9. Seznam použitých zkratek
ABL – gen Abelsonovy leukemie
Ara-C – cytosinarabinosid, cytarabin, cytostatikum
ATP - adenosintrifosfát
ATRA – all-trans-retiková kyselina
BCR – breakpoint cluster region, oblast zlomů DNA
BCR/ABL – leukemický fúzní gen typický pro CML
Bcr/Abl – proteinovaný produkt leukemického genu BCR/ABL,
leukemická tyrosinkináza
BCRP – breast cancer resistance protein
CD – cluster of differentiation, zkratka označující povrchový
buněčný antigen
CGP57148 – první firemní označení imatinibu
c-kit – receptor pro stem cell factor
CML – chronická myeloidní leukemie
CMV - cytomegalovirus
CNS – centrální nervový systém
CRKL – CRK-like, homologní s virovým onkogenem Crk, adaptační
protein
DNA – desoxyribonukleová kyselina
EBMT – European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Groups
EBMT skóre rizika – označováno někdy také jako Gratwohlův
index. Index umožňující odhad přežití nemocného s CML po
alogenní transplantaci krvetvorných buněk (74).
EORTC – European Organization for Research and Treatment of
Cancer
EURO skóre – označováno někdy také jako Hasfordův index.
Umožňuje odhad přežití nemocných léčených interferonem nebo
imatinibem (69)
FDA – Federal Drug Administration, americký úřad pro kontrolu
léků
FISH – fluorescenční in situ hybridizace
G-CSF – faktor stimulující granulocytární kolonie
63
GM-CSF - faktor stimulující granulocytární a makrofágové
kolonie
GVHD – reakce štěpu vůči hostiteli
HLA – human leukocyte antigens, hlavní histokompatibilní
systém
IBMTR – International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry
ICE – cytostatická kúra obsahující idarubicin, cytarabin a
etoposid
IL - interleukin
IRIS - International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571
LDH - laktátdehydrogenáza
mini-ICE – redukovaná verze cytostatické kúry obsahující
idarubicin, cytarabin a etoposid
p210 – leukemická tyrosinkináza vznikající překladem genu MBCR/ABL (analogicky p190 a p230 vzniká překladem z genů m- a
μ-BCR/ABL)
PDGFR – receptor pro platelet-derived growth factor
P-GP – P-glykoprotein
Ph – Philadelphia, zkratka používaná pro označení derivovaného
chromozomu 22, typického pro CML
PKC-δ – proteinová kináza C-δ
RIC – reduced intensity conditioning, příprava s redukovanou
intenzitou
RNA – ribonukleová kyselina
RT-PCR – polymerázová řetězcová reakce s reverzní
transkriptázou
Q-RT-PCR – kvantitativní polymerázová řetězcová reakce s
reverzní transkriptázou
STI571 – dřívější firemní označení imatinibu
TKB – transplantace krvetvorných buněk
WHO – World Health Organization
64
10. Literatura
1. Nowell PC, Hungerford DA. A minute chromosome in human
chronic granulocytic leukemia. Science 1960;132:14971502.
2. Rowley JD. A new consistent abnormality in chronic
myelogenous leukemia identified by quinicrine
fluorescence and Giemsa staining. Nature 1973;243:290-3.
3. Heisterkamp N, Stam K, Groffen J, et al. Structural
organization of the bcr gene and its role in
Ph´translocation. Nature 1985;315:758-761.
4. Lugo TG, Pendergast A-M, Muller AJ, et al. Tyrosine
kinase activity and transformation potency of BCR-ABL
oncogene products. Science 1990;247:1079-82.
5. Druker BJ, Tamura S, Buchdunger E, et al. Effects of a
selective inhibitor of the Abl tyrosine kinase on the
growth of Bcr-Abl positive cells. Nat Med 1996;2:561-6.
6. Druker BJ, Talpaz M, Resta DJ, et al. Efficacy and safety
of a specific inhibitor of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase in
chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1031-7.
7. Weiden PL, Sullivan KM, Flournoy N, et al. Antileukemic
effect of chronic graft-versus-host disease: contribution
to improved survival after allogeneic marrow
transplantation. N Engl J Med 1981;304:1529-33.
8. Goldman JM, Gale RP, Horowitz MM, et al. Bone marrow
transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia in
chronic phase. Increased risk for relapse associated with
T-cell depletion. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:806-14.
