Use computers and high tech microscopes and chemicals to perform exams and analyze
test results
 Perform Quality Control tests and assure that equipment is maintained and calibrated to
ensure accurate results
 Often supervise other laboratory workers such as lab assistants and medical laboratory
technicians
 Work with Doctors, Nurses and researchers
Work Environment
 Hospitals (most common, over 50%)
 Independent laboratories
 Physician’s offices
 Clinics
 Research laboratories
 Federal agencies
Working Conditions
 Always work indoors
 Wear protective clothing/equipment such as lab coats, masks, gowns, gloves, goggles
 Exposed to diseases/infections on a regular basis
 Fast-paced, constantly changing environment; strict deadlines for reporting results
 Sight required for highly detailed work; ability to communicate clearly important
 May work full or part-time; may be on call or work nights, weekends, or holidays on a
rotating basis
 Work as part of a team; high level of interaction with doctors, nurses, co-workers
 Accuracy important; high level of responsibility for patient results/outcomes
 Sound judgment and high level problem solving required
Job Outlook
 About 156,000 MTs employed in U.S.; approximately 4,800 work in Massachusetts
 Approximately 74,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and
replacement positions); 21% growth rate
 60 MT positions predicted to be open annually in MA through 2008; average growth rate
expected through 2012
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Career Advancement
 May specialize in particular area of clinical laboratory science such as cytology (the
study of cells), blood bank, histology (the study of tissue structure), cancer research, or in
clinical trial work
 Medical Technologists may advance to supervisory/management positions in labs
 Earning a Masters or Doctoral (PhD) degree may accelerate advancement
 May move into the business setting working in product development, marketing, sales,
applications (teaching others to use products, equipment) for particular manufacturers of
diagnostic testing products and equipment
Earnings
 Nationally, the median wage for MTs is $3,700 per month or $44,400 annually; Half of
all MTs earn between $3,150 and $4,420 per month, or $37,800 to $53,040 annually
 In Massachusetts, the average salary for MTs is $4,270 monthly, or$51,240 annually;
Half of the MTs employed in MA earn between $3,650 and $4,820 per month, or $43,800
to $57,840 annually.
 Wages vary by employer, geographical location, experience and level of education.
Education/Training Required
 BS degree in medical technology or life sciences
 MT program includes courses in chemistry, biology, statistics as well as laboratory
testing techniques and the study of various diseases and conditions
Certification/Licensure Required
 National certification examinations, while voluntary, are expected for most jobs and
usually necessary for advancement, including:
o American Society of Clinical Pathology (ASCP)
o National Certifying Agency for Medical Laboratory Personnel (NCA)
o American Association of Bioanalysts (seven specialty exams offered in
Andrology, Chemistry, Embryology, Hematology, Immunology,
Immunohematology, and Microbiology)
 Licensure requirements vary by state
Prerequisite Educational Requirements
 H.S. diploma or GED
 Strong science, math and computer skills important
Is this career for you?
 Can you successfully complete required math and science courses?
 Are you a very detail-oriented individual who values accuracy and timeliness?
 Do you enjoy working as part of a team?
 Do you enjoy a fast-paced environment?
 Are you interested in technology?
 Are you a good communicator?
 Do you enjoy learning and education on an ongoing basis?
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For more information on this career visit:
 American Society of Clinical Pathology:
http://www.ascp.org/Careerlinks/LabCareers/technologist.aspx#
 National Accrediting Agency for Clinical Laboratory Sciences:
http://www.naacls.org/student-center/
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Profession: Occupational Therapist (OT)
Career Description:
 Work with patients who may have physical or mental challenges that impede their ability
to manage their daily lives
 Help people regain or learn daily living or work skills needed to lead independent,
productive and satisfying lives
 Review patients’ medical charts, meet with patients to evaluate skills and abilities, and
set realistic rehabilitation goals
 Write treatment plans, coordinate activities with and train nurses and other healthcare
staff in therapy techniques so that they can help with the therapy
 Keep accurate records of patients’ activities and progress
 Concerned with physical abilities as well as with psychological and social factors; help
individuals in their home and work settings to adapt and succeed
 Construct adaptive equipment to compensate for patients’ level of function (i.e. splints,
wheelchairs, eating utensils, computers)
 May give advice about managing health/injury risks in the workplace
Work Environment:
 Hospitals and outpatient rehabilitation centers
 Patient/client homes
 Mental health centers and Nursing Homes
 Schools; in the workplace
Working Conditions:
 High level of social interaction; work closely with patients and other caregivers
 Must be able to understand patients and make self understood despite some patients’
speech challenges
 Some risk of exposure to diseases
 May work full or part-time; most work full-time; generally work a set schedule
 Must have physical stamina; lifting and standing for long periods of time common
 Generally work inside; may work outside with some patients
Job Outlook:
 Ranked by the U.S. Dept of Labor as one of the top 17 fastest growing occupations
 Over 92,000 OTs employed in U.S.; more than 3,000 work in Massachusetts
 Approximately 43,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and
replacement positions); 34% growth rate
 130 OT open positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; faster than average
growth rate expected through 2012
 Growth could be limited by federal government and insurance reimbursement policies;
limited funding may reduce therapy approval and patients may need to choose between
physical and occupational therapy service
Career Advancement:
 May specialize in certain patient populations such as pediatrics, gerontology, communitybased programs, physical rehabilitation, or mental health
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

May develop a specialty practice in assistive technology, adaptive equipment, driver
rehabilitation, or hand therapy
May advance into a management or teaching position
May open an independent practice; business skills needed
Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for OTs is $4,440 per month, $53,280 annually.
