CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
27 September 2004
English
Original: Spanish
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women
Pre-session working group
Thirty-second session
10-28 January 2005
Responses to the list of issues and questions for
consideration of the combined third and fourth periodic
report and the fifth periodic report
Paraguay *
* The present document is being issued without formal editing.
04-52725 (E)
*0452725*
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
Responses to the list of issues and questions for consideration of the combined
third and fourth periodic report and the fifth periodic report
(CEDAW/C/PAR 3-4, CEDAW/C/PAR 5)
Republic of Paraguay
Constitution, laws and national machinery
1.
Please describe the process used to prepare the combined third and
fourth, and fifth periodic reports. In particular, indicate who participated in,
and contributed to the process and whether the reports were submitted to
Parliament or approved by the Office of the President of the Republic.
For the preparation of the combined third and fourth periodic report, an
international consultant was hired, who assembled the information on the basis of
personal interviews with sectoral specialists in various fields from the Women’s
Bureau of the Office of the President of the Republic and with focal points in the
various institutions of the public sector which are involved in the implementation of
the National Plan for Equal Opportunities; further information was later collected by
means of a questionnaire based on the articles of the Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.
This report was approved by the head of the Women’s Bureau at the time and
officially transmitted to the Commission on the Status of Women through the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Paraguay.
2.
The fifth report is inconsistent in its use of the terms “gender equity” and
“equality”. Please explain the State party’s understanding of the difference
between the two terms, if such a difference exists, and how the terms are
applied. Also, the fifth report refers, on several occasions (e.g. on page 11), to
the “dichotomy of gender versus party”. Please explain.
While the gender perspective is a theoretical and methodological approach
which makes it possible to recognize and analyse identities, perspectives, and
relations between women and men, among women, and among men, especially in
terms of power, it also facilitates a critical analysis of the socio -economic and
political/legal structures which give rise to these identities and relations, which in
turn are influenced by them. Equity, on the other hand, is a politic al concept which
involves the formulation of proposals and the implementation of action to overcome
female subordination and build an egalitarian society.
Gender policies in Paraguay are formulated from a gender and equity
perspective, and are incorporated in plans and programmes. However, much still
remains to be done to level the field between women and men so as to ensure
equality of opportunity.
Although gender policies have progressed at the national level largely because
of the participation of the women’s movement and the access of women to public
and decision-making positions, there are still obstacles to this progress when women
in elected positions respond to the decisions of their political bloc or partisan group.
3.
Please inform the Committee as to whether the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and other
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international human rights instruments are part of national legislation and, if
so, whether they may be invoked before the courts.
Article 137 of the 1992 Constitution provides that the Constitution is the
supreme law of the Republic. The Constitution, international treaties, conventions
and agreements that have been approved and ratified, laws passed by Congress and
other related legal provisions of lesser rank make up the national legal system, in
descending order of importance.
Article 145 provides that the Republic of Paraguay, on an equal footing with
other States, recognizes a supranational legal order which guarantees the validity of
human rights, peace, justice, cooperation and development in the political,
economic, social and cultural fields.
Such decisions may be adopted only by an absolute majority of each house of
Congress.
Article 141 provides that international treaties that have been duly concluded
and approved by an act of Congress, and for which the instruments of ratification
have been exchanged or deposited, form part of the domestic legal order.
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against
Women was ratified by Paraguay in 1986 by Act No. 1215, and therefore forms part
of national legislation and may be invoked before the courts.
[The same applies to:]
The Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and
Eradication of Violence against Women, the Convention of Belém do Pará, approved
at the seventh plenary meeting of the General Assembly of the Organization of
American States (OAS) on 9 June 1994, in Belém do Pará, Brazil, and ratified by
Paraguay by Act No. 605/95;
The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women, adopted by the General Assembly in resolution
34/180, of 18 December 1979, and ratified by Paraguay by Act No. 1215/1986;
The American Convention on Human Rights (OAS-1992); International
Labour Organization (ILO) Convention No. 100 on equal remuneration for equal
work, ratified by Paraguay in 1964; ILO Convention No. 111 on discrimination
(employment and occupation), ratified by Paraguay in 1967; the Rome Treaty
establishing the International Criminal Court, ratified by Paraguay by Act No. 1663
of 2001; the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and
the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially
Women and Children, supplementing the Convention, approved by Act No. 2298 of
25 November 2003: deposit of the instrument of ratification with the United Nations
is pending;
The Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly on 20 November 1989, and ratified by Act No. 1680/01; this
Convention has been ratified by 179 countries and has virtually become a universal
law of mankind, marking the beginning of a new era governed by the fundamental
ethical principle of according respect and priority to the children of the world;
The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Cooperation in respect
of Intercountry Adoption, 1993 (Act No. 900 of 1996); the Convention on the Rights
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of the Child (Act No. 57 of 1990); the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (Act No. 5 of 1992); the International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (Act No. 4 of 1992); the American Convention on Human Rights,
Pact of San José, Costa Rica (Act No. 1 of 1989); the Inter-American Convention on
the Granting of Political Rights to Women (Act No. 876 of 1986); the Inter American Convention on International Traffic in Minors (Act No. 1062 of 1997);
the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture (Act No. 56 of 1990);
the Inter-American Convention on the International Return of Children (Act No. 928
of 1996); the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons; the
Inter-American Convention on Support Obligations (Act No. 899 of 1996); and Act
No. 2134 of 2003, approving the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights
of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.
Political participation
4.
The fifth report refers to the proposal of the Women’s Bureau of the
Office of the President of the Republic (SMPR) and the Office of the Public
Defender to reform the Electoral Code, with a view to ensuring women’s
participation in the decision-making bodies of the Republic ... by raising from
20 per cent to 50 per cent the minimum quota for participation by women in
lists of electoral candidates ... and providing women with access to
administrative posts (pages 13 to 14). What progress has been made in this
regard?
Under the parliamentary agenda, in the meeting chamber of Congress, a public
hearing was held on 24 August 2004, to consider a bill concerning the Paraguayan
Electoral Code with a view to the establishment of mechanisms for the advancement
of women to elected posts. The purpose of this hearing was to acquaint the
Committee of the House of Representatives responsible for issuing an opinion on
the bill with the various views on the matter, simultaneously and on an equal
footing, through direct contact with interested persons. Political parties, legal
personalities in general, and departmental and municipal authorities were
represented by a spokesman/spokeswoman to present their views. The Committee
on Social Equity and Gender of the House of Representatives issued two opinions
on the basis of the views expressed in the hearing, one of them adv ising approval of
the proposal for a 50 per cent quota and the other in favour of a 30 per cent quota,
and both were transmitted to the Committee on Constitutional Affairs.
In order to inform the media and the general public about the proposal to
amend the Electoral Code to increase the quota for the participation of women to 50
per cent, a public hearing was organized with the Office of the Public Defender, the
Women’s Bureau and women’s organizations.
At the same time, the Minister for Women requested a hearing with the leaders
of the political parties to seek support for the proposal and for women’s
participation. She also met with parliamentary women and with female senators and
deputies on the same issue, in addition to coordinating a common agenda in relation
to proposals for legal norms on equality.
The public has also been informed about the proposal through the press and in
television programmes promoting the participation of society.
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An agenda was established with various organizations which are part of the
women’s movement, and so far the following activities are envisaged: (a) a meeting
of cooperative women on 25 September 2004 to include the issue of electoral reform
and the proposal to establish a Ministry of Social Development. The National
Committee of Women Cooperative Members has transmitted to the Committee on
Social Equity and Gender its position of acceptance of the proposal by the Women’s
Bureau and the Women’s Forum of the Common Market of the Southern Cone
(MERCOSUR); (b) launching of the “Si, Si, Si” (“Yes, Yes, Yes”) campaign;
(c) departmental meetings to prepare for the national congress on decentralization
and gender; (d) in October 2004, a congress of the MERCOSUR Women’s Forum;
(e) debate with women journalists to analyse the a mendments to the Electoral Code,
organized by the Kuña Aty foundation.
5.
The fifth report states, on page 49, that “Women have won a significant
proportion of second-tier posts, according to statistics from the Central
Elections Commission: municipalities: 4.7 per cent of municipal mayors, 17.7
per cent of municipal councillors, and 14 per cent of departmental councillors”.
The report further states (on pages 21 and 22), that women’s participation is
low, and that the obstacles to women’s political participation included lack of
leadership by women, “women politicians’ lack of self-esteem vis-à-vis their
male peers”, traditional sociocultural factors, the lack of support provided by
the women’s movement to candidacies, and the lack of economic resources.
What specific measures are planned to overcome these obstacles, particularly to
implement the provisions of the Convention as obligations of the State party?
Article 48 of the Paraguayan Constitution refers to facilitating the participation
of women in all spheres of national life and article 117 provides that the access of
women to public posts shall be promoted; other articles guarantee women’s
participation, but affirmative action is needed to improve democratic practices.
The specific action to be carried out under the Second National Plan for Equal
Opportunities for Men and Women, 2003-2007 (PIO II), under section 8, Social and
political participation on the basis of equal opportunities with the objective of
securing equitable access and equal participation for women and men in the power
structures and decision-making processes, are to (a) systematically report
discriminatory action against women with regard to their access, advancement and
retention in decision-making posts and equitable participation in the power
structures; (b) promote public support for women’s participation in the power
structures and their access to decision-making posts; (c) sensitize the sectors which
have an impact on the access of more women to decision-making posts and train
women in order to improve their capacities and enable them to gain access to the
power structures; (d) formulate, promote and support amendments and/or
adjustments in the legal norms to ensure the access of women to the power
structures; (e) develop and support policies, programmes and projects aimed at
ensuring women’s access to decision-making posts and enhancing their social and
political participation through affirmative action as an integral element of their
citizenship; (f) carry out studies and research to increase knowledge about the
political and social participation of women.
6.
Pages 25 and 26 of the fifth report provide information concerning the
international and regional forums attended by Paraguay’s women
representatives. Please give information concerning women’s participation,
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over the past three years, in government delegations to regional and
international forums that are not aimed exclusively at women, and please
indicate the position and status of these women.
Currently there are four women ambassadors in the Paraguayan diplomatic
corps, several women in the second tier as counsellors, and five embassy ministers.
In addition, in August 2003, the Government appointed two women as ministers in
its cabinet: the Minister for Foreign Affairs, and the Minister of Education and
Worship. There are also six women with the rank of minister heading the State
secretariats for women, repatriated persons, children and adolescents, and tourism,
the technical and planning secretariat, and the secretariat fo r social action. In
addition, there are two women deputy ministers in education and industry. With
women at the head of public institutions at high levels of decision -making in the
Government, representation in international and regional forums which are n ot
intended exclusively for women has increased over the past two years. In the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there are various women in charge of divisions and
departments, such as the directors for regional forums, foreign cooperation,
international treaties, and international economic organizations, who participate
from time to time in meetings and forums at the international and regional levels.
Although the percentage is not equal to that of men, significant progress has been
made.
In 2003, for the first time a Paraguayan woman headed the permanent mission
of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the Inter-American system
and the permanent mission for children, adolescence and youth at the United
Nations.
Education and stereotypes
7.
In addressing article 5 of the Convention, the fifth report provides
information concerning “family education”, but does not focus on the subject of
stereotypes, how social and cultural patterns of behaviour discriminate against
women, or how such patterns represent obstacles to the achievement of genuine
equality for women. The fifth report also clearly indicates that stereotypes
continue to constitute a significant barrier to the achievement of equality. Such
references may be found on page 16 (on traditional culture reflected in sexist
language, the inequitable distribution of roles within the family, etc.), on page
27 (on cultural patterns of behaviour in schools) and on page 37 (on women’s
sole responsibility for the care and rearing of children), as well as on page 18 of
the combined third and fourth report (on sexist attitudes in personnel
selection). What measures and strategies have been planned, adopted or
implemented by the Government to change social stereotypes, in particular
among indigenous and rural populations?