9. Kolb H-J, Mittermüller J, Clemm C, et al. Donor leukocyte
transfusions for treatment of recurrent chronic
myelogenous leukemia in marrow transplant patients. Blood
1990;76:2462-5.
10.Bocchia M, Gentili S, Abruzzese E, et al. Effect of a
p210 multipeptide vaccine associated with imatinib or
interferon in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and
persistant residual disease: a multicentre observational
trial. Lancet 2005;365:657-62.
11.Deininger MW, Bose S, Gora-Tybor J, et al. Selective
induction of leukemia-associated fusion genes by highdose ionizing radiation. Cancer Res 1998;58:421-5.
12.Ichimaru M, Ichimaru T, Belsky JL. Incidence of leukemia
in atomic bomb survivors belonging to a fixed cohort in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1950 - 1971. J Radiat Res 1978;
19:262.
13.Boice JD Jr, Day NE, Anderson A, et al. Second cancers
following radiation treatment for cervical cancer. J Natl
Cancer Inst 1987; 74: 955.
14.Cartwright RA, Bernard SM. Epidemiology v Whittaker JA,
Delamore IW. Leukaemia. Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford 1987; s. 3-23.
65
15.Court Brown WM, Doll R. Adult leukemia. Br Med J 1960;1:
1753.
16.Lichtman MA. Chronic myelogenous leukemia and related
disorders v Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, Kipps TJ.
Williams Hematology, 5. vydání, New York, 1995; s. 298324.
17.Clarkson BD, Strife A, Wisniewski D, et al. New
understanding of the pathogenesis of CML: a prototype of
early neoplasia. Leukemia 1997;11:1404-28.
18.Rushton L, Romaniuk H. A case-control study to
investigate the risk of leukemia associated with exposure
to benzene in petroleum marketing and distribution
workers in the United Kingdom. Occup Environ Med
1997;54:152-66.
19.Golden R, Pyatt D, Shields PG. Formaldehyde as a
potential human leukemogen: an assessment of biological
plausibility. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006;36:135-53.
20.Allen PB, Morgan GJ, Wiedemann LM. Philadelphia
chromosome-positive leukaemia: the translocated genes and
their gene products. Bail Clin Haematol 1992;5:897-930.
21.Goldmann JM. Chronic myeloid leukemia. Current Opinion
Hematol 1997;4:277-85.
22.Okamoto K, Karasawa M, Sakai H, et al. A novel acute
lymphoid leukaemia type BCR/ABL transcript in chronic
myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1997;96:611-3.
23.Polák J, Zemanová Z, Michalová K, et al: A new case of
chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in myeloid blast crisis
with an atypical (b3a3) junction of the BCR/ABL gene.
Leukemia 1998;12:250-1.
24.Rubinstein R, Purves LR. A novel BCR-ABL rearrangement in
a Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous
leukaemia variant with thrombocythaemia. Leukemia
1998;12:230-2.
25.Guinn B-A, Mills KI. p53 mutations, methylation and
genomic instability in the progression of chronic myeloid
leukaemia. Leukemia Lymphoma 1997;26:211-26.
26.Aloisi A, Di Gregorio S, Stagno F, et al. BCR-ABL nuclear
entrapment kills human CML cells: ex vivo study on 35
patients swith the combination of Imatinib Mesylate and
Leptomycin B. Blood 2006;107:1591-8.
27.Nowicki MO, Falinski R, Koptyra M, et al. BCR/ABL
oncogenic kinase promotes unfaithful repair of the
reactive oxygen species-dependent DNA double-strand
breaks. Blood 2004;104:3746-53.
28.Neves H, Ramos C, Gomes da Silva M, et al. The nuclear
topography of ABL, BCR, PML and RARa genes: evidence of
gene proximity in specific phases of the cell cycle and
stages of hematopoietic differentiation. Blood
1999;93:1197-207.
29.Biernaux C, Loos M, Sels A, et al. Detection of major
BCR-ABL gene expression at a very low level in blood
66
cells of some healthy individuals. Blood 1995;86:3118-22.
30.Melo JV, Bose S, Gora-Tybor J, et al. Detection of
leukemia-associated fusion genes in leukocytes from
normal people and hematopoietic lines using an "improved"
RT/PCR assay. Blood 1997;90(Suppl 1):501a.
31.Goldman JM, Melo JV. Chronic myeloid leukemia – advances
in biology and new approaches to treatment. N Engl J Med
2003;349:1451-64.