 Half of all OTs in the U.S. earn between $3,700 and $5,390 per month or $44,400 and
$64,680 annually
 In Massachusetts, average salary for OTs is $4,670 per month or $56,040 annually.
 Half of all OTs in Massachusetts earn between $3,980 and $5,570 per month or $47,760
and $66,840 annually
Education/Training Required:
 In January 2007, a Master’s degree or higher from an accredited occupational therapy
program will be required to become an Occupational Therapy Registered (OTR)
 Required fieldwork is necessary in addition to academic preparation (generally six (6)
months of clinical rotations under the supervision of a certified OT
Certification/Licensure:
 Must pass National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT) exam
 Massachusetts requires licensure; passing NBCOT exam and paying MA fee required
 Must renew certification every three (3) years
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Must pass computerized placement exams in Reading, English and Math
 Some schools require Algebra and Biology courses taken within the last 5 years w/ a
grade of C or better
Is this career for you?
 Do you have a HS diploma or GED with completed prerequisites?
 Can you pass computerized placement exams for college level math, reading and
English?
 Have you or could you successfully complete college Algebra and science courses such
as Biology and Anatomy and Physiology?
 Can you work independently and make sound judgments regarding patient care?
 Are you compassionate?
 Are you patient and understanding and can you cope with slow patient progress?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Are you interested in “lifetime learning”?
 Are you physically able to stand for long periods of time and lift, push and carry heavy
objects/patients?
For more detailed information on this career, please see:
 The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.:
http://www.aota.org/featured/area2/links/link01.asp
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Profession: Occupational Therapy Assistant (OTA)
Career Description:
 Works under the supervision of an Occupational Therapist (OT) to help individuals with
physical or mental or developmental challenges to manage their daily lives
 Assist OTs to assess and carry out treatment plans to help patients with daily living skills
 Work on physical exercises to improve strength and dexterity so that patients can perform
daily tasks such as eating, dressing, bathing, grooming and ambulating from bed to
wheelchair, etc.
 Help individuals with time management, using public transportation, or incorporating
social activities into their daily routines to increase their independence
 Record patient’s progress and help document services for billing purposes; work closely
w/ OT to provide information for evaluations, treatment planning and reviews of patient
progress
 May use games and crafts to help patients develop skills
 Help to design and utilize equipment, such as splints, to help patients accomplish tasks
 Help adapt patient’s environment to assist them with home living and instruct patients
and family on use of special equipment or procedures
 May perform clerical duties and clean, stock and organize work areas
Work Environment:
 Hospitals
 Occupational Therapist and other professionals’ offices
 Nursing homes and rehabilitation centers
Working Conditions:
 Requires physical stamina (long hours on feet and patient, equipment moving)
 Some risk of exposure to diseases
 High level of social interaction; work closely with patients and PT staff
 Must be able to understand patients and make self understood despite some patients’
speech challenges
 May work full or part-time; evenings or weekend shifts available; most work regular
schedules
Job Outlook:
 Less than 25,000 OTAs employed in U.S.; approximately 300 employed in MA.
 Approximately 10,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and
replacement positions); 34% growth rate
 30 OTA openings predicted in MA annually through 2008; faster than average growth
expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 May pursue a BS degree in OT; in 2007, OTs will be required to hold an MS degree or
higher
 Many schools currently offering BS/MS programs in OT
 Can transfer skills and education required for OTA to other areas of healthcare such as
nursing, physical therapy, radiology or medical social work
17
Earnings:
 Full time median annual earnings for OTAs nationally in 2002 was $36,660
 In MA, hourly range was $14.98-$23.38, or $31,158-$48,630 annually
Education/Training Required:
 A.S. Degree or certificate from an accredited OTA program; generally from community
college or technical school
 Course work includes anatomy and physiology, basic medical terminology, introduction
to health care, mental health, therapeutic application gerontology and pediatrics
 A 16 week clinical training for hands-on experience is also required
 Must pass National Board for Certification in Occupational Therapy (NBCOT);
 In MA: must be licensed by the Board and work under the supervision of an Occupation
Therapist Registered (OTR) to practice
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Must pass computerized placement exams in Reading, English and Math
 Some schools require Algebra and Biology courses taken within the last 5 years w/ a
grade of C or better
Is this career for you?
 Do you have a HS diploma or GED with completed prerequisites?
 Can you pass computerized placement exams for college level math, reading and
English?
 Have you or could you successfully complete college Algebra and science courses such
as Biology and Anatomy and Physiology?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Are you interested in “lifetime learning”?
 Are you physically able to stand for long periods of time and lift, push and carry heavy
objects/patients?
