MICROBIAL ACTIVITY, SURVIVAL AND TRANSPORT
IN SOILS AMENDED WITH BIOSOLIDS
Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Abu–Ashour et al.,
1994
Angle et al., 1993
Alderslade, 1981
Andrews et al., 1983
Arther et al., 1981
Barkay et al., 1985
Bitton et al., 1978
ARTICLE
Transport of
Microorganisms
Through Soil
Inoculation Effects
on Legumes Grown
in Soil Previously
Treated with
Sewage Sludge
Public Health
Associated with the
Disposal of Sewage
Sludge to Land:
Recent Experience
in the United
Kingdom
Survival of
Salmonellae in
Sewage Sludge
Injected into Soil
Parasite Ova in
Anaerobically
Digested Sludge
Effect of MetalRich Sewage
Sludge Application
on the Bacterial
Communities of
Grasslands
Retention of
Viruses During
Sludge Application
ORGANISMS
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Literature review
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii, and
Bradyrhizobium
NA
Unspecified
Unspecified
Lab (microbial
activity assay)
Various
Various
Various
Various
Soils from the
Cottenham
series/
Woburn,
England
Various/
England
Salmonella spp.
Natural
Co-settled
(percolating
filter)
Natural
Indigenous soil
organisms
Natural
Anaerobically
digested,
lagooned
Various
Light sand,
recently
established
sward/England
None
Field (soil assay)
Parasitic ova
120 m3 ha-1
injected at
25–30 cm
depth
None
Various
Agrillic brown
earth/
Thames valley,
England
Field (soil assay)
Poliovirus type 1
Seeded
Anaerobically
digested
2.5 cm layer Red Bay sandy
loam, Rhodic
paleodult, fine-
Overview
Lab (biosolids
assay)
Lab (soil
columns)
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
ARTICLE
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
to Soils
Bitton et al., 1979
SOILS/ AREA
loamy siliceous
thermic/
Gainesville,
Florida
Various
TYPE OF
STUDY
The Transport
Pattern of Viruses
Through Soils: A
Critical Outlook
Virus Transport
and Survival After
Land Application
of Sewage Sludge
Various
Various
Various
Various
Poliovirus type 1,
Echovirus type 1
Seeded
Anaerobically
digested
Brandt and
Hendrickson, 1990
Review of
Municipal Sludge
Use as a Soil
Amendment on
Disturbed Lands
Various
Various
Brendecke et al.,
1993
Soil Microbial
Activity as an
Indicator of Soil
Fertility: LongTerm Effects of
Municipal Sewage
Sludge on an Arid
Soil
Infectious Disease
Hazards of LandSpreading Sewage
Wastes
Microbial Biomass
Fecal coliforms,
Salmonelss sp.,
Shifella sp.,
Ascaris sp.,
Hepatitis A virus,
and others
Bacteria,
actinomycetes,
fungi
2.5 cm layer Eustic fine
Field (soil assay)
sand,
Psammentic
paleodult, top
layer consisting
of 94.8% sand,
2.4% silt, 2.8%
clay and 1%
organic matter/
North Central
Florida
Various
Various
Review
Naturally
Liquid,
anaerobically
digested
8 and 24 Mg
ha-1 yr-1 (dry
wt.) for four
years
Pima clay loam
(Typic
Torrifluvent)/
Marana,
Arizona
Field (soil
microbial
activity assay)
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Overview
NA
NA
Unspecified
Unspecified
Woburn,
Lab (microbial
Bitton et al., 1984
Burge and Marsh,
1978
Chander and
2
Overview
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Brookes, 1991
Chander and
Brookes, 1993
Chander and
Brookes, 1991
Chander and
Brookes, 1991
Chaudri et al., 1992
ARTICLE
Dynamics During
the Decomposition
of Glucose and
Maize in MetalContaminated and
Non-Contaminated
Soils
Residual Effects of
Zinc, Copper and
Nickel in Sewage
Sludge on
Microbial Biomass
in a Sandy Loam
Effects of Heavy
Metals from Past
Application of
Sewage Sludge on
Microbial Biomass
and Organic Matter
Accumulation in a
Sandy Loam and
Silty Loam UK
Soil
Is the
Dehydrogenase
Assay Invalid as a
Method to Estimate
Microbial Activity
in CopperContaminated Soils
Metal Tolerance of
Isolates of
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii from
Soil Contaminated
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
United
Kingdom
activity assay)
NA
NA
Unspecified
NA
NA
Unspecified
NA
NA
Metal
contaminated
Various
Loamy sand
Microbial
from
activity assay
Cottenham
series/ Woburn,
United
Kingdom
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Naturally
Anaerobically
digested
16.4 Mg
organic
matter ha-1
yr-1
Sandy loam of