The Government has put into effect measures and strategies under PIO II, the
major instrument for helping to incorporate a gender perspective in the elaboration,
coordination, execution, monitoring and evaluation of public policies by mean s of
effective laws and regulations and action to eliminate all forms of gender
discrimination, and also for promoting equal opportunity and achievement, thus
favouring the democratization of society. The inter-institutional Equal Educational
Opportunity and Achievement Programme for Women (PRIOME) is responsible for
the execution of the PIO II in the field of education, the general objective being to
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“ensure full access to education for men and women and a proportionate length of
attendance in the educational system, and the promotion and incorporation of gender
equality in teaching practice”.
Since it began implementing PIO II, PRIOME has developed the following
basic lines of action in putting it into effect:
(a) Review and modification of the curricula at the various formal and
informal levels of education;
(b) Analysis of texts and educational material in the context of the
educational reform;
(c)
Training in teacher training and the introduction of teachers to new ideas;
(d) Raising the teaching community’s awareness of the principle of equal
educational opportunity for men and women;
(e) Review of Ministry of Education and Culture regulations in order to
introduce changes ensuring that educational practice is directed towards equal
opportunity for men and women;
(f) Study and research to identify the main gender gaps that have an impact
on the length of time that boys, girls and adolescents stay in school. In this
connection, a classroom monitoring study was conducted to detect any
discriminatory practices in the classroom and in the teaching community. The
results of this study were then checked personally by leading education officials;
(g) Empowerment with a view to helping develop the autonomy and active
participation of young and adolescent girls in the educational system;
(h) Sponsorship and support of policies, programmes and projects to ensure
access to education and continuing attendance in school of women and men on the
basis of equal opportunities. For instance, PRIOME is part of the l ead team for the
National Plan for Values Education, together with the national committee for
cooperation with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) and the national scholarship council.
PRIOME proposed that one course of action would be to do research on sexist
practices in the classroom, and the results of an investigation carried out by the
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) were jointly reviewed by that agency
and Paraguayan governmental and non-governmental bodies. As a result, three main
areas of action were chosen: (a) public educational policies; (b) policies directed
towards the community; and (c) policies directed towards the schools.
The Women’s Bureau launched a campaign this year entitled “Equals in
Everything”. Its goal is to promote PIO II making both the public at large and the
key actors in society aware of the gaps that still exist. The campaign gives priority
to four of the areas of action under PIO II, one of them being a culture of equality.
The objective in this area is to bring about cultural changes that will make people
aware of the gender gap and encourage the elimination of stereotypes based on
assigned roles for men and women.
The campaign relies on audio-visual material used on television, over the radio
and in the press. This is the Paraguayan public’s first experience with a campaign
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conducted in the mass media that uses a multimedia approach to subjects like the
sharing of household tasks.
University debates and formal encounters a mong media executives, journalists
and opinion makers are also being organized to advocate a culture of equality and
encourage discussion of subjects like stereotyped roles, inequality in employment,
domestic violence or active participation by women in various sectors.
8.
Please provide statistics for enrolment and dropout rates, by school grade,
in percentage and absolute terms, broken down for each region of the country
and for rural and urban areas, and including data on illiteracy and enrolment
levels for indigenous women and women from rural areas, as well as data
concerning the measures introduced to improve literacy. Please also indicate
the initial results of the National Programme for Bilingual Education.
Breakdown of school enrolment
Pre-school level
Percentage
Countrywide total
Male
Female
50.5
49.5
60 337
59 197
Male
Female
Primary school: first and second cycle
Percentage
Countrywide total
51.6
48.4
489 510
459 173
Male
Female
50.6
49.4
148 230
144 478
Male
Female
49.6
50.4
81 830
83 054
Primary school: third cycle
Percentage
Countrywide total
Secondary education: Bachelor’s degree
Percentage
Countrywide total
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Teacher-training institutions
Percentage
Countrywide total
Male
Female
30.6
69.4
7 710
17 459
Gross enrolment rates
Countrywide total
Pre-school
(5-year-olds)
First and second
cycle (6- to 11year-olds)
Third cycle
(12- to 14-yearolds)
Third cycle
(13- to 15-yearolds)
Secondary school
(16- to 18-yearolds)
81
108
76
79
44
Percentage
Percentage of over age male or female pupils
Countrywide total
Pre-school
(5-year-olds)
First and second
cycle (6- to 11year-olds)
Third cycle
(12- to 14-yearolds)
Third cycle
(13- to 15-yearolds)
Secondary school
(16- to 18-yearolds)
19
17
38
32
26
Percentage
Continuing education and special education
Countrywide total
Countrywide
total
31 565
General total
Vocational
education
Job training
Youth and adult
education
Literacy education
69 690
23 351
18 905
23 656
1 778
School dropout rates
Primary education: first and second cycle
Countrywide total
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
28 480
25 584
19 537
34 527
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
11 093
8 966
11 652
8 407
Primary education: third cycle
Countrywide total
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Secondary school: Bachelor’s degree
Countrywide total
Male
Female
Urban
Rural
4 993
4 058
6 720
2 339
Education of indigenous peoples in Paraguay
Percentage of literacy by linguistic family and ethnicity
Linguistic family
Tupi-Guaraní
Zamuco
Ethnicity
Literacy rate
Illiteracy rate
Pai-Tavytera
94.11
5.79
Mbyà
83.47
15.39
Avá-Guaraní
63.56
34.86
Guarayo
18.65
81.35
Ñandeva
49.6
50.35
Aché-Guayaki
47.34
52.04
Ayoreo
61.09
38.91
Chamacoco
46.75
53.06
Nivaclé
42.24
56.92
Maká
49.98
50.95
Mataco-Mataguayo
Manjuí
77.95
22.05
Lengua
59.26
39.08
Sanapaná
71.95
27.45
Lengua Maskoy
Guaikurú
Guaná
81.48
18.52
Angaité
78.13
21.76
Toba-Maskoi
61.90
35.83
Toba-Qom
..
..
35.9
63.0
Overall
literacy/illiteracy
rates
Indigenous formal education: breakdown of enrolment by level and sex
10
Level and sex
Total
1997
Public
Private
Total
2001
Public
Subsidized
private
Introductory
education
532
338
194
1 036
457
579
Male
271
176
95
544
233
311
Female
261
162
99
492
224
268
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Total
1997
Public
Private
Total
2001
Public
Subsidized
private
Primary
education
9 917
6 074
3 843
10 059
6 026
4 033
Male
5 351
3 264
2 087
5 440
3 267
2 173
Female
4 566
2 810
1 756
4 619
2 759
1 860
Level and sex
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture, Educational Planning Department, 2001 Yearbook.
Bilingual intercultural education
One of the valuable achievements of the educational reform was the design
and introduction of the bilingual (Spanish/Guaraní) educational programme in to the
system. It is a planned process of teaching in two languages in primary school,
meaning that bilingual education is not limited solely to the teaching of the two
official languages (their function as languages taught) but that it involves using both
languages as vehicles for transmitting the content of other areas of knowledge (their
function as languages of instruction).
At the secondary school level, the ability to communicate in the two official
languages is reinforced and consolidated, and this is achieved by a methodological
community approach set in the context of a functional programme for the teaching
of language and literature. The aim in secondary school is to develop further the
capacity to analyse literary and non-literary texts and to produce written texts in
literary and other genres. At the secondary level, a third language is introduced in
the official curriculum. The schools, depending on their resources, are able to
choose one or more foreign languages: English, Portuguese, Italian, French or
German. (See more requested information in annex 1.)
9.
What plans have been made to overcome the current flaws in school
syllabuses and ensure that the gender perspective is integrated into school
curricula and into teacher training programmes? Are there plans to
incorporate awareness of and training in gender equality and human rights as
an integral part of school curricula?
PIO II, drawn up by the Women’s Bureau with input from civil society
organizations and approved by presidential decree, includes education among its
areas of action. PRIOME, established by the Ministry of Education and Culture and
the Women’s Bureau under an inter-institutional agreement, falls into this area, and
its main goal is to incorporate a gender component into educational policies. The
programme is implemented by an operational technical coordination unit established
within the Educational Development Department reporting directly to the Deputy
Minister of Education.
Main activities of PRIOME
Within the framework of the cooperation between UNICEF, the Ministry of
Education and Culture, the Women’s Bureau and PRIOME with a view to improving
the education of girls in Paraguay, the effectiveness of PRIOME was evaluated so
that new strategies could be devised and the strength and weaknesses of the
programme during its eight years of operation could be determined. A strategic
planning workshop for the period 2003-2007 was also held to consider making the
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assessment of PRIOME a regular occurrence. The following points were considered:
the fuller incorporation of the programme into the Ministry of Education and
Culture in legal, budgetary and technical terms; linking the programme more closely
to the cross-cutting planning being done throughout the system; undertaking
monitoring and regular assessments; putting greater emphasis on developing
concepts, methodologies and techniques for incorporating a gender perspective into
teaching and training; advancing the development of curricula, texts and teaching
materials and teacher training that incorporate the gender perspective.
An inter-institutional agreement concluded between the Women’s Bureau, the
Fundación en Alianza and the Instituto Buscando la Vida is being implemented to
develop a training programme that takes a gender perspective on personal
development from the standpoint of integrated physical training, intended for a
group of male and female department heads within the Ministry of Education and
Culture and the Women’s Bureau. Through progressive practical training, the
programme would encourage thinking and the acquisition of tools to encourage and
support the incorporation of a gender perspective into the educational system.
An inter-institutional Network on Gender in Education, comprising male and
female technical experts in the various departments of the Ministry, has been set up
to advance reflection, views and training on the gender perspective as applied to
specific activities within their departments, thus constituting a dynamic network.
The Network is, moreover, open to other male and female technical experts within
the Ministry who wish to participate. In addition to advancing the integration of a
gender perspective, the Network’s goals are to create space for personal training and
enrichment, especially so that the human bond created in the “Gender perspective in
education” course is not lost; to apply and encourage the application of projects the
experts themselves have designed; to have PRIOME move to institutionalize the
Network through a ministerial resolution endorsed by the National Council on
Gender in Education.
In conjunction with the Ministry of Education and Culture, PRIOME has
constituted a technical team whose purpose is to provide a space for reflection and
analysis with a view to redefining the issuance of academic titles in gender-neutral
language. The programme coordinators believe that a change in gender language
should be accompanied by a change in attitudes and habits; it is also important for a
gender focus to be emphasized in all discriminatory situations, such as academic
certificates and degrees.
PRIOME is part of the lead team for the Day of Awareness for incorporating a
gender perspective into the National Plan for Values Education, coordinated by the
Ministry of Education and Culture. This initiative is organized by the Women’s
Bureau, through PRIOME, and with the participation of civil society, with a view to
studying the following questions: how gender affects the understanding of values, as
well as how current values affect gender awareness or understanding, what is meant
by gender analysis, what are the values underlying gender analysis, and so forth.
Another purpose of this workshop is to gather views from the civil society with
regard to proposals concerning the National Plan for Values Education.
Together with a team from the Ministry of Education and Culture, PRIOME
also plays an integral role, particularly through gender consultancy, in the lead team
for the Guaraní-Spanish Biliteracy Programme, on such topics as gender and
organizing the community in the areas of production, health and education. After
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two years of implementation in the Departments of Itapuá, Caaguazú and San Pedro,
this programme has reached its second phase. It is directed towards groups of men
and women who are always left behind by the educational system and are in
situations of vulnerability. A total of more than 3,200 persons participated in the
programme, of whom 75 per cent were women and 25 per cent men. Communities,
government authorities and non-governmental organizations are gradually taking
over the administration, support and monitoring of the model programme. The
Ministry of Education and Culture is now seeking more international cooperation
with a view to reproducing the model in other Paraguaya n departments.
10. The fifth report states that progress has been made with respect to
students who become pregnant and teachers who are single mothers, who “five
years ago would have been dismissed from school” (page 19). Please indicate
how this progress was achieved and whether the right of pregnant students to
remain in educational institutions, whether public or private, is respected at the
national level.
Students and teachers who are pregnant or have given birth enjoy the rights
accorded to them under the Labour Code, which stipulates that they must not be
excluded from the school system on grounds of pregnancy. In addition, they have
the legal support of the 1992 Constitution, articles 46 and 73, and of the General
Education Act. Another tool of the Ministry of Education and Culture is the
Strategic Plan for Educational Reform, known as Paraguay 2020, essentially
designed to address bilingual education and gender perspective.