32.Posthuma EFM, Falkenburg JHF, Apperley JF, et al. HLA-A3
and HLA B8 may protect against acquiring chronic myeloid
leukemia. Blood 1997;90(Suppl 1):250a.
33.Coleman S, Throp D, Fisher J, et al. Cytokine enhacement
of immunogenicity in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia
1997;11:2055-9.
34.Oka T, Sastry KJ, Nehete P, et al. Evidence for specific
immune response against p210 BCR-ABL in long-term
remission CML patients treated with interferon. Leukemia
1998;12:155-63.
35.Musashi M, Abe S, Yamada T, et al. Spontaneous remission
in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J
Med 1997;336:337-9.
36.Provan AB, Majer RV, Herbert A, et al. Spontaneous
remission of chronic myeloid leukaemia with loss of the
Philadelphia chromosome. Br J Haematol 1991;78:578.
37.Dowding C, Guo AP, Osterholz J, et al. Interferon-alpha
overrides the deficient adhesion of chronic myeloid
leukemia primitive progenitor cells to bone marrow
stromal cells. Blood 1991;78:499-505.
38.Majlis A, Smith TL, Talpaz M, et al. Significance of
cytogenetic clonal evolution in chronic myelogenous
leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:196-203.
39.Fialkow PJ, Martin PJ, Najfeld V, et al. Evidence for a
multistep pathogenesis of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Blood 1981;58:158-63.
40.Gordon MY, Goldman JM. Cellular and molecular mechanisms
in chronic myeloid leukaemia: Biology and treatment. Br J
Haematol 1996;95:10-20.
41.Bruchova H, Borovanova T, Klamova H, et al. Gene
expression profiling in chronic myeloid leukemia patients
treated with hydroxyurea. Leuk Lymphoma 2002;43:1289-95.
42.Tipping AJ, Deininger MW, Goldman JM, Melo JV.
Comparative gene expression profile of chronic myeloid
leukemia cells innately resistant to imatinib mesylate.
Exp Hematol 2003;31:1073-80.
43.Frank O, Brors B, Fabarius A, et al. Gene expression
signature of primary imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid
leukemia patients. Leukemia 2006;20:1400-7.
44.Cortes J, Kantarjian HM, Giralt S, et al. Natural history
and staging of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Bailliers
Clinical Haematol 1997;10:277-90.
45.Faderl S, Talpaz M, Estrov Z, et al. The biology of
67
chronic myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 1999;341:164-72.
46.Savage DG, Szydlo RM, Goldman JM. Clinical features at
diagnosis in 430 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia
seen at a referral centre over a 16-year period. Br J
Haematol 1997;96:111-6.
47.Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)
Program public use CD-ROM (1973-1994), Bethesda, MD,
National Cancer Institute, DCPC, Surveillance Program,
Cancer Statistic Branch, released October 1997, based on
the August 1996 submission.
48.Brincker H. Population-based age and sex-specific
incidence rates in the 4 main types of leukaemia. Scand J
Haematol 1982;29:241-9.
49.Gunz FW. The epidemiology and genetics of the chronic
leukaemias. Clin Haematol 1977;6:3.
50.Selvin S, Levin LI, Merrill DW, et al. Selected
epidemiologic observations of cell-specific leukemia
mortality in the United States, 1969 - 1977. Am J
Epidemiol 1983;117:140.
51.Geryk E, Jechová M, Kolcová V, et al. Vývoj incidence
zhoubných nádorů v České republice 1977 - 1991. Brno
1995;s.5.
52.Ústav zdravotnických informací a statistiky: Nádory 1996
ČR. Praha 1999;s.81,251.
53.Xie Y, Davies SM, Xiang Y, et al. Trends in leukemia
incidence and survival in the United States (1973-1998).
Cancer 2003;97:2229-35.
54.Faber E, Beška F, Jarošová M, et al. K výskytu chronické
myeloidní leukémie v severomoravském regionu. Prakt lékař
2000;80:253–7.
55.Spiers ASD. The chronic myeloid leukaemias v Whittaker
JA, Delamore IW. Leukaemia, Blackwell Scientific
Publications, Oxford 1987;s.359-82.
56.Kaboth W. Chronische myeloische Leukämie v Begemann H,
Rastetter J. Klinische Hämatologie, 4.überarbeitete und
erweiterte Auflage. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1993;
s.564-76.