For more detailed information on this career visit:
 The American Occupational Therapy Association, Inc.:
http://www.aota.org/featured/area6/index.asp
18
Profession: Pharmacist
Career Description:
 Dispense drugs and provide information on their use
 Ensure the safest and most effective use of medication to treat illness and medical
conditions
 Educate patients about the use of medications and their side effects
 Advise and educate physicians and other healthcare practitioners about all aspects of
drugs, including the appropriate selection of drug treatment for the condition, the dosage,
the interaction with other drugs and possible side effects
 Understand aseptic techniques and work under a laminar flow hood to prepare
medications and intravenous solutions
 Analyze prescription trends to prevent excessive usage and harmful interactions
 Maintain proper procedures for quality and security of controlled substances
 Manage pharmacy operations, including hiring and supervising employees
 Review and monitor drug therapies for hospital patients
 May compound medications using standard formulas and processes
 Train pharmacy students, interns
 Write educational information for patients and other healthcare workers
 Perform administrative tasks such as maintaining patient records and inventory records
Work Environment:
 Hospitals
 Retail drug stores, grocery store pharmacies, department store pharmacies
 Other healthcare settings such as nursing homes, outpatient clinics, etc.
Working Conditions:
 Exposed to diseases and infections on a weekly basis; often wear protective clothes and
equipment
 High social contact; work with patients and various healthcare providers constantly
 High level of accuracy required; high level of responsibility for patient well-being; may
be stressful
Job Outlook:
 More than 230,000 Pharmacists are employed in U.S.; approximately 4200 are employed
in MA.
 Approximately 101,000 open Pharmacist positions are predicted nationally between
2004-2014 (new and replacement positions); 24% growth rate
 120 Pharmacist job openings are predicted annually in MA through 2008 (mainly
replacement positions); Despite negative job growth between 2002-1012, a slight
shortage of Pharmacists is forecasted in MA, as the number of predicted Pharmacy school
graduates is expected to be less than the number of job openings
 Fastest job growth is expected in nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and home care
settings; hospital employment is declining as patient stays are reduced
19
Career Advancement:
 Hospital Pharmacists may advance into management/administrative roles
 Many work with managed care organizations to analyze medication usage patterns/trends
of patients
 May work with Pharmaceutical companies in areas such as research and development,
biotechnology, sales and marketing
 Retail pharmacists may advance in management at the local, regional and national level
 Some Pharmacists may open their own business (may require more business education)
Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for Pharmacists is $6,880 per month, or $82,560 annually
 Half of all Pharmacists in the U.S. earn between $6,050 and $7,640 per month, or
$72,600 - $91,680 annually
 In Massachusetts, average monthly salary for pharmacists is $6,910, or $82,920 annually
 Half of all Pharmacists in Massachusetts earn between $6,260 and $7,550 per month, or
between $75,120-$90,600 annually
Education/Training Required:
 A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) is required to work as a Pharmacist; this is a six (6)
year college program
 Pharm.D. programs require a minimum of two years of pre-pharmacy college courses, a
4-year pharmacy program and a clinical internship
Credentialing requirements:
 Must pass the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam and the Multi-State Pharmacy
Jurisprudence Exam (both administered by the National Association of Boards of
Pharmacy)
 All states require licensure for Pharmacists; requirements vary by state
 In Massachusetts, licensure requires:
o Graduation from an accredited American Council of Pharmaceutical Education
(ACPE) school or college of pharmacy, or
o Foreign Pharmacist Graduate equivalency or certification and
o Minimum of 1500 hours internships after two years of college; up to 400 may be
acquired concurrently with college attendance in board approved clinical
programs or demonstration projects
o Must pass above-mentioned exams and pay fees to MA
o Continuing education required to maintain licensure
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 HS, GED required
 Strong science and math grades in HS, advanced placement classes preferred (if entering
as freshman in six year Pharm.D. course), or
 Successful completion of at least two years in college including A+P 1 and II, Chemistry,
Biology, Algebra, and other prerequisite courses
 Must pass college entrance exams; 2/3 of Pharm.D. programs require students to pass
PCAT (Pharmacy College Admissions Test)
20
Is this career for you?
 Are you, or have you been a student that excels in science and math?
 Do you consider achievement important?
 Do you have close attention to detail?
 Are you able to follow set procedures, routines and standards?
 Do you work well in teams?
 Do you like to help others?
 Do you enjoy independent decision–making and are you able to manage yourself and
others?
 Can you handle a good deal of responsibility?
 Do you have strong communication skills?
 Do you enjoy research and investigative work?
For more information on this career choice, please see:
 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy:
http://www.aacp.org/site/page.asp?VID=1&CID=686&DID=4740&TrackID=
21
Profession: Pharmacy Technician
Career Description:
 Help pharmacists provide drugs and other healthcare products to patients; duties vary by
state
 Review prescriptions, count, pour, measure or mix medications, select containers and
prepare/attach labels, make up intravenous (IV) packs and nutritional solutions for
patients
 All medications are checked by registered pharmacist before given to patient
 May create and maintain patient files (often on a computer)
 Maintain inventory of medications and supplies and stock incoming supplies; clean and
maintain pharmacy equipment
 In hospitals, read patient charts and prepare and deliver medications to patients
 In retail settings, price and file prescription and fill out insurance claim forms
 May work with insurance companies to obtain billing and refilling approval
Work Environment:
 Retail drug stores, grocery store pharmacies, department store pharmacies
 Hospitals
 Other healthcare settings such as nursing homes, outpatient clinics, etc.
