Third
Saudi Science Conference" New Horizons in
Science and Their Applications"
Abstracts
College of Science
King Saud University
Riyadh 11451
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
10th - 13th March/2007
Preface
In an era when tremendous information is available, scientists persist to follow the
track of scientific progress until they superimpose what is new in their fields.
Scientific meetings are not only scientific endeavour alone but they are also a
cultural build-up to enhance socioscientific concepts. The idea of the 3rd Saudi
Conference has originated as an extension to previous conferences held in King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals and King Abdel Aziz University
respectively in order to continue the constructive role of the faculties of science in
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in serving human population. Thus, designated
group of scientists presented their research abstracts in various fields that
included applied and pure science in a punctilious attention to the call and in a
lucid easy-to-read and search way by the reader. The faculty of science
classified research abstracts in Zoology, Botany & Microbiology ; Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Environmental Geology, Statistics &
Operational research, Mathematics, and Science education.
On this occasion, I wish this conference, adducted and conducted by designated
group of researchers, a grand success to achieve its goals and also wish
everyone to whom needs be are fulfilled from the products of their research and
become a lucid light in enhancing the process of the scientific progress that has
originated from the renowned university in the leading country under the excellent
patronage of the Custodian of the two Holly Mosques, King Abdulla bin Abdulaziz
and the His Royal Highness Crown Prince Sultan bin Abdulaziz.
May AllahSWT )‫ ( هللا سبحانه تعالي‬fulfill and reward all of us with what he is pleased
and keep us under his protection and peace.
Prof. Dr. Omar Bin Salem Al-Attass,
Dean,
College of Science
King Saud University. Riyadh
15th Muharram, 1428H.
ii
Introduction
The College of Science, King Saud University in Riyadh is honored to sponsor the
Third Saudi Science Conference (SSC). The scientific committee, organizing this
scientific events has arramged all accepted abstracts in scientific records and
prepared the program of the meeting. The number of accepted abstracts had
reached two hundreds and forty (240) for oral and poster presentations that were
allocated over 27 sessions for four days period. The conference topics of these
presentations were avanued amongst several scientific areas that has included
Zoology, Botany and Microbiology; Chemistry and Biochemistry, , Physics and
Astronomy; Environmental Geoloogy; Statistics and Operational research;
Mathematics, and Science education. Besides research presentation during the
meeting, the Scientific Committee has also invited some well-recognized scientists
in their specialties, as major speakers, from inside and outside the Kingdom in
order to present their current research and latest scientific discoveries to enrich
this conference using knowledge in their specialties.
The scientific committee offers, its thanks and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Omar AlAttass, Dean of the College of Science & Chairman of the Organizing Committee
as well as Dr. Abdel Aziz Al-Bassam, the Vice Dean of the College of Science &
the Vice Chairman of the Organizing Committee; for their support and patronage
that positively have impacted the endeavor of the scientific committee during the
performance of its task. Thanks are also due to Dr. Mohammed Iqbal Sidddiqui
and Dr. Zubair Ahmed for enlisting and preparing proceedings manuscript, to Dr.
Haffoor for making list of contents and Prof Dr. Mohammed S. Al-khalifa for
providing valuable suggestion and Asking AllahSWT ( ‫ )هللا سابحانه تعاال‬to fulfill and
reward adequately whoever supported, by a saying, an act or enlighted the way
for the committee with useful information.
Scientific Committee
College of Science
King Saud University – Riyadh
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
iii
Conference Committees
I. Organizing Committee :
Dr. Omar S. Al Attas
(Chairperson)
Dean, College of Science, King Saud University, (KSU)
Dr Abdul-Aziz M. Al-Basam
Vice-Dean, College of Science, King Saud University, (KSU)
Dr. Hmoud F. Al-Balawi
Chairman, Scientific Committee, (KSU)
Dr. Saud I. Al-Rusies
Chairman, Finance Committee, (KSU)
Dr. Mohamed S. Fienes
Chairman, Showroom Committee (KSU)
Dr. Abdul-Rahman I. Al-Khedairy
Chairman, Relations and Publicity Committee, (KSU)
Dr. Walid S. Al-Sabah
Dean, College of Science, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals
Dr. Ali A. Ahmed
Dean, College of Science, King Khaled University
Dr. Ahmed A. Al-Kamash
Dean, College of Science, Umm Al-Qura University
Dr. Bekhiet N. Al-Matrafi
Dean, College of Science, Al-Taa'if University
Dr. Maher M. Al-Enazi
Dean, College of Science, Al-Jouf University
Dr. Mohamed A. Al-Deghary
Dean, College of Science, Al-Qassiem University
Dr. Abdul-Ghani A. Al-Harbi
Dean, College of Science, Tieba University
Dr. Mohamed S. Al-Ahmadi
Vice-Dean, College of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University
Mr. Fahd T. Al-Riemy
Secretory, Organizing Committee, (KSU)
II. Sientific Committee
Dr. Hmoud F. Al-Balawi
Dr. Khaled A. Al-Farhan
Dr. Mohamed T. Hussien
Dr. Khalaf S. Sultan
Dr. Hamad A. Al-Braithen
Dr. Fahad N. Al-Maghdi
Dr. Majed S. Al-Ogail
Dr. Ibtasam Al-Olyan
Mr. Bandr F. Al-Ziadi
(Chairman)
(Secretary)
iv
III. Finance Committee
Dr. Saud I. Al-Rusies
Dr. Omar M. Al-Dossari
Dr. Ibrahim S. Al-Olian
Dr. Abdullah M. A-Zeer
(Chairman)
IV. Public Relation Committee
Dr. Abdul-Rahman I. Al-Khedairy
Dr. Naser S. Al-Zaied
Dr. Khaled A. Al-Nuwaibt
Dr. Abdul-Aziz A. La'aboun
Mr. Aieed M. Al-Yami
Mr. Saied M. Al-Souiegh
Mr. Abdul-Illah F. Al-Sanani
Mr. Fawaz M. Al-Meshrafi
V.
(Secretary)
Showroom Committee
Dr. Mohamed S. Fienes
Mr. Youssef A. Melebary
Mr. Ibrahim A. Al-Hiebaishy
Mr. Abdullah O. Al-Lahem
VI.
(Chairman)
(Chairman)
(Secretary)
Ladies Staff Committee
Dr. Hanan Abdulaziz A-Olyan
(Chairperson)
Dr. Muneera Abdulrehman Ale Al-Sheikh
Dr. Ibtassam Mohammed Al-Olayan
Dr. Meesa Mohammed Al-Qureshi
Ms. Ameera Hassan Al-Mahasana
Ms. Majida Rabeh Al-Harby
v
(Secretary)
Contents
I. Biological Sciences
Ecosystem Management and the State of Biodiversity of the Arabian Peninsula
Synthesis and Constraints of Long-term Protection by Using an Integrated Model of
Political and Ecological Processes in Yemen and Saudi Arabia
Arif S. A. AI-Hammadi and Andy S. Spiess
Response of Rahmani Ewes to Three Protocols of Estrus Synchronization and
Articficial Insemination
Hussein, A. F.; Hassanin, S. H. and Tharwat, E. E.
Page
No
1
2
RT -PCR: a Rapid and Efficient Method for H5Nl . Detection in Different Regions of
KSA
EI-Tarras' A. ; El-Assail S. ; Mashar B .;Ashgar' A. ; and AI-Malki T.
3
Increased Biological Antioxidant Potential and Decreased Free Radicals Production
in Response to Cerastes Cerastes Gasperettii Crude Venom
A. S. Haffor and M.K. AI-Sadoon
4
Anopheles gambiae and a Non-costly Immuno-Control of Malaria: Lessons from the
Past, Hope for the Future
Ashraf Mohamed Ahmed
5
Desertification in Nigeria and Potential Solutions
Idris Nasiru Medugu
Captive Breeding of Striped Snakehead Channa striatus using a New Ovulating Agent
Ovatide for Aquaculture
K. Marimuthu and M. A. Haniffa
Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmids of Salmonella Causing Food Poisoning Isolated
from Taif
Eman Halwani and Mohamed Shohayeb
Molecular Identification Using mtDNA COl Sequences of Chironomids
(Chironomidae: Diptera) for Biomonitoring of Aquatic Ecosystems
6
7
8
9
Al-Shami Salman Abdo; Siti Azizah Md Nor; Che Salmah Md. Rawi and Abu Hassan Ahmad
G6PD Study in Iran: Incidence and Molecular Genetics Analysis
Shahla Mohammad Ganji and Mohammad Reza Noori-Daloii
Effects of Short-term Exposure to Crude-oil on the Ultrastructure of Flatfish Flounder
(Platichthys flesus) .
Hassaan Mohammed
vi
10
11
Sero-epidemiological Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Chickens Slaughtered in Riyadh
Region
Eeman Abdulla Al-Shahry
12
Differential Haemocyte Counts (DHC) in the IVth Instar Larvae of Red Palm Weevil,
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
Mohammed S. AI-Khalifa and M. I. Siddiqui
13
Toxigenic Potential of Some Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum Strains
Isolated from Egyptian Wheat
Youssuf Gherbawy and Michael Wuczkowski
14
Attenuation of Schistosomaa mansoni Larvae with a Molluscicidae Derived from
Euphorbia schimperiana
Najia A. Al-Zanbagi an Dalia A. Abuljadayel
15
Diagnosis and Differentiation of Entamoeba Infection in Makkah Al-Mukarramah
Using Microscopy and Stool Antigen Detection kits
Saeed A. AI-Harthi and Manal B. Jamjoom
16
The Role of Nitric Oxide as a Signal that Induces Apoptosis in Plasmodium bergheii
Mohammed AL-Olayan Ebtesam
Genetic Fingerprint of Some KSA Date palm Cultivars Using Modern
Biotechnological Techniques
A.EI-Tarras , N.Tawatti** and F.AI-Malki
17
18
Bioinformatics: A Powerful Tool for Biology Development to Molecular Biologists
Shahla Mohammad Ganii , Zahra Mohammad Ganji Abolfazl Mohammad Ganji
19
Heavy Metal Contamination in the White muscles of some Commercial Fish Species
From AI-Hodeidah Red Sea Coast of Yemen
Hassaan M. A. Heba , Mohamed AI-Kahali and Majed AI-Edresi
20
Nephrotoxicity in Rats Induced by Suminthion® NP 2512.5 EC Insecticide Used in
Dengue Fever Vector Control in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed O. AI-Jahdali, Ameen S. Bisher, Isam M. E. Abu Zeid
21
Chemical Contents of Surface Water of Kaduna Region
Amin Al-Amin
22
Semen Cryopreservation of The Arabian Sand Gazelle Males ( Gazella subgutturosa
marica )
AI-Eissa, M , A1-Himaidi A. Ibrahim ,S.A
vii
23
Comparative Studies on the Susceptible and Non-Susceptible Biomphalaria
alexandrina the intermediate snail hosts of Schistsomiasis mansoni in Western Saudi
Arabia"
Manal B. Jamjoom and Abdul Elah A. Banaja
Camel Genome Project Goals and achievements
24
25
Abdulaziz M. Al-Swailem
Sensitive Assay for Carvidilol in Tablets and Spiked Human Plasma Using a Flow –
injection Chemiluminometric Method
Nawal Al-Arfaj; Maha A. Sultan and Heba H. Abedin
26
‫دراسات بيئية على الثعابين السامة في مصر‬
‫مصطفي فتحي مسعود‬
27
‫دراسة في التركيب والمحتوى الكيميائي للغدد اللعابية اللسانية لخمسة أنواع من طيورالمملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫منصور المنصور و بشير جرار‬
28
‫عالقة الحيوانات الزراعية بالبيئة‬
‫سعيد باسماعيل‬
29
‫ألتقنيات الحديثة المستخدمة في التخلص من النفايات البشرية و الحيوانية‬
‫مصطفى محمود بشندى عمران‬
30
Emerging Forest Resource Sharing Approach between North and South-An Initiative
Undertaken by Morang District of Nepal
B. Koirala
31
Research for Crop Salt Tolerance under Brackish Irrigation
Uwe Schleiff:
32
Optimization of the Induction Factors of Xylanase and β-Xylosidase from Sugarbeet
Pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii
Tarek A. A. Moussa
33
Adaptive Faculty Exploitation to the Water Deficit of the Olive Tree
(Olea europaea L.) for an Optimal Management of the Available Water
34
Boujnah Dalenda, Ben El Hadj Salem, Gouia Mohamed, Letaief Nachida, Moktar Gerfel , Mahjoub Zoubeir,
Construction of Banana Bunchy Top Nanovirus-DNA-3 Encoding the Coat Protein
Gene and its Introducing into Banana Plants cv. Williams
35
Roba M. Ismail , F.M. El-Domyati , E.E. Wagih, A.S. Sadikand A.Z.E. Abdelsalam
Textile Industry Wastes, a Threat to Agricultural Environment in Egypt
Wafaa M. Abd-El-Rahim and Hassan Moawad
viii
36
Plant Regeneration from Callus of Cotyledons and Somatic Embryogenesis in
Brassica napus L.s
A. Majd,
37
Somatic Embryos Proliferation and Shoot Formation for the Peach EL-Sheikh
Zewaied cv. Cultivar
Nagaty. M. Ahmed and Emad A. Metry
38
Extracellular Lipase from Bacillus subtilis: Production, Purification and biochemical
Characterization
E. M. EI-Safey
39
The Use of Treated Domestic Sewage Effluent in Agricultural Purposes
S.M.A. Radwan, M. Saber and H. Fawzy
Biological Control of Six Soil-borne Fungi of Cotton
Using Antagonistic Streptomyces Isolates
Mansour M.T.M. and Sonya H. Mohamed
Ecological Studies on Soil Indigenous Rhizobia in Egypt 2: Pesticides Tolerance
Abd El-Maksoud,H.K.*; Hosney,I. and Fatma H. Abd-El-Zaher
40
41
42
Performance and Persistence of Phaseolus Bean Rhizobia in Soils from the Major
Production Sites in Egypt
Hassan Moawad, Wafaa M. Abd El-Rahim; and Dessouky Abd El-Haleem
43
Study of Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic of Some Common Drinking and Food
Like; Green Tea and Black Tea, Shrimp Flesh and Skin Extracts, and Pomegranates
S Mehrabian and Elham Majd
44
Studies on the Biosynthesis of L-Serine Transaminase in Alternaria chlamydospora
Al-Kadeeb Siham A. and Al-Tami Mona S.
45
Extraction and rheological properties of a new gum from Ferula galbaniflua
J. Mohammadzadeh-Milani ; Z. Emam-Djomeh ; M. Safari ; M. Mousavi and , B. Ghanbarzadeh
46
Single Cell Protein Production by Adding Whey or Nigella sativa to Dates Extract
Rukaia Mohammed Gashgari
47
II. Chemistry and Biochemistry
Bioinorganic Chemistry of Some Metal Based Drugs
Anvarhusein A. Isab
ix
48
Oxidation of Barbituric Acid by Chromate Ion, Part II Kinetics and Mechanism of
Cr(V) Complex: Formation and Decomposition as Transient Species
Gamal Abdel-Wahab Ahmed
49
Effect of Oxidation on the Chemistry of Asphalt and Its Fractions
Mohammed Nahid Siddiqui
50
Effect of Some Organic Compounds on the Inhibition of the Acid Corrosion of Steel
F. M. AI-Nowaiser, F. M. Mahgoub, A. M. Al-Sudairi.
51
Effect of Biasing Voltages and Electrode Metals on the Sensitivity of Electron Beam
Evaporated HfO2 thin film CO Sensor
S. M. Durrani and M. F. Al-Kuhaili
52
Photochromic Properties of (E) –Dicyclopropyl-Methylene-(2,%-Dimethyle-3Furylethylidene)-Succinic Anhydride Dropped in Polystylene
Abood A. Bahajaj and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri
53
Preparation and Characterization of Nano-structural Meterials, Nano-fibers and Nanoparticles
O. saber and H. Tagaya
54
Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange in Aqueous TiO, Under Different Solar
irradiation Sources
M. N. Rashed and A. A. El-Amin
55
Heavy Metal Partitioning in Sediments of the Northern Lakes
Soltan ,M. E. ; Koraiem, A. I. M.; Ahmed, M.M. and Mahfouz M. A.
56
New Non-polluting Alkine Isomerization Catalysts
Miloud Guemini Yacine Rezgui and Soumia Hamdane
57
New Benign De-waxing Processes
Yacine Rezgui, Miloud Guemini and Soumia Hamdane
58
Phytochemical Study of Some mystaceae Plants
59
Amani N. M. Hashim, Riham T. El-Shaarawey, Nesri M. Hegazi and Sahar A. M. Hussein
Effect the Plant Medicinal In the Crystallisation of Calcium Oxallate In Vitro
M. Beghalia A. Mekhaldi and A. Marouf Mhammmedi
60
Water Desalination by the Process of Electrogravitation
S. Hafsi , A. Diab and M. Benbouzid
61
PMMA Degradation Protection Using Ultraviolet Additive
Su'ad D. Al-Shehry and Iqbal Ismail
62
x
Solution and Solid-state NMR Studies of Thiolate-Ag(I) Complexes pf Captopril
(a High Blood Pressure Drug) and Some Biologically
Mohamed I. M. Wazeer and Anvarhusein A. Isab
Novel Biologically Active Heterocyclic Systems of Pyridazines
Nadia G. Kandile, M. I. Mohamed, H. T. Zaky and H. M. Mohamed
63
64
Microbiological and Chemical Evaluation of Bentonite as a New Technique for
Sewage Water Treatment, Aswan City, Egypt
Magdy Younis; Hussain A. Soleiman and Kamal Abou Elmagd
65
Synthesis of Polyeugenol by Polymeisation of 4-(2-Propenyl)2-Methoxy Phemol, the
Principal Active of the Cloves' Oil
Smail Bensalem and Malik R. Y. Alhillo
66
Kinetic Analysis of the Themal Decomposition of Pristine and ỵ-irradiated Cadmium
Acetate
R. M. Mahfouz , Al-Shehri, M. A. S. Monshi, N. M. Abd El-Salam and M. M. AlOsaimi
67
Enantiomeric Determination of Ofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations by
Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrin
Abdalla A. Elbashir, Bahruddin Saad, Abd Salam Salhim, Muhammad Idiris
Saleh
Impact of Pesticides on the Environment
M. Benbouzid and S. Hafsi
68
69
Comparative Study of Anodic Treatment on New Ti7oCu30 Alloy Passivation in IN
H3P04, IN HC104 and IN HNO3 at 25° C
Hassiba Bouchemel, Abdelkader Benchettara
70
Pitting Corrosion Effect of Three Stainless Steels in Chloride Containing Solution
Siham Lameche , Ratiba Nedjar , Houria Rebbah , Azzedine Adjeb
71
Electrochemical Studies on the Interaction of Cadmium with Some Cryptands in
Different Solutions at Different Temperatures
Esam A. and Al-Jahadali, B. A. M.