The Labour Code provides for 84 days of maternity leave, and a one -hour
daily break for breastfeeding. It also provides for substitute teachers, administered
by the appropriate educational authorities.
Hundreds of complaints have been filed for sexual harassment and abuse of
minors in the educational system. Once it has verified such complaints, the Legal
Office of the Ministry of Education and Culture initiates an inquiry; at the same
time, these cases are turned over to the Public Prosecutor in the area of civil law.
Since 2001, such complaints have been systematically recorded, and approximately
20 cases have been settled.
Employment and poverty
11. The fifth report states, on page 18, that “40 per cent of the population live
in extreme poverty”, and yet, on page 39, it is stated that “15.5 per cent of the
population live in extreme poverty”. Please explain this discrepancy and
indicate the measures that will be taken to ensure that a gender perspective is
included in the poverty-reduction policies being prepared by the Social
Advisory Council.
Approximately one third of the population of Paraguay was in a state of
poverty between 1995 and 2000; by 2002, however, an increase of approximately
14.9 per cent had occurred, consigning almost half the population to poverty.
According to a study by Line Bareiro, entitled “Aportes desde la perspectiva de
género a la estrategia de reducción de la probreza y la disigualdad en Paraguay ”
(“Contributions from a gender perspective of the strategy for the reduction of
poverty and inequality in Paraguay”), prepared in the context of a serie s of studies
by the National Tripartite Commission to examine and promote women’s
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participation in the workforce, under the auspices of ILO, there is actually a
discrepancy between the measurements of poverty by the Economic Commission for
Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and by the Directorate of Statistics,
Surveys and Censuses (DGEEC): according to ECLAC, overall poverty in Paraguay
in 1999 was 60.6 per cent and extreme poverty 33.9 per cent, whereas according to
DGEEC overall poverty was 33.7 per cent.
With the technical and financial support of ILO, the National Tripartite
Commission is carrying out a set of studies with a view to making available to the
public in general and to organizations working on that theme in particular a common
knowledge base allowing for a deeper understanding of the challenges involved in
surmounting poverty, generating decent work, and promoting gender equality.
In view of the commitment taken by Paraguay at the Millennium Summit in
2000, the Government requested a group of institutions to design a National
Strategy to Reduce Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion, which has become a
national policy encompassing several governmental administrations. For that
purpose, work is being carried out in a coordinated manner with various entities of
the public sector, among them the technical team of the Women’s Bureau.
In accordance with the National Strategy to Reduce Poverty, Inequality and
Social Exclusion, a Crisis Cabinet was recently created to devise a coordinated,
harmonized and mutually acceptable action plan for the various levels of
government, with a view to addressing the problems of rural life through integrated
action to transform the agro rural production model on a medium and long -term
basis. Work is also under way on the establishment of the Protection and Social
Advancement Network for people living in extreme poverty. This network will
consist of a series of programmes that together will provide care for all members of
families living in extreme poverty, in accordance with their characteristics and
needs. These programmes will be carried out in a coordinated manner, in
conjunction with other existing programmes for persons living in extreme poverty.
12. The fifth report states that despite the introduction of laws guaranteeing
equal pay (e.g. ILO Convention No. 100 on equal remuneration for equal work,
of 2000), differences remain. Please provide information about the factors
hampering the implementation of such laws, and about the measures planned in
this regard.
The primary obstacles are: (a) lack of knowledge of the laws; (b) the need for
structural reforms to ensure equal remuneration in both the private and the public
sectors; (c) the economic crisis causing low quality of employment, in particular for
women, and the accompanying discriminatory stereotypes.
A resources access programme is to be developed, with support from ILO,
within the framework of PIO II, to create employment policies for women in
conjunction with the Ministry of Justice and Labour; to provide access to resources
(credit, technical assistance, land ownership) in conjunction with the Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock; and to promote the bill “Equal Opportunities in the Civil
Service and in Employment”.
13. What progress has been made to eliminate discriminatory practices from
the Labour Code, such as the fact that the right to maternity leave does not
extend to women who hold elected office, the fact that full benefits of
allowances and pensions are not given to private-sector teachers or self-
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employed workers, and the lack of mechanisms to enable housewives to receive
social security and pensions benefits? Please also explain why private
companies continue to use pregnancy tests when hiring women workers.
On the basis of a case in which maternity leave in accordance with the Labour
Code could not be provided to a member of the Asunción municipal council, a
memorandum was submitted to Parliament, and is being studied with a view to the
elaboration of a bill. The Women’s Bureau is backing the proposals for legislative
reform by organizing awareness-raising activities, through publicity campaigns,
studies and other initiatives to generate change in the culture of Paraguayan society.
With respect to social security, the Tripartite Natio nal Commission to examine and
promote women’s participation in the workforce is organizing a series of panel
discussions and debates to analyse the current situation with a view to making
proposals.
Private companies do not use pregnancy tests as a formal selection
requirement, since the Constitution, the labour laws and the Health Code expressly
prohibit the marginalization of women from the work force on grounds of
pregnancy. In practice, however, there is discrimination against women on the basis
of maternity, and their rights to maternity leave and breastfeeding breaks are not
granted; this is an obstacle to their continued employment.
14. No comparative data is provided concerning the proportions for men and
women workers by sector, their wage levels, or sectoral trends, which the
Committee requested following its consideration of the previous report of
Paraguay. Please provide this information, if available.
According to the 2002 census, the economically active population includes
1,964,160 persons. Of these, 72.5 per cent are men and 34.7 per cent are women. Of
the economically active population of women, 26.6 per cent work in the agricultural
sector, 17.8 per cent in the industrial sector and 52.1 per cent in the service sector;
and women make up 36.5 per cent, 21.1 per cent and 39.7 per cent of each of these
sectors, respectively.
Distribution of the economically active population by occupational category
expressed as a percentage
Occupational category
Self-employed worker
Unremunerated family worker
Employer
Women
Men
Countrywide total
30.6
46.4
41.4
2.7
6.6
5.4
2.3
3.7
3.2
Domestic employee
25.4
0.6
8.5
Employee or labourer
35.3
40.8
39.0
1.7
1.3
1.4
Not available
Source: 2002 census.
Category of unemployment
Open unemployment
Women
Men
Total
10.1
6.7
8.1
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Category of unemployment
Disguised unemployment
Total unemployment
Category of underemployment
Women
Men
Total
8.7
3.1
5.3
17.9
9.6
13.0
Women
Men
Total
Total underemployed population
28.3
21.5
24.1
Visible underemployed population
11.6
5.1
7.6
Invisible underemployed population
16.7
16.4
16.5
Source: Permanent Household Survey (EPH) 2003.
Average monthly income from principal activity by area and sex
(among Guaraní, March 2001)
Area
Women
Men
Rural
241 942
399 271
Urban
Total
536 770
709 030
733 682
1 081 292
Source: DGEEC, Integrated Household Survey (EIH) 2000/2001.
15. The fifth report states, on page 29, that labour participation by
individuals aged 12 and over had held steady at around 51 per cent. Please
indicate whether this means that child labour is permitted and, if so, what
percentage of children work.
The economically active population is calculated starting at age 12 because in
rural areas the harvesting of agricultural products is normally carried out by the
family, including sons and daughters, and in urban areas, domestic child labour is a
reality. The Labour Code (Act No. 213/93), chapter II “Ability to hire”, article 36,
establishes that minor children over the age of 12 and under the age of 18 may enter
into a work contract with permission, but that permission may be subjected to
conditions, limited or revoked by the child’s legal guardian. According to a study
carried out by Lilian Soto, entitled “La situación de las trabajadoras domésticas en
Paraguay y el trabajo infantil domestico remunerado” (“The situation of domestic
women workers in Paraguay and remunerated domestic child labour”), the
occupations of child workers, which for the purposes of the study are girls and boys
from 10 to 17 years old, are as follows:
Occupational category
Domestic employee
16
Percentage
11
Private-sector employee
8
Private-sector labourer
22
Self-employed worker
13
Unremunerated family worker
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According to the study entitled “Seguimiento de Indicadores sobre la Niñez
Trabajadora, según Encuesta de Hogares” (“Monitoring indicators on working
children, in accordance with the Household Survey”, prepared by Roberto Céspedes,
in 2001 the number of working girls and boys was 241,954, or 4.2 per cent of the
total population for that year. Working children constituted 21 per cent of the total
number of children in 2001; the number of working children between the ages of 15
and 17 was almost triple that of working children between the ages of 10 and 14.
The National Plan to Eradicate Child Labour was adopted on 8 June 2004,
under Decree No. 2645. Paraguay has ratified ILO Conventions Nos. 138 and 182,
concerning the minimum age for admission to employment of 14 years and the
elimination of the worst forms of child labour. A National Coord ination Council of
the National Commission for the Eradication of Child Labour (CONAETI), in which
the Women’s Bureau participates, has been set up with a view to eradicating all
forms of child labour.
Health
Under the Government of President Nicanor Duarte Frutos, the Ministry of
Public Health and Social Welfare is creating a policy designed to enhance social
protection on a basis of equality and to implement the national health system,
involving in the first phase institutional revitalization in the areas of guidance,
administration, funding and monitoring; subsequent phases will be carried out with
the consensus of all social actors and the public.
The national health policy seeks to make health a central element of
sustainable human social development, and envisages a health system which accords
attention to the needs and wishes of the population and ensures adequate conditions
for health and access to effective and efficient services, with high quality care on an
equal basis.
Local contingency plans have been formulated in 18 health regions. These
activities are reinforced by the work of health advocates and volunteers, mobile
units, dispensaries, posts, clinics and regional and specialized hospitals, organized
into a network of services to assist the community with the level of care that
corresponds to needs, using a system of referrals and counter-referrals.
16. What specific measures are planned to prevent the main causes of female
mortality, and how much access to health and medical services is provided for
rural women, women who speak only Guaraní, women immigrants and women
in society’s most vulnerable groups (the elderly, disabled persons, etc.)?
The Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare operates a cervical, uterine
and breast cancer prevention programme with national coverage. Its main areas of
activity are training of male and female technicians from all of the country’s health
regions and monitoring of the management of cytotechnology laboratories. Social
assistance needs to be strengthened in order to meet the needs of the population.
In this regard, the Women’s Bureau is implementing a project to establish and
strengthen a network of sexual and reproductive health monitors, both male and
female, which will train monitors to serve as intermediaries between the health
services and the general population, with a view to promoting use of the services.
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Emphasis has been placed on “improving health care” through direct inpatient
and outpatient care.
Through the implementation of the primary health care strategy, the basic
infrastructure and resources of essential health services are being strengthened, and
integral care programmes are being carried out for the various age groups of the
population (children, adolescents, women and older p ersons), with an emphasis on
rural indigenous people and marginalized urban populations.
The Ministry of Health plans to increase and revitalize social services for older
persons.
Services have been provided mainly in homes for senior citizens caring for
older persons in crisis situations, in community centres in Asuncíon and the
municipalities of the Central department caring for vulnerable older persons on a
part-time basis, and through senior citizen’s training programmes within the health care programme.
In the area of disability, the Government of Paraguay has set itself the goal of
reducing the social exclusion of disabled persons by encouraging their participation
in society. The national programme for community-based rehabilitation and
accessibility projects has been launched; this programme involves a number of
governmental and non-governmental institutions.
With respect to access by indigenous peoples, a project entitled
“comprehensive assistance to indigenous women in the Presidente Hayes regio n”
was developed and implemented in response to the needs expressed by inhabitants
of that region, following action carried out within the framework of Operation
Public Health-Chaco Paraguayo, which emphasizes access by indigenous
populations and the provision of medicines to all hospitals under the direction of the
Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, the presence of health advocates in all
indigenous communities and the provision of supplies of Pozo Colorado hospital.
The Social Welfare Institute includes a women’s section, the purpose of which
is to support women in crisis situations and to provide training so as to reduce their
vulnerability, with an emphasis on self-management and the eradication of domestic
violence.