Working Conditions:
 Pharmacy Technicians are on their feet much of the time; may include a great deal of
walking to deliver medications throughout large healthcare facilities
 Work in teams
 Work the same hours as pharmacists; often includes nights, weekends, holidays
 Requires attention to detail, strong administrative skills and good people skills
Job Outlook:
 More than 258,000 pharmacy technicians in the U.S.; approximately 3,270 pharmacy
technicians work in Massachusetts
 107,000 open pharmacy technician job openings are predicted nationally between 20042014 (new and replacement positions); 29% growth rate; one half to two thirds of
pharmacy technicians work in retail pharmacies
 90 expected job openings predicted annually in Massachusetts; growth expected to be
slower than average through 2012
Career Advancement:
 Advancement is limited, but some technicians enroll in pharmacy school and become
pharmacists
 May work for a managed care company (requires certification)
 May work in the pharmaceutical industry
 With increased education and experience, can gain leadership or teaching positions
Earnings:
 Wages vary with level of education, certification, work setting and shifts worked
22

In Massachusetts, salary range is $11.15-$18.15 per hour, or $23,192-$37,752 annually
Education/Training Required:
 On-the-job or formal training programs exist; both require HS diploma or GED
 Formal training programs include 1-year certificate programs or 2-year Associates
Degree programs; formal training is often preferred by employers
 Educational coursework includes: medical terminology, pharmaceutical calculations,
pharmacy record-keeping, medical names, doses and uses
 On-the-job training includes names and doses of medications, ethics and laws,
store/hospital policies, and customer service. This training can take between 500 and
1000 hours.
 All training programs include internships where hands-on experience is offered under the
training of experienced technicians and pharmacists
Credentialing requirements:
 In order to become a certified Pharmacy Technician, a trainee must obtain a National
Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) certificate;
 PTCB certification requires: experience working as a Pharmacy Trainee, HS diploma or
GED, and never having been convicted of a felony
 In Massachusetts, only a “Pharmacy Technician Trainee”, Pharmacy Technician, a
certified Pharmacy Technician or a Pharmacy Intern may be employed in a pharmacy to
assist a Pharmacist.
 Massachusetts law requires that a Pharmacy Technician become registered after 500
hours of training. If one is not registered by the time they have trained on the job for 1000
hours, they are not allowed to work as a technician.
 In order to become a Registered Pharmacy Technician in Massachusetts, you must meet
the following requirements:
o HS diploma; GED Be at least 18 years old;
o Prove good moral character; no drug felony convictions
o Complete board-approved formal training program OR have worked 500 –1,000
hours as a pharmacist trainee under the direct supervision of a pharmacist AND
o Pass the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board exam OR MA Pharmacy
Board approved Employer Pharmacy Technician exam
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 HS, GED required
 Strong math, spelling, reading skills required; chemistry, algebra, English
and health education are helpful
Is this career for you?
 Do you have a close attention to detail?
 Are you able to focus on tasks in busy environments?
 Are you able to follow set procedures, routines and standards?
 Are you able to understand basic math and science principles and use these daily?
 Do you work well in teams? Do you enjoy working with and for people?
 Do you have physical stamina and enjoy being active and on your feet?
 Do you have strong communication skills?
23
For more information on this career visit:
 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy: www.aacp.org
 Pharmacy Technician Certification Board: www.ptcb.org
 American Society of Health System Pharmacists: www.ashp.org
24
Profession: Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA)
Career Description:
 Work under the supervision of a Physical Therapist (PT) to help patients regain physical
function after illness or injury
 Provide direct interventions to improve their mobility, reduce their pain and improve
function
 Confer with PT about treatment plan for patient
 Instruct and assist with therapeutic exercises programs, instruction in self care and home
management techniques and functional training programs
 Train patients on how to care for braces, prostheses (artificial body parts) and assistive
devices such as crutches, walkers, and canes
 Administer traction, massage and cold/hot packs and electrical stimulation and ultrasound
 May perform come clerical duties
Work Environment:
 Hospitals
 Nursing home, skilled nursing and long term care facilities
 Doctor’s offices and clinics, under the supervision of Physical Therapists.
 Home Care agencies
 School systems
 Private Practices
Working Conditions:
 Requires physical stamina (long hours on feet and patient, equipment moving)
 Some risk of exposure to diseases
 High level of social interaction; work closely with patients and PT staff
 Can deal with angry or discourteous patients
 May work full or part-time; evenings or weekend shifts available; most work regular
schedules
Job Outlook:
 Over 59,000 PTAs employed in U.S.; over 2000 PTAs work in Massachusetts
 36,000 PTA job openings predicted nationally between 2004-2014 (new and replacement
positions); 44% growth rate
 110 open PTA positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; much faster than
average growth rate expected through 2012
 Job growth mainly due to aging population requiring services; growth may be limited in
the short-term by insurance payment limitations and federal laws, but expected shortages
in the PT field will lead to major growth in the demand for PTAs
Career Advancement:
 May specialize in areas such as pediatrics or geriatrics
 May return to school and pursue PT Career. Minimal requirement for PT is a MS degree
with the majority of PT programs transitioning to 6-year Doctor of PT degree
25
Earnings:
 Full time median annual earnings for PTAs nationally in 2002 was $36,080
 In MA, hourly range was $14.78-$23.34, or $30,742-$48,547.00
Education/Training Required:
 A.S. Degree from accredited PTA program; generally from community or junior college
 Course work includes anatomy and physiology, biology, and psychology; also includes
clinical training for hands-on experience
 Must pass National PT licensing exam by Federation of State Boards of PT; then apply
and pay fee to MA for state registration (MA Board of Registration in PT)
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Completion of High School Biology class w/ Lab component and grade of “C” or better
within last 5 years; OR college Biology 101 within past 5 years
 Successful completion of college placement exam, including Math, English and Reading
assessments and placement in to college level classes
Is this career for you?
