Name: _____________________________Mrs. Begis Biology
Pd: _________
Mitosis
Review
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Cell has issues when it grows larger in size
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________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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Cell solves these problems through the process of ____________________
Mitosis – ______________________________________________________________________
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Almost every cell of the body uses mitosis to divide the nucleus
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____________________ – cells that are not ____________________________________
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Exs) liver cell, bone cell, brain cell etc.
AS LONG AS IT IS NOT ____________________ OR ____________________ IT USES MITOSIS
Cell grows (______), synthesizes DNA (______), makes molecules and organelles (______) and then is ready for
cell division (______________________________)
Stages of Mitosis
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____________________ – chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles
move and spindle fibers form
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____________________ – chromosomes line up in middle of cell and spindle fibers attach to centromere
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____________________ – spindle fibers pull at centromere and separate sister chromatids pulling them to
opposite ends of the cell
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____________________ – chromosomes break down into chromatin and nuclear envelope reforms
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After telophase, the cells cytoplasm splits by the process of ____________________
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As a result we are left with… ______________________________________________________
The New Stuff…
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There are many studies into the process that makes each one of us different
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____________________– a monk born in 1822 who did many studies in the field of __________
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____________________– the study of heredity
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Why is it that we have traits (eye color, hair color, etc.) similar to our parents, yet we are not all alike?
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Mendel recognized that the offspring of “parents” were similar and began to investigate why this happens
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He came to the conclusion that the parent organisms must pass on ____________________ in their
________________________________________
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These traits are located on their ____________________ (DNA)
Mendel’s Predictions
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Mendel was correct about the passing of traits and the idea of genes
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He wasn’t sure how these events happened but knew
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An organism must inherit a ____________________copy of every gene from both its “parents”
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When and organism produces its own cells to pass to offspring, there are 2 sets that must
____________________ from each other so that each cell contains just 1 set of genes
STOP! What does this mean?!?!
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____________________ – the sex cells of an organism
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____________________ and ____________________
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Mitosis deals with ____________________ (somatic cells)
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Remember, in mitosis we result in ________________________________________
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WE DO NOT WANT _________________________________________________________!!!
Translation of Mendel’s Idea #2
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When and organism produces its own cells to pass to offspring, there are 2 sets that must separate from each other
so that each cell contains just 1 set of genes
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Every cell of the human body contains a specific number of chromosomes (______)
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In order for offspring to maintain that number of _____ and not end up with duplicate (_____), the parent
gamete (sex cell) must ___________their number of chromosomes
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End result > ____________+ ____________ = _______ offspring chromosomes
Translation of Mendel’s Idea #1
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An organism must inherit a single copy of every gene from both its “parents”
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Remember, each of the 48 chromosomes needs to ____________________ by the parents (to make 24)
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Parents will only contribute each of those ____________________one time to their offspring
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(parents do not want to give ____________________of the same gene)
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So, again ____________________chromosomes total
Chromosomes and Gametes
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Chromosomes – the structures in the cell that carry the ______________________________ from the
________________________________________
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____________________ – sex cells or germ cells (sperm and egg)
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There are many chromosomes in the body that carry information for many different “things”
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Examples – ________________________________________ (everything that makes you, you!)
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When 2 cells come together from 2 parents, the matching chromosomes must come in contact
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These matching chromosomes are called ____________________
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Homologous Chromosomes – _______________________________________________
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Chromosome Numbers
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Haploid – ______________________________________________________________________
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Remember “hap” sounds like half
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Is usually represented as _______
Diploid – ______________________________________________________________________
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Remember “di” means 2 (kinda like “bi” – bicycle)
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Is usually represented as ______
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Since the somatic cells of the body are ____________________ we need the sex cells to be
____________________ so offspring do not have more chromosomes than necessary
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What do Diploid/Haploid Numbers Mean? (Ken and Barbie baby example)
How are Haploid Gametes Produced?
Meiosis __________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Involves 2 distinct divisions
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____________________
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____________________
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Starts with ____________________and results in ____________________________ that are
________________________________________from the parent cell
Meiosis 1
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Prior to meiosis 1, ____________________________________________
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Same as S phase of interphase prior to mitosis
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Meiosis 1 starts with the cell beginning to divide very similarly to mitosis
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Unlike mitosis, meiosis 1 has ________________________________________________
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Homologous Pairing – _____________________________________________________ (eye color, hair
color, etc.)
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Prophase 1
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Homologous chromosomes pair and form a tetrad
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Since 1 chromosome is made of 2 ____________________, there are ____________________ in a tetrad
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While in their tetrad, homologous chromosomes are able to trade/swap information in a process called
_____________________________
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this process results in the _____________________________ (alleles) between the same
chromosomes therefore creating _______________________________
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One reason why you are different from your parents!
Remainder of Meiosis 1
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Meiosis utilizes the remainder of the cycles as mitosis did separating _______________________
________________________instead of _________________________________
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Metaphase 1 – spindle fibers attach to ____________________________________
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Anaphase 1 – spindle fibers separate ____________________________________
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Telophase 1/Cytokinesis – the ________________________reforms around chromosomes and the
_____________________________ splitss
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As a result of Meiosis 1, _________________________ are produced that have ____________ the number of
_____________________________ chromosomes
Meiosis 2
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After Meiosis 1, the 2 cells produces proceed to ___________________________ (there is no chromosome
replication)
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Each of the daughter cells move through Meiosis 2 much in the same way Mitosis occurs
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____________________ – the ___________________ move to opposite ends of the cell, the
___________________________________ breaks down
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____________________ – chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and _______________ attach to the
_______________________
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_____________________ – the _____________________ pull on the _____________________ and split the
___________________________
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Telophase 2 & Cytokinesis – the __________________ forms and the cell ____________ splits
Gamete Formation
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The male gamete that is produced is called a ___________________ (spermatocyte)
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There are ______ sperm cells that are produced as a result of meiosis
The female gamete that is produced is called an ___________________ (oocyte)
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There is _____ egg cell produced as a result of meiosis
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The 3 other cells produced are called ___________________________
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Polar Bodies are not used in reproduction and are considered to be the trash bags of the egg, but
can be useful in genetic testing