The Sub-Bureau of Health, in conjunction with the Department of Assistance
to Vulnerable Groups and the Office of the First Lady, are responsible for providing
care and services for people with limited resources.
17. What progress has been achieved in implementing the National
Reproductive Health Plan for the period from 1997 to 2001? The Committee
would also like to know whether the National Reproductive Health Plan for the
period from 2003 to 2008 has been approved, and whether there are plans to
introduce sex information and education programmes, including information
about family planning and contraceptives use, especially in rural areas and for
the indigenous population, as well as for adolescents.
The first National Sexual and Reproductive Health Plan (1997 -2001) was an
important tool for guiding government action with regard to sexual and reproductive
health. It was especially significant given the degree of inter-institutional
cooperation involved in its execution. In addition, it revealed weak areas and gave
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rise to suggestions for the formulation of a new national plan, which would deal not
only with reproductive health but with sexual health as well.
The main obstacles to the implementation of this Plan were: (a) lack of
financial and human resources; (b) lack of social and political commitment and will
at all levels; (c) lack of coordination among programmes; (d) lack of a sexual and
reproductive rights perspective in a legal framework; (e) lack of information
concerning services; (f) lack of intra- and intersectoral communication; (g) social
and cultural barriers, such as taboos, machismo and lack of education; (h) religious
resistance; (i) resistance from personnel providing services in the health and
education sectors; (j) limitations imposed by distances and inhospit able sites;
(k) discrimination on grounds of gender, generation or ethnicity; (l) sexual
orientation or socio-economic situation; (m) lack of awareness or consistent
dissemination of information concerning the National Sexual and Reproductive
Health Plan (1997-2001). To deal with those obstacles, the second National Sexual
and Reproductive Health Plan (2003-2008) was approved by resolution No. 223/03
of the Ministry of Public Health. It was declared to be in the national interest and
entered into force pursuant to Executive Order No. 1702/04.
The Plan establishes the strategic goal of improving the sexual and
reproductive health of the people of Paraguay through integrated and sustainable
policies, programmes and plans that ensure comprehensive services for individuals
and communities, focusing on rights, quality, gender and equality.
The areas of activity which have been selected are: safe motherhood; family
planning; breastfeeding; sexual and reproductive education; prevention and
treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV/AIDS; programmes for
adolescent boys and girls promoting sexual and reproductive health; early detection
and treatment of cancer in men and women; prevention and care of anaemia and
other nutritional disorders; prevention of sexual violence, including psychological
and physical case; training and oversight programmes for providers of sexual and
reproductive health services, including traditional midwives.
The National Council on Sexual and Reproductive Health, which is par t of the
Women’s Bureau, with the support of the United Nations Population Fund, is
implementing at the national level a project entitled “Consolidation of the network
of sexual and reproductive health monitors”, by training 1,028 women and 184 men,
in sexual and reproductive health, negotiating skills and network management; these
persons, who must have leadership capacity and a high level of commitment to
voluntary work, will work in community networks and will be able to monitor
sexual and reproductive health services in their respective communities.
18. In the suggestions and recommendations contained in the report issuing
from its fifteenth session, during which it considered the combined first and
second report of Paraguay (A/51/38 (SUPP)), the Committee stressed the
urgency for the State party to take measures to deal with the high level of
maternal mortality and illegal abortions. The fifth report (pages 6 and 34)
provides confirmation that abortion is still the leading cause of death among
women. What urgent measures does the Government plan to adopt in this
regard?
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With regard to maternal mortality, the Ministry of Health has launched the
Safe Motherhood Initiative, comprising segments on family planning, antenatal
care, quality and empathy of treatment and safe birth.
Access to health-care services has been improved by providing free care for
children under five years of age and pregnant women. Services provided within the
Ministry of Health network have been free of charge since November 2003. Alo ng
with these services, a birth kit is provided consisting of basic medical supplies for
use at the time of giving birth.
Epidemiological screening of maternal health and mortality, is carried out
regularly; it involves monitoring and oversight visits to health-care providers
throughout the country.
One safe motherhood strategy is training in obstetric risk management. It
consists of training men and women doctors and licensed obstetric practitioners
working in the health districts in basic management of births and obstetric and
neonatal emergencies.
An expert group has been convened to conduct a study and design a basic
mother-child protection model to be implemented nationally as part of a series of
health sector reforms. The group has completed a feasibility study, the results of
which are being processed.
The Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare conducted a field survey
within the framework of the “Strategic approach to the reduction of maternal
mortality in Paraguay” project in four health regions (Concepción, Central, Alto
Paranà and Presidente Hayes), consisting of workshops with experts from those
regions and representatives of governmental and non-governmental organizations,
the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Women’s Bureau.
The problem of illegal abortions is being addressed at the preventive level.
Access to family planning and the provision of contraceptives are free of
charge, and are provided through advocacy and care.
19. Please provide more information concerning the incidence of HIV/AIDS
among indigenous women and women in rural areas. What measures are
planned to prevent and/or combat HIV/AIDS among these population groups?
In 2002 the Health Sciences Research Institute conducted a study in the
western region, Chaco, where no cases of HIV/AIDS infection were recorded. The
national programme to combat HIV/AIDS is divided into health regions which are
subdivided into districts, but it makes no distinction between rural and urban areas.
However, no cases of HIV/AIDS have been recorded among indigenous women.
The National Programme to Control HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases (PRONASIDA) includes a “Women’s Programme” directed at vulnerable
groups; however, its approach is more practical than strategic. The Women’s Bureau
accords priority to health activities aimed at raising awareness of women’s
vulnerability to contracting HIV and the stigmatization of carriers on the basis of
gender.
A 48-hour sex education workshop was held for managers of programmes on
contagious diseases; PRONASIDA programme managers were among the
participants. The workshop was organized jointly by the Women’s Bureau, the
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Health Sciences Research Institute, and the Universidad Nacional de Asunción with
the support of WHO. There is one remaining module in which the content of the
respective programmes will have to be modified.
Some important points should be mentioned regarding the current situation of
HIV/AIDS in Paraguay:
• The decline of the male to female ratio in AIDS cases, to the detriment of
women. In 1992 the ratio was approximately 28:1, or one infected woman for
every 28 infected men; in 1999 it was 3:1.
• The increase in heterosexual transmission rates: at the beginning of the
epidemic, most transmission was among male homosexuals. This trend has
been reversing at an ever increasing rate, as more women become infected
because of the increase in heterosexual transmission.
Some general advances in the fight against the pandemic are as follows:
The HIV laboratory has participated in the epidemiological screening
programme, so as to determine the prevalence of the infection among sectors of the
population such as female sex workers and homosexuals (MSM), and genotype
studies on HIV-positive patients conducted in conjunction with the United States
Naval Medical Research Institute Detachment (NAMRID), with headquarters in
Lima, Peru, and the Institute of Tropical Medicine (IMT).
The standard manual for comprehensive care for persons living with
HIV/AIDS (PWAs) has been redesigned and reviewed, following meetings held to
reach consensus on the manual, and the decentralization of treatment centres has
begun.
Prices of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) have been reduced by almost 50 per cent
and may be further reduced through negotiations with laboratories with regard to
regional pricing.
New enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing equipment has
been installed in health regions, such as the major cities Encarnación, Ciudad del
Este and Coronel Oviedo and is being installed in Pedro Juan Caballero.
There are plans to conduct awareness-raising activities with the Joint United
Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) at the beginning of November.
Rural women
20. After considering the combined first and second report the Committee
recommended, in its own report (A/51/38 (SUPP)), that the State party increase
its efforts to guarantee equality in land distribution and ownership. What
measures have been taken to implement Law 1863/02 establishing the Agrarian
Act, which promotes women’s access to land ownership, guaranteeing tenure by
establishing that they can hold title to land?
In order to support the process of decentralization, while ensuring the
inclusion of a gender perspective at all territorial levels, activities are being devised
with departmental and municipal authorities in line with the objectives of P10 II.
Through the application of this strategy at the national level, it is hoped that
better links will be forged between the institutions that formulate and implement
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sectoral and regional gender policy in the country’s interior, promoting equal
opportunities for men and women. Part of the process consists in promoting the
implementation of the Agrarian Act.
21. The fifth report states that approximately 25 per cent of households are
headed by women and that, according to the 2002 Census, the percentage is
higher in rural areas. Please indicate whether programmes have been
introduced to benefit this group of women, who “are the most vulnerable to
falling deeper into poverty”.
In accordance with section 4, goal 4.7 of the First National Plan for Equal
Opportunities for Men and Women, 1997-2001 (P10 I), which provides for
promotion of access by rural women to production services and resources. Women’s
Bureau assisted in the preparation of statistical studies to identify de facto
discrimination in the allocation of land and credit to rural women; it worked in
coordination with the institutions responsible for programmes for allocation and
ownership of land and rural settlements, according priority to the interests of women
heads of household. The Women’s Bureau played an active part in the process of
amending legislation resulting in the Agrarian Act, which specifically safeguards
women’s access to land ownership, guaranteeing tenure through the acquisition of
title, credit and appropriate technical support.
The Women’s Bureau is implementing the following specific projects in the
country’s interior: the Rural Development in Critical Areas (CONAMURI) project
and the Network of Centres for Women’s Development Initiatives (CIDEM). The
former project is directly benefiting 1,300 women via production projects and
indirectly benefiting 9,100 persons in the departments of Concepción, San Pedro,
Alta Paraná, Canindeyú, Caaguazú, Guairá, Villa Hayes, Cordellera and Caazapá.
As regards the CIDEM Network project, the Women’s Bureau is making strenuous
efforts to monitor, supervise and evaluate the implementing bodies and the proper
use of the funds donated to the 144 subsidized microprojects, and t o verify the
proper use of equipment and furniture donated to various institutions.
The Pilot Project for Community Development (PRODECO) is designed to
stimulate the development of impoverished, socio -economically excluded rural and
urban communities, devoting special attention to the most vulnerable sectors and
bearing in mind gender equality. The Women’s Bureau, pursuant to an agreement
signed with the Social Action Bureau (SAS), is one of the institutions involved in
the entire implementation process that is now under way. The agreement also
provides that actions carried out under the project must be in conformity with Act
No. 34, which established the Women’s Bureau and with PIO II.
In order to finance microprojects for agricultural investment in prim ary or
secondary processing and/or other activities and conservation measures, as well as
technical assistance and training in the implementation of management of such
projects, a project entitled “rural community investment” is being implemented; the
Women’s Bureau follows up on activities in order to ensure that more women heads
of household, single mothers and/or daughters providing economic support benefit
from the various microprojects being implemented in 10 departments. The Women’s
Bureau negotiated with the Ministry of agriculture for 20 per cent of all projects to
be allocated specifically to women’s committees.
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As another way to stimulate production initiatives for rural women heads of
household and as a part of the programme to strengthen women’s bureaux in
departmental governments, our office is working to acquire domestic and industrial
sewing machines for donation to women’s organizations, as basic tools to meet
training and production needs for certain revenue-generating lines of work in
response to petitions from women collected during the Government Days organized
by the Minister for Women.
Trafficking in persons and the exploitation of prostitution
22. The report refers to article 54 of the Constitution and to Act No. 1160 and
article 139 of the Penal Code concerning the exploitation of prostitution and
trafficking in persons. It makes no reference, however, to the number of women
victims of trafficking, the number of traffickers detained, punished and
sentenced, or the number of women victims of trafficking who have returned to
their own countries of origin to resume their lives. Please provide this
information.
According to INTERPOL, 42 women victims of trafficking have been recorded
in Paraguay, the number of traffickers detained, puni shed or sentenced is not
recorded, and only four persons have been recorded in all these cases. A total of 54
persons were expelled, and only one woman was rescued.
23. Please describe the results of the efforts made by MERCOSUR, Chile and
Bolivia to combat trafficking, the abuse of women and children, and sex
tourism.