 Do you have a HS diploma or GED with completed prerequisites?
 Can you pass computerized placement exams for college level math, reading and
English?
 Have you or could you successfully complete college Algebra and science courses such
as Biology and Anatomy and Physiology?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Are you able to provide excellent customer service even in a fast-paced and sometimes
stressful environment? Are you interested in “lifetime learning”
 Are you physically able to stand for long periods of time and lift, push and carry heavy
objects/patients?
For more detailed information on this career visit:
 American Physical Therapy Association:
http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Career_as_PT_PTA&Template=/Tagge
dPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=242&ContentID=31095
26
Profession: Physical Therapist (PT)
Career Description:
 Help patients increase their muscle strength, improve mobility and relieve pain due to
injury or medical condition
 Help rehabilitate patients who are disabled by injury or disease
 Help to prevent injury by teaching patients how to avoid further injury and by promoting
good practices and overall fitness and health
 Assess patients to determine medical history
 Test patients’ strength, range of motion, balance and coordination, posture, muscle
performance and motor functions in order develop the best treatment plan for the
individual
 May use hot and cold compresses, ultrasound, electrical stimulation and deep tissue
massage to relieve patients’ pain and discomfort before assisting them with exercises or
during the course of treatment
 PTs coach patients between therapy sessions by encouraging them to be consistent in
their daily exercise treatment so that they gradually increase muscle strength and
flexibility
 Document patients’ progress and change treatments as needed
 May refer patients for prosthetic devices such as artificial replacements for arms or legs;
help to fit and adjust prosthetic and orthotic (physical support) devices
 Supervise PT aides and assistants who help to carry out treatment plans
 May supervise PT students and some perform research and educate the community about
injury prevention and treatment
 Consult with doctors and other medical staff to obtain information or to discuss patient
treatments
Work Environment:
 Hospitals and outpatient rehabilitation centers
 Private physical therapy offices
 Mental health centers and nursing Homes
 Schools, sports facilities
 Patient homes
Working Conditions:
 Often work in health care teams including doctors, nurses, occupational therapists and
social workers
 High level of social interaction; work closely with patients
 Exposed to diseases and infections on a daily basis; wear protective clothing and safety
gear as needed
 May work full or part-time; most work full-time; generally work a set schedule
 Must have physical stamina; lifting and standing for long periods of time common
 Generally work inside; may work outside with some patients
Job Outlook:
 Ranked by the U.S. Dept of Labor as one of the top 17 fastest growing occupations
 Over 155,000 PTs are employed in U.S.; approximately 5,000 work in Massachusetts
27



72,000 PT job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and replacement
positions); 37% growth rate
190 open PT positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; faster than average
growth rate expected through 2012
Growth predictions are due to the aging population, increased interest in promoting
health and preventing injuries, and medical advances that save the lives of babies with
birth defects that will need future PT services
Career Advancement:
 PTs may specialize in certain areas of medicine such as cardiovascular and pulmonary,
neurology, orthopedics, sports medicine, pediatrics, or geriatrics
 May advance into management or teaching
 May open own practice or join private group practice
Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for PTs is $4,890 per month, $58,680 annually.
 Half of all PTs in the U.S. earn between $4,110 and $5,900 per month or $49,320 and
$70,800 annually
 In Massachusetts, average salary for PTs is $4,960 per month or $59,520 annually.
 Half of all OTs in Massachusetts earn between $4,190 and $5,780 per month or $50,280
and $69,360 annually
Education/Training Required:
 In Massachusetts, becoming a professional Physical Therapist currently requires a
minimum M.S. degree; more than 60% of accredited PT programs are now awarding the
Doctor of PT degree; it is expected that the Doctor of PT will replace the M.S. degree as
minimal requirement in the near future
 The Doctor of PT degree is a six (6) year program; many programs will accept
individuals with B.S. degrees in other majors of study with appropriate science courses
completed
 Studies include biology, chemistry, anatomy and physiology, and specialized courses
such as skeletal and neuromuscular diseases, therapeutic techniques, educational
methods, examination techniques, research, administration, and clinical practice
Certification/Licensure:
 Must pass the National Physical Therapy licensing examination given by the Federation
of State Boards of Physical Therapy
 Massachusetts Board of Registration in Physical Therapy will issue a license to those that
have successfully completed an accredited program with clinical internship and passed
the national board exam and apply to the state, paying associated fees
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Some schools require Algebra and Biology courses taken within the last 5 years w/ a
grade of C or better.
28
Is this career for you?
 Do you have a HS diploma or GED with completed prerequisites?
 Are you interested in and can you successfully complete multiple college science
courses?
 Do you consider achievement important?
 Are relationships important to you; Are you a team player?
 Can you work independently and make sound judgments regarding patient care?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Are you interested in “lifetime learning”
 Are you physically able to stand for long periods of time and lift, push and carry heavy
objects/patients?