72
Biotransformation of 3 and 17-Hydroxymethyle-5á-androstane Steroids by the Fungus
Mucor plumbeus
Khalid Al-Footy
73
Electroreduction of Cu2+ on Sn Electrode in 3% NaCl Aqueous Solution
Fatiha Smaili and AbdelKader Benchettara
xi
74
Photochromic Performance of (E) [a-(2,5-dimethylfuryl) ethylidene] (dicyclopropyl
methylene)-2,5-furadione in the Presence of Additives
Abdullah Mohamed Asiri, Rabab Sharaf Jassas and Jameel. Ahmed Baghaffar
75
Kinetics of Copper(II) Adsorption by Bentonite in Mixed Solvents
W. Mekemar and M.Al-Qunaibit
76
Toxic Smoke Hazard from Burining Polymeric Materials: Environmental Pollution
and Health Hazard
B. B. Dambatta and M. M. AI-Enazi
Retention Profile, Thermodynamic Characteristics and Chromatographic Separation of
Gold (1& Ill) from Aqueous Media Employing Polyurethane Foams
Abdulaziz S. Bashammakh, Fatimah M. AI-Shareef and Mohammad S. EIShahawi
77
78
Application of Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry for the Analysis of ketotifen
Antihistamine Drug
Ahmad H. AIghamdi, Ali F. AIghamdi and Mohammed Alomar
79
Synthesis and Reactivity of Thienopyridine: Synthesis and Reaction of Some 4Methyl-6-Styrylthieno[2,3-b] Pyridine Derivatives
Adel Mohamed Kamal El-Deen Saber
80
New Polymer Syntheses Part: 43 Synthesis, Characterization and Corrosion
Inhibition Behavior of New Polyamides Containing DiarylidenecycIopentanone
Moiety in the Polymers Main Chain
K. I. Aly, M. A. Abbady, S. A. Mahgoub and M. A. Hussein
NMR Spectral Analysis Of EHagitannins From Some Egyptian Folk-Medicinal Plants
Sahar A. M. Hussein. Amani N. M. Hashim ,Amani D.E.Musalamey and
Mahmoud A. M. Nawwar
81
82
Evaluation of Some Metals in the Ecosystem of Some Brights at Lake Nasser, Egypt
M. E. Soltan, S. M. N. Moalla, M. N. Rashed and E. M. Fawzy,
83
Flavonoids of Bidens bipinnata Linne and their Antioxidant Activity
Amani S. Awaad
84
Internally Hydrogen Bonded Chiral Methylenenitrone in Cycloaddition Reactions
S. A. Asrof Ali and M. Z. Nur Imam
85
Use of Neutron Diffraction Study for Structure Refinement of One-Stage and TwoStage Martensitic Phase Transformations in NiTi shape memory alloys
Husin Sitepu
86
xii
‫تقويم كل تجربة من تجارب العلوم الخضراء – التطبيق المنظومي بين المنهج النظري وتقومي المناهج العملية‬
‫في العلوم الخضراء في المملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫حسن عبد القادر البار‬
‫االدمصاص الحيوى للكروم السداسى من المحاليل المائية باستخدام مخلفات صلبة نباتية‬
‫ خالد رشدى متولى‬، ‫طه عبد العظيم محمد عبد الرازق‬
‫تأثير الري بمياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة بيولوجيا‬
‫في ارتفاع تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نبات الذرة الرفيعة‬
‫محسن عبد هللا الجهري‬
‫"نقلة نوعية في إجراء التجارب المعملية في مراحل التعليم التربوي العام والجامعي والدراسات العليا" بإستخدام‬
‫تقنية العلوم الخضراء والتجارب الحاسوبية – الجزء الثاني‬
‫ على هادي مسعود‬، ‫حسن عبد القادر البار‬
"‫"نقلة نوعية في إجراء التجارب المعملية لمواد العلوم الطبيعية في مراحل التربية والتعليم المختلفة‬
‫ بثينة بخاري‬، ‫ تغريد قسم الكيمياء السفياني‬، ‫ على هادي مسعود‬، ‫حسن عبد القادر البار‬
Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Morus alba L (Egyptian Mulberry) Root
Bark Fractions Supplementation in Cholesterol-fed Rats
87
89
90
91
92
93
Hesham A. El-Beshbishya, Abdel Nasser B. Singab , Jari Sinkkonen , Kalevi Pihlaja
Effect of Rhizomes Group (Galangal & Ginger) in Treatment of Liver Cancer
Jehad M. Yousif, Taha A. Kumosani and Omayma A. Abou Zeid
Biochemical Studies on the Effects of Certain Antioxidants and Natural Product on
Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats
94
95
Bahia Yahya Riyadh, Omro Saad Al-Sayed Awadh-u-llah M. Nooruddin and Mona S. Hamid
On the Role of Some Newly Synthesized Tetrahydronaphthalinthiazol Derivatives as
an Anticancer Compounds
Mamdouh M. Ali, and Sohair A. Hassan
Gene Expression Profiling of Human Macrophage Infected With Leishmania major
‫ أحمد القحطاني‬، ‫ محميت إنان‬.، ‫ أبتسام العليان‬, ‫مها العامر‬
Chirality in Drug Discovery: Asymmetric Access to Enantiomarically
Pharmaceuticals’ Building Blocks Using Enzymes and Chiral Metal Catalysts
Ashraf Ghanem
Isolation of Three Thermophilic Bacterial Strains (Lipase, Cellulose, and Amylase
Producers) from Hot Springs in Jordan.
Amjad Khalil,
xiii
96
97
98
99
Use of Collagen Breakdown Products in the Diagnosis of Various Diseases
Eman A. Al-Omairini, Nouf O. Al-Afaleg and Nikhat J. Siddiqi,
100
Biomedical Uses of Collagen
Nikhat Jamal Siddiqi
101
Harnessing Biotechnology for Use in the Developing Countries
Abbas A. Lotfi
102
Effect of( B- Alanyl-1-Methyl-L-Histidine) Along with Zinc Against Harmful Effects
of Gamma Radiation on Rat's Liver
Faddah, L. M., Ali, A. S., Elibiary, H. M. and Soliman, M. H.
103
‫العلوم البيوجية و الفنية األحيائية‬
‫خد يجة مشعان محمد العنزي‬
Lipase-catalyzed Enantioselective Transesetrification of Benzbromaron Metabolite in
Non-Standard Solvents
Ashraf Ghanem
104
Enantioselective GC and HPLC Analysis of Cyclopropane Derivatives
Ashraf Ghanem
106
III. Environmental Geology
105
107
Integration between GIS and Remote Sensing in the Geological Studies
Mustafa M. Hariri
108
Remote Sensing and GIS for Detecting Environmental Changes in Burullus Environ,
Nile Delta: A Tool for Developmental Planning and Protection
Elkhedr H. Ibrahim; Zalki M. Zghloul; Ahmed A. Mostafa and Ahmed E. Rakha
109
Geochemical Evolution of Rare Metal-Bearing A-Type Granites from the Aja
Batholith, Hail Terrain, Saudi Arabia
Talal M. Qhadi
110
Groundwater Resources Exploration in the Uplands of Wadi Rasyan, Taiz, Yemen
Ahmed A. Abdulqader, Alia H. Alhusaini , and Harnza A. Ebrahim ,
111
Statistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Water Well Field
Talal Ghazi al-Harbi and M.Tahir Hussein
112
Geology and its Effects on Water Quality in Arid Regions of Iran
A. Salajegheh and A.R.Keshtkar
113
xiv
Salinity Study of Soil and Groundwater by Resistivity Survey and Hydrochemical
Analysis at Kerpan, Kedah, Malaysia.
Umar Hamzah, Abdul Rahim Samsudin, Bashillah Baharuddin, Masrita
Mustafa, Sanisah Soed and Yong Cheng Yeu
114
Uranium Pollution in the A1-Hayt Area, South of the City of Hail
Eid AI-Anazi and Ahmad AI-Saleh
115
Pickeringite , Rare Mineral: New Record from Saudi Arabia
Ahmed A . Almohandis
116
Production of Glass-Ceramic Materials from Industrial Waste
G. A. Khater
117
Characteistics of Acid Resisting Bricks Made from Quarry and Waste Steel Slag
Medhat S. EI-Mahllawy
118
Engineering Injection Credibility Using Down-hole Seismic Velocity Survey for
Archaeological Restoration (Kalawoon Mosque - Egypt)
Tarek M. El-Araby and Essam A. Morsy
119
Exploration of Underground Cavities in Riyadh Area Using Ground Penetrating Radar
for the Purpose of Roads Construction
Nasir S. AI Arifi and Hesham M. El Araby
120
Study the Effectiveness of Landfill on the Contamination of the Ground Water in
Riyadh City
Khalid Bin Farj Al-Motairy
Geo-electrical Three Dimention Modeling of Wadi Al-Sahba Eastern Province of the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saad M. Al-Humidan and Nassir S. Al-Arifi
Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Underground Water of Issyk-Kul Region
K. Tynybekov and J. E. Kulenbekov
Influence of Dem Source and Resolution on the Hydrographical Simulation of an Arid
Land Catchment, Sinia, Egypt
M. El Bastawesy,
Evaluation of Some Sandstone Outcrops in Saudi Arabia for Potential Use in Applied
Studies of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Musaed N. J. Al-Awad ; Abdulrahman A. Al-Quraishi ; Omar A. Al-Misned and Kamal A. Haroon
xv
121
122
123
124
125
Geohazard Analysis for Land Use Planning in Dahab Area, Gulf of Aqaba Egypt
Essam A. Morsy,; Mohamed A. Gamal, Said M.
Dahroug, Tarek M. A. El-Araby, and M. I. EI-Anbaway
126
Sustainable Resources Management : A Geological and Geophysical Perspective
Essam A. Morsy , Said M. Dahrouty Hany S. A. Mesbah and Tarek M. El-Araby
127
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Exploration in Mowqaq Area, Saudi
Arabia
Omar A. Al-Harbi; Omar, A. Loni and M. Mujtaba Khan
‫دراسة تقييم التأثيرات البيئية للمصنع الوطني لمنتجات الصوف الصخري العازل ( عازل ) بالمدينة المنورة‬
128
129
‫ رامي يماني‬،‫ أنور شويل‬،‫ هتان بدوي‬،‫ عوض الردادي‬،‫أحمد العمودي‬
‫غرب الرياض الكارستية تحت‬،‫استخدام المسح الراداري والكهربي للكشف عن التكهفات السطح في متكون الجبيلة‬
‫ ناصر سعد‬،‫ خالد فرج و العريفي‬،‫المطيري‬
IV. Mathematics, Statistics & Operation Research
130
131
K
th Best Spanning Tree is Polynimial for Series Parallel Graphs.
Brahim Chaourar,
132
Applications of Theta-Open Sets
Raja Mohammad Latif
133
Fractional Derivatives and Viscoelasticity
Nasser-eddine Tatar
134
Characterization of Spherical Curves
Haila Alodan and Hanaa AIsodais
135
Categories Isomorphic to [0,1]- NRing and [O,l]-NMod
T.M.G. Ahsanullah and Fawzi AI-Thukair
On the Uniformizability of Many-Valued Topological Groups
Jawahef Al-Mufarrij and T.M.G. Ahsanullah
136
137
Stability and Hopf Bifurcations of Nonlinear Delay Malaria Epidemic Model
S. H. Saker
138
Stochastic and Monte Carlo simulation for the spread of the Hepatitis B Virus
M. Al-Ahmed I. A. Moneim and G. A. Mosa
139
An Active Control for Chaos Synchronization of Real and Complex Van Der Pol
Oscillators
Ahmed A. M. Farghaly
xvi
140
On Classification of Finite Dimensional Complex Filiform Leibniz Algebras
Bekbaev U.Dj. and Rakhimov I.S.
141
Approximating Sngular Integral Equations of Cauchy Type with Unbounded Solution
on the Edges Using Quadrature Formula
Z. K. Eshkuvvatov, N.M.A. Nik Long, M. Abdulkavi
142
Ergodicity of Power Series-map on the Simplex of Group Algebra of a Finite Group
Ural Bekbaev and Mohamat Aidil M. J.
143
Study of Almost Everywhere Singleton-Valued Filippovs
Khalid AI-Shammari, Peter Wolenski and Mohamed EI-Gebeily
144
Qualitative Behavior of some Max-type Difference Equations
E.M. Elabbasy, H. EI-Metwally , and E.M. Elsayed
145
Solving the One –Dimentional Neutron Transport Equation Using Chebyshev
Polynomials and Sumudu Transform
Abdelouahab Kadem
146
On Minimizing Unused Bandwidths in Series Parallel Graphs
B. Chaourar , A. R. Mahlous and R. J. Fretwell
147
Bifurcations in a Ratio-Dependant Predator-Pray Model I-Delay and Andronov-Hopf
Bifurcationn II- Diffusion and Turning Bifurcation
Shaban Aly
148
Dispersion of Torsional Waves in a Dissipative Cylinder Under Initial Stresses
M. M. Selim
149
On Long Time Behavior of Some Visco-elastic Problems
Salim A. Messaoudi and Nuha Al-Jebr
150
Propagation of Torsional Surface Waves in Heterogenous Half-Space with Irregular
Free Surface
M. M. Selim
151
Dynamics of Infectious Diseases with Different Types of Periodic Contact Rate : A
Stimulation Study
Islam A Moneim
152
Constrained Approximation of Functions Over a Semi-infinite Interval
(Computational Aspect)
H. Al-Attas and M. Bokhari
153
xvii
On the Identification of the Blur Operator in Image Processing
Moahamed A. El-Gebeily and Ali Cherid
154
Stability Analysis Of a Dispersive Driven Spin-1;2 System
H. A. Batarfi and S. S. Hassan
155
Travelling Wave Solutions for Nonlinear Wave Equation with Dissipation and
Nonlinear Transport Term through Factorizations
H. A. Abdusalam and E.S. Fahmy
156
On Comparison of Spline Regularization and Fourier Series Methods for Inversion of
Noisy Laplace Transforms
M. lqbal
157
Oscillation of Forced Nonlinear Neutral Differential Equations with Distributed Type
Deviating Arguments of Evenorder
H. A. Agwo
158
On Supply Chain Model for Warehouse Location and Retailers Allocation
Avninder GILL and M. Ishaq Bhatti
159
Polynomial for Special Knot Graphs
Juergen Flachsmeyer and Ashraf Ibrahim EI-sayed Hefnawy Elrokh
160
Look Knots, Links in Islamic Arts
Juergen Flachsmeyer* and AshrafIbrahim EI-sayed Hefnawy Elrokh**
161
On the Oscillation of Solutions of First Order Superlinear and Sublinear Differential
Equations with Deviating Arguments
H. A. Agwo
162
Heisenberg Group and the Invalidity of the rTheory of Hormander for Partial "
Differential Equations
K. EI-Hussein
163
‫حساب عوامل التنقية ألوساط مسامية باستخدام نظرية التجانس وتطبيقات عليها‬
‫معروف بسوت لليش‬
164
Bivariate Symmetry and a Simple Generalization of the Sign Test for Testing
Spherical Symmetry of a Bivariate Distribution
A. A. Al-Shiha and Islamuddin H. Tajuddin
165
Testing the Number of Components of the Mixture of Two Inverse Weibull
Distributions
K. S. Sultan ; M.A. Ismail and A. S. AI-Moisheer
166
xviii
Moments of Order Statistics from Rayleigh Distribution in the Presence of Outlier
Observations
M. E. Moshref and K.S. Sultan
167
Records Values From the Inverse Weibull Lifetime Model and Associated Inference
Khalaf S. Sultan
168
Adaptive Control of Inventory Systems with Unknown Deterioration Rate
A. Foul, L. Tadj, and R. Hedjar
169
Success of Ranked Set Sampling (RSS) in Improving the Quality of Production
Mu'azu Ramat Abujiya
170
Evaluation of Moment Integrals without Integration
A.H. Joarder and M. H. Omar
171
Goodness-of-Fit Tests Using Order Statistics and Record Values
K. S. Sultan, H. M. Aly and N. H. Alsadat
172
Bivariate Chisquare Distribution and Some of its Properties
Anwar H. Joarder
173
Non-parametric Robust Measures of Kurtosis
Ateq A. Al-Ghamedi
174
Discriminating Between Gamma and Lognormal Distributions
Alzaid and K. S. Sultan
175
‫بناء المحفظة االستثمارية المثلى – تدنئة المخاطر وتعظيم العوائد‬
)‫( دراسة قياسية عن المملكة السعودية‬
‫بابا عبدالقادر‬
Quality of Services Routing Using a Multipath Algorithm
176
177
Ahmed Redha Mahlous and Brahim Chaourar
Using Smith Predictor for Active Queue Management in TCP/IP Network
178
Rafe Alasem; Alamgir Hossain and Irfan Awan
V. Physics and Astronomy
Physical Properties of Laser Induced Gratings formed in Xanthene dye
photopolymers
Abdallah M. Azzeer, Kawthar K. Alfares
179
180
Tunable Laser wavelength generation by SRS in Gases and liquids
Jamal F. Al-Marashi, Abdallah M. Azzeer, and V. Masilamani
xix
181
Quantitative Elemental Determination of Industrial Alloys by Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
182
Ali M. Alshehry and Abdallah M. Azzeer
Stimulated Raman Scattering from common Oils and water
Ehsan M. Al-Baset; Abdallah M. Azzeer and V. Masilamani
183
Optical Phase Conjugation from Amplifying Dye Media
Shrouq H. Al-Eithan, V. Masilamani and Abdallah M. Azzeer
184
Numerical Modeling of thin-film Multijunction Solar Cells
Gamal M.EldallaI*, Moataz M.Soliman** and Mohamed Salah***
185
Susceptibility Amplitude Ratio in the Neighborhood of the Uniaxial Dipolar Fixed
Point
Ibraheem Nasser
186
IR Solid State Dye Laser by Polymerization
Attieh A. Al-Ghamidi; Abdulaziz A. Al-Sugair; Abdullah Al-Dwayyan; Mohammed N.
Khan; majed S. Al-Sayari; Salem S. Al-Deyab and Emam M. Mahroos
187
Positron Annihilation Lifetime Study of Pure and Doped Polyvinyl Chloride with
Al 2O3
E. E. Abdel-Hady, Hamdy; F. M. Mohamed, and H. B. Alaa
188
Enhancement of Critical Current Density in MgB2 Superconductors by Nano
Fe3 O4 Doping.
Mohammed Shahabuddin and Nasser Saleh Alzayed
189
Investigation of Photophysical and lasing properties of 597 Pyromethene in
ORMOSILS
Mohd. Naziruddin Khanl, A. S. Al Dwayyanl , A. Al Ghamde and S. S. AI-Dheyab
190
Electrical Conductivity of Vanadium Phosphate Glasses
191
A. Mekki and G.D. Khattak
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Studies of Vanadium-Phosphate Glasses
G.D. Khattak and A. Mekki
192
Polarization Instability of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
Abdullah M. A. Aldukhayel and Abdullah S. Aldwayyan
193
Thermal Neutron Irradiation Effect on Dynamical Characteristics of Vertical Cavity
Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL's)
Rayed H. S. Al-Hothlool and Abdullah S. Aldwayyan
194
xx
Effect of Laser Pulse Period on the Operation of Calcium Ion in a Linear
Paul Trap
Qasim M. Al-Haithi
195
Determination of Elemental Composition in Iron Slag Waste Using Spectroscopy
M. A. Gondal ,T. Hussain ' Z. H. Yamani* and A. Bakari
196
Determination of Chloride Contents in Different Types of Cements with Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
M. A. Gondal ; T. Hussain ; Z. H. Yamani* and O. S. B. Al-Amoudi
197
Variation of the Gravitational Constant
Ayman S. Kordi
198
Low-Level Measurements of Carbon Concentrations in Steel Using Laser-induced
Plasma Spectroscopy (LIPS) Technique
Mohamed A. Khatel , and Eugene T. Kennedy
199
Deuterium-Bearing Molecules in Cold and Warm Dense Interstellar Clouds
Magdy, Y. Amin and Ayman S. Kordy
200
Rural Electrification by Photovoltaic Energy in Algeria
A.Benatiallah, L. Kadi and B.Dakyo*
201
Optical Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemica
M. Al-Salhi; A. S. Hazmi, V. Masilamani and A. Aldwayyan
202
Identification of UV Laser Removed Blockages in Vascular Tissue
R. K. Al-Dhahir and Mahyoub, H. Al-Buhairi
203
Response Calibration of a PGNAA Setup for Silica Fume Cement
A. A. Naqvi , M. M. Nagadi , O.S. B. AI-Amoudi and M. Maslehuddin
204
Elemental Analysis of Blended Cement Samples Using PGNAA Technique
A. A. Naqvi 1, M. M. Nagadi , M. Maslehuddin and O.S B. AI-Amoudi
205
Response Tests of a 3H(p,n) Reaction based Moisture Measurements Setup a Monte
Carlo Study
A. A. Naqvi ; M. S. Abdelmonem*; Hanan AI-Ghamdi and Ghada AI-Misned
206
Dose Calculation from an Accelerator-based Neutron Source in a Knee Phantom for
BNCS Application
Khalid Abdalla, A. A. Naqvi, N. Maalej and B. EI-Shehat
207
xxi
Study of the Effects of Electrostatic Forces on Coagulation of Aerosol Particles for
Histogram Size Distribution
A. Elgarayhi
208
Generalized Extinction - Sedimentation Inversion Technique for Measuring the Size
Distribution of Polydisperse Aerosol Particles
A. Elgarayhi
209
Infrared and Raman Studies on Snx-Sb5-Se95-x Chalcogenide Glasse
Abdallah Belal Adam
210
Fluoresence and Laser Raman spectra of cancer tissues.