57.Dowding C, Thng KH, Goldman JM, et al. Increased T
lymphocyte numbers in chronic granulocytic leukemia
before treatment. Exp Hematol 1984;12:811.
58.Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, et al. The chronic
myeloid leukemias: guidelines for distinguishing chronic
granulocytic, atypical chronic myeloid, and chronic
myelomonocytic leukaemia. Proposals by the FrenchAmerican-British Cooperative Leukaemia Group. Br J
Haematol 1994;87:746-54.
59.Hughes TP, Kaeda J, Branford S, et al. Frequency of major
molecular responses to imatinib or interferon alpha plus
cytarabine in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia. N
Engl J Med 2003;349:1423-32.
60.Kaeda J, O´Shea D, Szydlo RM, et al. Seriál measurement
68
of BCR-ABL transcripts in the peripheral blood after
allogeneic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid
leukemia: an attempt to define patients who may not
require further therapy. Blood 2006;107:4171-6.
61.Cortes JE, Talpaz M, O´Brien S, et al. Staging of chronic
myeloid leukemia in the imatinib era: an evaluation of
the World Health Organization proposal. Cancer
2006;106:1306-15.
62.Cortes JE. Natural history and staging of chronic
myelogenous leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am
2004;18:569-584.
63.Cervantes F, Robertson JE, Rozman C, et al. Long-term
survivors in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: a study by
the International CGL Prognosis Study Group. Br J
Haematol 1994;87:293-300.
64.Hehlmann R, Ansari H, Hasford J, et al. Comparative
analysis of the impact of risk profile and of drug
therapy on survival in CML using Sokals index and a new
score. Br J Haematol 1997;97:76-85.
65.Tura S, Baccarani M, Corbelli G, et al. Staging of
chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1981;47:105-19.
66.Cervantes F, Rozman C. A multivariate analysis of
prognostic factors in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood
1982;60:1298-304.
67.Kantarjian HM, Keating MJ, Smith TL, et al. Proposal for
a simple synthesis prognostic staging system in chronic
myelogenous leukemia. Am J Med 1990;88:1-8.
68.Kantarjian HM, Smith TL, McCredie KB, et al. Chronic
myelogenous leukemia: a multivariate analysis of the
associations of patients characteristics and therapy with
survival. Blood 1985;66:1326-35.
69.Sokal JE, Cox EB, Baccarani M, et al. Prognostic
discrimination in "good-risk" chronic granulocytic
leukemia. Blood 1984;63:789-99.
70.Hasford J, Ansari H, Pfirrmann M, et al. Anylasis and
validation of prognostic factors for CML. Bone Marrow
Transplant 1996;17(Suppl 3):S49-S54.
71.Hasford J, Pfirrmann M, Hehlmann R, et al. A new
prognostic score for the survival of patients with
chronic myeloid leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998;90:850.
72.Crossmann LC, O´Brien SG. Imatinib therapy in chronic
myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 2004;18:605618.
73.Minot GR, Buckman TE, Isaacs R. Chronic myelogenous
leukemia. Age, incidence, duration and benefit derived
from treatment. J Am Med Assoc 1924;82:1489-94.
74.Medical Research Council Working Party: Chronic
granulocytic leukemia: Comparison of radiotherapy and
busulfan therapy. Br Med J 1968;1:201.
75.Baccarani M, Saglio G, Goldman J, et al. Evolving
concepts in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia.
69
Recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of The
European LeukemiaNet. Blood 2006;108:1809-20.
76.Gratwohl A, Hermans J, Goldman JM, et al. Risk assessment
for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia before
allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation. Lancet 1998;
352:1087-92.
77.Passweg JR, Walker I, Sobocinski KA, et al. Validation
and extension of the EBMT Risk Score for patients with
chronic myeloid leukaemia receiving allogeneic
haematopoietic stem cell transplants. Br J Haematol
2004;125:613-20.
78.De Souza CA, Vigorito AC, Ruiz MA, et al. Validation of
the EBMT risk score in chronic myeloid leukemia in Brazil
and allogeneic transplant outcome. Haematologica
2005;90:232-7.
79.Robin M, Guardiola P, Devergie A, et al. A 10-year median
follow-up study after allogeneic stem cell
transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic
phase from HLA-identical sibling donors. Leukemia
2005;19:1613-20.
80.Gratwohl A. The role of allogeneic stem cell
transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia. Hematology
– The European Hematology Association Education Program.