the Cottenham
series/
Woburn,
United
Kingdom
3
100 Mg ha-1 Sandy loam/
as dry solids Luddington
(Wick series),
silty loam soil/
Lee Valley
(Hamble
series)/ United
Kingdom
125 Mg ha-1 Sandy loam/
dry material Luddington
(Wick series),
silty loam soil/
Lee Valley
(Hamble
series)/ United
Kingdom
TYPE OF
STUDY
Field (microbial
activity assay)
Field (microbial
activity assay)
Lab (microbial
activity)
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Chaudri et al., 1992
Chaudri et al., 1993
Damgaard–Larsen et
al., 1977
Dar and Mishra,
1994
Dunigan and Dick,
1980
ARTICLE
by Past
Applications of
Sewage Sludge
Survival of the
Indigenous
Population of
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii in
Soil Spiked with
Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni
Salts
Enumeration of
Indigenous
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii in
Soils Previously
Treated with
MetalContaminated
Sewage Sludge
Survival and
Movement of
Enterovirus in
Connection with
Land Disposal of
Sludges
Influence of
Cadmium on
Carbon and
Nitrogen
Mineralization in
Sewage Sludge
Amended Soils
Nutrient and
Coliform Losses in
Runoff from
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Naturally
Anaerobically
digested
16.4 Mg
organic
matter ha-1
yr-1
Sandy loam of
the Cottenham
series (Typic
Udipsamment)/
Woburn,
United
Kingdom
Field (microbial
activity assay)
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Naturally
Anaerobically
digested
uncontaminated
biosolids, and
metalcontaminated
biosolids
100 m3 ha-1
yr-1 or 300
m3 ha-1yr-1
Silty loam
arable soil and
ex-woodland
soil/
Braunschweig,
Germany
Field (microbial
activity assay)
Coxsackie virus B3 Seeded
Anaerobically
digested,
dewatered
2 kg/
lysimeter
Clay, neutral
and acidic sand
(in separate
assays)/
Denmark
Field (soil assay)
NA
NA
Unspecified
50%
Sandy loam,
loam and clay
loam soils/
India
Mineralization
and microbial
biomass assay
Fecal coliforms
Natural
Digested for
50 days
(unspecified
6–28 Mg
ha-1
Loring siltField (soil assay)
loam (fine-silty,
mixed thermic
4
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
ARTICLE
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
Fertilized and
Sewage SludgeTreated Soil
Edmonds, 1976
Eivazi and Zakaria,
1993
EPA, 1995
Farrah et al., 1981
Fließbach et al. 1994
Foster and
Engelbrecht, 1973
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
treatment)
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Typic
Fragiudalf)/
Baton Rouge,
Louisiana
Gravelly glacial Field (forest)
outwash forest
soils (Everett
series)/
Eatonville,
Washington
Survival of
Coliform Bacteria
in Sewage Sludge
Applied to a Forest
Clear-Cut and
Potential
Movement into
Groundwater
Beta-Glucosidase
Activity in Soils
Amended with
Sewage Sludge
Fecal coliforms
Natural
Anaerobically
digested
10 and 15
cm layers
NA
NA
Unspecified
Various
A Guide to the
Biosolids Risk
Assessment for the
EPA Part 503 Rule
(EPA 832–B–93–
005)
Survival of
Enteroviruses and
Coliform Bacteria
in a Sludge Lagoon
NA
NA
NA
NA
Poliovirus,
echovirus,
Coxsackie viruses,
coliform bacteria
Natural
0–170 m3
ha-1
Soil Microbial
Biomass and
Microbial Activity
in Soils Treated
with Heavy Metal
Contaminated
Sewage Sludge
Microbial Hazards
in Disposing of
NA
NA
Aerobically
digested (15
day retention
time),
lagooned
Unspecified
5 and 15 Mg Braunschweig,
dry matter
Germany
Field (soilmicrobial
activity assay)
Various
Various
Various
Various
Overview
5
Waldron, Elk
and Libourn
series (Aeric
Fluvaquents,
Ultic
Hapludalts)
NA
Lab (soilmicrobial
activity assay)
Cropland,
unspecified/
Pensacola,
Florida
Field (biosolids
and ground water
on-site)
Various
NA
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Funderburg et al.,
1981
Gerba and Bitton,
1984
Gerba et al., 1975
Giller et al., 1993
Hannan, 1981
Hattori, 1992
Hays, 1977
ARTICLE
Wastewater on Soil
Viral Transport
Through Soil
Columns Under
Conditions of
Saturated Flow
Microbial
Pollutants: Their
Survival and
Transport Pattern
to Groundwater
Fate of Wastewater
Bacteria and
Viruses in Soil
Rhizobium meliloti
Is Less Sensitive to
Heavy-Metal
Contamination in
Soil Than R.