Abdullah Al Mohammedi , V. MasiIamani , Abdullah A. AI-Kahtani , M. Al
SaIhi , Abdin A Awad , Mohammed Al Turki, Shatha A. Al Faraj
211
Spectral Characterization of Liver Malignancy
Abdul Aziz, Mohammedi ; V. Masilmani ; M. Al-Salhi Aiman Abdoo
212
Fluorescence Spectral Characteristics of Urine for Early Cancer Detection
M. Al Thunayan, R.Kalivani ; M.Alsalhi, A. AL- Diab , O. ; Al-Daghri, and V.
Masilamani
213
Low Cost Degradation of Organic Dyes
A. A. El-Amin and M. N. Rashed
214
Scattering of 10MeV U-238 Heavy Ions with a Silver target Nuclei using CR-39 as
Solid State Nuclear Track
M. R. Baig
215
Structural Investigation of Latent Tracks of Poly Ally Diglycol(CR-39) Detector
Irradiated with UV Laser Pulses
M. R. Baig; M. S. Al-Salhi and A. H. Al-Faraikh
216
Theoretical Study of Elastic Scattering Reactions based on the Diffraction Model
R. I. Badran and R. Khaldi
217
Influence of Schottky Contacts on the Sensitivity of Electron Beam Evaporated SnO2
CO Gas Sensors
A. M. AI-Shukri and S. M. A. Durrani
218
Performance of Anti-scatter Grids in Mammography Imaging
M A Al Kafi, N Maalej and A A Naqvi
219
Design, Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Low Power PV Refrigeration
System
F. M. Amanullah and A. M. Al-Dhafiri
220
xxii
Effect of Nickel Doping on the Magneto-transport Properties of Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3
Manganites
Maher Abdelhadi and Khalif Ziq
221
Biophysics of Melanin
Adil M. Haseeb
222
Predicting the Structure of Zinc-Oxide Nano-Clusters Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithn
Abdullah Al-Sunaidi
223
Spectroscopic Analysis of Eximer Laser Ablated Product for Nylon 66
R. K. Al-Dhahir and Mahyoub H. Al-Buhairi
224
Accurate Density of States of a Trapped Weakly Interacting Bose Gas with FiniteSize
Ahmed S. Hassan
225
Density of States Associated with Jacobi Matrices
H. Bahlouli A. D. Alhaidari and M. S. Abdelmonem
Sensitivities of Short-lived Radioisotopes of T 112<10 min by Neutron Activation
Analysis Technique at KFUPM
Abdulkadir Aksoy
226
227
Electromagnetic Occupational Exposure Under a 132 kV Power Line
Nabil Maalej , Chokri Belhaj Ahmed , T. K. Abdel-Gali1 , Ibrahim O. Habiballah and Khaled AI-Soufi
228
Hydrogenation Effects on Critical Current Density and Pinning Forces in
GdBa2Cu 3O7 Superconductor
Kh. A. Ziq and Haifa Qadi
229
Non-local Effects in TllBa2Ca2Cu3O9 Superconductor
Dalal Alshagetti and Kh. A. Ziq.
230
High-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Fe-doped ZnO:Cu
Kh. A. Ziq and A. I. Ta1eb.
231
Thermodynamic Critical Field Scaling of the Critical Current Density and Pinning
Forces in GdBa2Cu3O7 Superconductor
Hala AI-Rashem and Kh. A. Ziq.
232
Thermodynamic Critical Field in MgB2 Superconducting Samples Doped with Ti
K. A. Ziq, A. F. Sa1em, A. A. Ghannam and F. Enaya
233
Parallel Microfluidic Cytometer for Rare-Cell Screening
234
Abdulhafez Selim, Brian mcKain, John Potts, Richard Bringhurst and Danial Enlrich
xxiii
On the Magnetic State of R0.55Sr0.45MnO3.
Kh. A. Ziq, and B. Alharthi
235
Critical Current Density and Remanent Magnetization in Cupper Doped MgB2
Superconducting Samples
K.A.Ziq, A. Ghannam,; F. Enaya and A.F. Salem
236
Pinning Forces and Critical Current Density in Carbon Doped MgB2 Superconducting
K. A. Ziq, F. Enaya A. F. Salem, A. and A. Ghannam
237
Data Reduction and Application in Astrophysics
H.H.Esenoglu A.S.Kordi , A.M.EI-Sherbini, V.Bakis H.Bakis , H.A.Trabulsy ,
M.Y.Amyin , K.N.AI-Mosbeh , A.A.AI-HilaI
238
Elemental Analysis of Coal Samples Using PGNAA Technique
Fatima AI-Shehri , A. A. Naqvi and A. AShry
239
Low Cost ac Susceptometer Using Closed Cycle Helium Cryostat
Ismail A. Alfaleh , Mohammed. Shahabuddin & and Nasser S. Alzayed
240
Comparative Study on the Performance of Object Based and Pixel Based Image
Analysis on the extraction of land-use Features.
Ahmed M.W. ; Abdel-Latif and Abdullah Mah
241
Silicon Carbide N Anowires
Abdullah Aljaafari ; Daqinq Zhang ; David N. Mcllroy and Aaron D. LaLonde and M. Grant Norton
242
Effect of Hydrogen and Nitrogen on Structural and Optical Properties of
Amorphous Carbon
243
M. fathallah, N. Alzaied , and R. Gharbi
XPS Studies of Vanadium-tellurite
Mekki and G. Khattak
244
‫المرصد الفلكي‬
‫بجامعة الملك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الفيزياء والفلك‬
245
A.S.Kordi, H.H.Esenoglu, K.N.Al-Mosbeh, H.A.Trabulsy, A.B.Al-Shaks, M.Y.Amyin, A.A.Al-Hilal
VI. Science Education
246
Use of Instructional Technology in Teaching Freshman Physics
A. Mekki
247
Computer Program for Generating and Analyzing Multiple-Choice Exams
Abdulaziz Aljalal
248
xxiv
Science Education in the UK: Tradition, Trends ... and Impact on International
Students
Ahmed Mohameden
249
250
Future Potential and Current Status of Solar Absorption Air –condition Systems
AI-Rubaian, Ali I.
"‫ملخص ورقة "دمج تقنية المعلومات واالتصال في تعليم العلوم‬
"‫ورقة مقدمة للمؤتمر الثالث للعلوم "آفاق جديدة في العلوم وتطبيقاتها‬
‫فهد بن سليمان الشايع‬
xxv
251
I. Section
Biological
Sciences
Ecosystem Management and the State of Biodiversity of the Arabian
Peninsula Synthesis and Constraints of Long-term Protection by Using an
Integrated Model of Political and Ecological Processes in Yemen and Saudi
Arabia
Arif S. A. AI-Hammadi* and Andy S. Spiess**
*Department of Biology, University of_Sana'a, Yemen arif_alhammadi@yahoo.com **
GGG Network for Drylands Research and Development (NDRD) , Department of
Economlcs and Policy. "www.ndrd.org" University of Hamburg, Center for
International Relations (Germany) spiess@ndrd.org
As a result of demographic, economic, sociopolitical, cultural, technological and
other indirect impacts of human-induced drivers, our global biological diversity is
declining rapidly. Among the main stressors are climate change, habitat loss,
invasive species, overexploitation, homogenization in agriculture, as well as
ongoing pollution. In drylands, biodiversity loss is associated with desertification
and contributes to global climate change through loss of carbon sequestration
capacity and an increase in landsurface albedo.
However, the loss of biodiversity also often reduces the productivity of
ecosystems, thereby shrinking the basis of sustainable livelihoods for billions of
people, including a disproportionately large section of the poor. Furthermore it
destabilizes ecosystems and weakens their ability to deal with natural disasters,
such as droughts or human-caused stresses, such as desertification. Given our
dependence on food crops, shelter, medicines, other biological resources or
even just to maintain our cultural identity, the current accelerated pace of
extinction poses a dramatic threat to our human well-being. Currently, the
majority of biodiversity research is concerned with ecological and/or physical
conditions, while little attention is given to an integrated understanding of
political and ecological processes.
1
Response of Rahmani Ewes to Three Protocols of Estrus
Synchronization and Articficial Insemination
Hussein, A. F.; Hassanin, S. H. and Tharwat, E. E.
Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo,
Egypt
sabry_hassanin@vahoo.com
A total of 27 Rahmani ewes (aged 1-2 years) were used in this study.
Experiments included three trials with 9, 10 and 8 animals.respectively. In
the first trial, intravagianal sponges containing 40mg fluorogestone
acetate were used for 14 days and upon withdrawal of sponge ewes were
intramuscularly injected with 400 IU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
(PMSG). The second trial included two injections of estrumate (0.8 ml per
head), administered to ewes 11 days apart and followed by 400IU PMSG
injected 24 hours after the second injection of estrumate. In the third trial,
ewes were intravaginally treated with vaginal sponges containing 40mg,
fluorestone acetate for 14 days. All animals in the first and second trial
were artificially inseminated with 0.1 ml fresh semen, while animals in
the third trial were artificially inseminated with 0.1 ml diluted fresh
semen. Insemination was performed 48 hrs after withdrawal of sponge or
the second estimate injection PMSG injection, and then repeated two
times at twelve hours intervals. The conception rate (%) for first mating
were 100, 66.67, and 25 for Ist, 2nd and 3rd trial respectively. During the
2nd and 3rd estrus following artificial insemination all ewes were mated
naturally . The conception rates (%) for first mating were 100, 66.67 and
25 for Ist, 2nd and 3rd groups. Study indicated that the conception rate
obtained from ewes synchronized by PGF2 alfa was better than that of
ewes synchronized by progesterone pessaries. When the vaginal pH was
acidic the ewes produced more males than females.
Key words :Rahmani. Ewes, synchronization and artificial insemination
2
RT -PCR: a Rapid and Efficient Method for HSNl . Detection in
Different Regions of KSA
EI-Tarras' A*.; El-Assail S.*; Mashar B**.;Ashgar' A.**; and AI-Malki T***
*Biotechnology Department- Faculty of Science, Taif University, ** Institute for Hajj Research ***
Faculty of Medicine, Taif University , adelltarras@hotmail.com
H5NI influenza A virus causes a rapidly fatal systemic disease in domestic poultry and spreads
directly from poultry to mammalian species such as leopards, tigers, pigs and humans.
Nowadays this virus is almost has visited all the different world continents, causing many
economic damages and human death. The aim of this research was to detect the presence
ofH5NI virus in Taif and Makkah towns using blood sample 700 chickens. We have used a fast
and efficient detection method, RT- PCR technology, using two pairs of specific H5NI primers.
One of these primer pairs, was specific to H5 gene, while the second pair of primers was
specific to NI gene. We have used a positive sample for H5NI to be used as a positive control.
The results confirmed that the KSA lands are clean from H5NI virus where the RT-PCR
reactions did not show any product among 700 chicken blood samples. Of course, the success
in developing this tool inside Taif university laboratories will provide very powerful tools in order
to protect the KSA lands from the viruses spreading and keep it always clean from the influenza
viruses attack, especially that the KSA receive several millions every year as a visitors to the
holly lands.
3
Increased Biological Antioxidant Potential and Decreased Free
Radicals Production in Response to Cerastes Cerastes Gasperettii
Crude Venom
A. S. Haffor and M.K. AI-Sadoon
Zoology Department, College of science, P. O. Box 2455 . King Saud University, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia 11451 ahaffor@msn.com
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Cerastes Cerastes Gasperettii crude
venom (CCV) on free radicals productions (FR) and biological antioxidants potential (BAP).
Thirty male rats, matched with age and weigh, were divided randomly into three groups
negative control (NG), positive control (PC) and experimental. The positive control group was injected intra peritoneally saline for 8 days whereas animals of the experimental group were
injected intraperitoneally crude CCV, at a dose of V4 LDso, for the same period. All animals of
the three groups were kept un- normal laboratory and dietary conditions. ANOVA anlysis
indicated a significant differences (p<O.05) among groups means. In comparison with NC group
FR decreased significantly (p<O.05) in the experimental group below normal values, indicating
severe weaknesses to generate sufficient antitoxic hydrogen peroxide. In addition FR in the PC
group increased significantly (p<O.05), implying needle injection was sufficient to induce cellular
injury. On the other hand BAP increased significantly (p<O.05) in the experimental
group. The common linear regression of FR on BAP was significant (p<O.05).
However, the slope of the regression line in the experimental group was significantly
(p<O.05) different from the commonslope. Based on the results of this study, it could
be concluded that the CCV contains biochemical factors that activate./antioxidant
enzymes via unique physiological·mechanism.
4
Anopheles gambiae and a Non-costly Immuno-Control of Malaria:
Lessons from the Past, Hope for the Future
Ashraf Mohamed Ahmed
Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, 11451,
Riyadh Saudi Arabia, amahmedkeeled@yahoo.com
Great efforts are currently being done to utilize the immune system of
mosquito vector in the battle against malaria. However, this strategy still facing
some limiting factors mainly the reproductive cost, the price of immune induction.
This study has been introduced to show that inducing non-costly immune
responses in the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, is possible via the
oral administration of black seed oil (BSO), a natural botanical extract from Nigella
sativa, to mosquitoes. The humoral anti-Micrococcus lute us activity, induced by
LPS injection, and melanization, against inoculated Sephadex® beads, were
studied here (at 18 h posttreatment). The humoral anti-bacterial activity was
measured using inhibition zone assay. The degrees of melanization response
against negatively charged CM C-25 and neutral CM G-25 Sephadex® beads
were monitored under the microscope. Reproductive cost was monitored in terms
of percentages of follicular aE .. 01!,t,2-!.s and resorption at 18 and 24 h posttreatmen-respectively. Data ofthis study demonstrate that, mosquitoes maintained
on 0.3% BSO-glucose mixture (in 10% glucose) showed, on one hand, significant
increases in the humoral anti-bacterial activity or melanization response when
injected with LPS or inoculated with beads.,respectively. Moreover, these tow
responses were more pronounced in blood fed m6squitoes. On the other hand,
significant declines in the % of follicular apoptO§is and resorption were reported in
the ovaries of the same immunized mosqu.ltoes. In addition, BSO showed no toxic
effect on ookinetes development, both in vivo and in vitro, or on the viability of
mosquito cells in vitro. Therefore, these data may indicate that the nontoxic BSO
may have a dual effect as it enhanced immunity and reduced the concomitant
impact on the reproductive fitness. Thus, this study suggests BSO as a candidate
in support ofthe immuno-control strategy in the battle against malaria.
5
Desertification in Nigeria and Potential Solutions
Idris Nasiru Medugu
Urban and Regional Planning Center, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti of
Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor medugu@gmail.com
Desertification is the degradation of land in arid, semi--arid and dry subhumid areas resulting from
various factors including climatic variations and human activities. Modem desertification often
arises from the demands of increased populations that settle on the land in order to grow crops
and graze animals. In the 1970s, desertification was identified as a global threat to environmental
sustainability by the United Nations. The concept of dry land degradation has always existed;
desertification, on the other hand, implies the spread of vast land degradation and productivity
rapidly throughout the regions of Africa, Asia, and the world. This paper discusses the menace of
desertification, the extent and the impact and proposed measures to combat desertification and
mitigate the effect of drought in Nigeria. The extent and severity of desertification in Nigeria has
not been fully established neither the rate of its progression properly recognized. However, it is
estimated that the country is currently losing about 351,000 hectares of its landmass to desert
conditions annually, and such conditions are estimated to be advancing southwards at the rate of
about 0.6km per year. Desertification, which is affecting the 10 northern States, is considered as
the most pressing environmental problem and accounts for about 73% out of the estimated total
cost of about US$5 .11 0 billion per annum the country is losing arising from environmental
degradation. Keywords: Desertification- Drought-Land Degradation-Climatic VariationHuman
Activities-Nigeria.
6
Captive Breeding of Striped Snakehead Channa striatus using a
New Ovulating Agent Ovatide for Aquaculture
K. Marimuthu' and M. A. Haniffa"
*Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Asian Institute of Medicine,
Science and Technology, 2, Persiaran Cempaka, Amanjaya, 08000 Sungai Petani,Kedah
Darnl Aman, Malaysia aquamuthu2k( a)yahoo.com **Centre for Aquaculture Research
and Extension, (CARE) St. Xavier"s Colleg Palayamkottai - 627002, Tamilnadu, India
The snakehead, Channa striatus commonly known as striped snakehead and it is
a highly priced freshwater fish species in India. The fish well known for its taste,
high nutritive value, recuperative and medicinal qualities, and has been
recommended as a diet during convalescing period. In India, the culture of
snakeheads is still not common due to the lack of seed supply and knowledge of
their feeding and breeding techniques among the farmers. Snakeheads breed
naturally during southwest monsoon and north- east .monsoon in flooded rivers
and ponds in southern parts of India. But, monsoon failure often limits the seed
production. Information on the induction of spawning and artificial propagation of
C. striatus is limited when compared to carp species. This study, therefore,
investigated the effects of different doses of a new spawning agent Ovatide on
induced spawning of striped snakehead, Channa striatus under captivity.
Nine matured females with swollen abdomen and 18 male fishes with a body
weight ranged 750 - 900g were randomly assigned to three treatment groups.
Fishes of both male and females in each group were administered intramuscularly
with 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 ml of Ovatide /kg body weight respectively. Each breeding
set consists of two males and one female. Partial spawning response was
observed when the fishes were administered with 0.2 ml/kg BW of fish. Complete
spawning was noticed in the medium (O.4ml/kg.BW) and higher (0.6ml/kg.BW)
dose administered groups. The latency period and number of eggs spawned
ranged from 23 -27 hrs and 1,764-7,096)respectively among the treatments. No
significant difference was noticed in the fertilization and hatching rate between the
medium and higher doses of Ovatide tested. Based on the results, the C. striatus
could be successfully induced to spawn using a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing
hormone with a dopamine antagonist at the dose of 0.4 mU kg BW at 29
9: 1.5 C.
Keywords Snakehead, Channa striatus, spawning induction, hormones, seed
production
7
Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmids of Salmonella Causing Food
Poisoning Isolated from Taif
Eman Halwani* and Mohamed Shohayeb**
Biology Department, Girls College of Education, Taif shohayeb@hotmail.com and
**Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Taif University, Taif,
shohayeb@hotmail.com
Thirty-six isolates of salmonella causing food poisoning were investigated. Twenty-six strains
were isolated from patients and 10 strains were isolated from carriers who came from abroad to
work in Taif. The two main serotypes detected were Salmonella typhimurium ( 38.9% ) and
Salmonella enteritidis ( 36.1 % ). The incidence of S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis in Saudi
citizens was 46.15% and 38.46% respectively, while their incidence in the foreign labours was
30% and 25%respectively. Salmonella isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 14 antibiotics.
All isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin, cefotaxime, gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin. On the
other hand 78.5% of salmonella isolates were resistant to each of ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole,
neomycin and streptomycin. The percentages of resistance to tetracycline, co-trimoxazol were
64.3% and 42.8%-, respectively, and to both cephalothin, chloramphenicol was 28.50/0. Only one
isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. Most isolates (93 % ) were resistant to 2-7 antibiotics.
Multiple antibiotic resistance of isolates and resistance to ciprofloxacin indicate the misuse of
antibiotics. Some salmonella isolates were tested for their carriage of plasmids. All tested isolates
harboured plasmids ranging in their molecular sizes between 6-90 kb. Mating of some Salmonella
isolates with Escherichia coli K12CSOO standard strain demonstrated that all harboured plasmids
were transferable by conjugation. Plasmid transfer was associated with the acquirement of E. coli
transconjugants resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and
streptomycin
8
Molecular Identification Using mtDNA COl Sequences of
Chironomids (Chironomidae: Diptera) for Biomonitoring of
Aquatic Ecosystems
Al-Shami Salman Abdo*, **; Siti Azizah Md Nor*; Che Salmah Md* Rawi*
& Abu Hassan Ahmad*
School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia(USM), 11800Penang,
Malaysia, and ** Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Ibb University, 70270 lbb,
Yemen
DNA methods have the potential to support the conventional taxonomy of chironomids for more
understanding about their ecological function as bioindicators. In this study, five species of
Chironomidae, three species of subfamily Chironominae, Chironomus kiiensis, Polypedilum
trigonus, Tanytarsus formosanus, two species of subfamily Tanypodinae, Clinotanypus sp and
Tanypus punctipennis, were collected from the aquatic ecosystem of rice plots at Bukit Merah
Agricultural Experimental Station (BMAES), Penang, Malaysia. The genomic DNA has been
successfully extracted and a 710 bp fragment of mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I
(COl) has been amplified and sequenced. A phylogenetic relationship among these species has
been investigated. High sequence divergence was observed between two individuals of the
presumed C. kiiensis and it was suggested that there might be more ;than one species was
involved. Howeve-the intraspecific sequence divergence was lower between the other species of
Tanypodinae subfamily. Interestingly, Tanytarsus formosanus showed amazing phylogentic
relation to Tanypodinae species and that presumably reflect co-evolutionary traits of different
subfamilies.
9
G6PD Study in Iran: Incidence and Molecular Genetics
Analysis
Shahla Mohammad Ganji* and Mohammad Reza Noori-Daloii**
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Qom Unit, Qom, Iran
** Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Universitiy of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran , shahlamg@yahoo.com
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a hemolytic anemia, which affected more than
400 million people in the worldwide. Acute hemolytic anemia and Jaundice are the main clinical
symptoms, triggered by infection or ingestion of Fava beans or oxidative drugs. This genetic
disease ,as the most common human metabolic inborn error is X-linked inherited. Its
gene consists of 13 exons with more 120 mutations. Since the results of molecular analysis of
G6PD gene helped us for genetic consulting, prenatal diagnosis and treatment, as the first
investigation in Iran, we have studied on the most mutations in G6PD polymorphic Variant by
molecular genetic tests. Iran has 30 provinces that it is common in Coastal provinces of Caspian
Sea (Gilan, Golestan and Mazandaran), South states (Khozestan, Hormozgan), East states
(North Khorasan, South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi), Centeral states (Fars, Esfahan, Yazd
and Kerman) and South East state (Sistan & Baloochestan). The average incidence of G6PD
deficiency in all provinces is <10% -21 %. Up till our group h:D dO.lle:ml)NA extraction from
peripheral blood samples from 850 patients in above provinces, analyzed for known G6PD
mutations (Mediterranean, Chatham and Cosenza mutations) by PCRRFLP. This finding
indicates a higher prevalence of Mediterranean mutation (73%) at nt 563(C-T) and Chatham
mutation (15%) in these provinces. We are now conducting further studies for identifying other
mutations. The distribution of this G6PD variant is more similar to that found in an Italian
population in comparison with other Middle Eastern countries. Although the origin of Iranian
population is rather uncertain, the closer similarity of the mutation spectrum to Italian rather than
middle eastern populations may indicate that these populations have a common ancestral origin.