2006;2:98-102.
81.Radich JP, Olavarria E, Apperley JF. Allogeneic
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic
myeloid leukemia. Hematol Oncol Clin N Amer 2004;18:685702.
82.Vítek A, Cetkovský P, Sajdová J, et al. Výsledky
transplantací od nepříbuzných dárců u nemocných s CML –
I.CP se neliší od výsledků transplantací od HLAidentických sourozenců – zkušenosti jednoho centra.
Sborník abstrakt XVIII. Olomouckých hematologických dnů
2.-5.6.2004.s.10-11.
83.Faber E, Vítek A, Koza V, et al. Allogeneic stem cell
transplantation in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia
in Czech Republic: results of a retrospective analysis
from the Czech National Registry and Pilsen. Bone Marrow
Transplant 2006;37(Suppl 1):S226.
84.Gratwohl A, Baldomero H, Horisberger B, et al. Current
trends in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in
Europe. Blood 2002;100:2374-86.
85.Giralt S, Estey E, Albitar M, et al. Engraftment of
allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cells with purine
analog-containing chemotherapy: harnessing graft-versusleukemia without myeloablative therapy. Blood
1997;89:4531-6.
86.Storb R, Yu C, Sandmaier BM, et al. Mixed hematopoietic
chimerism after marrow allografts. Transplantation in the
ambulatory care setting. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;872:372-6.
87.Slavin S, Nagler A, Naparstek E, et al. Nonmyeloablative
70
stem cell transplantation and cell therapy as an
alternative to conventional bone marrow transplantation
with letal cytoreduction for the treatment of malignant
and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Blood 1998;91:75663.
88.Crawley C, Szydlo R, Lalancette M, et al. Outcomes of
reduced-intensity transplantation for chronic myeloid
leukemia: an analysis of prognostic factors from the
Chronic Leukemia Working Party of the EBMT. Blood
2005;106:2969-76.
89.Borhhäuser M, Kröger N, Schwerdtfeger R, et al.
Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for
chronic myelogenous leukaemia in the era of imatinib: a
retrospective multicentre study. Eur J Haematol
2006;76:9-17.
90.Weisser M, Tischer J, Schnittger S, et al. A comparison
of donor lymphocyte infusions or imatinib mesylate for
patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia who have
relapsed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Haematologica 2006;91:663-6.
91.Savani BN, Montero A, Kurlander R, et al. Imatinib
synergezes with donor lymphocyte infusions to achieve
rapid molecular remission of CML relapsing after
allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow
Transplant 2005;36:1009-15.
92.Grigg A, Hughes T. Role of allogeneic stem cell
transplantation for adult chronic myeloid leukemia in the
imatinib era. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006;12:795807.
93.Buckner CD, Clift RA, Fefer A, et al. Treatment of
blastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia
by high-dose cyclophosphamide, total-body irradiation and
infusion of cryopreserved autologous marrow. Exp Hematol
1974;6:96-109.
94.Goldman JM, Catovsky D, Hows J, et al. Cryopreserved
peripheral blood cells functioning as autografts in
patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in
transformation. Br Med J 1979;1:1310-3.
95.Hoyle C, Gray R, Goldman J. Autografting for patients
with CML in chronic phase: an update. Br J Haematol
1994;86:76-81.
96.Barnett MJ, Eaves CJ, Phillips GL, et al. Autografting
with cultured marrow in chronic myeloid leukemia: results
of a pilot study. Blood 1994;84:724-32.
97.Carella AM, Chimirri F, Podesta M, et al. High-dose
chemo-radiotherapy followed by autologous Philadelphia
chromosome-negative blood progenitor cell transplantation
in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Bone
Marrow Transplant 1996;17:201-5.
98.Carella AM, Lerma E, Celesti L, et al. Effective
mobilization of philadelphia-chromosome-negative cells in
71
chronic myelogenous leukaemia patients using a less
intensive regimen. Br J Haematol 1998;100:445-8.
99.Archimbaud E, Michallet M, Philip I, et al. Granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor given in addition to
interferon-alpha to mobilize peripheral blood stem cells
for autologous transplantation in chronic myeloid
leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1997;99:678-84.
100.
Hui CH, Goh KY, White D, et al. Successful
peripheral blood stem cell mobilisation with filgrastim
in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia achieving
complete cytogenetic response with imatinib, without
increasing disease burden as measured by quantitative
real-time PCR. Leukemia 2003;17:821-8.