leguminosarum Bv.
trifolii or R. loti
Parasitological
Problems
Associated with
Land Application
of Sewage Sludge
Influence of Heavy
Metals on Soil
Microbial
Activities
Potential for
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
Poliovirus type 1,
reovirus type 3,
bacteriophage
0X174
Seeded
Secondary
To soil
wastewater (no saturation
biosolids)
Various
Various
Various
Bacteria, viruses,
plus various
Various
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii, R.
loti, R. meliloti
NA
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Lab (soil
columns)
Various
Venus loam,
Austin chalk,
Victoria clay,
Webb fine
sandy loam,
Katemcy,
Click, Axtell–
Tabor fine
sandy loam,
and Eufaula/
San Antonio,
Texas
Various
Various
Various
Various
Overview
Anaerobically
digested
16.4 Mg
organic
matter ha-1
yr-1
Sandy loam
(Cottenham
series)/
Woburn
Field (soil
microbial
activity assay)
Parasites (protozoa, Various
cestodes,
nematodes)
Various
Various
Various/
Europe
Overview
NA
NA
Containing
polymer
coagulant
2% dry
matter
Gley soil and
Lab (microbial
Andisol/
activity assay)
Tsukuba, Japan
Parasites
Various
Various
Various
Various
6
Overview
Overview
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Hirsch et al., 1993
Hurst et al., 1978
Ibiebele and Inyang,
1986
Ibiebele et al., 1985
ARTICLE
Parasitic Disease
Transmission with
Land Application
of Sewage Plant
Effluents and
Sludges
Heavy Metals from
Past Applications
of Sewage Sludge
Decrease the
Genetic Diversity
of Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Populations
Development of
Quantitative
Methods for the
Detection of
Enteroviruses in
Sewage Sludges
During Activation
and Following
Land Disposal
Environmental
Movement of
Indicator Bacteria
from Soil Amended
with Undigested
Sewage Sludge
Some
Characteristics of
the Behavior of
Indicator Bacteria
in SewageAmended Soil
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
NA
Unspecified
16.4 Mg
ha-1 yr-1
organic
matter
Sandy loam/
Woburn
Echovirus type 7,
Coxsackie virus
B3, poliovirus type
1
Seeded
Activated
Unspecified
Unspecified/
Field (soil assay)
Houston, Texas
Streptococcus
fecalis, fecal
coliforms
Natural
Undigested
Streptococcus
fecalis and fecal
coliform bacteria
Natural
Undigested
16–50 L/ m2 (Agricultural)
moderately
permeable
Gracemont-like
silty clay loam/
Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma
16–50 L/ m2 (Agricultural)
moderately
permeable
Gracemont-like
silty clay loam/
Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma
7
Field (white
clover)
Field (soil,
tomatoes, and
maize)
Field (soil and
biosolids assay)
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
ARTICLE
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
Kenner et al., 1971
Simultaneous
Quantitation of
Salmonella Species
and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
Salmonella,
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, fecal
coliforms
Natural
Kowal, 1985
Health Effects of
Various
Land Application
of Municipal
Sludge
Virus Movement in Poliovirus type 1
Soil Columns
Flooded with
Secondary Sewage
Effluent
Various
Land Disposal of
Sewage Effluents
and Residues.