10
Effects of Short-term Exposure to Crude-oil on the Ultrastructure of
Flatfish Flounder (Platichthys flesus) .
Hassaan Mohammed
Biology Department, Faculty of Science-Sana'a University p.a Box(11826), Sana'aYemen.
The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of crude oil on flounder (Platichthys flesus)
brought from AberdeeiIHarbor-Scotland, U.K. This investigation showed that treatment with
crude oil induced different ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of the flounder (P.flesus).
The structural change and alteration in the hepatocytes of the flounder occurred following a week
exposure to O.2ml/kg of crude oil. These chanqe,srevealed when examined by means of the
electron microscopy. Most of t~hepatocytes showed only the cytosomal changes. The extent of
cell change was highly variable. Usually the most extreme changes consisted of mitochondrial
swelling, cell membrane of the hepatocytes exhibited irregular appearance forming series folds,
and segmented dilation of endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, with the crude oil treatment, the
cytosomal changes in the liver cell are followed by evidence of progressive cell injury including
swelling and alteration of organelles, loss of ribosome and cell edema progressing to state of
cytoplasmic chaos, organelles disruption and finally may lead to cell rapture. These later
manifestations of hepatocytes injury were characteristically focal and even with generous
sampling necrotic hepatocytes were seldom observed. It was concluded that although the
exposure of fish to the crude oil was short, however, it has an obvious effects on growth rates
and the structure of the investigated tissues. Nevertheless. the high concentration of crude in the
consumable fishes should be considered seriously as it is hazardous to human health. Keywords:
oil pollution, fishes, flounder, histopathy.
11
Sero-epidemiological Studies of Toxoplasmosis in Chickens Slaughtered in
Riyadh Region
Eeman Abdulla Al-Shahry
Women Students-Medical Studies & Sciences Sections P. O. Box 22452, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11495
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii . It can be
transmitted to humans in many ways: ingestion of raw or inadequately cooked infected meat or
uncooked foods in contact with contaminated meat, ingestion of oocysts in cat feces through
handling of the litter box or out doors in the soil through gardenng and through handling of
unwashed fruits or vegetables or transplacentally. Many of studies have been proved that the
prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens is a good indicator of the exist of T.
gondii oocysts in environment because chickens feed from the ground. However, the equations
ask is toxoplasmosis prevalence between chickens (free-ranging chicken and in farms) in the
Riyadh region and the chickens play as intermediate hosts to prevalence Toxoplasmosis such as
sheep and goats because humans depend on chickens as food. Our data has shown the
absence of T. gondii in chickens of farms but on the other hand, it is found in free ranging
chickens by serological, (LAT, IHAT, IFAT, ELISA), PCR and histological examination of the
brain
12
Differential Haemocyte Counts (DHC) in the IVth Instar Larvae of
Red Palm Weevil, Rhnchophorus ferrugineus
Mohammed S. AI-Khalifa and M. I. Siddiqui
Zoology Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451 mkhalifa@ksu.edu.sa
Duration between feeding and ecdysis in the IVth instar larvae is full of changes
and developmental events including formation of the basement membrane. It is
established that the Plasmatocytes play a role in enhancing the growth and
preparation of basement membrane. For that matter, the DHC in the IVth instar
larvae may be of biological importance.
In the larval stage the bulk of haemocytes is constituted with Plasmatocytes and
Prohaemcytes were the next in number and third main type remains Granular
Haemocytes. Rest three types , viz Cystocytes, Oenocytoids and
Adipohaemocytes were rare in occurrence and density.
The role of different haemocytes is discussed in the preview of present findings on
variations amongst DHD of the larvae of different age.
Keywords: Rhnchophorus ferrugineus, Haemocytes, Differential Haemocyte
Counts
13
Toxigenic Potential of Some Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum
Strains Isolated from Egyptian Wheat
Youssuf Gherbawy* and Michael Wuczkowski**
*Biology Department, Faculty of Science, TaifUniversity, Taif, Saudi Arabia ** Austrian
Center of Biological Resources and Applied Mycology, Institute of Applied Microbiology
(lAM), University of Agricultural Science, Nussdorfer Laende 11, A-1190 Wien, Austria
youssufgherbawy@yahoo.com
Fourteen strains from Fusarium cu/morum and F. graminearum (seven strains each)
were isolated from Egyptian wheat have been used in this study to estimate the DNA similarities
and mycotoxins production .. The intergenic sequences of Tri5 and Tri6 genes involved in the
mycotoxin pathways of Fusarium species were used for detecting deoxynivalenol (DON)chemotypes and nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes of Fusarium graminearum, while Tri7 and Tri13 were
used to determine the ability of F. cu/morum strains to produce the deoxynivalenol and nivalenol.
Eleven and ten strains were able to produce DON and NIV mycotoxins, respectively. On the other
hand, seven strains were able to produce both types of mycotoxin.
14
Attenuation of Schistosomaa mansoni Larvae with a Molluscicidae
Derived from Euphorbia schimperiana
Najia A. Al-Zanbagi an Dalia A. Abuljadayel
Biological Sciences Department, Girls Section, College of Science, P. O. Box 42626
King Abdul Aziz University, leddah 21515 Saudi Arabia, nalzanbagi@yahoo.com
Over 200 million people in numerous tropical and subtropical countries are believed to suffer from
schistosomiasis, and effective long-term control has proved difficult. A methanol extract of the
molluscicidal plant, Euphorbia schimperiana was used to attenuate larvae of Schistosoma
mansoni. Exposure of miracidia to concentrations ranging from 500 ppm to 3000 ppm immediately
before standardized snail infection was associated with a concentration-dependent decline in
cercariae emergence. Also, the exposure of cercariae to 300 - 1000 mgll of the tested extract
before mice infection was related to clear decline in worm establishment at 55 days post-infection.
Key Words: schistosomiasis, Euphorbia schimperiana, Schistosoma mansoni
15
Diagnosis and Differentiation of Entamoeba Infection in Makkah AlMukarramah Using Microscopy and Stool Antigen Detection kits
Saeed A. AI-Harthi* and Manal B. Jamjoom **
*Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm AI-Qura University,
Makkah, Saudi Arabia **Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine,
King Abdulaziz University, leddah, Saudi Arabia. alharthi@uqu.edu.sa
Entamoeba histolytica is one of the significantly common pathogenic protozoa encountered in
Saudi Arabia. Previous reports did not distinguish between E. histolytica and E. dispar as
differential diagnosis is essential both for treatment decision and public health knowledge. Studies
suggested that stool antigen assays are more sensitive and specific than microscopy for the
diagnosis of E. histolytica infection. This study intended to determine the prevalence of E.
histolytica and E. dispar by microscopy and two stool antigen detection kits : Triage parasite panel
and Teech lab E. histolytica
16
The Role of Nitric Oxide as a Signal that Induces Apoptosis in
Plasmodium bergheii
Mohammed AL-Olayan Ebtesam
Department of Zoology, Collage of Science, King Saud Univeristy,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
p.o 137,11411, eolayam@hotmail.com
Malaria is still considered as one of the major disease since it affects more than
two million people most of them children under five. The transmission of malaria
depends mainly on the successful complete of the life cycle of plasmodium in the
midgut of its mosquito vector. Only few parasites are able to develop and escape
unharmed from the mosquito midgut environment. Until recently, many studies
have focused on the interaction between the vector midgut cells and malaria
parasite. Within the midgut cells, parasite invasion has found to causes cellular
damage leading to cellular death. On the other hand, potentially toxic substances
may be induced by the midgut against the parasites. It has now been established
that approximately 50% of P. berghei ookinetes that mature in the midgut lumen of
a susceptible strain of An. stephensi are dying by apoptosis before they invade
the gut epithelium. Therefore, apoptosis could act as a mosquito defence
mechanism against malaria parasite. However, it is still unknown whether or not
there are specific signals that may induce this plasmodium death. The current
study shows that synthesised nitric oxide may play a role in the induction of
apoptosis in the early stage of plasmodium. Furthermore, this cell death could be
inhibited by adding L-NAME to the infected blood meal prior to in vitro
culturing/mosquito feeding, which caused 51 % reduction (P < 0.05) in vitro and
43% reduction (P < 0.05) in vivo compared to other conditions (DNAME 71
%).Whereas the percentage of ookinetes exhibiting caspase-like activity was
reduced from approximately 50% to 20% after L- NAME treatment. The removal of
white blood cells prior to initiation of the in vitro cell culture resulted in a significant
decrease in the percentage of apoptotic ookinetes (P < 0.05), although however,
this reduction was small relative to the effect of L- NAME in vivo. Fluorescence
spectroscopy showed that the addition of LArg to the culture significantly
increased the proportion of ookinetes undergoing apoptosis (mean, 703)
compared to DMSO and L.cit (304 & 307 respictively) (P < 0.05) at 20 hr post
culture initiation.
17
Genetic Fingerprint of Some KSA Date palm Cultivars Using Modern
Biotechnological Techniques
A.EI-Tarras*, N.Tawatti** and F.AI-Malki***
*Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif
**Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University,
Jeddah, ***Biology Department, Faculty of Science,
Taif University, Taif
Date palm ( phoenix dactylifera L.) is a tree crop of economic importance in
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A.) . It presents a high nutritive value . The date
palm is cultivated for food fuel shelter and fibers. Six cultivars of date palm (
Sukkari , Sifri , Sullag , Khalas , Makfazi and Maktoum ) growing in the west
region of K.S.A. were investigated for genetic diversity using RAPD technique,
total protein, protein patterns , and amino acids analysis . Total genomic DNA
extracted from the young leaves of six different cultivars . Ten decamer oligo
nuc1eotides were used as primers under optimized peR conditions.
PolYffiorphisms were recorded by noting the presence or absence of an
amplification product from the total genomic DNA. A total of 303 DNA fragment
were produced from all experiments with an average of 5.05 bands per primer and
cultivar . The total number of monomorphic fragments was 222/330. While, the
total number of polymorphic fragments was 81/303 fragments. In addition to amino
acids analysis and protein) banding were determined.
18
Bioinformatics: A Powerful Tool for Biology Development to
Molecular Biologists

Shahla Mohammad Ganii* , Zahra Mohammad Ganji** Abolfazl
Mohammad Ganji **
Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Qom Unit, Qom,
Iran** Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
shahlame@vahoo.com

Advances in the field of molecular biology especially molecular medicine over the past few years
following the completion of the human genome project have led to a dramatic increase in the
information in this filed. This had led to a generation of the new filed of Bioinformatics which deals
with invention of computerized soft wares to store, organize and analyze the biological data in the
area of genomic, proteomic and more recently the transcription works. Among the basic
techniques in molecular medicine are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleic acid
(DNAJRNA) hybridization. PCR is generally considered as license to do molecular biology. A
successful PCR experiment depends mainly on the primers used. Hybridization experiments
involve primers as probe. Therefore, designing primers specific to a target DNA plays a major role
in both PCR and hybridization technologies. Moreover, primers are used as a key factor in a
number of important recent technologies such as comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and
DNA microarry. Bioinformatics by introducing computer programs has enabled molecular biologist
to easily access, store and analyze the nucleic acids. In this regard, designing the primers for any
purpose is available through commercial soft wars as well as freely through different websites.
Here, the applications of Bioinformatics in molecular medicine are reviewed by introducing several
websites. Then, the strategies to design suitable primers for different application in molecular
medicine are explained with emphasis on designing primers for amplification refractory mutation
system (ARMS), a powerful method for analysis point mutations. This will be followed by a
practical work.
19
Heavy Metal Contamination in the White muscles of some
Commercial Fish Species From AI-Hodeidah Red Sea Coast of
Yemen
Hassaan M. A. Heba*, Mohamed AI-Kahali** and Majed AI-Edresi***
*Biology Department, ** Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 11826,
Sana'a University, Sana'a, Sana'a Yemen *** Marine Chemistry Department, faculy of
Marine Science, University of Hodeidah, Yemen
The distribution of seven trace metals namely Zn, Mn, Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, and Pb in some commercial
fish species was determined. Samples of the white muscles from Latjanus sp.(snapers), Mullet
(MugiU:)p,), Indian Mackeral (Rostregllier kanagurata), catfish (Arius thalasinus), and Longtail
tuna (Thunus-tonggol) collected along tne c08sfOfAI-Hodiedah Red Sea coast of Yemen, were
analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (MS). The results showed high
concentrations of all the studied elements, and the concentration -varied from one species to
another. Nevertheless, elevated concentrations of trace metals were observed in Lutjanus sp.,
and tuna. Our findings also showed high concentrations of Pb in all fishes, in general. Also, high
concentrations of Cd were exhibited in Lutijanus and catfish, with 0.65 pg/g and 0.6 pg/g
respectively. The manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), and Nickel (Ni) mean
concentrations ranged between 1.93 and 6.69 pg/g. The mean concentrations of Zn in this study
were lower when compared with those reported in other parts of the world, with the only exception
observed in both tuna and catfish. The reasons could be due to the anthropogenic activities in the
study area, aging, fat content, feeding behavior of fish and any other environmental factors. In
conclusion, although values of trace metals observed in our study are within the acceptable
worldwide range, however, ;they are lower than those reported elsewhere. The present study
considers the recommendation of carrying out continuous monitoring program for the Red Sea
coast of Yemen, and that the levels of heavy metals must remain within the prescribed worldwide
ratio.
20
Nephrotoxicity in Rats Induced by Suminthion® NP 2512.5 EC
Insecticide Used in Dengue Fever Vector Control in Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia
Mohammed O. AI-Jahdali, Ameen S. Bisher, Isam M. E. Abu Zeid
Sciences Department, leddah Teacher's College, P. O. Box 15758 leddah,
Saudi Arabia, aljahdali@hotmail.com
The effect of Sumithion® NP 25/2.5 EC a newly formulated organophosphate insecticide used in
denque - fever vector control in Jeddah, Saudi Arabi on rat's kidney function and structure was
investigated. In addition to the control group, four experimental groups were treated
intraperitoneally daily with 1/10 and 1/4 of the LDso for two and four weeks;respectively. Serum
levels of uric acid, urea, and creatinine were measured and the histopathological changes were
reported. In comparison to the control group, uric acid level was elevated significantly after two
weeks of treatment. While with long duration the uric acid level was almost doubled. Blood urea
level increased significantly with increasing the treatment dose. Creatinine level remained
relatively stable with nonsignificant fluctuations. Pathological changes in kidney tissues were
observed including glomerular atrophy and degeneration of the distal convoluted tubules.
Sumithion® NP 25/2.5 EC nephrotoxicity was proved and alternative control strategies were
suggested.
21
Chemical Contents of Surface Water of Kaduna Region
Amin Al-Amin
Geography Department, Nigerian Defence Academy , Kaduna, Nigeria, dr.aminu@yahoo.com
Field investigations through surface water sampling and laboratory analyses
revealed that pollution is currently the most harmful anthropogenic activity impacting
on the physical environment of Kaduna; a region that has for a long time being
threatened by desertification. The fragile ecosystem of Kaduna, especially around
the petroleum refinery has exhibited sharp difference in the quality status of the
surrounding surface water along river Romi, with such chemical parameters of
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOO),
Suspended Solids, Dissolved Solids, Total Solids e.t.c. attaining excessive values
of over 300 percent increase. Similarly, the physical characteristics of the studied
surface water in terms of Turbidity and Temperature are also recording setbacks; as
none of the two is close to the standard values specified by the Nigeria's Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (FEP A). Overall result of the study showed that
ecological instability as occasioned by the refinery pollution has exacerbated the
region's desertification process faster than what obtains in areas outside the
refinery's influence within the region.
22
Semen Cryopreservation of The Arabian Sand Gazelle Males
( Gazella subgutturosa marica )
AI-Eissa, M*, A1-Himaidi** A. Ibrahim ,S.A**
*National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia, ***Zoology Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451
The assessment of reproductive efficiency of the Arabian sand gazelle have not
been deeply investigated, therefore the present study focused on the proper
methods of semen dilution and freezing were investigated. The present study
revealed the suitability of the electro-ejaculation as a method of semen collection.
Freezing of the semen at -196Co in plastic straws (O.25ml) is the most common
method to preserve semen. Two semen diluents were used in the present study,
one of them was a commercial diluent (Triladyl) and the other was prepared at the
laboratory (Tris) diluent. When the average of individual motility before freezing
was compared with that after thawing, it was found that a large number of
ejaculates was significantly effected by freezing (P<O.Ol) There was also
significant difference (P<O.Ol) between individual motility thawing of the Triladyldiluted frozen semen and that of the Tris-diluted one during October and
November. Therefore this study recommends the use of assessment of
reproductive technique to establish genome resource bank for endangered
species such as the Arabian Sand Gazelle..
23
Comparative Studies on the Susceptible and Non-Susceptible
Biomphalaria alexandrina the intermediate snail hosts of
Schistsomiasis mansoni in Western Saudi Arabia"
Manal B. Jamjoom* and Abdul Elah A. Banaja**
*Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University
**Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, TaifUniversity
Schistosomiasis is one of the important parasitic disease infecting humans.
Among the main species of schistosomes infecting humans is Schistosoma
mansoni and S. haematobium. Snails of various genera, such as Biomphalaria
alexandrina and Bulinus truncates, act as intermediate hosts and play a major role
in the transmission of schistosomes. Transmission from humans to snails is
effected by ciliated miracidium larvae that hatch from the parasite eggs voided in
the faeces or urine. After a period of asexual multiplication in the snails, a second
aquatic larval stage, the cercaria, emerges and infects humans by direct
penetration of the skin.
The present work is carried out on the Biomphalaria alexandrina snails the
intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni. The snails were collected from various
sites in south western Saudi Arabia, and their progeny were reared in the
laboratory under standard conditions. Different biological studies were under
taken to determine the susceptibility level in the various populations of snails. The
miracidia were obtained from hatching viable ova of the parasite isolated from
faeces of infected individuals (human and mice). Different sets of regulated
experimental infection of snails with the miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni were
prefonned. The affect of miracidial density, water temperature, miracidial age, age
and size of snails, as well as illumination and darkness parameters were
investigated. The study revealed that the infection rate increased as the number of
miracidia used were increased (1, 60%; 2, 60%; 3, 70%; 5, 80%; 15, 90%; and 20,
90%). No significant increase of infection rate was achieved at higher water
temperature (at 15°C: 65% with newly hatched miracidia; 75%, with 15 minutes
miracidia; 85% with 30 minutes miracidia; 95% with 45 minutes miracidia and
100% with 60 minutes miracidia. At 20°C: 75% with newly hatched miracidia;
80%, with 15 minutes miracidia; 90%, with 30 minutes miracidia; 95% with 45
minutes miracidia and 100% with 60 minutes miracidia). Similar results were
obtained at 25°C and 30°C. However, the infection rate decreases in relation to
snail size increase. At snail size 2-4 mm the infection rate was 90%, the rate was
decreases to 85% at 4-6 mm and 6-8 mm size, while at 8-10 mm size the rate was
80%, and at 10-12 mm and 13-15 mm size the rate dropped to 75%. There was a
significant.
24
Camel Genome Project Goals and achievements
Abdulaziz M. Al-Swailem
King AbdulAziz City for Science and Technology
National Biotechnology Research Centre
The completion of the human genome project has enabled scientist not only to understand the
genetic complexity of human being but also how genetic variation contributes to diverse
phenotypes and disease. This understanding has brought our attention to the importance of
other species whole genome sequencing such as camel and dates. Sequencing of camel
genome will help to identify genes and their regulatory elements. One of the initial goals of
Camel Genome Project is to sequence the complete DNA sequences of the entire camel
genome. Since there is not much information about camel genome available to the scientist,
initially, establishing and sequencing ‘expressed sequence tag’, (EST) libraries would increase
the efficiency, saving time and money, and yielding better product because EST libraries are
very informative and carry essential information about the genome and expression. In this
regard we used total of 9 inbreed camels of three age groups (young, adult, and aged) and
three different types (white, black, and brown coat color) for Camel Genome Project. Three
EST libraries were generated from mRNAs that were isolated from various tissues of these
camels. We have then used these RNA to construct three nearly 70000-clone EST libraries.
Initial analysis of these cDNA clones for all these three libraries led to assignment of ~65000
sequences. Currently, our aim is to establish a library with near-complete coverage of the camel
transcriptome.
The libraries and sequence information that have been generated as a result of this
project should be of value for mammalian biologists working across a broad range of
scientific disciplines.