101.
Richards SM, Apperley J, Carella A, et al.
Autografting in chronic myeloid leukemia: a metaanalysis
of six randomized trials. Haematologica 2005;90(Suppl
2):152-3.
102.
Hehlmann R, Heimpel H, Hasford J, et al. Randomized
comparison of busulfan and hydroxyurea in CML:
Prolongation of survival by hydroxyurea. Blood
1993;82:398-407.
103.
Isaacs A, Lindenmann J. Virus interference. Proc R
Soc Lond (Biol) 1957;147:249-67.
104.
Talpaz M. Interferon alpha therapy for chronic
myelogenous leukaemia. Book of abstracts from
International Conference The Chronic Leukaemias, Prague,
Czech Republic, October 3-5,1996,s.31-2.
105.
Borden EC. Gene regulation and clinical roles for
interferons in neoplastic diseases. Oncologist
1998;3:198-203.
106.
Freund M. Interferons in hematology. v Lechner K,
Gadner H. Haematology Trends 93. Schattauer, Stuttgart,
1993;s.120-43.
107.
Freund M, Huber Ch. Interferon alfa has become a
standard in the treatment of chronic myelogenous
leukemia. Semin. Hematol 1993;30(Suppl 3):1-5.
108.
Furukawa Y, Iwase S. Antileukemic effect of
interferon-alpha is mediated through down-modulation of
E2F activity. Leukemia 1997;11(Suppl 3):446-8.
109.
Hochhaus A, Yan XH, Willer A, et al. Expression of
interferon regulatory factor genes and response to
interferon-alpha in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia
1997;11:933-9.
110.
Galvani DW, Cawley JC. Mechanism of action of alpha
interferon in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: evidence
for preferential inhibition of late progenitors. Br J
Haematol 1989;73:475-9.
111.
Peschel C, Aulitzky WE, Huber C. Influence of
interferon-alpha on cytokine expression by the bone
marrow microenvironment - impact on treatment of
myeloproliferative disorders. Leuk Lymphoma 1996;22(Suppl
72
1):129-34.
112.
Dowding C, Guo AP, Osterholz J, et al. Interferonalpha overrides the deficient adhesion of chronic myeloid
leukemia primitive progenitor cells to bone marrow
stromal cells. Blood 1991;78:499-505.
113.
Zhao RCH, Tarone G, Verfaillie C M. Presence of the
adhesion inhibitory 1B isoform on CML but not normal
progenitors is at least in part responsible for the
decrased CML progenitor adhesion. Blood 1997;90(Suppl
1):393a.
114.
Ben-Yehuda D, Krichevsky S, Rachmilewitz EA, et al.
Molecular follow-up of disease progression and interferon
therapy in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Blood
1997;90:4918-23.
115.
Kaur S, Parmar S, Smith J, et al. Role of protein
kinase C-δ (PKC-δ) in the generation of the effect of
interferon-α in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. J Exp
Hematol 2005;33:550-7.
116.
Sacchi S, Cortes J, Kantarjian H, et al. Effects of
interferon-alpha therapy on lymphocyte subpopulations in
patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Hematopathol Mol
Hematol 1997-1998;11:41-7.
117.
Cortes J, Fayad L, Kantarjian H, et al. Association
of HLA phenotype and response to interferon-alpha in
patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia
1998;12:455-62.
118.
Kluin-Nelemans H, Buck G, le Cessie S, et al.
Randomized comparison of low-dose versus high-dose
interferon-alpha in chronic myeloid leukemia: prospective
collaboration of 3 joint trials by the MRC and HOVON
groups. Blood 2004;103:4408-15.
119.
Benelux CML Study Group: Randomized study on
hydroxyurea alone versus hydroxyurea combined with lowdose interferon-a2b for chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood,
91, 8: 2713 - 2721, 1998.
120.
Allan NC, Richards SM, Shepherd PCA on behalf of the
UK Medical Research Councils Working Parties for
Therapeutic Trials in Adult Leukemia. UK Medical Research
Council randomisred, multicenter trial of interferon- 1
for chronic myeloid leukemia: improved survival
irrespective of cytogenetic response. Lancet
1995;345:1392-7.
121.
Ohnishi K, Ohno R, Tomonaga M, et al. A randomized
trial comparing interferon- with busulfan for newly
diagnosed chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase.