Groundwater
Pollution
Microbiology
Effects of Sewage
Sludge Treatment
of Soils on
Nodulation and
Leghaemoglobin
Content of Clover
Sem and X–Ray
Analysis of Root
Nodules of
Trifolium Repens
L. in Sewage
Sludge-Treated
Lance et al., 1976
Lance, 1984
Leung and Chant,
1990
Leung and Young,
Tom, 1990
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Anaerobically
digested,
aerobically
digested,
activated,
undigested
Various
3 and 5 L/31 Unspecified/
cm2
Northwestern
Pennsylvania
Field (soil assay)
Various
Various
Overview
Seeded
None
(secondary
effluent)
Infiltration
rate of 15
and 55 cm
day-1 on
separate
columns
Various bacteria
and viruses
Natural
Various
Various
Loamy
Lab (soil
calcareous sand columns)
from a river
bed used for
rapid
infiltration of
secondary
effluent/
Phoenix,
Arizona
Various
Overview
Trifolium repens
NA
Anaerobically
digested and
lagoon
matured
Unspecified
Oxford,
England
Field (white
clover)
Trifolium repens,
Rhizobium trifolii
NA
Activated
Unspecified
Oxford,
England
Field and
greenhouse
(clover)
8
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Liu, 1982
Lorenz et al., 1992
Madariaga and
Angle, 1992
Martensson and
Witter, 1990
McCoy and
Hagedorn, 1979
Metropolitan
Sanitary District of
ARTICLE
Soils
The Effect of
Sewage Sludge
Land Disposal on
the Microbiological
Quality of Ground
Water
Assessment of Free
Living Nitrogen
Fixation Activity as
a Biological
Indicator of Heavy
Metal Toxicity in
Soil
Sludge-Borne Salt
Free Effects on
Survival of
Bradyrhizobium
japonicum
Influence of
Various Soil
Amendments on
Nitrogen-Fixing
Soil
Microorganisms in
a Long-Term Field
Experiment, with
Special Reference
to Sewage Sludge
Quantitatively
Tracing Bacterial
Transport in
Saturated Soil
Systems
Viral and Bacterial
Levels Resulting
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Various
Various
Anaerobically, 100–300 kg
chemically
ha-1
digested (using
alum, iron, and
lime)
Loamy sand,
silt loam/
Toronto,
Canada
Field (soil and
lysimeter assay)
NA
NA
Unspecified
125 Mg dry
matter ha-1
Sandy loam,
gravelly silty
loam, sandy
loam/ England
Field (biological
indicator assay)
Bradyrhizobium
japonicum
NA
Anaerobically
digested and
composted
Various
Lab (microbial
activity assay)
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
NA
Unspecified
Various
Sassafras sandy
loam soil
(Typic
Hapludult, fine
loamy mixed
mesic)/
Maryland
Post glacial
clay/ Uppsala,
Sweden
E. coli spp.
Natural
Various
Various
Viruses, bacteria
Natural
Anaerobically
digested
Unspecified
(biosolids
9
Field (microbial
activity assay)
Philomath and Field (soil
Dixonville
piezometers)
series/
Benton County,
Oregon
Loam, silty clay Field (soil assay)
loam, clay loam
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Greater Chicago,
1979
Metzger et al., 1987
Miller, 1973
Miller, 1974
Munger, 1983a
Munger, 1983b
Municipality of
ARTICLE
from the Land
Application of
Digested Sludge
The Effect of
Sewage Sludge on
Soil Structural
Stability:
Microbiological
Aspects
The Soil as a
Biological Filter
Microbiology of
Sewage Sludge
Disposal in Soil
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
soils/
Fulton County,
Illinois
Gilat loessial
sandy clay
loam (Typic
Haplargid)/
Israel
TYPE OF
STUDY
Fungi, bacteria
Natural
Unspecified
spray
irrigated and
injected)
Unspecified
Various
Various
Various
Various
Various
Fungi, bacteria
Natural
Anaerobically
digested
90 and 224
dry Mg ha-1
Memo 1: Aerosol
Risk Assessment,
Memo 2: Effect of
Detention Time on
Bacterial and Viral
Content of
Digested Sludge
Health Effects of
Municipal
Wastewater
Sludge: A Risk
Assessment
Salmonella, Herpes Natural
virus, AIDS
Aerobically
and
anaerobically
digested
None
Paulding clay,
Lab (soil assay)
Celina silt
loam, Ottokee
sand (chosen to
represent the
extremes in soil
texture, i.e.
