BSC 2085L - HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I LAB
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
CHEMISTRY
Goal:
1. Understand the chemical organization of living systems
Objectives:
Definition of Concepts: Matter and Energy
1. Differentiate between matter and energy and between potential energy and kinetic energy.
2. Describe the major energy forms.
Composition of Matter: Atoms and Elements
3. Define chemical elements. Identify by name & symbol, the principal elements of the body.
4. Define atom. List the subatomic particles; describe their masses, charges, positions in the atom.
5. Define atomic number, atomic mass, atomic weight, isotope.
Chemical Bonds
6. Explain the role of electrons in chemical bonding and in relation to the octet rule.
7. Differentiate between ionic and covalent bonds.
8. Compare and contrast polar and nonpolar compounds.
Chemical Reactions
9. Define a chemical reaction as a function of electrons in incomplete outer energy levels.
10. Identify three malor types of chemical reactions (synthesis, decomposition and exchange).
Inorganic Compounds
11. Explain the importance of water & salts to body homeostasis.
12. Define acid and base, and explain the concept of pH.
Organic Compounds
13. Describe/compare the structures & functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids.
14. Explain the role of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
15. Compare the functional roles of neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids in the body
16. Describe the four levels of protein structure.
17. Describe the general mechanism of enzyme activity.
18. Describe the function of molecular chaperones.
19. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
20. Explain the role of ATP in cell metabolism.
CELLS AND TISSUES
Goal:
1. Describe the structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
Objectives:
Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
1. Define cell.
2. List the three major regions of a generalized cell.
The Cytoplasm
3. Describe the composition of the cytosol.
4. Define an organelle
5. Discuss the structure and function of mitochondria, and chloroplasts (in plant cells).
6. Discuss the structure and function of ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the Golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, inclusions; note functional interrelationships among these
7. Compare the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes.
8. Describe the roles of centrioles in mitosis.
DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION/PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Goal:
1. Understand the structure & function of DNA, its replication, gene function and expression
Objectives:
The Nucleus
1. Describe the chemical structure & function of the nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromatin.
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
2. Describe the process of DNA replication & its importance.
3. Define gene & "genetic code." Explain the function of genes.
4. Name the two phases of protein synthesis and describe the roles of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
5. Contrast triplets, codons, and anticodons.
CELL REPRODUCTION
Goal:
1. Understand the process of Cell Division
Objectives:
Cell Reproduction
1. Describe the chemical composition, structure, & function of chromatin.
2. Describe chromatin organization in active/inactive states and during the process of cell division
3. List the phases of the cell life cycle and describe their events.
CELL MEMBRANES
Goal:
1. Describe and the structures and functions of the Eukaryotic cell’s Plasma Membrane
Objectives:
The Plasma Membrane - Structure
1. Describe the chemistry of the plasma membrane and relate it to membrane functions.
2. Compare the structure and function of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
The Plasma Membrane: Functions
3. Relate the plasma membrane structure to active and passive transport mechanisms.
4. Differentiate clearly between these transport processes.
5. Define membrane potential. Explain how the resting membrane potential is maintained.
6. Describe the role of the membrane glycocalyx in cells' interactions with their environ.
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Goal:
1. Review the anatomy of the axial & appendicular skeletons.
Objectives:
The Skull
1. Identify the bones of the skull and their surface features as seen in anterior, posterior, superior,
inferior, lateral, & medial views. These bones include the parietals, frontal, temporals, occipital,
ethmoid, vomer, sphenoid, maxillae, nasals, and mandible.
2. Identify skull features as seen within an exploded skull.
3. Identify the paranasal sinuses: the frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses.
4. Describe the makeup of the bony orbit and the nasal septum.
Other Bones of the Axial Skeleton
5. Describe the location and function of the hyoid bone.
6. Identify the divisions of the sternum.
7. Describe articulations of the ribs with the sternum anteriorly and the vertebral column posteriorly.
8. Name and describe the groups of vertebrae that contribute to the vertebral column,
including cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.
9. Identify intervertebral disks within the vertebral column.
Appendicular Skeleton
10. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle, the scapula and clavicle; identify major surface markings
11. Identify bones of the upper extremity: humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, & phalanges.
12. Describe the formation of the pelvic girdle and its articulation with the bones of the axial
skeleton, including the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx.
13. Identify the bones of the lower extremity: femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Goal:
1. Review the anatomy of the major superficial muscles of the body.
Objectives:
Superficial Muscles of the Body
1. Identify and describe the major superficial muscles of: a. head, face, and neck (orbicularis oculi,
orbicularis oris, zygomaticus, masseter, platysma, sternoclediomastoid) b. shoulder (deltoid,
trapezius) c. chest (pectoralis major) d. back (lattisimus dorsi, trapezius) e. abdomen
(serratus anterior, external oblique) f. arm and forearm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii,
palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, triceps brachii, extensor digitorum)g. thigh (rectus femoris,
hamstrings) h. buttock and thigh (gluteus maximus, tensor fasciae latae) i. leg (tibialis anterior,
gastrocnemius, and soleus)
2. Discover various methods employed to name skeletal muscles.
3. Describe the action of some specific skeletal muscles.
4. Determine the PA. (origin) and D.A. (insertion) of various muscles.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Goal:
1. Review anatomy of brain & cranial nerves, spinal cord, spinal nerves, & autonomic nervous sys.
Objectives:
Brain and Cranial Nerves
1. Describe the surface features of the brain, including gyri, sulci, and lobes.
2. Identify major regions of the brain from a lateral and medial view, including the cerebrum,
cerebellum, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
3. Locate and describe the twelve pairs of cranial nerves.
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
4. Describe the anatomy of the spinal cord, especially in cross section, and identify anterior and
posterior gray horns, the anterior, lateral, and posterior white columns, and the gray commissure.
5. Describe structure and function of the meningeal layers: dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater.
6. Identify the components of a spinal nerve, including the ventral and dorsal root components.
7. Determine the method of numbering and naming spinal nerves.
8. Name important nerves and blood vessels associated with the cervical, brachial, & lumbosacral
plexi, including: musculocutaneous, ulnar, median radial, phrenic, femoral, and sciatic nerves.
Autonomic Nervous System
9. Describe the formation of the sympathetic trunk.
10. Describe some major ganglia and associated nerves of the sympathetic chain,
including the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia.
11. Distinguish between pre- and postganglionic neurons & the significance of these neuron types.
12. Distinguish between gray and white rami communicantes.
The Eye and Vision
13. Describe the structure & function of accessory eye structures, eye tunics, lens, & humors
14. Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina, and explain distant and close vision.
15. Trace the visual pathway to the optic cortex & describe the process of visual processing.
The Ear: Hearing and Balance
16. Describe the structure and general function of the outer, middle, and inner ears.
17. Describe the sound conduction pathway to the fluids of the inner ear
18. Explain how the balance organs of the semicircular canals and the vestibule function.