Blood 1995;86:906-16.
122.
Russo D, Candoni A, Zuffa E, et al. Neutralizing
anti-interferon- antibodies and response to treatment in
patients with Ph+ chronic myeloid leukaemia sequentially
treated with recombinant (2a) and lymphoblastoid
73
interferon-. Br J Haematol 1996;94:300-5.
123.
Talpaz M, Kantarjian H, Kurzrock R, et al.
Interferon alpha in the therapy of CML. Br J Haematol
1991;79(Suppl 1):38-41.
124.
Sacchi S, Kantarjian HM, OBrien S, et al. Immunemediated and unusual complications during interferon
alpha therapy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Clin
Oncol 1995;13:2401-7.
125.
Hasford J, Puosi F, Ansari H, et al. Adverse
reactions of interferon -alpha in patients with chronic
myeloid leukemia. Blood 1997;90(Suppl 1):277b.
126.
Hehlmann R, Heimpel H, Hasford J, et al. and the
German CML Study Group. Randomized comparizon of
interferon- with busulfan and hydroxyurea in chronic
myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1994;84:4064-77.
127.
Hochhaus A, Berger U, Ansari H, et al. Prospective
comparative analysis of adverse effects during the
treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia
in chronic phase with interferon alpha, busulfan and
hydroxyurea. Blood 1997;90(Suppl 1):278b.
128.
Kantarjian HM, O´Brien S, Cortes JE, et al. Complete
cytogenetic and molecular responses to interferon-alphabased therapy for chronic myelogenous leukemia are
associated with excellent long-term prognosis. Cancer
2003;97:1033-41.
129.
Kantarjian HM, Smith TL, OBrien S, et al. and the
Leukemia Service. Prolonged survival in chronic
myelogenous leukemia after cytogenetic response to
interferon-alpha therapy. Ann Intern Med 1995;112:254-61.
130.
The Italian Cooperative Study Group on Chronic
Myeloid Leukemia. Long-term follow-up of the Italian
trial of interferon- versus conventional chemotherapy
in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 1998;92:1541-8.
131.
CML Trialists´ Collaborative Group: Interferon
versus chemotherapy for chronic myeloid leukaemia: an
overview of the randomised trials. J Natl Cancer Inst
1997;89:1616-20.
132.
Guilhot F, Chastang C, Michallet M, et al.
Interferon alfa-2b combined with cytarabine versus
interferon alone in chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl
J Med 1997;337:223-9.
133.
Faber E, Jarošová M, Divoký V, et al. Interferon alfa
v léčbě nemocných s chronickou myeloidní leukémií. Vnitř
Lék 1997;43:13-7.
134.
Deininger M, Buchdunger E, Druker BJ. The
development of imatinib as a therapeutic agent for
chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2005;105:2640-53.
135.
Cross NCP, Reiter A. Tyrosine kinase fusion genes in
chronic myeloproliferative diseases. Leukemia
2002;16:1207-12.
74
136.
Cools J, DeAngelo DJ, Gotlib J, et al. A tyrosine
kinase created by fusion of the PDGFRA and FIP1L1 Genes
as a therapeutic target of imatinib in idiopathic
hypereosinophilic syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:120114.
137.
Graham SM, Jorgensen HG, Allan E, et al. Primitive,
quiescent, Philadalphia-positive stem cells from patients
with chronic myeloid leukemia are insenzitive to STI571
in vitro. Blood 2002;99:319-25.
138.
Sawyers CL, Hochhaus A, Feldman E, et al. Imatinib
induces hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients
with chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast
crisis: results of a phase II study. Blood 2002;99:35309.
139.
Talpaz M, Silver RT, Druker BJ, et al. Imatinib
induces durable hematologic and cytogenetic responses in
patients with accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia:
results of a phase 2 study. Blood 2002;99:1928-37.
140.
Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE, O´Brien S, et al. Longterm survival benefit and improved complete cytogenetic
and molecular response rates with imatinib mesylate in
Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic-phase chronic
myeloid leukemia after failure of interferon-α. Blood
2004;104:1979-88.
141.
O´Brien SG, Guilhot F, Larson RA, et al. Imatinib
compared with interferon and low-dose cytarabine for
newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia. N
Engl J Med 2003;348:994-1004.
142.