25
Sensitive Assay for Carvidilol in Tablets and Spiked Human
PlasmaUsing a Flow –injection Chemiluminometric Method
Nawal Al-Arfaj1; Maha A. Sultan2 and Heba H. Abedin2
Chemistry Department, College of Science 2 Pharmacological Chemistry
1
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451
A simple and sensitive chemiluminometric method using flow injection (FI) is
developed for the determination of carvedilol , based on the reaction of carvedilol
with tris (2'2 bipyridyl) ruthenium (II), and KMnO4 in a sulfuric
chemiluminescence(CL) intensity in a linear function of carvedilol concentration
over the range of 0.04-1.0 Ugml1 (9.8X108-2.5x106 molL) . The relative standard
deviation of the proposed method calculated from 10 replicate injection of 0.4 ugl-1
cardilol is 0.95% . The sample throughout is 90 samples h -1. The method is
applied successfully to the determination of carvedilol in tablets dosage from and
spiked human plasma.
Key Words: Carvidilol; Chemiluminescence; Flow Injection; Tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II); KMnO4
26
‫دراسات بيئية على الثعابين السامة في مصر‬
‫مصطفي فتحي مسعود‬
‫قسم علم الحيوان –كلية العلوم –جامعة األزهر فرع اسيوط‪-.‬مصر‬
‫‪m_f_masood@yahoo.com‬‬
‫الزواحففي هففي لحففدا المجموعففات الحيوانيففة التففي تيففر بيئففات مختل ففة فففي مصففر وبففالر م مففن‬
‫ييوعها وانتيارها لم تن القدر الكافي من الدراسة كريرها من المجموعات الحيوانيفة ولعف هف ا‬
‫يرجع للى أسباب متعددة ن كر منها‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫أن بع ففن أنف فواع الزواح ففي مثف ف الثع ففابين الس ففامة تع ففد مص ففدر م ففن مص ففادر الخط ففورة بالنس ففبة‬
‫‪‬‬
‫صعوبة الحصول عليها في بعن األحيان‬
‫لإلنسان‬
‫‪‬‬
‫االعتقادات والخرافات السائدة التي تناقلها الناس جيال بعد جي عن فتكها وخيانتها‪.‬‬
‫ولقد تم اقتراح ه ه الدراسة إلماطة اللثام عن بعن المياك البيئية والقفا الوفو علفى األنفواع‬
‫السففامة الموجففودة ف ففي مصففر و الخطففورة الت ففي تمثلهففا هفف ه األن فواع ‪.‬وه ف ه األن فواع مففن الثعففابين‬
‫الوففارة بحيففاة اإلنسففان والمني فرة فففي أمففاكن متعففددة فففي مصففر ‪ .‬أووففحت الففدر اس فه أنففه تففم‬
‫حصف ففر األنف ف فواع السف ففامة الموج ف ففودة فف ففي مص ف ففر و تمثلف ففت ف ف ففي ع ف ففائلتين وهم ف ففا عائلف ففه الالبي ف ففدا‬
‫(‪ )Elapidae‬وااڤيبريف ف ففدا ( ‪ . )Viperidae‬أووف ف ففحت الد ارسف ف ففة أيوف ف ففا أن عائلف ف ففة الالبيف ف ففدا‬
‫(‪ )Elapidae‬تمثلفت ففي جنسفين وهمفا ( جفنس ‪ Naja‬الكفور ار ) والتفي احتفوت علفى نفوعين وهمفا‬
‫الكفور ار المصفرية أو النايفر ( ‪ ) Naja haje‬و الكفور ار البخفا( ( ‪ .) Naja nigricollis‬وأمفا‬
‫عائلففة ال يبريففدا ( ‪ )Viperidae‬تمثلففت فففي ثالثففة أجنففاس وهففى ‪:‬الجففنس األول (‪)Cerastes‬‬
‫وتمثف ففي نفوعين وهمفا‬
‫‪ Cerastes cerastes‬الحيفة المقرنفة و الحيفة القرعفا ‪Cerastes‬‬
‫‪.vepera‬آمفا الجفنس الثفاني وهفو الحيفة الرريبفة (‪ )Echis‬وتمثف بنفوعين وهمفا ‪ :‬الحيفة الرريبفة‬
‫الحم ار (‪ ) Echis coloratus‬والحية الرريبة السم ار )‪ )Echis carinatua‬والجفنس الثالف‬
‫وه ففو الحي ففة الكا ب ففة )‪ )Pesudocerates‬تمثف ف بن ففوع واح ففد وه ففو الحي ففة المقرن ففة كا ب ففة الق ففرون‬
‫(‪.)Pesudocerates persicus‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫ولقد تومنت الدراسة أيوا مناقية الثعابين التي تم حصرها بيئيا من حي ‪ :‬التوزيع الجررافي و‬
‫التوزيع الزمني و طريقة اال ت ا و نوع الر ا‬
‫دراسة في التركيب والمحتوى الكيميائي للغدد اللعابية اللسانية لخمسة‬
‫أنواع من طيورالمملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫منصور المنصور‪ 1‬و بشير جرار‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬قسم علم الحيوان‪ -‬كلية العلوم بالريان – جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫‪2‬قسم علوم المختبرات الطبية – كلية العلوم الطبية التطبيقية – جامعة الجوف‬
‫‪mmansour@ksu.edu.sa‬‬
‫تففم فففي ه ف ه الد ارسففة لخوففاع الرففدد اللعابيففة اللسففانية لخمسففة أن فواع مففن طيففور المملكففة العرريففة‬
‫السففعودية و التففي تتبففع لعوائ ف مختل ففة (البلب ف أبففين الخففدق السففمانق الحمامففة المطوقففةق البليففون‬
‫الصففريرق اإلوز البلففدي) لمجموعففة مففن ال حوصففات المورفورولوجيففة والنسففيجية والكيميففا نسففيجية‪.‬‬
‫دلت الدراسة على ت اوت في تركيب الردد اللعابية اللسانية وك لك في المحتوا الكيميفائي إلفف ارزات‬
‫ه ف ه الرففدد‪ .‬تنففاقش ه ف ه الد ارسففة العالقففة بففين تركيففب واف فراز الرففدد اللعابيففة اللسففانية ألن فواع الطيففور‬
‫تحت الدراسة من خالل ارتباطها بطريقة الر ا وومن وجودها على سلم التطور بين ال قاريات‪.‬‬
‫الكلمات المفتاحية‪ :‬دد لعابية‪ ,‬البلب أبين الخدق السمانق الحمامة المطوقةق البليون الصريرق‬
‫البط البلدي‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫عالقة الحيوانات الزراعية بالبيئة‬
‫د‪ .‬سعيد باسماعي‬
‫قسم اإلنتاج الحيواني ‪ -‬كلية علوم األ ية والزراعة ‪ -‬جامعة الملك سعود –‬
‫الريان‬
‫‪asmaeil@ksu.edu.sa‬‬
‫ففي هف ه الورقفة سفيتم اسففتعران بيئفة الحيفوان الز ارعفي والتففي تمثف مجموعفة العوامف الحيويففة‬
‫و يففر الحيويففة التففي تففاثر علففى الحي فوان وانتاجيتففه‪ .‬والففدور ال ف ي تسففاهم بففه ه ف ه البيئففات للحي فوان‬
‫كالحماية والر ا والوقاية من العوام الطبيعية كالح اررة والرياح وكافة العوام الجوية‪ ،‬وتوفمن لفه‬
‫الحرية والتأقلم الطبيعي‪ .‬و كيي تساهم الحيوانات الزراعيفة ففي البيئفة برعيهفا للنباتفات‪ ،‬ودورهفا ففي‬
‫تيجيع نما ألنباتات‪ ،‬ودورها ففي الفتخلم مفن بعفن األحيفا الوفارة‪ ،‬وتكملفة التفوازن البيئفي مفن‬
‫نق للب ور ونيرها‪ ،‬وت كيك التررة وطمر الب ور‪ ،‬ودفن الب ور لوقت الحاجة والتسميد‪.‬‬
‫كما تتطرق الورقة للى أسباب تفدهور بيئفة الم ارعفي كنتيجفة لعفدم التفوازن بفين عفدد الحيوانفات‬
‫والطاقفة اإلنتاجيففة للمرعففى‪ ،‬وأهميففة التوعيففة البيئيففة فففي الم ارعففي‪ ،‬واسففتخدام األعففالف يففر التقليديففة‬
‫في التر ية‪ .‬والى التلو البيئي واألمران الممكن انتيارها وحدوثها نتيجة التررية المكث ة أو ترريفة‬
‫الحيوانات قرب المدن‪ ،‬وطرق التحكم في التلو داخ المزارع‪.‬‬
‫‪29‬‬
‫ألتقنيات الحديثة المستخدمة في التخلص من النفايات البشرية و‬
‫الحيوانية‬
‫مصطفى محمود بشندى عمران‬
‫أستا و رئيس البا ثولوجيا االكلينيكيةق كلية الطب البيطريق جامعة القاهرة‬
‫‪mostafamahmoud60@maktoob. com‬‬
‫حظى موووع البيئة و الدراسات البيئية باهتمام المتخصصين و الرأي العام في العقدين األخيفرين‬
‫و كثرت الموووعات و الد ارسفات البيئيفة التفي تناولفت قوفايا البيئفة و ميفكالتها‪ .‬فسفالمة البيئيفة‬
‫هففي العنصففر األساسففي فففي حمايففة ثففروات الففدول و مواردهففا البي فرية ق و تففنعكس السفالم ففة البفيئي ففة‬
‫سلبا وايجاباً على ه ه الثروات بمختلي صورهفاق قألن اإلنسفان هو الرلية مفن كف تنميفة و تطفويرق‬
‫ً‬
‫ومن حقوقه الطبيعية أن يعيش في بيئة سليمة ونظي ة بجوها ومياههفا وجمالياتهفاق ففقن قيفاس مفدا‬
‫نجففاح اإلنسففان فففي الح ففاط علففى ه ف ه الرايففة لنمففا يتوقففي ع ففلى مففدا تحكمففه وتسففخيره لإلمكانففات‬
‫المتاحففة للحصففول علففى المن عففة الكاملففة مففن بيئتففه و الحيلول ففة دون انتيففار الملوثلففت التففي تسففبب‬
‫األمران و تزهق األرواحق وطرآت تبعاً ل لك عدة مسفائ بالرفة األهميفة مفن حيف‬
‫عالقفة اإلنسفان‬
‫بالبيئ ففةق منه ففا ق ففدرة اإلنس ففان عل ففى اس ففترالل مص ففادر ح ري ففة للوق ففود كال حف ففم والبت ففرولق ون ففت ع ففن‬
‫احتراقهففا ن ايففات و ففازات آح ففدثت أيففكاال كثيف فرة وجديففدة مففن الن ايففاتق كمففا نتجففت عففن الصففناعة‬
‫مركبففات كيميائيففة طارئففة ومسففتحدثة علففى الففنظم البيئيففة‪ .‬ولع ف أخطففر ه ف ه المس ففائ وأبعففدها أث ف اًر‬
‫على مستقب البيفرية لفك االسفتنزاف المتوصف لمفا ففي بفاطن األرن مفن ثفروات يفر متجفددة و‬
‫التففي تيففك خط ف اًر مسففتقبليا علففى م فوارد اإلنسففان فففي األجي ففال القادمففة‪ .‬فظففاهر األم ففر أن ميكل ففة‬
‫البيئة وقواياها لنمفا تجلفت مفع التقفدم العلمفي والتطفور الصفناعىق فكلمفا آزدهففرت الصناعففة وتقفدم‬
‫العلففمق كلمففا أزدادت مخففاطر التلففو البيئففي‪ .‬ولقففد أدرك العديففد مففن البففاحثين والمهتمففين بالمحافظففة‬
‫علففى البيئففةق والمعنيففة بالح ففد مففن مخففاطر التلففو والوقايففة منهففأن المسففئول عففن الملوثففات البيئيففة‬
‫المدمرة والمهلكة للحر والنس هوا اإلنسان‪.‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
Emerging Forest Resource Sharing Approach between North and
South-An Initiative Undertaken by Morang District of Nepal
B. Koirala
SEBAC-NEPAL, GPO Box 23629, Kathmandu, Nepal
Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world having 38 percent people living below
poverty line. Forest resources are intimately related with the livelihood of poor people.
But, forest is depleting day by day. Government and non-government organizations,
private sector and the local people are focusing their simultaneous attention on forest
conservation and management for poverty reduction efforts. However, all these programs
have not been able to achieve satisfactory impact on the poor. On the other hand, many
areas of Terai (Flat land of Nepal having elevation less than 300 m elevation) are
experiencing an uneven distribution between forest and population. In hitherto forest
management practices such as in community forestry, benefits are exclusively enjoyed by
the local users without addressing distant users’ needs. Since, the distant users are also
a stakeholder of forest, a mechanism of equitable contribution and benefit sharing is felt
need between them. Resource rich areas should extend its cooperation to meet the
needs of resource poor area and the latter should simultaneously address the sustainable
forest management endeavors of the formers. This paper describes present endeavors
being promoted in Morang district of Nepal to develop and equitable contribution and
benefit sharing mechanism between local and distant users. It is believed that this
resource sharing approach would be a complement to Terai forest management practices
of the country.
Key words: Resource sharing, Morang
31
Research for Crop Salt Tolerance under Brackish Irrigation
Uwe Schleiff:
D-38289 Wolfenbuettel; P.O.Box 1934; schleiff.uwe@t-online.de International Expert
for Irrigation&Salinity - Fertilizers&Crops - Soils&Environment;http://www.salinity.de
Due to lack of good quality water for human consumption and industry in many countries
irrigated agriculture is exposed to increasing pressure to expand the use of brackish and
even high-saline waters for crop production. The application of lower quality waters
requires special management practices, which are not yet fully understood with respect to
optimize plant growth on saline soils. Generally the evaluation of crop salt tolerance
respectively the calculation of irrigation water requirement with brackish water is based on
crop yields related to the average salinity of the rooted soil layer (FAO and USDA).
However this concept often fails in cases, especially when brackish water is applied under
high frequencies (e.g. drip irrigation). The approach presented in this paper considers not
only the effect of water applications on the vertical salt movement (salt leaching), but
additionally reflects the effect of lateral water and salt movement of saline soil solutions
by roots differing in their morphology. Drive of this lateral flow of water is the transpiration
of plants, which causes a flow of distant saline soil solution directed to the water
absorbing root surface. As most salts are excluded from root uptake, they usually
accumulate in the rhizospheric soil (soil in direct contact with the root surface including
the cylinder formed by root hairs). A concentration gradient between distant and
rhizospheric soil solution develops, the rhizospheric soil solution may become several
times more saline than the average or distant soil solution (bulk soil). The effects of salt
dynamic processes between bulk and rhizospheric soil under irrigation and with respect to
root morphology are not yet understood. It is postulated that roots forming a large
rhizocylinder (deeply rooting, high rooting density, long root hairs) are contributing to a
higher salt tolerance as compared to roots forming a smaller rhizocylinder). It can be
expected that a more profound understanding of these processes may essentially
contribute to optimize brackish water irrigation and to define goals for breeding of more
salt tolerant crops.
Key words: soil salinity, brackish irrigation, saline irrigation, rhizosphere, salt tolerance,
root morphology, root water uptake, soil water availability
32
Optimization of the Induction Factors of Xylanase and β-Xylosidase
from Sugarbeet Pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii
Tarek A. A. Moussa
Botany department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University , giza 12613, Egypt
tarekmoussa@yahoo.com
The ability to produce xylan degrading enzymes by sugarbeet pathogen
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in liquid synthetic media with xylan as inducers, was compared.
Several cultural conditions were examined to assess their effect in optimizing enzyme
production. Shaking cultures gave higher yields of xylanases compared with static ones.
Aspargine supplement was the best nitrogen, especially source at 3.0 g/l concentration, in
promoting enzyme production. Variation of xylan concentrations in the culture medium
showed that xylan were the most effective specific substrate for induction of xylanases
synthesis. The influence of different inhibitors on enzyme production by S. rolfsii was
studied. Cyclohexmide and ethidium bromide inhibited protein synthesis by S. rolfsii.
Moreover, xylose repressed xylanase synthesis in S. rolfsii.
33
Adaptive Faculty Exploitation to the Water Deficit of the Olive Tree
(Olea europaea L.) for an Optimal Management of the Available
Water
Boujnah Dalenda1, Ben El Hadj Salem2, Gouia Mohamed3, Letaief
Nachida2, Moktar Gerfel4, Mahjoub Zoubeir1, Salwa Lamari1.
Institut de l’Olivier, Station de Sousse. Rue Ibn Toonishia
In Tunisia the olive tree is one of the pillars of the national economy. It plays a
first role on the social and ecological plan. Indeed, present in the whole territory, this
specie prosperous in the semi arid and arid zones that represent more than the two thirds
of the cultivated earths. The cultivated local olive tree variety Chemlali valorises these
zones where soils are as mediocre. This variety is characterized by big water deficit
adaptive faculties. The exploitation of these features for the rain water management is in
the origin of the prosperity of this culture in these conditions. Currently, the traditional field
maintenance way of the olive tree is not correctly mastered from where the research of
new technique of exploitation of this tree. These survey present results of studies of water
supply in the orchard done for the safeguard of olive trees in sever stress state, in states
of moderate stress and in irrigated conditions. The techniques of the water supply, the
periods of irrigation and the water doses was discussed according to the plant biological
and ecophysiological behaviour.
34
Construction of Banana Bunchy Top Nanovirus-DNA-3 Encoding the
Coat Protein Gene and its Introducing into Banana Plants cv.
Williams
Roba M. Ismail1, F.M. El-Domyati2, E.E. Wagih3, A.S. Sadik1,4
and A.Z.E. Abdelsalam2,5
1Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC),
12619, Giza, Egypt 2- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O.
Box 68 Hadayek Shubra, 11241, Cairo, Egypt 3- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt 4- Department of Agricultural Microbiology (Virology
Laboratory), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, P.O. Box 68 Hadayek Shubra, 11241,
Cairo, Egypt 5- Ain Shams Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ACGEB)
Banana (Musa sp.) is considered as one of the most important fruit crops worldwide as well
as in Egypt. The main goal of this study was to construct the open reading frame (ORF) of
banana bunchy top nanovirus (BBTV)-DNA-3 that encodes the viral coat protein (cp) gene
for banana transformation. The previously sequenced BBTV-G-DNA-3-ORF that cloned into
plasmid pH1 was used as a template for PCR amplification using two specific primers
containing Bam H1 site. A new plasmid called pRHA1 containing the amplified ORF under
the control of maize polyubiquitin (ubi) promoter was created. The bar gene (herbicideresistance gene as a selectable marker) cassette (bar gene, Cauliflower mosaic
caulimovirus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nos terminator) was released from plasmid pAB6
using Hind III-digestion and subcloned into the Hind III-digested plasmid pRHA1 to create
the plasmid pRHA2. Via the microprojectile bombardment transformation system the pRHA2
was successfully introduced in the applied banana cultivar. Leaf painting test was
conducted to confirm the expression of the bar gene in the putative transformed banana
lines. The presence and expression of BBTV-G-cp gene were also detected using some
molecular (polymerase chain reaction and dot blot using a cold DNA probe) and serological
(ELISA and western blot) techniques, respectively, in the obtained transgenic banana lines.
Key words: Banana, Microprojectile bombardment transformation, Maize ubi
promoter, Herbicide resistance gene (bar), Banana bunchy top nanovirus (BBTV), Coat
protein, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA probe, enzyme-linked immunosorbant
assay (ELISA), Transgenic banana.
35
Textile Industry Wastes, a Threat to Agricultural Environment in
Egypt
Wafaa M. Abd-El-Rahim and Hassan Moawad
Dept. of Agricultural Microbiology, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
Wafaa10m@hotmail.com
The problems associated with the discharge of textile dyes into the environment
are of growing public concern. This study was conducted to identify the magnitude of the
problem in relation to environment pollution. A questionnaire was submitted to several
textile plants in the major industrial sites in Egypt: Shubra El Khima, Mehella Kubra, Kafr
El-Dawar and New Borg El-Arab regions. The questionnaire intended to seek information
regarding textile wastewater disposal, effluent volumes discharged, dyes used, and
percent of dyes loss into the effluent discharge. Soils close to the textile plants were
analyzed to assess the potential for soil degradation. Soil biological activity using
dehydrogenase enzyme activity, total microbial counts as effected by three commonly
textile dyes used (Dis-azo brown, Acid red, and Reactive) and their mixture were
evaluated. The effect of these dyes on beneficial soil microorganisms; Rhizobium,
Azotobacter, yeast, and fungi, was appraised. The main findings were as follows: The
COD of the effluent wastewater was generally high reaching up to 3918 mg/l. On the
other hand, the BOD which involves measuring the dissolved oxygen used by
microorganism to biodegrade organic compounds was generally low and did not exceed
350 mg/l. Such low BOD values relative to COD can be attributed to the dyes toxic effect
on microbial activity. The pH of the tested wastewaters ranged from 3.8 to as high as
11.9. The salinity measurement as EC ranged from 0.4 to 19.6/ dS/m. Such wide range in
pH and EC is likely to be attributed to the use of different chemical including the dyes.
The textile plants had a detrimental effect on the quality of adjacent soils expressed by
chemo-physical properties such as pH and EC of the soil as well as the biological activity
of the soil. The dyes showed devastating effect on beneficial soil microorganisms such as
Rhizobium, Azotobacter and yeast. On contrary fungi showed a strong resistance to the
dye toxicity. This strengthens the ideas of studying the fungal strains to identify the
potential fungal candidates for dyes removal and biodegradation.