For more detailed information on this career visit:
 American Physical Therapy Association: www.apta.org: select “Education” then “Career
as PT/PTA”
29
Profession: Research Assistant
Career Description:
 Assist researchers in laboratory settings or our in the field
 Tasks may include interviewing, enrolling and communication with patients in clinical
trials, collecting data, maintaining patient information databases, and coordinating and
tracking specimens, etc.
 May perform some clinical tests such as EKG and phlebotomy (drawing blood).
 Work with ongoing projects related to specific areas of science such as cellular and
molecular biology, neurology, genetics, hematology/oncology, immunology,
neuroscience and stem cell research
 Perform basic experimental protocols with lab animals, prepare specimens, maintain lab
equipment, analyze statistics, and collect and track data
 May also be responsible for writing reports, working on grant applications, and other
administrative tasks
Work Environment:
 Hospital
 Medical schools
 Clinical laboratories
Working Conditions:
 Work in teams including the Principal Investigator, Program Administrator, Study
sponsors, and clinic staff of Physicians, Nurses, and other healthcare workers
Career Advancement:
 With experience, may advance to Research Assistant I or Research Assistant II, or to
Senior Research Assistant
 Can advance to more complicated tasks, become a supervisor, or play a more significant
role in a clinical trial or project
 Can specialize in one area and become a Research Analyst or Biostatistician
 A MS or PhD in a focused area of science is required to become a Principal Investigator
who leads projects
 An MS degree can lead to higher level administrative positions such as Project Director
Earnings:
 Average salary for entry level Research Assistants ranges from $30,000 to $35,000
annually
Education/Training Required:
 B.S. degree in science and laboratory experience are typically required to become a
Research Assistant
 Undergraduate degrees in Chemistry, Biology, or physiology are common entrance
credentials
 For research primarily focusing on public health projects, grants management, or
qualitative research, a bachelor’s degree in arts (B.A.) is also acceptable
30
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 H.S. diploma or GED
 H.S. classes in health and science important for admission into college science program
Is this career for you?
 Are you able to master college level math and science courses?
 Are you naturally curious?
 Can you pay attention to the smallest details?
 Are you well organized?
 Do you have good written and verbal communication skills?
31
Profession: Respiratory Therapist
Career Description:
 Under the direction of a Physician, evaluate, treat, and care for patients with breathing,
heart and lung problems
 Analyze breath, sputum and blood specimens to determine lung function
 Monitor and maintain mechanical ventilation and airway devices (breathing machines
and equipment) for patients who cannot breathe normally on their own
 Use hands-on treatments (physiotherapy) to help patients breathe better; manipulate chest
to help release mucus and help patient to cough in order to improve their breathing
 Record patients’ treatments and progress in the medical chart
 Administer various medications to patients through inhalers
 Provide patient and community education, such as asthma education and smoking
cessation classes
Work Environment:
 Most (4 out of 5) Respiratory Therapists work in hospitals
 May also work in outpatient clinics, long-term care facilities and in patients’ homes
Working Conditions:
 May work full or part-time; hospital work may require day, evening, night, weekend and
holiday work
 Work very closely with patients; high level of social contact as well as hands-on care
 Requires extended periods of standing and walking; requires lifting/moving of patients
and equipment
 Work as part of a team with doctors, nurses, and other healthcare providers
 Exposure to diseases and infections is common; protective clothing such as gloves, masks
gowns worn
Job Outlook:
 There are approximately 100,000 Respiratory Therapists in the U.S.; approximately 3000
Respiratory Therapists work in Massachusetts
 57,000 open Respiratory Therapist positions are predicted between 2004-2014 in the
U.S.; 28% growth
 Approximately 70 job openings for Respiratory Therapists are expected annually in MA
through 2008; faster than average growth rate expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 Can advance from general care to specialize* in:
o Critical care; Pediatrics
o Rehabilitation for those with long-term lung diseases
o Sleep studies; helping people with sleeping disorders
o Home care; Diagnostics
* Many of these specialties require additional certifications
 May advance into supervisory or management positions; may require advanced education
 Could specialize in teaching; requires advanced education
32
Earnings:
 Nationally, median annual earnings are $40,220.
 In Massachusetts, the hourly range for a Registered Respiratory Technologist (RRT) is:
$22-$39/hr or $45,000- $80,000 annually.
 Certified Respiratory Therapists (CRTs)* earn less than RRTs; (approximately $20$30/hr in Massachusetts or $41,000 - $62,000 annually).
* See educational requirements for more details and the differentiation between RRT and
CRT.
Education/Training Required:
 2-year Associates Degree and 4-year Bachelor’s degrees are available
 Course work includes: anatomy, physiology, microbiology and the study of procedures,
equipment and clinical testing; hospital clinical training is also required
 National certification exams are required to be an entry-level therapist, known as a
Certified Respiratory Therapist or “CRT.”
 Two separate exams and work experience are required to become a Registered
Respiratory Therapist or “RRT.” Supervisory and intensive care specialties usually
require the RRT.
 In Massachusetts, and in 48 other U.S. states, Respiratory Therapists are required to be
licensed.
 Continuing education is required to maintain credentials.