sand, silt, and
clay)/
Columbus,
Ohio
None
Risk assessment
Various
Natural
Anaerobically
digested
Metro Sludge
Various
Natural
Various
20 dry Mg
ha-1
(silvicultural
application),
100 dry Mg
ha-1 (land
reclamation
application)
Various
10
Lab (soil assay)
Overview
Puget Sound
region,
Washington
Risk assessment
Various/
Risk assessment
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Metropolitan Seattle,
1983
O’Donnel et al.,
1984
Obbard and Jones
1993
Obbard et al., 1993
Obbard et al., 1994
Ottolenghi and
Hamparian, 1987
ARTICLE
ORGANISMS
Quality:
Monitoring Report
and Literature
Review
Survival of Parasite Parasite eggs
Eggs upon Storage
in Sludge
The Effect of
Heavy Metals on
Dinitrogen Fixation
by RhizobiumWhite Clover in a
Range of LongTerm Sewage
Sludge Amended
and MetalContaminated Soils
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii in
Soils Amended
with Heavy Metal
Contaminated
Sewage Sludges
Dehydrogenase
Activity of the
Microbial Biomass
in Soils from a
Field Experiment
Amended with
Heavy Metal
Contaminated
Sewage Sludges
Multi-Year Study
of Sludge
Application to
Farmland:
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Seattle,
Washington
Seeded
Anaerobically
and
aerobically
digested
Unspecified
None
No soil contact
Lab (soil assay)
Various
Sandy loam,
Lab (microbial
calcareous,
activity assay)
clayey, sandy
silt loam clay/
Cambridge,
Oxford,
London, United
Kingdom
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
NA
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
NA
Anaerobically
digested
0, 100 and
300 m3 ha-1
yr-1
Loam/
Braunschweig,
Germany
Field (microbial
activity assay)
NA
NA
Anaerobically
digested
100 m3 ha-1
yr-1 and 300
m3 ha-1 yr-1
Loam/
Braunschweig,
Germany
Field (microbial
activity assay)
Salmonella spp.,
Shigella spp.,
Camphylobacter
spp.
Natural
Anaerobically
and
aerobically
digested
Various
Various/
Three regions
of Ohio
Field (biosolids
and human sera
for antibodies)
11
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
ARTICLE
Prevalence of
Bacterial Enteric
Pathogens and
Antibody Status of
Farm Families
Pancorbo et al., 1988 Poliovirus
Retention in Soil
Columns After
Application of
Chemical- and
PolyelectrolyteConditioned
Dewatered Sludges
Pepper et al., 1993
Survival of
Indicator
Organisms in
Sonoran Desert
Soil Amended with
Sewage Sludge
Pike, 1981
The Control of
Salmonellosis in
the Use of Sewage
Sludge on
Agricultural Land
Reddy et al., 1981
Behavior and
Transport of
Microbial
Pathogens and
Indicator
Organisms in Soils
Treated with
Organic Wastes
Ryan and Chaney,
Regulation of
1992
Municipal Sewage
Sludge Under the
Clean Water Act
Section 503: a
Model for
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Poliovirus type 1
Seeded
Raw,
dewatered by
chemical or
polyelectrolyte treatment
Mixed in
Red Bay sand
2.5 cm layer loam (Rhodic
of soil
paleodult)/
Gainesville,
Florida
Lab (soil
columns)
Coliform bacteria,
fecal streptococcus
Natural
Liquid
anaerobically
digested
1.4 x 105 L
ha-1
Brazito sandy
loam, Pima
clay
loam/Sonoran
Desert
Lab and field
Salmonella
Natural
Unspecified
Unspecified
Various/
England
Overview
Indicator
organisms,
pathogens
Natural
Various
Various
Various
Overview
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Regulatory
12
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Scheureman et al.,
1979
Seldita et al., 1977
Shuval et al., 1991
Smith and Giller
1992
Soares et al., 1995
Sorber and Moore,
ARTICLE
Exposure and Risk
Assessment for
MSW-Compost
Transport of
Viruses Through
Organic Soils and
Sediments
Public Health
Aspects of
Digested Sludge
Utilization
Control of Enteric
Micro-Organisms
by AerobicThermophilic CoComposting of
Wastewater Sludge
and Agro-Industry
Wastes
Effective
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Present in Five
Soils Contaminated
with Heavy Metals
from Long-Term
Applications of
Sewage Sludge or
Metal Mine Spoil
Evaluating
Pathogen Regrowth
in Biosolids
Compost
Survival and
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
Poliovirus type 1
Seeded
None
(secondary
effluent used
in some
assays)
None
Bacteria, viruses,
animal parasites
Natural
Liquid
digested
Up to 67.2
Mg ha-1 yr-1
Salmonella spp.,
Fecal coliform,
fecal streptococcus
Natural
Anaerobically
digested
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Naturally
Various pathogens,
total coliforms, E.