36
Plant Regeneration from Callus of Cotyledons and Somatic
Embryogenesis in Brassica napus L.s
* A. Majd,
Dept. of Biology, Teacher training University of Tehran, Iran No.6.1, Toopchi St.,
Sohrevardi Ave., code post: 15588, Tehran,Iran * mehrabian_s@yahoo.com
In this study a simple and repeatable method for somatic embryogenesis from hypocotyls
of Brassica napus L. is described. Out of eighty different treatments included of different
kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs), different amount of sucrose
and different explants were tested. Results of experiments showed that hypocotyls
explants were more useful for somatic embryogenesis rather than other explants. The
sucrose at 20 g L-1 concentration was more inducer for somatic embryogenesis than the
sucrose at higher concentrations (for example 60 g L-1 concentration). On MS medium
containing 20 g L-1 sucrose, mg L-1 2, 4-D, mg L-1 NAA, mg L-1 BAP and 150 mM L-1 NaCl,
explants produced somatic embryos. The somatic embryos germinated on medium that
had the same formulation as above and produced shoots. Few shoots rooted but transfer
of them on medium with 1 mg L-1 IBA caused to increasing root production. After
adaptation to dry conditions regenerated of plantlets via somatic embryogenesis were
successfully transferred to pots containing a mixture of soil and vermiculite.
Key words: Brassica napus L.s, callus induction, somatic embryogenesis
37
Somatic Embryos Proliferation and Shoot Formation for the Peach
EL-Sheikh Zewaied cv. Cultivar
Nagaty. M. Ahmed and Emad A. Metry*
Department, Faculty of Science, Taif Biotechnology University, Taif 888-Saudi
Arabia. E-ail:osmannagaty@yahoo.com * Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research
Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, 12619- Egypt. E-mail:
anisemad@yahoo.com
Peach [(Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] crop is considered to be one of the most
important crops for farmers in North Sinai. A study of in vitro peach regeneration and
transformation systems have several advantages, i.e. improving the peach crop using
genetic engineering tools. In this investigation, the main goal was to optimize of
regeneration system conducted for the Local peach cultivar (EL-Sheikh Zewaied), which
is considered the most important cultivar in Egypt (North Sinai Governorate). Since,
Efficiency, reliability and reproducibility in regeneration of a plant are considered as the
first step to produce transgenic plants that have chimeric genes. Choose a mature
embryos and the combination of cytokinin [BA (4.5mg/l)] and auxins [IAA (0.05 mg/l)]
were very successfully for regeneration process (best constituents for direct
embryogenesis). The regeneration percentage in general was higher in peach EL-Sheikh
Zewaied cv. The embryo survival and regeneration percentage were recorded with 71.0
and 79.8%, respectively, with avoiding of somaclonal variation which is occurring during
formation of callus (indirect somatic embryogenesis). Dark condition was very critical
factor for somatic embryos proliferation and its stimulated shoots formation. Hypocotyls
segments treated in vitro with dark condition under 28°C for three weeks, and the best
medium for root formation was especially with NAA at concentration of 1 and 2 mg/l. But,
the appearance of roots was stubby and callus even low concentration level.
38
Extracellular Lipase from Bacillus subtilis: Production, Purification
and biochemical Characterization
E. M. EI-Safey
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, EGYPT,
Community College, King Saud University, Al-majma’ah 11952, KSA), elsafey5@hotmail.com, Fax: +966(6)4321820 or 4405
Production and partial purification of Lipase enzyme by Bacillus subtilis was the aim of
this study. Bacillus subtilis was allowed to grow in broth culture for purpose of producing
Lipase
enzyme. Optimal conditions for Lipase production by Bacillus subtilis were an
optimum substrate concentrations 0.1 % (8.12 units/ml-1-1); optimum incubation period,
18 h (266.07 units/ml-1). An optimum incubation temperature was 40°C (426.57 units/ml1); the best buffer for production of Lipase enzyme was phosphate buffer at pH 7.0
(5308.84 units/ml-1). An optimum inoculum size was 0.5 ml-1 from stock suspension of
Bacillus s!lbtilis (7 x103/ ml-1) (31.62 units/ml-1); an optimum inoculum age 24 h (31.62
units/ml-1). 500 ml-1 was the optimum fermentor (flask) capacity (aeration) (26.60 units/ml 1); the best-medium volume 100 ml-1 (79.43 units/ml-1). The best broth ingredient was beef
extract and NaCl; An optimum carbon sources was casine (21.87 units/ml -1); an optimum
nitrogen source for Lipase production was (NH4)2 S2 O4 (21.87 units/ml-1); Glutamic acid
(426.57 units/ml-1) was the best amino acids to production of Lipase enzyme. On the
other hand, the organic acids decreased Lipase production at different concentrations as
enzyme inhibitors. There is no productivity was observed with lactic, citric and acetic acid
at 1.5 %, 1.0% and 0.5%, respectively. The Lipase enzyme was purified by ammonium
sulfate precipitation and sephadex G100 and G200 filtration. A trial for the purification of
Lipase resulted in an enzyme with specific activity of 6381.75 (units/mg prot/ml -1) with
purification folds 7.87 times. The Lipase activity increased as the increase in enzyme
concentration; optimum substrate concentration (tributrine) was 0.l% (w/v) (426.57
units/ml-1); an optimum incubation temperature was 40°C (1318.25 units/ml-1); purified
Lipase enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 6.6 of phosphate buffer (5308.84 units/ml1), and the optimum incubation time was 36 h (66.83 units/ml -1). Data emphasized the
possibility of the production and purified microbial Lipases enzymes for application under
industrial scale.
39
The Use of Treated Domestic Sewage Effluent in Agricultural
Purposes
S.M.A. Radwan, M. Saber and H. Fawzy
Head of Agricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
smradwan@yahoo.com
Despite no international definition of marginal quality water, sewage effluent is
marginal quality water because of the associated health and agricultural hazards. The use
of such water requires more complex management practices as well as more stringent
monitoring schemes. Areas irrigated with sewage effluent are common throughout many
parts of the world. On the other hand, sewage farming is currently practiced on only a
small scale in developing countries. It is generally accepted that sewage effluent re-use in
agriculture is justified on agronomic and economic grounds, but care must be exercised to
minimize adverse health and environmental impacts. Future areas of investigation should
focus on conducting comprehensive technical and economic assessments to analyze
present and future positions with regard to the reuse of sewage effluent for agricultural
purposes. In two field trials, the use of treated domestic sewage effluent or ground water
for growing three oil winter crops (rape, oil lettuce, fax) and two cereal winter crops
(wheat, barely) were explored. The pertinence of reusing biologically treated domestic
sewage effluent in farming practices were assessed in terms of both parasitic load and
potential toxic elements insides. Results exhibited that all tested growth characters and
yields components for plants irrigated with ground water. The content of potential toxic
elements in oil, seeds, grains grown in plots irrigated with exclusive treated domestic
sewage effluent were almost more or less in the same as those met in harvests irrigated
with ground water. Enteric pathogens were ascertained in harvests irrigated with sole
treated domestic sewage effluent. Therefore, treated domestic sewage effluents,
particularly when separated away from liquid industrial wastes, might be used in growing
oil crops for manufacturing purposes . It is worthy to point out that the oil produced from
oil crops are used in industrial purposes such as manufacturing of printer ink, nylon,
soaps, papers, textile, leather, waxes, varnishes, lacquers, paints, various glues, plastics
and a variety of synthetic materials as well.
40
Biological Control of Six Soil-borne Fungi of Cotton
Using Antagonistic Streptomyces Isolates
1
2
Mansour M.T.M.1 and Sonya H. Mohamed2
: Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
: Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, ARC, Giza, 12619, Egyp t
In this study, antagonistic activity of fifteen isolates of Streptomyces, in vitro or in
vivo, was determined against six fungi causing cotton seedling diseases. Data show that
all Streptomyces isolates were highly antagonistic. Isolate Sc-2 was the most effective
one against Fusarium solani (antagonism distance (AD) was 1.72 mm), on the other
hand, isolates Qa-53, Ps-12 showed the lowest antagonism against F. solani (AD were
0.80, 0.83 mm, respectively). Rhizoctonia solani was the most sensitive fungus in vitro to
the antagonism of most Streptomyces isolates (Qa-84, Qa-51, Is-10, Ps-12, Si-1, Si-4, Si6, Si-8 and Si-9) where their AD ranged from 2.27 to 2.70 mm. However, Sc-2 was the
least effective one where the AD was as low as 0.93 mm. F. moniliforme was the least
sensitive fungus to the antagonism of Streptomyces isolates. Antagonisms of
Streptomyces isolates against F. solani; Sclerotium rolfsii and R. solani were positively
correlated with their antagonisms against F. oxysporum (P0.01), R. solani (P0.05) and
Macrophomina phasulina (P.0.01), respectively, but negatively correlated with that
against F. moniforme. Treated fuzzy seeds with Streptomyces significantly reduced
seedling disease in Sc-11, Ma-13, Ps-12, Si-1 and Si-6. All Streptomyces isolates were
ineffective in controlling the disease when the seeds were acid delinted. Some
Streptomyces isolates showed no efficiency on reducing the seedling disease wheather
the seeds were fuzzy or acid delinted such as Sc-2, Qa-44, Qa-51, Qa-53, Qa-84, Da-3,
Is-10, Si-4, Si-8 and Si-9. Therefore, this study paid an attention to the potential of
streptomycetes as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal plant pathogens.
Keywords: Cotton, Streptomyces, Control, Soil-borne fungi, In vitro antagonism, In
vivo antagonism.
41
Ecological Studies on Soil Indigenous Rhizobia in Egypt
2: Pesticides Tolerance
Abd El-Maksoud,H.K.*; Hosney,I. and Fatma H. Abd-El-Zaher*
* Agricultural Microbiology Dept., National Research Centre, Faculty of Agriculture,
Cairo University. e-mail: helmaksoud @hotmail.com
The legume-Rhizobia symbiosis is a highly integrated and self-regulation process.
Potentiality of hazardous agrochemicals including fungicides and herbicides on rhizobia
efficacy was studied for 3 legume crops, clover, chickpea and peas. Isolates were
examined for tolerance towards different concentration of two herbicides (Cotran, Egran)
and two fungicides (Dithane, Vitavax). The data exhibited that, out of the 81 clover
Rhizobium, 14 isolate (17.3%) were very sensitive to Cotran while 61 isolate (75.3%)
tolerated up to 1000 mg a.i. L-1. The remaining 6 isolates showed variable response.
Almost similar results were recorded for Egran. Clover Rhizobium grew in presence of
high concentration of Dithane where 71 isolates (87.7%) developed on YMA medium with
100 mg a.i L-1. Only 8 isolates were very sensitive. Vitavax was more suppressive to
clover Rhizobium. Few isolates (5 and 2) tolerated to 1000 and 500 mg a.i. L-1, while 17
isolates failed to grow in presence of any tested concentration. Remaining isolates
showed variable resistance towards moderate concentrations of the fungicides. All
chickpea and pea rhizobial isolates tolerated the maximum concentrations of Cotran and
Dithane (1000 mg a.i. L-1), while Vitavax proved also to be rather suppressive for these
bacteria.
Key words: Rhizobium spp. Legume plants, herbicides (Cotran, Egran), fungicides
(Dithane, Vitavax).
42
Performance and Persistence of Phaseolus Bean Rhizobia in Soils
from the Major Production Sites in Egypt
Hassan Moawad a, Wafaa M. Abd El-Rahim a,., Dessouky Abd El-Haleem b
Department of Agricultural Microbiology, National Research Center, 32 Tahrir st.,
Dokki, Cairo, Egypt b Mubarak City For Scientific Research and Technology
Applications, Alexandria, Egypt E-Mail : hassanmoawad@hotmail.com
The symbiotic and competitive performances of two highly effective rhizobia nodulating
French bean P. vulgaris were studied in silty loam and clayey soils. The experiments
were carried out to address the performance of two rhizobia strains [CE3 and Ph. 163]
and the mixture thereof with the two major cultivated bean cultivars in t wo soil types from
major growing French bean areas in Egypt. Clay and silty loam soils from Menoufia and
Ismailia respectively were planted with Bronco and Giza 6 phaseolus bean cultivars. The
data obtained from this study indicated that rhizobial inoculation of Giza 6 cultivar in
clayey soil showed a positive response to inoculation in terms of nodule numbers and dry
weight. This response was also positive in dry matter and biomass accumulation by the
plants. The inoculant of strain CE3 enhanced plant growth and N-uptake relative to Ph.
163. However, the mixed inoculant strains were not always as good as single strain
inoculants. The persistence of Rhizobium etli strains CE3 and Ph 163 also was studied.
The inoculation with strain Ph 163 in the first bean cultivation was significantly higher in
nodule biomass and number; whereas, the strain CE3 was significantly higher in plant
biomass accumulation. The persisting inocula strains seem to perform differently in the
two soils in terms of nodulation, biomass accumulation and N-uptake by the two cultivars
as compared with their performance with the first inoculation. CE3 strain persisting in the
soil performed better than Ph.163 strain. The competition for nodulation was assessed
using two techniques namely fluorescent antibody testing (FA) and REP-PCR
fingerprinting. The nodule occupancy with the first inoculation by inoculant strain Ph. 163
in both soils occupied 30–40% and 38–50 of nodules of cultivar Bronco. The mixed
inocula resulted in higher proportions of nodules containing CE3 in silty loam soil and Ph.
163 in clayey soil. The native rhizobia occupied at least 50% of the nodules on the Bronco
cultivar. For cultivar Giza 6, the native rhizobia were more competitive with the inoculant
strains. Therefore, we suggest using the studied strains as commercial inocula for
phaseolus bean. Both techniques were close in the evaluation of persisting inoculant
strains which nodulated beans in the second planting season without inoculation. The
results obtained showed that both strains are good survivors in the two soils.
43
Study of Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic of Some Common
Drinking and Food Like; Green Tea and Black Tea, Shrimp Flesh
and Skin Extracts, and Pomegranates
* S Mehrabian and Elham Majd
Dept. of Biology, Tarbiat Moallem University of Tehran, IranNo.6.1, Toopchi St.,
Sohrevardi Ave., code post: 15588, Tehran,Iran * mehrabian_s@yahoo.com
Many mutagens and carcinogens may act through the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) in cells that maybe related to cancer. The relation between some eatable
things consumption and human cancer incidence is an important concern. For instance,
the carotenoid astaxanthin – the red pigment for the attractive coloration in the skin and
flesh of shrimp, - has attracted considerable interest in recent years because of its
superior antioxidative activity to most of the hydrophobic antioxidants. In this study, we
examined the effect of some extracts like; the skin and flesh of shrimp, green tea and
black tea, and two kinds of Pomegranates (Punica granatum) on mutagenecity and
carcinogenecity induced by sodium azid and potassium permanganate was investigated
in bacterial assay system, i.e. the Ames test with salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA104.
These strains have a certain mutation in their histidin operon, which are related to the
external histidin source. According to the important role of carotenoids in human health,
the main carotenoid pigments -Astaxanthin- were extracted and separated by thin layer
chromatography using silica gel, subsequently. The identifications were confirmed by
fourier transform infrared (ET- IR) spectroscopy. Such a mutation can be reversed
through contact with a diagnostic mutagen, but in shrimp extracts prevented from effect of
this mutagen in which, after repeated test series under standardized condition, the
anticarcinogenic effect of flesh and skin of shrimp was proven and the shrimp skin
showed stronger anticarcinogenic effect in comparison with shrimp flesh. Different shrimp
species from penaeidae family indicated similar antricariongenic effects. Also the results
show a good amount of antioxidant in green tea and Pomegranates which can find in the
paper as extand.
Key words: Astaxanthin, Ames test, Antimutagenic effect, Green Tea, Black Tea,
Pomegranates
44
Studies on the Biosynthesis of L-Serine Transaminase in Alternaria
chlamydospora
Al-kadeeb Siham A. and Al-Tami Mona S.
P.O.Box 100683, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, sihamalkd@hotmail.com
Cell free extraction of the filamentous fungus Alternaria chlamydospora
grown on L-serine as sole source of nitrogen contained LUL- serineglutamate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.52) that catalyses transamination
between L-serine and ketoglutarate to the equimolar amount of pyruvate
and glutamate. L- serine –glutamate transaminase was produced during
the logarithmic phase of growth. Maximal growth and enzyme formation
were obtained after 3 days of growth. The optimum pH for growth and
enzyme synthesis was 5.0. L-serine-glutamate transaminase was induced
by L-serine, L-alanine, L-threonine and L- glutamic acid. Sucrose was the
best carbon source induce synthesis of enzyme. Enzyme activity was
repressed by all kind of metal salts. The effect of different vitamins on
growth and enzyme production was studied.
45
Extraction and rheological properties of a new gum from F erula
galbaniflua
J. Mohammadzadeh-Milani ; Z. Emam-Djomeh ; M. Safari ; M. Mousavi
and , B. Ghanbarzadeh
Faculty, Agricultural Campus, University of Tehran, Karadj, Iran Department of Food
Science and Technology, Biosystem Engineering
Ferula galbaniflua (Barijeh) is one of the natural plants of Iran that its
exudates, Barijeh gum, can be used in food industry. For this purpose, Barijeh
gum was extracted from crude exudates by alcoholic extraction with 90% ethanol
to give a yield of 5% with 4.3% protein contaminants. The purity of gum was
relatively high, and it was composed mostly of saccharides. The molecular weight
of the Barijeh gum, as determinated by gel permeation chromatography (OPe),
was approximately 1.364x 105 Dalton. Barijeh gum had smaller molecular weight
smaller and lower intrinsic viscosity than Arabic gum. HPLC analysis of
hydrolyzed polysaccharide showed that gum composed of galactose (65.2%),
arabinose (10.4%) and uronic acid (24.3%). The intrinsic viscosity of gum was
1.3644 x 105 Da. Barijeh gum solutions showed a weak shear thinning behavior.
The effects of gum concentration, temperature, sugar and NaCI on viscosity were
studied.
Keywords: Ferula galbaniflua; Barijeh gum; Intrinsic viscosity; HPLC; OPC
46
Single Cell Protein Production by Adding Whey or Nigella sativa to
Dates Extract
Rukaia Mohammed Gashgari
Botany and Microbiology Department, Girls's College, P. O. Box 45057 Jeddah 21512
Saudi Arabia dr_rogaia@yahoo.com
The effect of addition of different concentrations of whey or Nigella saliva powder
to date extraction medium on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and protein
production. No change in biomass and protein production with increasing the
amount of whey, the biomass showed about 0.9 % increase as the whey amount
elevated from 5 _ 45%. In general the addition of whey to date extraction medium
led to a noticeable decrease in yeast growth and production of single cell protein.
The effect of addition of different concentrations of Nigella saliva powder to date
extraction medium on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and protein
production. It's ability to produce a concomitant increase in the yeast biomass with
increasing the amount of Nigella saliva powder. Thus, the biomass showed about
3.1 fold increase as the powder amount elevated from 0-8%. and under the same
conditions the sugar uptake by the yeast showed about 1.02 fold increase. The
results revealed that the addition of 2% of Nigella saliva powder to date extraction
medium was optimum for protein production by the yeast, as compared to the
other concentrations (4,6 and 8%). It showed about 68.29% to dry weight
compared to 21.37% at 8% dates powder level. However, 8% powder resulted in
sharp decrease in protein production(22%). In general, the addition of Nigella
saliva powder to date extraction medium led to a noticeable increase in yeast
growth and it's sugar assimilation, as well as, production of single cell protein.
(221WORDS)
.
Keywords: Single cell protein,whey, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nigella saliva
47
II. Section
Chemistry
&
Biochemistry
Bioinorganic Chemistry of Some metal Based Drugs
Anvarhusein A. Isab
Chemistry Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia
The use of metals in therapeutic drugs have become increasingly important over
the last couple of decades resulting in a variety of exciting and valuable drugs
such as cisplatin and auranofin. The coordination chemistry of metallodrugs is
strongly dependent on understanding the thermodynamics (equilibria and
structures) and kinetics of the reactions of metal complexes. under physiological
relevant conditions. The biocoordination chemistry of several metallodrugs (gold
antiarthritic, silver antibacterial, vanadium antidiabetic and bismuth antiulcer,
drugs) and their possible mechanism of action will be discussed. Advances in the
bioinorganic chemistry are crucial for improving the design of these compounds to
reduce toxic side effects and to understand their mechanism of action.
48
Oxidation of Barbituric Acid by Chromate Ion, Part II Kinetics and
Mechanism of Cr(V) Complex: Formation and Decomposition as
Transient Species
Gamal Abdel-Wahab Ahmed
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516 Egypt,
gam@aun.edu.eg
The reduction of chromate ion by barbituric acid in sulphuric acid media was
investigated spctrophotometrically. The kinetics of formation and decomposition of
[BaLCr (V)] intermediate complex was fitted to parameters of a proposed kinetic
model. The first step of chromate reduction was found to be much faster than
uptake of Cr (V) complex. The reaction dependence in oxidant, reluctant, and pH
of medium was presented. The thermodynamic parameters for both processes
have been evaluated and a reaction mechanism consistent with the experimental
results is discussed.