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Completion of High School Biology class w/ Lab component and grade of “C” or better
within last 5 years; OR
 Completion of High School Chemistry or Physics class with lab component and grade of
“C” or better within the last 5 years
 Completion of 2 years of High School Algebra OR completion of 1 semester of College
Algebra with a grade of “C” or better
Is this career for you?
 Are you compassionate; do you have the desire to help people?
 Are you comfortable with being very close to patients and touching them?
 Can you tolerate being around body fluids?
 Have you or could you successfully complete college Algebra and science courses such
as Biology, Chemistry and Anatomy and Physiology?
 Are you interested in working with mechanical equipment and computers?
 Are you able to provide excellent customer service even in a fast-paced and sometimes
stressful environment?
 Are you interested in “lifetime learning”
For more information on this career visit:
 American Association for Respiratory Care: www.aarc.org
33
Profession: Registered Nurse (RN)
Career Description:
 The largest group of staff in any hospital
 Primary providers of patient care
 Use caring, compassion, and technology in promoting health, preventing diseases, and
helping patients to cope with illnesses
 Work closely with doctors and other healthcare professionals and serve as advocates for
patients and families
 Perform assessments, diagnose patients, make care plans, implement nursing care plans,
and evaluate patient progress
 May also participate during surgeries, treatments and examinations
 Track and record patient progress and work with other members of the health care team
to alter treatment plans accordingly
Work Environment:
 Hospitals; physician offices
 Nursing care facilities; home health (patient homes)
 Public health (government and private agencies, clinics, schools, retirement communities,
and other community settings); occupational health (various worksites)
Working Conditions:




Varied shifts and scheduling options based on work environment; generally requires
some evening, night, weekend and holiday work; can work full or part-time
High level of social contact: work closely with patients, families, doctors, and other
healthcare professionals
Exposed to diseases and infections; wear protective equipment and attire as needed
including rubber gloves, masks, gowns, goggles, etc.
Usually wear uniforms, scrubs or lab coats
Job Outlook:
 Registered nursing is one of ten (10) occupations projected to add the most new jobs in
the U.S. between 2004-2014; 703,000 new jobs expected between 2004-2014
 Over 2.4 million RNs employed in U.S.; over 75,000 work in Massachusetts
 1.2 million job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and replacement
positions); 29% growth rate
 2270 open RN positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; average growth rate
expected through 2012
 The most rapid employment growth for nurses will be in hospital outpatient facilities,
such as those providing same-day surgery, rehabilitation and chemotherapy; there will
also be a high demand for nurses in home care
Career Advancement:
 RNs with a BS degree have more opportunities for advancement
 With experience, RNs can advance to management positions; most require advanced
education such as a masters degree in nursing or healthcare administration
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MS prepared nurses may become clinical nurse specialists, nurse practitioners, certified
nurse midwives, or certified nurse anesthetists
Other career options open to nurses with advanced degrees include research and teaching
at colleges and universities; With an MS degree, nurses can teach in ADN programs;
PhD, EdD or DNS degrees are required to teach in four year programs.
There are also career opportunities for RNs in business and industry
Earnings:
 Nationally, the median wage for RNs is $4,250 per month or $51,000 annually.
 Half of all RNs earn between $3,520 and $5,100 per month or $42,240 and $61,200
annually
 In 2005 the average salary range for RNs in Massachusetts was $47,444- $81,660
Education/Training Required:
 All nursing students must graduate form an approved nursing program and pass a
national licensing exam
 In Massachusetts, there are two types of nursing programs: Associated Degree in Nursing
(ADN) and Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
 2-year ADN programs are offered at community colleges; 4-year BSN programs are
offered at colleges and universities
 While both ADN and BSN programs meet the requirements for graduates to take the
national licensure exam (RN), the BSN allows greater flexibility and upward mobility.
Some career paths are only open to BSNs, and a growing number of large, academic
hospitals require the BSN as a minimum standard for employment.
Licensure:
 All nurses must pass the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses
(NCLEX-RN)
 All states, including Massachusetts, require RNs to be licensed
 Advanced practice nurses require additional licensing
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Solid academic record in English, algebra, the sciences and computer literacy helpful
 More specific entrance requirements will be defined by individual college program
admissions materials
Is this career for you?
 Can you pass college level science and math courses?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Can you maintain a calm demeanor and respond quickly in urgent and stressful
situations?
 Are you willing to care for patients during difficult situations?
 Are you interested in “lifetime learning”
For more information on this important and exciting career, please see:
 www.nursema.org
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Profession: Radiologic Technologist (RT)
Career Description:
 Use Radiation (“X-Rays”) to produce diagnostic images in humans and animals
 Also called “Diagnostic Radiographers”
 Can specialize in other areas such as C.T. Scan, Interventional Radiology,
Mammography w/ on- the-job training and/or additional college education
 Other medical imaging specialties such as Diagnostic Medical Sonography
(“Ultrasound”), Nuclear Medicine, and MRI may be pursued through specific college
training courses in addition to, or in place of Radiologic Technology programs (see
subsequent career sheets for required education)
Work Environment:
 Academic medical centers, community hospitals, outpatient clinics, mobile companies,
physician offices, temporary/”traveler” companies
Working Conditions:
 Requires physical stamina (long hours on feet; moving of patients and equipment)
 Some risk of exposure to hazardous body fluids, radiation (reduced by training, use of
protective equipment, close monitoring by hospital safety personnel and state and
government regulatory agencies)
 Work often takes place in a fast-paced environment and requires the ability to interact
successfully with people in sometimes stressful, difficult situations
Job Outlook:
 Over 185,000 RTs employed in U.S.; over 4,500 work in Massachusetts
 76,000 job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new and replacement
positions); 23% growth rate
 120 open RT positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; average growth rate
expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 Technologists may choose to pursue multiple clinical specialties, management, education,
sales, research and other career advancement opportunities.