Among the participants at the ninth MERCOSUR Meeting on Women’s Issues,
held in May 2003 in Paraguay, was Laura Langberg, a specialist and focal point on
trafficking in women and children at the Inter-American Commission of Women
(CIM). She gave a presentation on a study on human trafficking focusing on sexual
exploitation of women and children in the Americas described the situation in a
number of countries, and submitted a series of recomme ndations for action at the
national and regional levels. The delegations submitted to the Political Consultation
and Coordination Forum of MERCOSUR the following declaration, to be
incorporated into the Joint Communiqué of the Presidents of MERCOSUR and
associated countries: “They expressed deep concern at the problem of trafficking in
human beings, particularly women and children, which not only constitutes a human
rights violation but is also closely linked to other threats to security at the national
and hemispheric levels, such as illicit trafficking in persons, trafficking in drugs and
the expansion of transnational criminal organizations. Consequently, they
recommended to the authorities responsible for the corresponding areas in
MERCOSUR that they should include this issue in their agendas and begin
considering these matters together with a view to realizing coordinated efforts.” The
delegations further agreed to conduct a survey of relevant data and information in
their respective countries, and to present them at their next meeting, to be held in
Brazil in November 2004.
In Paraguay, following the Meeting on Women’s Issues, the Women’s Bureau
gave priority to the issue of trafficking in persons. It organized a visit by Dr. Phillip
Linderman, a specialist at the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
at the State Department of the United States, during his stay in January 2004. He
met with the inter-agency human rights committee of the Ministry of Foreign
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Affairs, through which the subject of trafficking in persons, particularly women and
children, was successfully placed on the agenda of various ministries, providing an
initial framework for promoting awareness and beginning work with a view to
eradicating the scourge of trafficking. An ad hoc inter-agency board to combat
trafficking in persons has been created, with representatives from civil society; it is
preparing a joint action plan.
Furthermore, according to the 2004 edition of the Trafficking in Persons
Report prepared by the Government of the United States, Paraguay has been placed
on “Tier 2 Watch List”, owing to the interest shown by senior Government officials
in seeking to intensify efforts against the serious problem of trafficking in persons,
and the Women’s Bureau has received support in order to implement a bilateral
project to combat trafficking in persons in Paraguay.
24. Among the main causes for concern identified by the Committee in its
report (A/51/38 (SUPP)) on its fifteenth session, during which it considered the
combined first and second report of Paraguay, were the “legal and
administrative errors in cases of adoption, which perpetuated the undesirable
international traffic in girls and boys”. Please indicate the measures taken to
correct these errors with a view to preventing and eliminating trafficking in
children.
Owing to numerous irregularities detected in judicial procedures and in
practices developed in the context of the international adoption of children, there
has been a social mobilization in order to prevent the systematic violation of the
rights of children offered for adoption. This led to the adoption of Act. No. 900/96,
bringing domestic legislation into line with the Hague Convention on Protection of
Children and Cooperation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption. In order to convert
the Convention into operational legislation in accordance with its spirit, Congress
adopted Act No. 1136/97, the Adoption Act, inspired by the doctrine of
comprehensive protection provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Thus, Paraguay has its own law on adoptions, which sets out the conditions in which
children may be adopted. Intercountry adoption has been restricted.
That same Act establishes an Adoptions Centre, under the authority of the
Secretariat for Childhood and Adolescence, and sets up the Board of Directors of the
Adoptions Centre, comprising representatives of government bodies and non governmental organizations. The Board individually analyses and decides on each
application for adoption. Each adopted child is monitored by the Centre’s social
workers.
Violence against women
25. Please indicate whether penalties other than economic penalties (fines)
(see paragraph 10 of the combined third and fourth report) may be imposed on
the aggressor under article 229 of Act No. 1600 on domestic violence. Please
also indicate whether the Law has been invoked before the national courts and,
if so, please describe the number and type of cases submitted and the penalties
imposed.
Act No. 1600/2000, the Domestic Violence Act, is a civil-law instrument
which provides for emergency protection measures, establishes that the proceedings
and care for the victims must be free of charge; it gives magistrates’ courts the
24
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
power to receive complaints and to apply emerge ncy protective measures to
preserve the safety of victims. As for the criminal law, the Penal Code protects the
family against domestic violence, providing for fines to be paid by the perpetrators.
There is no computerized record of complaints of domestic violence from
which precise figures could be provided, although the Women’s Bureau and the non governmental organization Kuña Aty, both members of the National Network
Against Domestic Violence, do keep records. A consultancy project to assess the
application of the Domestic Violence Act has shown that 90 per cent of complaints
received by magistrates’ courts come from women, and that psychological abuse is
the object of the greatest number of complaints. Expulsion from the family home is
the emergency protection measure most often applied by the magistrates.
26. In view of the position of non-governmental organizations, which have
criticized Act No. 1600 for excluding other forms of violence that are already
defined in the Belém do Pará Convention, for the negative implications of the
fact that the violence must be “habitual”, and for the fact that the perpetrator
is left at liberty to take reprisals against the victim (page 5), please inform the
Committee of the measures planned to address this concern.
The Domestic Violence Act is in line with the treaties ratified by Paraguay,
particularly the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and
Eradication of Violence against Women (the Convention of Belém do Pará), which
refers to the types of violence against women on grounds of gender. Article 1 of the
Act establishes rules to protect any person subjected to physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering. The women’s movement, and women’s and gender
bureaux have criticized the Penal Code, article 229 of which states that any person
who, in the family context, habitually commits acts of physical violence against
another person living in the same home shall be fined.
The Paraguayan Women’s Coordination Unit (CMP), during the presentation
of the draft Domestic Violence Act, “abandoned the possibility of penalizing such
acts under the criminal law, although they were convinced of the seriousness of
domestic violence and of the profound damage it causes, as a means of facilitating
complaints and with the certainty that that non-criminalization of the offender helps
to break the silence” (Gagliardone, 2002, pp 77 and 80), and this decision was
respected by both chambers of Congress in promulgating the Act.
There is currently a proposal whereby the Women’s Bureau and organizations
of women legal professionals will assess the experience of the application of the Act
and the Penal Code, and submit proposals to Parliament for amendments to the
Penal Code in relation to protection from domestic violen ce. It has been agreed that
this initiative will be carried forward in collaboration with the Minister for Women
and the Supreme Court of Justice.
As for proposed measures to ensure that the attacker does not take reprisals
against the victim, the Public Prosecutor’s Office is working to establish a unit of
prosecutors specializing in family violence. Following the investigation of each
case, those prosecutors would formally accuse the perpetrator of violating the
victim’s physical integrity under chapter II of the Penal Code, with a possible prison
sentence of up to 10 years. This initiative is supported by the Women’s Bureau.
25
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
27. Please specify the penalties set forth in the Penal Code (Law 1160/97) for
the sex offences mentioned on page 10 of the fifth report and explain why the
penalties for sex crimes are reduced if the aggressor and the victim are related.
The Penal Code penalizes sexual harassment (article 133) with prison terms of
up to two years or a fine; domestic violence (article 229) with a fin e; sexual
coercion (article 128) with imprisonment of 2 to 15 years; trafficking in persons
(article 129) with prison terms of up to six years, subject to extenuating
circumstances which may reduce the penalty to a fine; sexual abuse of those who
cannot defend themselves (article 130) with fines or in some cases with
imprisonment of three to ten years; sexual abuse of persons held in custody (article
131) with prison terms of up to three years or a fine; sexual abuse of children
(article 135) with imprisonment of up to 10 years if intercourse has occurred,
subject to extenuating circumstances which may reduce the penalty to a fine; sexual
abuse of persons over whom the perpetrator has guardianship (article 136) with
three years’ imprisonment or a fine; sexual intercourse with a minor who has not
attained the age of consent (article 137) with a fine; and incest (article 230) with
prison terms of two to five years or a fine.
Some legislators still believe that marriage, kinship and events within the
family are matters of a private, rather than a public nature. This means that most of
these offences can be prosecuted only on the basis of an application by the victim, in
other words, they are a matter for private prosecution.
28. In its fifth report, the State party refers to the statement of March 2004
published by women in the departments of Caaguazú, San Pedro and Caazapá,
together with the Women’s Secretariat of the National Campesino Federation
(FNC), denouncing situations of “mistreatment, torture and extreme violence”
against campesinos, and particularly against women from these departments
(page 5 of the fifth report). What measures have been adopted to eliminate
violence against campesinos with respect to these complaints?
The Government has established a committee to negotiate with the campesinos
and examine cases of abuse in various geographical areas. In cases where it is
considered necessary, land will be purchased from the major landowners and
allotted to campesinos. Women heads of household will also be helped under this
plan.
As for the complaints of mistreatment, the Women’s Bureau conducted an
investigation in the areas from which the complaints had supposedly come; it did
not, however, find any women who, on an individual basis, declared that the y had
been mistreated. The issue of violence is being looked into by women’s bureaux at
the Department level. The Women’s Bureau of the Office of the President of the
Republic is promoting the creation of special centres to care for women victims of
violence in the Departments of Paraguari, Misiones, Presidente Hayes and
Cordillera.
29. Please indicate any measures, whether already introduced or planned, to
ensure respect for the human rights of women and adolescent prisoners,
bearing in mind that chapter VIII, on women’s rights, of the Third Report on
the Situation of Human Rights in Paraguay, of the Inter-American Commission
on Human Rights, describes various types of violence (i.e., subhuman
disciplinary punishments, sexual abuse and rape, lack of medical care,
26
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
provision of medicines (especially tranquillizers) without medical prescription,
drug trafficking and prolonged preventive detention) and discrimination to
which adult women and young women are subject in the Buen Pastor women’s
prison.
In the framework of the prison reform project organized by the German
Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the Ministry of Justice and Labour,
conclusions have been reached following an exhaustive study of the country’s prison
system, the failings of Paraguay’s prisons have been recognized and plans are being
made for a thorough restructuring of the system.
As the first measure in the reform process, it is proposed that infrastructure
should be modified and that women awaiting trial should be separated from tho se
who have been convicted. A project involving garment production has been
introduced in the women’s prison, organized by the Ministry of Justice and Labour
and the TRASOL Foundation, enabling 40 women to earn money which is sent to
their family members.
In the area of health, the Women’s Bureau and the Office of the First Lady
have promoted activities in the ares of gynaecological care, disease prevention, and
sexual and reproductive services.
Since August 2003, visits have been made to Buen Pastor and Emboscada jails,
and to prisons in the Departments of Concepción, Itapua, Misiones, San Pedro and
Amambay. The visits were organized jointly with women Members of Parliament
and in coordination with the Supreme Court of Justice and the Ministry of Justice
and Labour.
Interviews with adolescent girls have shown that, because of gender
discrimination, they have been excluded by society owing to offences they have
committed.
Equality before the law and equality in family relations
30. The combined third and fourth report includes information about the
implementation of the provisions of article 15 of the Convention, on equality
with men before the law, and article 16, on equality in all matters relating to
marriage and family relations. No information is given with respect to these
articles in the fifth report. The guidelines on the form and content of the
reports to be submitted by States parties stipulate that if there is nothing new to
report under any article, it should be so stated. Please indicate whether it is
indeed the case that there has been nothing new to report under articles 15 and
16 since the combined third and fourth report was prepared.
Concerning article 15 of the Convention, all but two of the countries in the
world have ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, basing their decision
on the doctrine of comprehensive protection.
Act No. 1680, promulgated in 2001, enshrines the Childhood and Adolescence
Code, the result of many years of coordinated efforts involving numerous bodi es,
organizations and individuals seeking to improve the living conditions of the
country’s children. The Code establishes and regulates the rights, guarantees and
duties of children and adolescents, in keeping with the Constitution, the Convention
27
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
on the Rights of the Child, international human rights agreements to which Paraguay
is a party, and domestic legislation.
The current Code establishes the municipal Children’s Rights Councils
(CODENIS) for the purpose of providing children and adolescents with t he
sustained protection, promotion and defence of their rights, free of charge. The
National Secretariat on Childhood and Adolescence was also established, at
ministerial level, answerable to the Executive.
December 2003 marked the introduction of the National System for the
Integral Protection and Promotion of Childhood and Adolescence and the National
Secretariat, which launched the National Policy for Childhood and Adolescence
(POLNA) and the National Plan of Action for Childhood and Adolescence (PNA).
The purpose of these policies is to set out some basic strategies to promote the full
inclusion in Paraguay’s social agenda of the question of the integral protection of
children and adolescents.