Faber E, Hluší A, Indrák K, et al. Imatinib
(Glivec®) v léčbě nemocných s akcelerovanou fází
chronické myeloidní leukémie a Ph pozitivní akutní
lymfoblastické leukémie. Trans Hemat dnes 2003;9:159-165.
143.
Voglová J, Poznarová A, Chrobák L, et al. Imatinib
mesylát (Glivec®) v léčbě chronické fáze chronické
myeloidní leukémie. Vnitř Lék 2004;50:21-29.
144.
Hahn EA, Glendenning GA. Quality of life on
imatinib. Semin Hematol 2003;40(suppl 2):31-36.
145.
Simonsson B on behalf of the IRIS (International
Randomized IFN vs STI571) Study Group. Beneficial effects
of cytogenetic and molecular response on long-term
outcome in patients with newly diagnosed chronic myeloid
leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP) treated with imatinib
(IM): update from the IRIS study. Blood 2005;106:166a.
146.
Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, O´Brien S, et al. Survival
benefit with imatinib mesylate versus interferon- α based regimens in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic
myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2006;108:1835-40.
147.
Cortes J, O´Brien S, Kantarjian HM. Discontinuation
of imatinib therapy after achieving a molecular response.
Blood 2004;104:2204-5.
148.
Hochhaus A, Kreil S, Corbin AS, et al. Molecular and
75
chromosomal mechanisms of resistance to imatinib (STI571)
therapy. Leukemia 2002;16:2190-6.
149.
Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, O´Brien S, et al. Dose
escalation of imatinib mesylate can overcome resistance
to standard-dose therapy in patients with chronic
myelogenous leukemia. Blood 2003;101:473-5.
150.
Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, O´Brien S, et al. High-dose
imatinib mesylate therapy in newly diagnosed Philadelphia
chromosome-positive chronic phase chronic myeloid
leukemia. Blood 2004;103:2873-8.
151.
Cornelissen JJ, Valk P, Verhoef GEG, et al. High
rates of molecular response and low incidence of
mutations in patients treated with newly diagnosed
chronic myeloid leukemia treated with a dose-escalated
combination of imatinib and cytarabin. Blood
2004;104:10a.
152.
Hughes T, Deininger M, Hochhaus A, et al. Monitoring
CML patients responding to treatment with tyrosine kinase
inhibitors: review and recommendations for harmonizing
current methodology for detecting BCR-ABL transcripts and
kinase domain mutations and for expressing results. Blood
2006;108:28-37.
153.
Naušová J, Priwitzerová M, Jarošová M, et al.
Chronická myeloidní leukémie - rezistence na imatinib
mesylát (Glivec) (Přehled literatury a vlastní
zkušenosti). Čas Lék čes 2006;145:377-82.
154.
Rohoň P, Faber E, Naušová J, et al. Od monitorovania
hladiny fúzneho génu Bcr/Abl u pacienta s chronickou
myeloidnou leukémiou k odhaľovaniu príčiny rezistencie k
imatinibu – kazuistika. Transf Hemat dnes – rukopis
odeslán k posouzení
155.
Young MA, Shah NP, Chao LH, et al. Structure of the
Kinase Domain of an Imatinib-Resistant Abl Mutant in
Complex with the Aurora Kinase Inhibitor VX-680. Cancer
Research 2006;66:1007-14.
156.
Seymour JF, Grigg A, Reynolds J, et al. Imatinib´s
potential effrects on fertility, immunity and pulmonary
function: a prospective study in patients iwth previously
untreated CML. Blood 2004;104:292a.
157.
Cwynarski K, Laylor R, Macchiarulo E, et al.
Imatinib inhibits the activation and proliferation of
normal T lymphocytes in vitro. Leukemia 2004;18:1332-9.
158.
Marin D, Marktel S, Foot N, et al. Granulocyte
colony-stimulating factor reverses cytopenia and may
permit cytogenetic responses in patients with chronic
myeloid leukemia treated with imatinib mesylate.
Haematologica 2003;88:227-9.
159.
Sneed TB, Kantarjian HM, Talpaz M, et al. The
significance of myelosupression during therapy with
imatinib mesylate in patients with chronic myelogenous
leukemia in chronic phase. Cancer 2004;100:116-21.
76
160.
Faber E, Naušová J, Jarošová M, et al. Intermittent
Dosage of Imatinib Mesylate in CML Patients with History
of Significant Hematologic Toxicity after Standard
Dosing. Leuk Lymphoma 2006;47:1082-90.
77