Earnings:
 Entry-level Radiographers in the Boston area can expect to make $40,000.00- $45,000
per year.
 Average salary in the Boston area with 5 years or more experience is $55,000.00
 Earning potential quickly rises with experience, shift differentials, and advanced training
Education/Training Required:
 Minimum 2 year AS degree from accredited college program
 Also 3-4 year BS degree programs available
 For more info on MA colleges: www.radiologycareersma.org
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Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED
 Completion of High School Biology class w/ Lab component and grade of “C” or better
within last 5 years; OR
 Completion of High School Chemistry or Physics class with lab component and grade of
“C” or better within the last 5 years
 Completion of 2 years of High School Algebra OR completion of 1 semester of College
Algebra with a grade of “C” or better
Is this career for you?
 Are you compassionate?
 Do you have the desire to help people?
 Have you or could you successfully complete college Algebra and science courses such
as Biology and Anatomy and Physiology?
 Are you interested in working with computers?
 Are you able to provide excellent customer service even in a fast-paced and sometimes
stressful environment? Are you interested in “lifetime learning”?
 For individual “self assessment” to see if this career is a good fit for you, please see:
http://www.radiologycareersma.org/self.html
For more information on this career (and other medical imaging careers such as Nuclear
Medicine and Diagnostic Medical Sonography) visit:
 Boston Private Industry Council Medical Imaging Website:
www.radiologycareersma.org
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Profession: Surgical Technologist
Career Description:
 Surgical Technologists are members of the surgical team, working closely with doctors
and nurses in the operating room
 Prepare for and assist with surgical procedures
 Also called “Operating Room Technicians” or “Scrub Technicians”
 Responsible for care and maintenance of surgical equipment and instruments
 Responsible for setting up operating room before procedures and cleaning room between
procedures
 Help to prepare patients for surgery including transport, positioning and covering with
sterile “drapes”
 Helps surgical team gown and glove for procedures.
 Pass and hold instruments and supplies to surgeons and their assistants during surgery
 Prepare and care for surgical specimens taken for lab analysis
Work Environment:
 Hospitals
 Outpatient Surgical Centers
 Doctor’s Offices; dentist’s offices
Working Conditions:
 Always work indoors; usually wear special uniforms (scrubs) and/or lab coat
 Wear protective equipment (e.g. gloves, gowns, masks) during surgical procedures
 Sometimes exposed to diseases/infections. Likelihood of even slight injury is low.
 Fast-paced, constantly changing environment. Must be able to remain calm and efficient
in stressful situations
 Medium level of social contact: work closely with patients and medical staff, but spend
time alone setting up operating room
 May work full or part-time
 May be on call or work nights, weekends, or holidays on a rotating basis
 Required to stand for long periods of time; use hands to handle, control, feel objects,
tools, equipment controls
 May need to hold arm and hand in one position for extended periods
Job Outlook:
 There are approximately 84,000 Surgical Technologists in the U.S.; approximately 1200
surgical technologist work in Massachusetts
 36,000 Surgical Technologist job openings expected nationally between 2004-2014 (new
and replacement positions); 30% growth rate
 50 open Surgical Technologist positions predicted annually in MA through 2008; faster
than average growth rate expected through 2012
Career Advancement:
 May specialize in a particular area of surgery
 Can manage supply departments in hospitals
 Can work with insurance companies, supply services, or medical equipment firms
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
With 1 + years experience it is possible travel around the country to work in different
hospitals with Surgical Technologist agencies.
Earnings:
 In Massachusetts, most surgical technologists make $15.50 - $20.70 per hour ($32,280$43,080 per year). Some Surgical technologists make over $30 per hour or over
$62,000.00 per year.
 Wages vary by employer, location and experience
Education/Training Required:
 Complete accredited Surgical Technology program; most programs range from 9 month
certificate to 2- year Associate Degree
 Education includes: anatomy and physiology, microbiology, medical terminology, aseptic
techniques, care and safety of patients during surgery, and infection control prevention.
 Hands-on, practical training in hospital setting
 Successful completion of national certification exam is preferred
 Continuing education courses are required to renew certification
Prerequisite Educational Requirements:
 High School Diploma or GED;
 Ability to pass college placement exam (math, reading comprehension)
Is this career for you?
 Can you successfully complete required math and science courses?
 Do you enjoy working as part of a team?
 Do you enjoy a fast-paced environment?
 Do you enjoy working with a diverse patient/staff population?
 Are you interested in technology?
 Are you a good communicator?
 Are you ale to stand for long periods of time?
 Do you have good dexterity on your hands and the ability to hold your arm/hand in one
position for extended periods of time?
 Do you enjoy learning and education on an ongoing basis?
For more information on this career, visit:
 Association of Surgical Technologists: www.ast.org
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