49
Effect of Oxidation on the Chemistry of Asphalt and Its Fractions
Mohammed Nahid Siddiqui
Chemistry Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261
Saudi Arabia , mnahid@kfupm.edu.sa
The composition of asphalt is very important as it plays a vital role in determining
its performance-related properties. The main problem in studying asphalt
composition is its chemical complexity; however, the characterization of asphalt
can better be achieved by separating into different fractions. In this work, the
chemical properties of commercial grade asphalt procured from AI-Ahmadi
refinery, Kuwait was evaluated. The rolling thin film oven (RTFO), termed as
short-term aging, and pressurized aging vessel (P AV), termed as long-term
aging, tests were used to simulate the laboratory aging of the asphalt. The asphalt
was fractionated using normal alkane chiefly into two fractions such as insoluble
asphaltenes and soluble maltenes. The maltenes were further fractionated into
polar aromatics, naphthene aromatics, and saturates. Different spectroscopic and
analytical techniques were used to investigate the effect of oxidation on the
chemical composition and structure of asphaltenes. Nuclear magnetic resonance
and infrared combined have provided very useful information concerning the
changes in the chemical composition of asphaltenes occurred during the oxidation
of asphalt.
50
Effect of Some Organic Compounds on the Inhibition of the Acid Corrosion
of Steel
F. M. AI-Nowaiser, F. M. Mahgoub, A. M. Al-Sudairi.
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
The effect of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (inh (I) and 2-mercapto 5methylbenzimidazole (inh
(IT)) on the cOlTosion of mild steel in IM solutions of sulphuric acid has been investigated in
relation to the concentration of the inhibitor as well as temperature by various monitoring
corrosion techniques. Results obtained revealed that these compounds are good inhibitors.
All the impedance diagrams gave semicircles for both inhibitors indicating that the corrosion
of mild steel is controlled by a charge transfer process and the presence of either inhibitor
does not alter the mechanism of the dissolution of mild steel.
In general, both inhibitors efficiencies increased with increasing the inhibitors concentration
at all temperatures used. On the other hand, inhibitors efficiencies were almost constant
with increasing the temperature at concentrations 5x 1 0""' M, lxlO-3 M and 5xIO·3 M. The
best performance was noticed in case of inh (II) especially at the concentration 5x 10-3 M.
adsorption of both inhibitors was found to follow Langmuir, Flory-Huggins isotherms and
kinetic-thennodynamic model. The binding constants 'k' were calculated for both inhibitors.
On increasing the temperature, the value of 'k' increased in both cases indicative of
stronger binding to the mild steel surface and hence higher inhibition efficiency at
higher temperatures.
51
Effect of Biasing Voltages and Electrode Metals on the Sensitivity of
Electron Beam Evaporated HfO2 thin film CO Sensor
S. M. Durrani and M. F. Al-Kuhaili
Physics Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi Arabia
Thin films of hafnium oxide were deposited by electron beam evaporation. The
effects of the sensor biasing voltage, electrode metal (Ag, AI, and Au) and film
thickness on the CO-sensing of hafuium oxide thin films were investigated and
found to be strongly dependent on the above parameters. Hafuium oxide showed
two different sensing mechanisms with the variation of biasing voltage: at lower
biasing voltage the mechanism was found to be reducing and at higher biasing
voltage it was oxidizing. The current-voltage-resistance characteristic ofthe sensor
in air has shown that semiconductor-metal interface forms non-Ohmic contacts.
The sensitivity of the sensor was much higher for gold electrode than that for
silver and aluminum electrodes. It was also
found that the sensitivity of the films to CO increased with the film thickness. The
films were characterized using X-ray diffraction and X- ray photoelectron
spectroscopy and they were found to be amorphous.
52
Photochromic Properties of (E) –Dicyclopropyl-Methylene-(2,%Dimethyle-3-Furylethylidene)-Succinic Anhydride Dropped in
Polystylene
Abood A. Bahajaj and Abdullah Mohamed Asiri
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21413,
P. O. box 80203 Saudi Arabia
A film of fulgide l-E doped in a polystyrene thin film and spread over a quartz
plate was irradiated with ultraviolet light (366 run), the film was turned pink. The
later color was switched back to the original color when the film was irradiated
with a white light. The photocoloration and photobleaching reactions obeyed first
order rate equations with rate constants equal 1.64 x 10-2 S'l and 4.09 x 10-2 S'l,
respectively. Another two films were heated for four hours, one at 62 QC and the
other at 80 QC. The fatigue resistant of the film was greatly improved when the
annealing temperature increased to 80 QC. The DV-spectra of the films show two
absorption maxima at \nax = 360 and 300 run. The DV-spectra of the annealed
film at 80 QC show a decrease in the height of the second maximum absorbance
band at \nax = 300 run. Similarly, the photocoloration and photobleaching
reactions of the annealed films show first order rate equations. Interestingly, the
rate of the photocoloration reaction increases with increasing the annealing
temperature. On the other hand, the rate of the photobleaching reaction is almost
similar for the three films. In conclusion, the Photochromic properties of fulgide l-E
doped in polystyrene thin film was improved significantly upon annealing at 80
QC, compared with other epoxy films we studied previously
53
Preparation and Characterization of Nano-structural Meterials,
Nano-fibers and Nano-particles
O. saber* and H. Tagaya**
*Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, P. O. Box 11727, Cairo Egypt and
**Yamagata University , 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
It is known that layer double hydroxides are one of the nano-ordered layered
materials and its ability to intercalate anionic compounds. These layer double
hydroxides (LDHs) possess plate-like morphology if carefully crystallized. This
work focuses on the preparation of series of LDHs; having fibrous morphology,
needle morphology, plate-like morphology or mixture of plate-like and fibrous
morphologies.
The experimental results indicate that the aging procedure plays a vital role in the
formation of Co- Ti LDH and Co-Zr LDH. -The insertion of a cyanate anion into
LDH was confirmed by chemical analysis and IR spectra. XRD patterns ofthe CoTi LDH and Co-Zr LDH showed that the interlayer spacing of the LDH was 0.79
nm.
The short aging time of precipitation method of Co- Ti LDH and Co-Zr LDH
showed plate-like morphology. While by increasing of aging time the plate-like
morphology was transformed into fibrous morphology. However, the intercalation
reactions of Co-Zr LDH with organic acids transformed again the fibrous
morphology to plate-like morphology. In the sample of Co- Ti LDH having 24% of
titanium, SEM images showed needles morphology. Furthermore, in the sample of
Co- Ti LDH prepared at high aging time, the SEM images show the production of
nano-particles. This study concluded that the morphology oflayer double
hydroxides could be controlled.
54
Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange in Aqueous TiO, Under
Different Solar irradiation Sources
M. N. Rashed* and A. A. El-Amin**
*Chemistry Department ** Physics Department
Faculty of Science, Aswan, South Valley Univerdity 81528 Aswan Egypt
mnrashed@hotmail.com
The main causes of surface water and groundwater contamination are industrial
discharges excess use of pesticides fertilizers and pharmaceuticals. Updating the
field of the treatment of polluted water by photochemical technique has led to an
important in oxidative degradation processes applying crystal TiOy and solar
photochemical methods. This investigation enable to find out effectively low-cost
technology using abundant sunlight irradiation and TiOy catalyst for degradation
of some organic pollutants in polluted water. Dye methyl orange is the selected
organic pollutant. Different solar irradiation sources such as: natural sun light,
Halogen lamb , •.. Wand fluorescent lamb at different time intervals were used for
applying the solar photocatalytic degradation of the mentioned pollutants. The
results revealed that dyes under go fast degradation with the natural sun light than
the Halogen, and fluorescent lamb sources. On other hand, fast degradation was
obtained with increasing time of the Halogen and fluorescent lamb as a light
source.
55
Heavy Metal Partitioning in Sediments of the Northern Lakes
Soltan*,M. E. ; Koraiem, A. I. M.; Ahmed, M.M. and Mahfouz M. A.
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan 81528, South Valley University, Egypt
msoltan@hotmail.com
Sediment is a matrix of materials which is comprised of detrital, inorganic, or
organic particles, and is relatively heterogeneous in terms of its physical,
chemical, and biological characteristic. Thus, the chemical forms of some heavy
metals ( Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb & Cd ) in sediments of the northern Egyptian
lakes were studied using different extraction procedures to know the nature and
limits of studied elements and their availability for the water environment. A lot of
oxic sediment samples ( 0 - 10 cm depth) were collected from four lakes at the
north of Egypt and extracted using different chemical reagents to know the
concentration of exchangeable fraction, metals bound to carbonate, Fe- Mn oxide,
organic fraction, and residual fractions. Exchangeable phase exhibitecYrelatively
high concentrations ( flg g1) of most metals (Fe, 0.58 - 6.87; Mn, 90.45 -586.5; Co, 5.49 - 8.39; Ni, 0.933
2.585; Cu, 0.893 - 2.478; Zn, 1.01 - 20.083 ) except Co which not detected at any
lakes and Pb which detected only at Edku lake ( at sample site namely no.5,
14.475 flg g-1 ). High available metal concentrations in these sediments due to the
input of agricultural & industrial discharges and effluent wastes directly into these
lakes. Results of chemical extraction procedures showed that the residual fraction
dominated the studied heavy metals distribution in the sediments samples. The
residual fraction could be considered as an inert phase corresponding to the part
of metal that cannot be mobilized and as the geochemical background values for
the elements in the sediments. Among the non-residual fractions, the Fe- Mn
oxide fraction was much more important than the other factions in all sediment.
Highest concentrations of Fe, Mn, Co, Zn & Pb were measured in the Fe- Mn
oxide fraction as non-residual fraction. These findings may indicate that Fe- Mn
oxides can be the major carries of the above elements as a non-residual fraction.
The high concentrations of Cu in these sediment samples were measured in the
organic faction. Copper can easily complexeJ with organic matters because of the
high formation constants of organic-Cu compounds. The higher total metal
concentrations in non- residual fractions indicate that anthropogenic inputs to
sediments from the human activities at these localities.
Keywords: Heavy metals, sediment, sequential extraction, northern Egyptian
lakes.
56
New Non-polluting Alkine Isomerization Catalysts
Miloud Guemini Yacine Rezgui and Soumia Hamdane
Laboratoire de Recheche de Chimie Appliquee et Science des Materiaux, Universite
d'Oum El Bouaghi, B. P. 358, Route de Constantine Oum El-Bouaghi 04000, Algerie
Paraffin isomerization is an increasingly important process in the
manufacture of highoctane clean fuels. This process and the alkylation of isobutane
with olefins are the only refinery processes which produce significant quantities of the
ideal component of reformulated gasoline: isoparaffins. Currently, there are two major
commercial paraffin isomerization catalysts, Pt on highly chlorinated alumina, and
Ptlmordenite. The high activity of the chlorinated alumina-based catalyst allows
operation at low temperature «125°C), which thermodynamically favors formation of
the high-octane branched paraffins. These catalysts require the constant addition of a
chloride-containing compound for chlorine maintenance and are very sensitive to
moisture and sulfur. In addition, they are highly corrosive and are subject to stringent
environmental control. Pt/mordenite does not have these drawbacks, but is
considerably less active and consequently requires high operating temperatures
(~260°C) where thermodynamic constraints give lower yields of branched paraffins.
Therefore, there is a need for a catalyst that combines the advantages of the above
mentioned catalysts, i.e., high enough acidity to isomerize paraffins at low
temperature and operational and environmental friendliness.
Since the catalyst can play a significant role in the production of higher quality fuel as
required by standards which step-by-step are going to be introduce all over the world
due to growing consciousness of the damage to human health and environment from
existing products. In this work we have deliberately focussed the attention on the
preparation by sol-gel method and characterization of two types of catalytic systems,
those based on nickel supported on silicaalumina and those having the same
composition as these ones but containing also the tungsten oxide. The prepared
catalysts were tested in the isomerization of n-heptane and n-octane. The principal
objective of this study was to choose the catalyst giving the best isomers yield (diand tri-branched ones) with optimum reaction conditions (reaction temperature,
reduction temperature and time on stream).
From the obtained results, the optimum Ni content was found to be 15% wt., and it
seems that the incorporation of tungsten shows significant enhancement in the
activity of the prepared catalysts. After running on stream for 100 minutes, the
catalyst with 15% of nickel and 10% of tungsten (NiW(15,l0)/AS) gives the best
results (28.8% and 32.5% of conversion and 70% and % of selectivity, respectively for
n-heptane and n-octane.) at 250°C.
57
New Benign De-waxing Processes
Yacine Rezgui, Miloud Guemini and Soumia Hamdane
Laboratoire de Recheche de Chimie Appliquee et Science des Materiaux, Universite
d'Oum El Bouaghi, B. P. 358, Route de Constantine Oum El-Bouaghi 04000, Algerie
Dewaxing is essential for upgrading lubricant oil; this process is
conventionally performed by two methods: solvent and catalytic dewaxing. These
are different processes, but basically the first one consists of the elimination of the
waxes by extraction with selective solvents, while the catalytic process is carried
out chiefly by selective cracking of normal alkanes to lower the amount of
molecular weight products which are later removed from the lube by normal
distillation. There are important differences between both processes and many
studies have revealed that catalytic dewaxing has lower operating costs and
environmental load than the solvent process, although it usually gives less yield
and worse properties of the dewaxed lube. In order to improve the performance of
the catalytic dewaxing procedure, attempts have recently been made to isomerize
normal alkanes to isoalkanes, allowing them to remain in the oils and to produce
higher quality oil in higher yield. For this purpose, hydroisomerization and
selective hydro cracking of long-chain normal paraffins have been intensely
studied and the difficulty of achieving high isomerization activity has been pointed
out. Owing to environmental restrictions covered in several legislations throughout
the world, non-polluting and atom-efficient catalytic technologies are much sought
after. Therefore, efforts have been made to avoid the use of present commercial
catalysts for the isomerization of alkanes: HF is particularly dangerous while
catalysts containing halids such as AlCh or sulfuric acid are corrosive and pose
significant environmental challenges including disposal wastes. Recently, there
have been efforts by industrial and academic researchers to obtain solid acid
catalysts which are environmentally more suitable for alkane isomerization with
minimal cracking.
In the present work, we report the main results of a study concerning the
hydroisomerization/hydrocracking of n-decane, the best probe molecule for the
long-chain normal paraffins, on Ni- WOx/SiOz-Ah03 catalysts. The objective of
this work was to investigate the effect of reaction variables on the reactivity and
hydroisomerization selectivity.
58
Phytochemical Study of Some mystaceae Plants
Amani N. M. Hashim, Riham T. El-Shaarawey, Nesri M. Hegazi and Sahar A. M.
Hussein
National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
Plant phenolics, especially flavonoids, are currently of growing interest owing to
their supposed functional properties in promoting human health. As a part of our
continuing search among medicinal plants cultivated in Egypt for flavonoid
constituents, which might possess biological activity, we report here the isolation
and characterization of five flavonol glycosides from the leaves of Melaleuca
ericifolia and four compounds from the leaves of Feijoa sellowian. Both plants
belong to the Myrtaceae family, and were not subjected previously, to any
phytochemical investigation of their constitutive flavonoids. All structures were
determined by conventional method of analysis and confirmed by FT -MS and
NMR studies.
59
Effect the Plant Medicinal In the Crystallisation of Calcium Oxallate
In Vitro
M. Beghalia* A. Mekhaldi*; A. Marouf** Mhammmedi*
*Laboratoire de Biologie, Faculte des Sciences, Universite deMostaganem**
Laboratoire de Biollgie, Faculte des Science, universite d'Oran
In this work, we performed an in vitro crystallisation stady enabling the
specification of kinetic and thermodynamic condition of formationand growth of
cr!ftalline calcic oxallate.We used inhibitors, which are medicinal pIa@: which
prevent, slow down or reduce cristallisationphases.
We chose the classical model for the stady of oxallate crystallization because of
its simplicity and satisfactory reproducibility. This modelincludes the stady of
crystallization without inhibitor and with it,in 01der to assestthe inhibition capacity
of any chemical species used.Two solutions "of chlorure de de calcium dihydrate
40 Mm/r', and oxalate de sodiUm 4 mM/r' . the solution is prepared from chlorure
de sodium. The precipitation of the solid phase from melange solutions at different
times and concentration was the object of our investigation. Crystal oxalate
development was monitored by polarized microscopy at different time
intervals.After crystallisation time. the mixure was filtred, the recroved dried
precipitates were analysed by FTIR spectroscopy.
In the absence of inhibitor, the crystallization of calcium oxalate, led to formation
of whewellite after 20 minutes. In presence of inhibitors at lower concentrations
inhibition was partial. The addition of Atriplex malimus , Ajura iva , Tetraclinis
articulata , and Bassia maricata acts on the phase of growth cristalisation; the rate
of inhibition capacity in concentration 100% after 20 minutes: Atriplex malimus
99.45%, Tetraclinis articulata 97.64%, Ajura iva 95.75 % , Bassia maricata 89.61
%. On note that these inhibitors developed an inhibition important on the low
concentration. Oxalate of calcium whewellite compouds encoutred in urine can be
dangerous and the use of inhibitors to prevent, slow down or reduce cristallization
phases might be very helpful. In this stady : Atriplex, Ajura, Tetraclinis and Bassia
proved to be good inhibitors.
60
Water Desalination by the Process of Electrogravitation
S. Hafsi*, A. Diab, M. Benbouzid
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquee et Technologie des Materiaux, 0400 Oum-Bouaghi,
Algerie
Some regions on our planet can live very long dry periods without water and
therefore the reserve in drinking waters are in continual diminution. This
situation makes the process of water desalination more and more vital. The
method seems less costly than the long journey transportation of drinking
water. Today, many water desalination process are available such as
distillation, electodialysis, inverse osmoses, ion exchange, freezing, etc.
These methods consume a lot of energy and are very costly. To overcome
this problem, studies are turned now towards simpler methods which do not
need external energy but on the contrary produce it. Among the developed
methods, we find the desalination of water method using a process of
electrogravitation. This process called ElectroGravitationnel Desalination
(EGD) can transform up to 80% of sea water into drinking water. The EGD
process is based on the electrochemical reactions which take place between
two different electrodes immersed in an electrolyte solution. The
transformation taking place are similar to those happening in a galvanic
process of the Danielle type battery. The established current between the two
electrodes creates charges of opposite signs on the electrodes surface. Since
the salty waters are very concentrated in soluble salts we get a progressive
deposit of chemical elements on the electrodes. With gravitation and
recombination these elements will de deposited deep in the inside of the cell
as concentrated solution of salts. Therefore, on the outside of the cell the
water concentration in salt is very low. Key words: water; desalination;
electrogravitation
61
PMMA Degradation Protection Using Ultraviolet Additive
Su'ad D. Al-Shehry and Iqbal Ismail
Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, P. O. Box
80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Commercially used polymers occasionally suffer from degradation affected by
direct sunlight, i.e., due to heat and DV light. DV absorber (DV A) was used to
resist aging behavior in order to enlarge poly(methylmathacrylate) [PMMA] shelve
life and to improve its performance under extreme conditions. N-(4-bromophenyl[(l)-(4-bromophenyl) methylene] amine was used as an additive in PMMA. DV
spectroscopy technique was probed to monitor additives ability to absorb DV light.
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) was used to investigate the effect of DV
radiation on the chemical structure of the polymer. Moreover, the presence of DV
A in PMMA samples was in favor of the protection from degradation due to heat.
62
Solution and Solid-state NMR Studies of Thiolate-Ag(I) Complexes pf
Captopril(a High Blood Pressure Drug) and Some Biologically
Mohamed I. M. Wazeer and Anvarhusein A. Isab
Chemistry Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran
31261 , Saudi Arabia
The thiolate-Ag(I) complexes were prepared and characterized by elemental
analyses, IR and proton and carbon NMR. It was found that the trans isomer of
captopril binds strongly to Ag+, as shown by the broadening of the trans isomer
resonances in carbon NMR. A monodentate complexation of the trans captopril
with Ag + via the thiol site is proposed based on solid-state NMR and IR data.
The Ag(I)-thiolate complexes ofL-cysteine, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, glutathione,
penicillamine-methyl ester, N-2-mercapto proponyl glycine,homocysteine, and
ergothionine were prepared. All these complexes were polymeric in nature and
insoluble in common solvents and hence solid-state NMR was employed to
characterize them. A significant shift difference was observed for the S binding
site whereas smaller shifts were observed for the carboxylate binding sites.
Antimicrobial activities for these complexes were also measured.
63
Novel Biologically Active Heterocyclic Systems of Pyridazines
Nadia G. Kandile, M. I. Mohamed, H. T. Zaky and H. M. Mohamed
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Girls, Ain Shams University, Heliopolis Cairo, 11757
Egypt,
Heterocycles very often play an important role in Medicinal chemistry.