With reference to article 16 of the Convention, article 184 of the Childhood
and Adolescence Code deals with the question of expert deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) blood tests and other, similar scientific tests that will be applied as a matter
of priority. The judiciary will award the necessary resources to carry out such tests
and regulate the implementation of this article.
The Supreme Court of Justice has issued no ruling on this as yet. The Court’s
Supervisory Council resolves cases in which official guardians act for the poor but
not those involving parties earning the minimum legal wage.
The Women’s Bureau is working, jointly with the Paraguay Bar Association, to
examine and draft the Responsible Parenthood Project, which is currently under
consideration by Parliament in the form of a bill. This bill would esta blish the legal
basis for carrying out the State’s mandate, as provided for under article 55 of the
Constitution, of setting up institutions to promote and protect responsible
parenthood.
The Public Prosecutor’s Office has offered to work with the Women’s Bureau
on proposals to establish special prosecution units to address punishable acts
directed against women, children and adolescents, the purpose being to devote more
personal attention to women, adolescent and child victims at the national level and
within the country’s interior. The proposals are due to be implemented from
February 2005.
The Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and
Eradication of Violence against Women — the Convention of Belém do Pará —
which was approved at the seventh plenary meeting of the General Assembly of
OAS on 9 June 1994, in Belém do Pará, Brazil, was ratified by Paraguay under Act
No. 605/95. Article 60 of the Constitution, which provides for protection against
violence, reads as follows: “The State will promote policies aimed at preventing
violence within the family and other actions that undermine family solidarity”.
The urgent need to address this pressing problem, which is not confined to the home
and is becoming a real social problem, led the Government, in accordance with its
commitment in ratifying the Convention of Belém do Pará, to promulgate Act No.
1600/2000, the Domestic Violence Act, which extends protection not only to women but
also to other members of the household, such as children and the elderly.
28
Table 2.1
Primary and secondary enrolment, by grade and sex and by Department, urban or rural area and type of school
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Urban
7 025
6 576
13 601
6 213
6 252
12 465
6 063
6 067
12 130
6 255
6 204
12 459
6 152
6 008
12 160
5 715
5 966
11 681
37 423
37 073
74 496
State
3 300
3 068
6 368
2 887
2 867
5 754
2 855
2 773
5 628
2 909
2 887
5 796
2 830
2 712
5 542
2 655
2 725
5 380
17 436
17 032
34 468
Private
1 828
1 670
3 498
1 728
1 636
3 364
1 673
1 629
3 302
1 685
1 649
3 334
1 669
1 584
3 253
1 583
1 627
3 210
10 166
9 795
19 961
Subsidized
private
Asunción
1 897
1 838
3 735
1 598
1 749
3 347
1 535
1 665
3 200
1 661
1 668
3 329
1 653
1 712
3 365
1 477
1 614
3 091
9 821
10 246
20 067
Rural
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
State
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Private
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subsidized
private
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7 025
6 576
13 601
6 213
6 252
12 465
6 063
6 067
12 130
6 255
6 204
12 459
6 152
6 008
12 160
5 715
5 966
11 681
37 423
37 073
74 496
State
3 300
3 068
6 368
2 887
2 867
5 754
2 855
2 773
5 628
2 909
2 887
5 796
2 830
2 712
5 542
2 655
2 725
5 380
17 436
17 032
34 468
Private
1 828
1 670
3 498
1 728
1 636
3 364
1 673
1 629
3 302
1 685
1 649
3 334
1 669
1 584
3 253
1 583
1 627
3 210
10 166
9 795
19 961
Subsidized
private
1 897
1 838
3 735
1 598
1 749
3 347
1 535
1 665
3 200
1 661
1 668
3 329
1 653
1 712
3 365
1 477
1 614
3 091
9 821
10 246
20 067
Urban
1 430
1 358
2 788
1 300
1 260
2 560
1 227
1 276
2 503
1 218
1 200
2 418
1 113
1 041
2 154
1 048
1 042
2 090
7 336
7 177
14 513
State
1 002
912
1 914
910
837
1 747
854
888
1 742
831
839
1 670
760
716
1 476
711
688
1 399
5 068
4 880
9 948
21
29
50
14
16
30
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35
45
80
Total
Concepción
Private
407
417
824
376
407
783
373
388
761
387
361
748
353
325
678
337
354
691
2 233
2 252
4 485
Rural
3 098
2 747
5 845
2 715
2 448
5 163
2 508
2 333
4 841
2 451
2 078
4 529
1 902
1 849
3 751
1 704
1 546
3 250
14 378
13 001
27 379
State
2 944
2 627
5 571
2 602
2 359
4 961
2 431
2 245
4 676
2 366
2 022
4 388
1 830
1 799
3 629
1 652
1 505
3 157
13 825
12 557
26 382
20
13
33
5
1
6
2
3
5
1
-
1
2
2
4
-
3
3
30
22
52
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
134
107
241
108
88
196
75
85
160
84
56
140
70
48
118
52
38
90
523
422
945
4 528
4 105
8 633
4 015
3 708
7 723
3 735
3 609
7 344
3 669
3 278
6 947
3 015
2 890
5 905
2 752
2 588
5 340
21 714
20 178
41 892
3 946
3 539
7 485
3 512
3 196
6 708
3 285
3 133
6 418
3 197
2 861
6 058
2 590
2 515
5 105
2 363
2 193
4 556
18 893
17 437
36 330
41
42
83
19
17
36
2
3
5
1
-
1
2
2
4
-
3
3
65
67
132
541
524
1 065
484
495
979
448
473
921
471
417
888
423
373
796
389
392
781
2 756
2 674
5 430
29
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
Susidized
private
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
1 071
993
2 064
1 015
839
1 854
1 008
923
1 931
901
879
1 780
860
832
1 692
745
757
1 502
5 600
5 223
10 823
980
912
1 892
938
773
1 711
960
872
1 832
829
825
1 654
806
767
1 573
690
716
1 406
5 203
4 865
10 068
-
3
3
-
4
4
2
-
2
5
1
6
3
-
3
3
3
6
13
11
24
San Pedro
Urban
State
Private
Subsidized
private
91
78
169
77
62
139
46
51
97
67
53
120
51
65
116
52
38
90
384
347
731
Rural
6 429
5 655
12 084
5 809
5 287
11 096
5 587
5 068
10 655
5 142
4 726
9 868
4 558
4 066
8 624
3 822
3 465
7 287
31 347
28 267
59 614
State
6 396
5 612
12 008
5 759
5 254
11 013
5 543
5 040
10 583
5 104
4 696
9 800
4 530
4 037
8 567
3 802
3 438
7 240
31 134
28 077
59 211
12
10
22
15
8
23
15
8
23
21
12
33
12
14
26
9
17
26
84
69
153
Private
Subsidized
private
21
33
54
35
25
60
29
20
49
17
18
35
16
15
31
11
10
21
129
121
250
7 500
6 648
14 148
6 824
6 126
12 950
6 595
5 991
12 586
6 043
5 605
11 648
5 418
4 898
10 316
4 567
4 222
8 789
36 947
33 490
70 437
7 376
6 524
13 900
6 697
6 027
12 724
6 503
5 912
12 415
5 933
5 521
11 454
5 336
4 804
10 140
4 492
4 154
8 646
36 337
32 942
69 279
12
13
25
15
12
27
17
8
25
26
13
39
15
14
29
12
20
32
97
80
177
112
111
223
112
87
199
75
71
146
84
71
155
67
80
147
63
48
111
513
468
981
Urban
1 684
1 502
3 186
1 420
1 381
2 801
1 472
1 359
2 831
1 457
1 452
2 909
1 299
1 285
2 584
1 302
1 239
2 541
8 634
8 218
16 852
State
1 410
1 235
2 645
1 177
1 157
2 334
1 231
1 149
2 380
1 208
1 217
2 425
1 087
1 080
2 167
1 112
1 018
2 130
7 225
6 856
14 081
10
11
21
6
10
16
5
2
7
7
7
14
6
1
7
3
4
7
37
35
72
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Cordillera
Private
Subsidized
private
264
256
520
237
214
451
236
208
444
242
228
470
206
204
410
187
217
404
1 372
1 327
2 699
Rural
2 486
2 221
4 707
2 290
1 986
4 276
2 261
2 009
4 270
2 184
1 869
4 053
1 904
1 760
3 664
1 750
1 609
3 359
12 875
11 454
24 329
State
2 428
2 168
4 596
2 242
1 944
4 186
2 218
1 974
4 192
2 145
1 828
3 973
1 866
1 724
3 590
1 718
1 567
3 285
12 617
11 205
23 822
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Private
Subsidized
private
58
53
111
48
42
90
43
35
78
39
41
80
38
36
74
32
42
74
258
249
507
4 170
3 723
7 893
3 710
3 367
7 077
3 733
3 368
7 101
3 641
3 321
6 962
3 203
3 045
6 248
3 052
2 848
5 900
21 509
19 672
41 181
3 838
3 403
7 241
3 419
3 101
6 520
3 449
3 123
6 572
3 353
3 045
6 398
2 953
2 804
5 757
2 830
2 585
5 415
19 842
18 061
37 903
10
11
21
6
10
16
5
2
7
7
7
14
6
1
7
3
4
7
37
35
72
322
309
631
285
256
541
279
243
522
281
269
550
244
240
484
219
259
478
1 630
1 576
3 206
Urban
1 159
1 076
2 235
1 080
1 033
2 113
1 051
974
2 025
980
983
1 963
959
921
1 880
851
911
1 762
6 080
5 898
11 978
State
1 028
947
1 975
936
896
1 832
928
860
1 788
879
871
1 750
861
820
1 681
756
795
1 551
5 388
5 189
10 577
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Guairá
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
30
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Private
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subsidized
private
131
129
260
144
137
281
123
114
237
101
112
213
98
101
199
95
116
211
692
709
1 401
Rural
2 650
2 404
5 054
2 381
2 118
4 499
2 183
2 001
4 184
2 095
1 854
3 949
1 855
1 571
3 426
1 532
1 370
2 902
12 696
11 318
24 014
State
2 633
2 393
5 026
2 374
2 109
4 483
2 174
1 992
4 166
2 089
1 847
3 936
1 849
1 562
3 411
1 527
1 365
2 892
12 646
11 268
23 914
10
9
19
4
6
10
5
4
9
2
2
4
2
1
3
1
2
3
24
24
48
7
2
9
3
3
6
4
5
9
4
5
9
4
8
12
4
3
7
26
26
52
3 809
3 480
7 289
3 461
3 151
6 612
3 234
2 975
6 209
3 075
2 837
5 912
2 814
2 492
5 306
2 383
2 281
4 664
18 776
17 216
35 992
3 661
3 340
7 001
3 310
3 005
6 315
3 102
2 852
5 954
2 968
2 718
5 686
2 710
2 382
5 092
2 283
2 160
4 443
18 034
16 457
34 491
10
9
19
4
6
10
5
4
9
2
2
4
2
1
3
1
2
3
24
24
48
138
131
269
147
140
287
127
119
246
105
117
222
102
109
211
99
119
218
718
735
1 453
Urban
2 617
2 484
5 101
2 472
2 436
4 908
2 452
2 295
4 747
2 382
2 308
4 690
2 192
2 092
4 284
1 871
1 875
3 746
13 986
13 490
27 476
State
2 232
2 110
4 342
2 125
2 073
4 198
2 058
1 945
4 003
2 039
1 982
4 021
1 864
1 766
3 630
1 577
1 579
3 156
11 895
11 455
23 350
54
62
116
54
57
111
69
58
127
55
60
115