coli
Various
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
Black
sediment,
organic muck,
brown-red
sand/
Gainesville,
Florida
Unspecified/
West Central
Illinois
Lab (soil
columns)
Mixture
ratios from
1:1 to 1:3
(biosolids:
various
bulking
agents)
NA
Field (treatment
plant)
Unspecified
Unspecified
Unspecified/
United
Kingdom
Soil microbial
activity assay
Naturally
Various
NA
NA
Lab
Various
Various
Various
Various
Overview
13
Risk assessment
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
ARTICLE
Transport of
Pathogens in
Sludge-Amended
Soil: A Critical
Literature Review
St.John and Matches, Survival and
1982
Movement of
Clostridium
perfringens in
Sewage-Treated
Soil
Stotzky et al., 1981
Surface
Interactions
Between Viruses
and Clay Minerals
and Microbes:
Mechanisms and
Implications
Strauch et al., 1981
Survival of
Salmonella and
Ascaris Eggs
During Sludge
Utilization in
Forestry
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
1987
Clostridium
perfringens
Natural
Fresh
dewatered
2.54 cm
layers
Tilled/
Puget Sound
region
Field (soil assay)
E. coli phages T1
and T7, retrovirus
type 3, Herpes
virus type 1
Seeded
Unspecified
Unspecified
Montmorillonite and
kaolinite clays/
New York
Lab (soil assay)
Salmonella spp.,
Ascaris suis
Seeded
Unspecified
Field (biosolids
and forest soils)
Filter cake,
pasteurized
biosolids, raw
biosolids at 5
% from
primary
treatment,
digested
lagooned
Lagooned
(untreated)
100 and 200 Triassic
m3 ha-1
sandstone and
bulbous mar
(ranging from
sand to clay
soils)/ Stuttgart,
West Germany
Various
Locations in
California,
Ohio, Indiana,
Georgia,
Kentucky,
Missouri,
Wisconsin
500 dry
kg/500 m2
injected but
not worked
Field (soil and
grassland
vegetation)
Theis et al., 1978
Helminth Ova in
Soil and Sludge
from Twelve U.S.
Urban Areas
Helminth ova
(various species)
Natural
Wallis et al., 1984
Application to
Land Compared
with a Pasture and
a Hayfield:
Indigenous soil
organisms
Natural
14
Hay fields/
Calgary,
Alberta,
Canada
Field (biosolids
and soil assay)
NBMA Table of Abstracts
AUTHOR/YEAR
Watkins and Sleath,
1981
Watson, 1980
Yeager and Ward,
1981
ARTICLE
Reduction of
Biological Health
Hazard over Time
Isolation and
Enumeration of
Listeria
monocytogenes
from Sewage,
Sewage Sludge and
River Water
The Survival of
Salmonellae in
Sewage Sludge
Applied to Arable
Land
Effects of Moisture
Content on LongTerm Survival and
Regrowth of
Bacteria in
Wastewater Sludge
ORGANISMS
Microbes
SEEDED OR
NATURALLY
OCCURING
BIOSOLIDS
TYPE
APPL.
RATE
SOILS/ AREA
TYPE OF
STUDY
into the soil
Listeria
monocytogenes,
Salmonella spp.
Natural
Unspecified
None
None
Lab (biosolids,
soil, and river
samples)
Salmonella spp.
Natural
Mesophilically digested
70 m3 ha-1
(1.11–
5.52%
solids)
Arable land/
Manchester,
England
Field (biosolids
and soil assay)
Streptococcus
fecalis, Proteus
mirabilis,
Salmonella
typhimurium,
indigenous
organisms
Seeded
Raw biosolids
None
None
Lab (biosolids
assay)
Reference: Henry, C., and R. Harrison. 1998. Environmental Effects of Biosolids Management. Trace Metals: Potential for Movement and
Toxicity from Biosolids Application, Effects on Wildlife and Domestic Animals from Biosolids Application, Air Emissions and Ash
Resulting from Incineration of Biosolids, Nitrogen Cycle and Nitrate Leaching from Biosolids Application, Microbial Activity, Survival
and Transport in Soils Amended with Biosolids, The Fate of Trace Synthetic Organics in Biosolids Applied to Soil, Runoff Water Quality
from Biosolids Application, Effects of Organic Residuals on Poplars. Northwest Biosolids Management Association.
15