56
61
117
38
55
93
326
353
679
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Caaguazú
Private
Subsidized
private
331
312
643
293
306
599
325
292
617
288
266
554
272
265
537
256
241
497
1 765
1 682
3 447
Rural
7 104
6 493
13 597
6 596
5 941
12 537
6 204
5 579
11 783
5 912
5 425
11 337
5 188
4 889
10 077
4 509
4 293
8 802
35 513
32 620
68 133
State
7 058
6 440
13 498
6 542
5 883
12 425
6 155
5 526
11 681
5 855
5 373
11 228
5 167
4 860
10 027
4 482
4 256
8 738
35 259
32 338
67 597
23
33
56
38
36
74
36
30
66
44
36
80
14
20
34
24
26
50
179
181
360
Private
Subsidized
private
20
43
16
22
38
13
23
36
13
16
29
7
9
16
3
11
14
75
101
176
8 977
18 698
9 068
8 377
17 445
8 656
7 874
16 530
8 294
7 733
16 027
7 380
6 981
14 361
6 380
6 168
12 548
49 499
46 110
95 609
9 290
8 550
17 840
8 667
7 956
16 623
8 213
7 471
15 684
7 894
7 355
15 249
7 031
6 626
13 657
6 059
5 835
11 894
47 154
43 793
90 947
77
95
172
92
93
185
105
88
193
99
96
195
70
81
151
62
81
143
505
534
1 039
354
332
686
309
328
637
338
315
653
301
282
583
279
274
553
259
252
511
1 840
1 783
3 623
Urban
514
470
984
474
420
894
467
452
919
462
439
901
388
413
801
364
379
743
2 669
2 573
5 242
State
448
387
835
410
362
772
389
375
764
406
367
773
325
353
678
307
310
617
2 285
2 154
4 439
5
4
9
5
6
11
7
2
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17
12
29
61
79
140
59
52
111
71
75
146
56
72
128
63
60
123
57
69
126
367
407
774
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Caazapá
Private
Subsidized
private
31
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
23
9 721
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Rural
3 061
2 754
5 815
2 852
2 458
5 310
2 622
2 355
4 977
2 402
2 102
4 504
2 093
1 820
3 913
1 643
1 500
3 143
14 673
12 989
27 662
State
3 033
2 720
5 753
2 813
2 428
5 241
2 589
2 325
4 914
2 368
2 077
4 445
2 064
1 792
3 856
1 629
1 483
3 112
14 496
12 825
27 321
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
28
34
62
39
30
69
33
30
63
34
25
59
29
28
57
14
17
31
177
164
341
3 575
3 224
6 799
3 326
2 878
6 204
3 089
2 807
5 896
2 864
2 541
5 405
2 481
2 233
4 714
2 007
1 879
3 886
17 342
15 562
32 904
3 481
3 107
6 588
3 223
2 790
6 013
2 978
2 700
5 678
2 774
2 444
5 218
2 389
2 145
4 534
1 936
1 793
3 729
16 781
14 979
31 760
5
4
9
5
6
11
7
2
9
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17
12
29
89
113
202
98
82
180
104
105
209
90
97
187
92
88
180
71
86
157
544
571
1 115
Urban
3 075
2 936
6 011
2 708
2 594
5 302
2 549
2 480
5 029
2 453
2 416
4 869
2 175
2 164
4 339
1 949
2 010
3 959
14 909
14 600
29 509
State
2 211
2 097
4 308
1 947
1 837
3 784
1 816
1 731
3 547
1 783
1 706
3 489
1 558
1 563
3 121
1 380
1 441
2 821
10 695
10 375
21 070
217
187
404
205
196
401
175
204
379
174
177
351
154
150
304
153
135
288
1 078
1 049
2 127
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Itapúa
Private
Subsidized
private
647
652
1 299
556
561
1 117
558
545
1 103
496
533
1 029
463
451
914
416
434
850
3 136
3 176
6 312
Rural
7 498
6 532
14 030
6 652
5 738
12 390
5 975
5 425
11 400
5 378
5 081
10 459
4 541
4 340
8 881
3 717
3 496
7 213
33 761
30 612
64 373
State
7 309
6 374
13 683
6 477
5 595
12 072
5 814
5 306
11 120
5 256
4 963
10 219
4 412
4 214
8 626
3 625
3 402
7 027
32 893
29 854
62 747
38
27
65
25
27
52
13
14
27
18
15
33
17
14
31
9
14
23
120
111
231
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
151
131
282
150
116
266
148
105
253
104
103
207
112
112
224
83
80
163
748
647
1 395
10 573
9 468
20 041
9 360
8 332
17 692
8 524
7 905
16 429
7 831
7 497
15 328
6 716
6 504
13 220
5 666
5 506
11 172
48 670
45 212
93 882
9 520
8 471
17 991
8 424
7 432
15 856
7 630
7 037
14 667
7 039
6 669
13 708
5 970
5 777
11 747
5 005
4 843
9 848
43 588
40 229
83 817
Private
255
214
469
230
223
453
188
218
406
192
192
384
171
164
335
162
149
311
1 198
1 160
2 358
Subsidized
private
798
783
1 581
706
677
1 383
706
650
1 356
600
636
1 236
575
563
1 138
499
514
1 013
3 884
3 823
7 707
1 011
1 006
2 017
918
957
1 875
911
850
1 761
897
847
1 744
882
837
1 719
767
782
1 549
5 386
5 279
10 665
904
887
1 791
823
860
1 683
828
741
1 569
821
764
1 585
777
753
1 530
696
704
1 400
4 849
4 709
9 558
22
25
47
15
16
31
14
9
23
6
2
8
11
4
15
7
5
12
75
61
136
Misiones
Urban
State
Private
Subsidized
private
85
94
179
80
81
161
69
100
169
70
81
151
94
80
174
64
73
137
462
509
971
Rural
920
790
1 710
849
668
1 517
832
690
1 522
790
708
1 498
688
683
1 371
697
615
1 312
4 776
4 154
8 930
State
912
782
1 694
833
663
1 496
832
690
1 522
790
708
1 498
688
683
1 371
697
615
1 312
4 752
4 141
8 893
8
8
16
16
5
21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
24
13
37
Private
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
32
Enrolment by grade and sex
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Subsidized
private
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
Male
2
Female
Total
Male
3
Female
Total
Male
4
Female
Total
Male
5
Female
Total
Male
6
Female
Total
Male
Total
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 931
1 796
3 727
1 767
1 625
3 392
1 743
1 540
3 283
1 687
1 555
3 242
1 570
1 520
3 090
1 464
1 397
2 861
10 162
9 433
19 595
1 816
1 669
3 485
1 656
1 523
3 179
1 660
1 431
3 091
1 611
1 472
3 083
1 465
1 436
2 901
1 393
1 319
2 712
9 601
8 850
18 451
Private
30
33
63
31
21
52
14
9
23
6
2
8
11
4
15
7
5
12
99
74
173
Subsidized
private
85
94
179
80
81
161
69
100
169
70
81
151
94
80
174
64
73
137
462
509
971
1 016
984
2 000
994
951
1 945
1 028
963
1 991
1 037
945
1 982
927
942
1 869
950
888
1 838
5 952
5 673
11 625
791
756
1 547
789
733
1 522
831
756
1 587
838
726
1 564
734
770
1 504
764
721
1 485
4 747
4 462
9 209
7
9
16
7
10
17
7
8
15
4
3
7
2
4
6
4
5
9
31
39
70
Total
State
Paraguarí
Urban
State
Private
Subsidized
private
218
219
437
198
208
406
190
199
389
195
216
411
191
168
359
182
162
344
1 174
1 172
2 346
Rural
2 963
2 410
5 373
2 595
2 304
4 899
2 605
2 350
4 955
2 545
2 373
4 918
2 300
2 051
4 351
2 022
1 830
3 852
15 030
13 318
28 348
State
2 928
2 389
5 317
2 571
2 289
4 860
2 577
2 327
4 904
2 517
2 347
4 864
2 271
2 037
4 308
1 996
1 818
3 814
14 860
13 207
28 067
6
3
9
-
-
-
1
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
5
12
Private
Subsidized
private
29
18
47
24
15
39
27
21
48
28
26
54
29
14
43
26
12
38
163
106
269
3 979
3 394
7 373
3 589
3 255
6 844
3 633
3 313
6 946
3 582
3 318
6 900
3 227
2 993
6 220
2 972
2 718
5 690
20 982
18 991
39 973
3 719
3 145
6 864
3 360
3 022
6 382
3 408
3 083
6 491
3 355
3 073
6 428
3 005
2 807
5 812
2 760
2 539
5 299
19 607
17 669
37 276
13
12
25
7
10
17
8
10
18
4
3
7
2
4
6
4
5
9
38
44
82
247
237
484
222
223
445
217
220
437
223
242
465
220
182
402
208
174
382
1 337
1 278
2 615
Urban
6 771
6 414
13 185
6 122
5 666
11 788
5 608
5 507
11 115
5 284
5 069
10 353
4 703
4 661
9 364
3 932
4 188
8 120
32 420
31 505
63 925
State
5 369
5 111
10 480
4 860
4 497
9 357
4 427
4 304
8 731
4 166
3 978
8 144
3 681
3 601
7 282
3 112
3 224
6 336
25 615
24 715
50 330
761
724
1 485
704
623
1 327
625
607
1 232
595
548
1 143
543
513
1 056
420
459
879
3 648
3 474
7 122
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Alto Paraná
Subsidized
private
641
579
1 220
558
546
1 104
556
596
1 152
523
543
1 066
479
547
1 026
400
505
905
3 157
3 316
6 473
Rural
5 728
5 083
10 811
4 884
4 301
9 185
4 376
4 117
8 493
3 985
3 528
7 513
3 253
3 004
6 257
2 640
2 472
5 112
24 866
22 505
47 371
State
5 590
4 922
10 512
4 764
4 175
8 939
4 270
4 006
8 276
3 860
3 428
7 288
3 194
2 951
6 145
2 582
2 405
4 987
24 260
21 887
46 147
84
98
182
72
80
152
60
66
126
72
56
128
42
29
71
41
46
87
371
375
746
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
54
63
117
48
46
94
46
45
91
53
44
97
17
24
41
17
21
38
235
243
478
12 499
11 497
23 996
11 006
9 967
20 973
9 984
9 624
19 608
9 269
8 597
17 866
7 956
7 665
15 621
6 572
6 660
13 232
57 286
54 010
111 296
10 959
10 033
20 992
9 624
8 672
18 296
8 697
8 310
17 007
8 026
7 406
15 432
6 875
6 552
13 427
5 694
5 629
11 323
49 875
46 602
96 477
33
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
Private
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Private
845
822
1 667
776
703
1 479
685
673
1 358
667
604
1 271
585
542
1 127
461
505
966
4 019
3 849
7 868
Subsidized
private
695
642
1 337
606
592
1 198
602
641
1 243
576
587
1 163
496
571
1 067
417
526
943
3 392
3 559
6 951
Urban
15 592
14 434
30 026
14 084
13 272
27 356
13 077
12 614
25 691
12 614
12 598
25 212
11 830
11 879
23 709
10 915
11 139
22 054
78 112
75 936
154 048
State
Central
11 692
10 672
22 364
10 609
9 872
20 481
9 830
9 511
19 341
9 623
9 578
19 201
9 129
9 138
18 267
8 468
8 725
17 193
59 351
57 496
116 847
Private
1 583
1 525
3 108
1 505
1 432
2 937
1 318
1 159
2 477
1 127
1 106
2 233
995
1 005
2 000
901
847
1 748
7 429
7 074
14 503
Subsidized
private
2 317
2 237
4 554
1 970
1 968
3 938
1 929
1 944
3 873
1 864
1 914
3 778
1 706
1 736
3 442
1 546
1 567
3 113
11 332
11 366
22 698
Rural
5 629
5 005
10 634
5 004
4 491
9 495
4 349
4 142
8 491
4 224
3 934
8 158
3 646
3 472
7 118
3 132
3 119
6 251
25 984
24 163
50 147
State
5 001
4 378
9 379
4 452
3 975
8 427
3 842
3 677
7 519
3 751
3 517
7 268
3 281
3 109
6 390
2 835
2 803
5 638
23 162
21 459
44 621
231
224
455
186
178
364
136
126
262
108
93
201
74
60
134
44
48
92
779
729
1 508
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
397
403
800
366
338
704
371
339
710
365
324
689
291
303
594
253
268
521
2 043
1 975
4 018
21 221
19 439
40 660
19 088
17 763
36 851
17 426
16 756
34 182
16 838
16 532
33 370
15 476
15 351
30 827
14 047
14 258
28 305
104 096
100 099
204 195
16 693
15 050
31 743
15 061
13 847
28 908
13 672
13 188
26 860
13 374
13 095
26 469
12 410
12 247
24 657
11 303
11 528
22 831
82 513
78 955
161 468
Private
1 814
1 749
3 563
1 691
1 610
3 301
1 454
1 285
2 739
1 235
1 199
2 434
1 069
1 065
2 134
945
895
1 840
8 208
7 803
16 011
Subsidized
private
2 714
2 640
5 354
2 336
2 306
4 642
2 300
2 283
4 583
2 229
2 238
4 467
1 997
2 039
4 036
1 799
1 835
3 634
13 375
13 341
26 716
Urban
670
571
1 241
638
577
1 215
631
580
1 211
608
614
1 222
522
560
1 082
519
572
1 091
3 588
3 474
7 062
State
517
465
982
469
431
900
489
433
922
462
451
913
373
422
795
389
442
831
2 699
2 644
5 343
Ñeembucú
Private
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subsidized
private
153
106
259
169
146
315
142
147
289
146
163
309
149
138
287
130
130
260
889
830
1 719
Rural
510
460
970
526
431
957
552
408
960
477
430
907
454
366
820
351
308
659
2 870
2 403
5 273
State
510
460
970
526
431
957
552
408
960
477
430
907
454
366
820
351
308
659
2 870
2 403
5 273
-
Private
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Subsidized
private
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 180
1 031
2 211
1 164
1 008
2 172
1 183
988
2 171
1 085
1 044
2 129
976
926
1 902
870
880
1 750
6 458
5 877
12 335
1 027
925
1 952
995
862
1 857
1 041
841
1 882
939
881
1 820
827
788
1 615
740
750
1 490
5 569
5 047
10 616
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
153
106
259
169
146
315
142
147
289
146
163
309
149
138
287
130
130
260
889
830
1 719
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
34
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Urban
1 237
1 229
2 466
1 085
1 040
2 125
1 071
978
2 049
941
999
1 940
834
877
1 711
686
848
1 534
5 854
5 971
11 825
State
1 066
1 041
2 107
907
863
1 770
910
833
1 743
789
825
1 614
685
704
1 389
549
695
1 244
4 906
4 961
9 867
41
50
91
39
37
76
38
29
67
23
28
51
22
25
47
18
22
40
181
191
372
Amambay
Private
Subsidized
private
130
138
268
139
140
279
123
116
239
129
146
275
127
148
275
119
131
250
767
819
1 586
Rural
1 007
951
1 958
768
630
1 398
609
512
1 121
494
453
947
355
313
668
302
291
593
3 535
3 150
6 685
State
978
925
1 903
750
606
1 356
588
494
1 082
476
446
922
348
304
652
292
284
576
3 432
3 059
6 491
29
26
55
18
24
42
21
18
39
18
7
25
7
9
16
10
7
17
103
91
194
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 244
2 180
4 424
1 853
1 670
3 523
1 680
1 490
3 170
1 435
1 452
2 887
1 189
1 190
2 379
988
1 139
2 127
9 389
9 121
18 510
2 044
1 966
4 010
1 657
1 469
3 126
1 498
1 327
2 825
1 265
1 271
2 536
1 033
1 008
2 041
841
979
1 820
8 338
8 020
16 358
70
76
146
57
61
118
59
47
106
41
35
76
29
34
63
28
29
57
284
282
566
130
138
268
139
140
279
123
116
239
129
146
275
127
148
275
119
131
250
767
819
1 586
Urban
471
404
875
386
381
767
366
360
726
346
332
678
272
297
569
258
287
545
2 099
2 061
4 160
State
457
399
856
379
368
747
354
357
711
336
324
660
265
291
556
250
280
530
2 041
2 019
4 060
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Canindeyú
Private
Subsidized
private
5
19
7
13
20
12
3
15
10
8
18
7
6
13
8
7
15
58
42
100
3 431
3 103
6 534
2 730
2 524
5 254
2 614
2 332
4 946
2 289
2 072
4 361
1 909
1 781
3 690
1 447
1 357
2 804
14 420
13 169
27 589
State
3 364
3 035
6 399
2 693
2 468
5 161
2 565
2 287
4 852
2 242
2 039
4 281
1 864
1 735
3 599
1 423
1 319
2 742
14 151
12 883
27 034
Private
53
61
114
25
41
66
37
26
63
38
28
66
26
28
54
17
30
47
196
214
410
Subsidized
private
14
7
21
12
15
27
12
19
31
9
5
14
19
18
37
7
8
15
73
72
145
3 902
3 507
7 409
3 116
2 905
6 021
2 980
2 692
5 672
2 635
2 404
5 039
2 181
2 078
4 259
1 705
1 644
3 349
16 519
15 230
31 749
Total
State
3 821
3 434
7 255
3 072
2 836
5 908
2 919
2 644
5 563
2 578
2 363
4 941
2 129
2 026
4 155
1 673
1 599
3 272
16 192
14 902
31 094
Private
53
61
114
25
41
66
37
26
63
38
28
66
26
28
54
17
30
47
196
214
410
Subsidized
private
28
12
40
19
28
47
24
22
46
19
13
32
26
24
50
15
15
30
131
114
245
35
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
14
Rural
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Urban
521
501
1 022
440
417
857
479
422
901
405
472
877
353
348
701
301
336
637
2 499
2 496
4 995
State
339
346
685
283
263
546
298
259
557
258
299
557
223
209
432
187
190
377
1 588
1 566
3 154
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Presidente
Hayes
Private
Subsidized
private
182
155
337
157
154
311
181
163
344
147
173
320
130
139
269
114
146
260
911
930
1 841
Rural
1 334
1 258
2 592
1 093
1 060
2 153
1 013
856
1 869
855
752
1 607
659
578
1 237
535
491
1 026
5 489
4 995
10 484
State
921
883
1 804
747
749
1 496
663
569
1 232
552
476
1 028
425
346
771
328
315
643
3 636
3 338
6 974
40
56
96
42
42
84
53
47
100
45
39
84
41
39
80
40
35
75
261
258
519
Private
Subsidized
private
373
319
692
304
269
573
297
240
537
258
237
495
193
193
386
167
141
308
1 592
1 399
2 991
1 855
1 759
3 614
1 533
1 477
3 010
1 492
1 278
2 770
1 260
1 224
2 484
1 012
926
1 938
836
827
1 663
7 988
7 491
15 479
1 260
1 229
2 489
1 030
1 012
2 042
961
828
1 789
810
775
1 585
648
555
1 203
515
505
1 020
5 224
4 904
10 128
40
56
96
42
42
84
53
47
100
45
39
84
41
39
80
40
35
75
261
258
519
555
474
1 029
461
423
884
478
403
881
405
410
815
323
332
655
281
287
568
2 503
2 329
4 832
Urban
147
131
278
110
124
234
124
122
246
111
103
214
90
121
211
129
94
223
711
695
1 406
State
59
50
109
33
50
83
35
36
71
51
39
90
28
51
79
58
42
100
264
268
532
Private
40
41
81
41
39
80
43
44
87
29
33
62
40
42
82
44
23
67
237
222
459
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Boquerón
Subsidized
private
48
40
88
36
35
71
46
42
88
31
31
62
22
28
50
27
29
56
210
205
415
Rural
647
586
1 233
557
526
1 083
535
440
975
432
363
795
306
321
627
317
253
570
2 794
2 489
5 283
State
177
135
312
136
131
267
112
90
202
93
63
156
55
58
113
58
40
98
631
517
1 148
93
109
202
89
97
186
112
89
201
101
94
195
87
88
175
96
81
177
578
558
1 136
377
342
719
332
298
630
311
261
572
238
206
444
164
175
339
163
132
295
1 585
1 414
2 999
794
717
1 511
667
650
1 317
659
562
1 221
543
466
1 009
396
442
838
446
347
793
3 505
3 184
6 689
State
236
185
421
169
181
350
147
126
273
144
102
246
83
109
192
116
82
198
895
785
1 680
Private
133
150
283
130
136
266
155
133
288
130
127
257
127
130
257
140
104
244
815
780
1 595
Subsidized
private
425
382
807
368
333
701
357
303
660
269
237
506
186
203
389
190
161
351
1 795
1 619
3 414
132
127
259
106
100
206
82
90
172
59
75
134
62
68
130
48
63
111
489
523
1 012
Private
Subsidized
private
Total
Alto
Paraguay
Urban
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
36
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
Department,
urban or rural
area and type
of school
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Enrolment by grade and sex
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
Male
Female
Total
92
90
182
79
67
146
62
68
130
48
47
95
43
43
86
32
44
76
356
359
715
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
40
37
77
27
33
60
20
22
42
11
28
39
19
25
44
16
19
35
133
164
297
Rural
200
181
381
178
171
349
125
104
229
111
110
221
75
74
149
67
61
128
756
701
1 457
State
190
169
359
153
152
305
123
103
226
103
102
205
71
72
143
67
61
128
707
659
1 366
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Private
Subsidized
private
10
12
22
25
19
44
2
1
3
8
8
16
4
2
6
-
-
-
49
42
91
332
308
640
284
271
555
207
194
401
170
185
355
137
142
279
115
124
239
1 245
1 224
2 469
282
259
541
232
219
451
185
171
356
151
149
300
114
115
229
99
105
204
1 063
1 018
2 081
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
50
49
99
52
52
104
22
23
45
19
36
55
23
27
50
16
19
35
182
206
388
Urban
46 143
43 196
89 339
41 565
39 700
81 265
39 666
38 312
77 978
38 410
37 935
76 345
35 613
35 346
70 959
32 350
33 376
65 726
233 747
227 865
461 612
State
33 897
31 485
65 382
30 561
28 806
59 367
29 155
27 891
57 046
28 276
27 725
56 001
26 029
25 759
51 788
23 693
24 339
48 032
171 611
166 005
337 616
4 589
4 340
8 929
4 323
4 082
8 405
3 976
3 751
7 727
3 710
3 614
7 324
3 501
3 389
6 890
3 174
3 185
6 359
23 273
22 361
45 634
Total
State
Private
Subsidized
private
Countrywide
total
Private
Subsidized
private
7 657
7 371
15 028
6 681
6 812
13 493
6 535
6 670
13 205
6 424
6 596
13 020
6 083
6 198
12 281
5 483
5 852
11 335
38 863
39 499
78 362
Rural
54 695
48 633
103 328
48 479
43 082
91 561
44 950
40 721
85 671
41 766
37 858
79 624
35 686
32 938
68 624
30 187
28 076
58 263
255 763
231 308
487 071
State
52 372
46 412
98 784
46 434
41 211
87 645
43 048
39 059
82 107
40 044
36 362
76 406
34 369
31 649
66 018
29 064
26 984
56 048
245 331
221 677
467 008
647
677
1 324
535
545
1 080
491
433
924
468
382
850
324
304
628
291
309
600
2 756
2 650
5 406
Private
Total
State
1 676
1 544
3 220
1 510
1 326
2 836
1 411
1 229
2 640
1 254
1 114
2 368
993
985
1 978
832
783
1 615
7 676
6 981
14 657
100 838
91 829
192 667
90 044
82 782
172 826
84 616
79 033
163 649
80 176
75 793
155 969
71 299
68 284
139 583
62 537
61 452
123 989
489 510
459 173
948 683
86 269
77 897
164 166
76 995
70 017
147 012
72 203
66 950
139 153
68 320
64 087
132 407
60 398
57 408
117 806
52 757
51 323
104 080
416 942
387 682
804 624
Private
5 236
5 017
10 253
4 858
4 627
9 485
4 467
4 184
8 651
4 178
3 996
8 174
3 825
3 693
7 518
3 465
3 494
6 959
26 029
25 011
51 040
Subsidized
private
9 333
8 915
18 248
8 191
8 138
16 329
7 946
7 899
15 845
7 678
7 710
15 388
7 076
7 183
14 259
6 315
6 635
12 950
46 539
46 480
93 019
Note: Includes indigenous schools.
37
CEDAW/PSWG/2005/I/CRP.2/Add.5
Subsidized
private