Pyridazines represent a heterocyclic system of remarkable pharm<)6ological
efficiency. In view of these facts and in continuation of our systematic work on the
synthesis and reactivity of pyridazine compounds, the pyridazin-3(2H)- ones (1)
reacted with phosphorus oxychloride to give 3-chloropyridazines (2) which on
treatment with hydrazine hydrate gave the hydrazino derivatives (3). The reactivity
of the hydrazino compounds (3) towards some reagents namely, formic acid,
acetic acid, benzoyl chloride, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-naphthaldehyde, carbon
disulpide, and ethyl chloroformate were investigated. The 3-hydrazino derivatives
(3) undergo cyclization to afford the triazolo [4, 5-b]-pyridazine (4,5,6,9,10,11 and
14). Fusion of(3) with malononitrile and ethyl cyanoacetate were afforded the
pyrazolone derivatives (15) and (17) respectively, on the other hand the hydrazino
derivatives (3) reacted readily with oxalyl chloride to produce 1, 2, 5-triazino-2(H)3,4-dione derivatives (18). The chemical structures of the synthesized heterocylic
derivatives were determined through chemical reactions and spectral data using
modem spectroscopic techniques. Some of the new compounds were evaluated
for their antibacyerial activity.
64
Microbiological and Chemical Evaluation of Bentonite as a New
Technique for Sewage Water Treatment, Aswan City, Egypt
Magdy Younis*, Hussain A. Soleiman** and Kamal Abou Elmagd***
*Botany Department, ** Chemistry Department and ***Geology Departemnt, Faculty of
Science, South Valley University, Aswan, Egypt
Bentonite clay technique was successfully applied to improve wastewater quality
and upgrade its use in agricultural and industrial purposes. Bentonite is a natural
clay characterized by possessing excess of negative charges on its lattice and
swell into very large surface area when dispersed in water. Both BaD and COD
were effectively reduced to 50 % of their original concentration by adding of
bentonite for the first time. Additional reducing of BaD and COD to about 27 % of
their original concentration was achieved using bentonite for the second time.
Microbiological studies of the treated water using bentonite indicate getting ride of
all the counted densities of microorganisms. The later includes Total viable
counts, Total coliform, Faecal coliform, Faecal Streptococci, Yeast, Candida,
Aeromonas, Acid fast bacteria, Salmonellae, Shigella, Vibrios, Staphylococci and
Listeria. The treated sewage water is free from several densities of bacteria and
pathogenic microorganisms and contains low content of BaD and COD under the
standard allowed limits of World Health Organization (W.H.O), So, the final treated
water can be used safely in different agricultural and industrial purposes.
65
Synthesis of Polyeugenol by Polymeisation of 4-(2-Propenyl)2Methoxy Phemol, the Principal Active of the Cloves' Oil
Smail Bensalem and Malik R. Y. Alhillo
Laboratoire de Chimie appliqué et technologie des materiaux, Universite 'd' Oum ElBouaghi, Algerie
The co-ordination polymerisation was achieved previously by using
assisting agents on olefinic compounds, but these agents are not available in our
laboratory, so we tried to achieve the polymerisation of Eugenol using SnCl4 as
catalyst, The result of this polymerisation was the formation of the eugenolic
complex with tin rather than the formation of the eugenolic polymer. To investigate
this result, we realised with success the polymerisation of Anithole using SnCl 4 ,
were we obtained a solid polymer which melts at 165°C. We deduced from this
investigation that the polymerisation of phenolic compounds do not occur in the
previous conditions. We realised ~, novel polymerisation by nucleophilic
substitution of 4 - (1- bromo propyl) - 2 - methoxy phenol, which gave a solid
polymer. The identification of the compounds obtained was achieved by IR
spectroscopy and the measurement of the melting and boiling points.
66
Kinetic Analysis of the Themal Decomposition of Pristine and ỵirradiated Cadmium Acetate
R. M. Mahfouz*, Al-Shehri, M. A. S. Monshi, N. M. Abd El-Salam and M. M.
Al-Osaimi
*Chemistry Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University
11451, Saudi Arabai rmhfouz@ksu.edu.sa **Science Department, Riyadh community
College, P. O. Box 28095, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of un-irradiated (pristine) and pre-yirradiated anhydrous cadmium acetate was studied in the temperature range (298773 K) and in air using isothermal and dynamics thermogravimetric techniques.
The data were analyzed using various solid state reaction models. Integral
method using Coat-Redfon equation was applied in dynamic data analysis. The
results showed that the kinetic of isothermal decomposition for acceleratory stage
was governed by two dimensional phase boundry momvement (R2) while in nonisothermal (dynamic) decomposition the kinetic was controlled by nucleation and
growth model with two dimensional growth (A2) for un-irradiated and three
dimensional growth (A3) for y-irradiated cadmium acetate. The activation energies
of the main decomposition process for un-irradiated and pre-y-irradiated samples
were calculated and the results of the isothermal and dynamic integral methods
were compared and discussed. The change in texture and crystal structure of the
investigated cadmium acetate by y-irradiation was studied using electron
microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique.
67
Enantiomeric Determination of Ofloxacin in Pharmaceutical
Formulations by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Cyclodextrin
Abdalla A. Elbashir, Bahruddin Saad, Abd Salam Salhim, Muhammad
Idiris Saleh
School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
Ofloxacin, (±)-9- fluro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-l 0-( 4-methyl-l-piperazinyl)-7ox07H-pyrido[I,2,3-de]-1,4-benzooxazine-6-carboxylic acid is a member of the
fluoroquinolones, a class of synthetic antimicrobial agents. Pharmaceutical
research has shown that the antibacterial activity of the levo-enantiomer of
ofloxacin (S-( - )-ofloxacin) or levofloxacin) is 8-128 times higher than that of the
racemate. Currently, regulatory authorites in the USA, Europe, China and Japan
provide clear guidelines which stipulate that preferably only active enantiomer
(eutomer) of a chiral drug should be brought to the market.
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method has been developed allowing the
separation and quantition of ofloxacin enantiomers using carboxymethyl-{3cyclodextrin (CM{3CD) as chiral selectors. The influence of chemical and
instrumental parameters on the separation such as type and concentration of
cyclodextrin, buffer concentration, buffer pH, applied voltage, capillary
temperature, and injection time were investigated. Good chiral separation of the
racemic mixture of ofloxacin was achieved in 10 minutes. Validation criteria for
sensitivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy/recovery were also studied. Possible
mechanism that leads to the successful separation of the enantiomers will also be
discussed. The proposed CE method show considerable promise to be applied to
the assay of ofloxacin in pharmaceutical formulation.
Keywords: ofloxacin, enantiomers, capillary electrophoresis, cyclodextrin
derivatives E-mail: hajaae@yahoo.com
68
Impact of Pesticides on the Environment
M. Benbouzid, S. Hafsi
Laboratoire de Chimie Appliquee et Technique des Materiaux Universite' d' Oum-ElBouaghi, 04000 Algerie
Progress in the protection of the plants contributed extensively to the increase of
the outputs and to the regularity of the production. Easy of access and use and
relatively cheap, synthetic pesticides proved to be very efficient and reliable in a
number important of caseS, Once a pesticide is introduced into the environment,
whether through an application, a disposal or a spill, it is influenced by many
processes which determine a pesticide's persistence and movement. It can be
beneficial if the pesticide moves to the target area destroying it. It can also lead to
an environmental damage particularly the contamination of ground water. Different
factors (soil and climate) and different handling practices can promote or prevent
each process. An understanding of the fate processes can help every pesticide
applicator ensure that applications are not only effective, but are also
environmentally safe. More important is to reduce the uses of pesticides in order
to limit the environmental impacts on it.
Key words: Pesticide, environment, ground water, soil.
69
Comparative study of anodic treatment on new Ti7oCuJO
alloy passivation in IN HJP04, IN HC104 and IN HNOJ, at
25° C
Hassiba Bouchemel, Abdelkader Benchettara
Laboratoire d'Electrochimie-Corrosion, Metallurgie et Chimie Minera1eFaculte de Chimie-USTHBBP 32, El Alia-Bab Ezzouar, A1ger 16 III-Algerie
*bouchemelhassiba@gmail ** bbenchettara(a)hotmail.com
Titanium is used in the medical prostheses but its expensive cost limits its use. A
solution to this problem is to ally it to the copper. In this optics, we have
elaborated the binary ThoCuJO and have anodically treated it in three acidic
solutions [1, 2]. In fact, together with their excellent mechanical properties, these
materials present a high corrosion resistance [1], even in very aggressive
environments [3]. This is due to the spontaneous formation of TiO z layer [1] which
is very stable chemically. This layer can be increased greatly by anodic oxidation
[3]
Kev-words
: Passivation-CorrosionPotentiodynamic polarisation.
70
Titanium-
Ti7oCu30Alloy-Acid-
Pitting corrosion effect of three stainless steels in chloride containing
solution
Siham Lameche', Ratiba Nedjarb, Houria Rebbahb, Azzedine Adjeb'
"Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en analyses physico-chimique, BP 248
Alger RP 16004 Alger 'Iaboratoire Science des Materiaux, FaculM de chimie, USTHB,
BP 32, EL Alia -16111,Algiers, Algeria 'Iaboratoire de corrosion CRD/SONATRACH,
35000, Boumerdes, Algeria, lamechesiham(jjJ.vahoo.fr
The corrosion and passivation behaviour of three stainless steels was examinated
in chloride-containing solutions using cyclic polarisation techniques.The duplex
stainless steels showed a pitting corrosion resistance higher than the conventional
13 % er and modified 13 % er stainless steels.The resistance of pitting of alloys
depends on chemical composition such as molybdenum and Nickel.The presence
of sodium chloride (NaCl) enhanced metal electrodissolution at higher chloride
concentrations.
Keywords: Stainless steels, pitting
potentiocyclic curve, sodium chloride.
71
corrosion
resistance,
passivation,
Electrochemical Studies on the Interaction of Cadmium with Some
Cryptands in Different Solutions at Different Temperatures
Esam A. and Al-Jahadali, B. A. M.
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science . Umm Al –Qura, Makkah Saudi Arabia
This study presents the interaction of divalent cation salt, Cd(N03)2 with some
cryptands (Kryptofix 22, Kryptofix 221 and Kryptofix 222) in mixed methanol
(MeOH), dimethylformamide (DMF) at four temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15
and 313.15 k). The interaction was studied electrochemically by the use of
conductivity measurements, a lot of data on the association, dissociation and
thermodynamic parameters of Cd(N03)2 with Kryptands in MeOH-DMF mixtures
were determiner to facilitate the job of biologist in selecting the necessary ligand
for getting rid of these very toxic salts found in the environment
72
Biotransformation of 3 and 17-Hydroxymethyle-5á-androstane
Steroids by the Fungus Mucor plumbeus
Khalid Al-Footy
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah
kalfooti@kau.edu.sa
The lones model for rationalising the results of the biotransformation of steroids
suggests that there is a triangular relationship between two binding sites on the
steroid and the site of hydroxylation. This model considers the steroid as a planar
entity.
This relationship appears to hold for ketones and alcohols. The maximum
distance between the binding sites has been limited by the size of the carbon
skeleton of the steroid and longer distances have not been examined. It would be
of interest in defining the structural limits of the model to examine the
biotransformation of steroids in which the binding groups have been moved onto
pendant groups on the steroid skeleton thus extending the distance between the
binding groups. This would then pose the question - Do the sites of hydroxylation
bear a similar relationship or do they change with increasing substrate size?
73
Electroreduction of Cu2+ on Sn Electrode in 3% NaCl Aqueous
Solution
Fatiha Smaili* and, AbdelKader Benchettara**
Laboratoire d'Electrochimie-Corrosion, metallurgie et Chimie Minerale-Faculte' de
Chimie-USTHB-BP 32, El Alia –bab Ezzouar, Alger 16 111-Alge'rie
*smailirab@yahoo.fr **bbenchettara@hotmail.com
The rotating disk electrode system is a classical tool that has been used for many
years in electrochemical engineering [I].The method of rotating disk electrode has
been widely used as a powerful tool for studying electrode kinetics. For example,
many electrochemicallaboratories have used RDE method to study the kinetics of
catalytic oxygen reduction [2].
The electrochemical reduction ofCu (In in NaCI3% is studied on a rotating disk of tin
in aired medium, in absence and in the presence ofbenzotriazole was studied by
linear voltammetry with 10mV/s.
This study was interested in:
" the influence of the rotation speeds of rotating disk electrode,
" the effect of temperature, between 25 and 55 0 C, on the stage of diffusion of Cu 2+ "
the effect of concentration of the electroactive species on the diffusion current.
We represent, below, the total curves of potentiodynamic polarization on tin electrode
in (NaCI 3%+CuSO 42.5.10 -5 M).
74
Photochromic Performance of (E) [a-(2,5-dimethylfuryl) ethylidene]
(dicyclopropyl methylene)-2,5-furadione in the Presence of Additives
Abdullah Mohamed Asiri*, Rabab Sharaf Jassas and Jameel. Ahmed
Baghaffar
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University,
Jeddah 21413, P. O. Box 80203, Saudi Arabia, aasiri2@kaau.edu.sa
The effect of the addition of organic DV absorbers compounds on the radiationinduced coloration of solutions containing (E)[ 0(2,5 dimethylfuryl) ethylidene]
(dicyclopropyl methylene) 2,5 furadione was examined to investigate the effect of
such additives on the rate of coloration and bleaching of the title compounds. The
rate of both the forward reaction and backward reactions are decreased markedly
by addition of additives such as 2 and 3. The variation of both the title compound
and the additive concentrations are studied.
Excitation energy transfer from the additive to the title fulgide I is considered to
play an important role in the radiation-induced coloration in solution containing the
additives.
75
Kinetics of Copper(II) Adsorption by Bentonite in Mixed Solvents
W. Mekemar and M.Al-Qunaibit
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 75318
Riyadh 11451
Bentonite clays are known for their industrial importance.The kinetics and
mechanism of Cu(II) ions adsorption on local bentonite have been studied. The
effect of Cu(II) ion concentration, solvents, and mixing rates were investigated.
Adsorption measurments showed that the process is very fast
and physical
in nature. The initial Cu(II) concentration, mixing rate and solvent type affected the
rate of the adsorption reaction. Data were modelled using first and second order
kinetic equation, mass transfer, and intraparticle diffusion models. The second
order kinetic equation showed to best describe the sorption kinetics. The
adsorption mechanism did not fit the mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion
models, indicating that Cu(II) is exchanged by cations on the bentonite surface.
76
Toxic Smoke Hazard from Burining Polymeric Materials:
Environmental Pollution and Health Hazard
B. B. Dambatta and M. M. AI-Enazi
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical
Sciences, University of AI-Jouf,P. O. Box 2014, Sakaka, AI-Jouf, Saudi Arabia.
Polymers are materials with large molecular chains made from small molecules
(monomers) and typically having properties that allow them to be moulded or
extruded for applications in a myriad of everyday products, such as plastic bottles,
cable, credit cards, furniture, piping, footwear, tanks, packaging and an everincreasing number of vehicle components.
Soft grades are used for soft plastic products such as film widely used in
packaging; hard grades for rigid ones such as crates and bottles, with the likes of
cardboard, metal, glass, wood and a host of other natural and synthetic materials
being continually replaced in a relentless polymer advance.
Globally, we are already in the era where polymers are a necessity and a material
of first choice. Polymer products are fundamental to the quality of life in countries
and communities around the world. The world average per capita consumption of
polymers is put at around 26 kg and the global demand is estimated to increase at
5 to 8 percent per annum to reach 227 MMT by 2015. Saudi Arabia is one of the
major producers of plastics in the world with total production capacity of around 6
million metric tons per year. The amount of plastic wastes in Saudi Arabia is about
15 wt % in the composition of domestic municipality waste.
As the demand, application and use of polymeric materials increase~ going to
continually be surrounded by these materials in our homes, officeS,S'chools,
street 'corner' shops, restaurants, supermarkets and large markets. As synthetic
polymeric materials are nonbiodegradable, a lot of attention has been paid on the
issue of waste management and safe disposal. But during the useful life of these
materials, incidents such as fire accidents may happen. At times environment
including residential may even polluted with fumes through deliberate incineration,
perhaps as a strategy for waste disposal. In any case, fire accidents are a reality
and they unfortunately do occur. Fair accident is reported to be the fourth cause of
accidental death in the world. Fires cause 1 % of the global burden of disease and
300,000 deaths per year, with most of the deaths attributed to the inhalation of
toxic smoke.
Various studies and reports have shown that large scale plastic and other
polymeric materials fires produce considerable quantities of pollutants of
environmental concern and of serious health hazard. These pollutants include
heavy metals, dioxins furans and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Inorganic
gases produced in plastic fires include carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides,
hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen, hydrogen
peroxide and ammonia. Over 450 organic compounds have been determined in
fumes from plastic fires. Many of these are highly toxic, carcinogenic and have
high potential to pollute the environment.
77
Retention Profile, Thermodynamic Characteristics and
Chromatographic Separation of Gold (1& Ill) from Aqueous Media
Employing Polyurethane Foams
Abdulaziz S. Bashammakh,* Fatimah M. AI-Shareef and Mohammad S. EIShahawi
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box
80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
The retention profiles of traces tetrachloro gold (Ill) anion, AuCI 4' from aqueous
media onto the solid sorbents unloaded- and immobilized commercial
polyurethane foams (PUFs) based polyether type with some onium ion pair
reagents have been investigated. The sorption of gold (Ill) species onto the solid
sorbents followed a first-order rate equation. The sorption data of gold (Ill) have
been subjected successfully to Freundlich, Langmuir and D-R isotherms models.
Thus, a retention involving absorption related to "solvent extraction" and an added
component for "surface adsorption" is the most likely proposed mechanism for
gold (Ill) retention. The capacity of the untreated PUFs and the immobilized PUFs
towards gold (Ill) sorption was critically determined. The chromatographic
separation of gold (Ill) species in water at traces concentrations (:::5 ppb) and up
to 10 f-lg/ml levels onto unloaded and immobilized PUFs packed columns at 15
ml/min flow rate has been achieved successfully. The retained gold (Ill) species
were then recovered quantitatively from the foam sorbent employing some eluting
agents. The column performance (HETP, N, and critical and breakthrough
capacities) of the PUFs packed columns towards gold (Ill) species have
determined. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the preconcentration, separation and subsequent FAAS determination of gold in anodic
slime and tap water samples .
78
Application of Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry for the Analysis of
ketotifen Antihistamine Drug
Ahmad H. AIghamdi*, Ali F. AIghamdi and Mohammed Alomar
Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University 11451
ahalgamdy@hotmail.comE-mail:
A sensitive and simple analytical method is described for the electrochemical
behaviour and quantitative determination of Ketotifen antihistamine drug in its
dosage forms and body fluids. The developed AdSV method was based on the
adsorptive accumulation of the drug at hanging mercury drop electrode, followed
by the electrochemical reduction process, which yielded a well-defined cathodic
peak at - 1.30 V (vs. Ag/AgCI electrode). This electroanalytical response was
further optimised with respect to various experimental and operational
parameters. A linear calibration graph was obtained in the range 5 x 10-s IxlO-6
molr1 with a detection limit of 3 xlO-9 monl after 90 s accumulation period at -0.6 V.
The reproducibility of the method in terms of RSD% for 10 measurements was
1.03% with a mean recovery of 99.9%. Possible interferences by several
substances usually present in the pharmaceutical tablets and formulations were
also evaluated. The proposed procedure was successfully applied for the analysis
of the studied drug in commercially available dosage form and in spiked human
serum and urine.
Keywords: Adsorptive stripping voltammetry, Ketotifen, Macrolide antihistamine.
79
Synthesis and Reactivity of Thienopyridine: Synthesis and Reaction
of Some 4-Methyl-6-Styrylthieno[2,3-b] Pyridine Derivatives
Adel Mohamed Kamal El-Deen Saber
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
In continuation of our work in the synthesis and reactivity ofthienopyridine
derivatives herin we reported synthesis of some new thienopyridine derivatives.
When 4,6-dimethyl-3-cyano-pyridine2[lH]-thione (1) allowed to react with aromatic
aldehydes, the corresponding 4-methyl-3-cyano-6styrylpyridine-2[lH]-thione
derivatives (2) were produced. The latter compounds were S-alkylated using ahalogenated compounds followed by cyclization to give styrylthieno- pyridine
derivatives (4). In turn compounds 1 was used as starting material to synthesize
.
Effect of Hydrogen Bonding of Phenolic, Ascorbate & Sugars Componds as Antioxidant Agents on IAA Level Via Oxidative Hypothesis.
80
New Polymer Syntheses Part: 43 Synthesis, Characterization and
Corrosion Inhibition Behavior of New Polyamides Containing
DiarylidenecycIopentanone Moiety in the Polymers Main Chain
K. I. Aly*, M. A. Abbady, S. A. Mahgoub,and M. A. Hussein
Chemistry Department, Polymer Lab 122, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516, Assitu, Egypt
A new interesting series of polyamides containing diarylidenecyclopentanone moiety Va_h was synthesized by polycondensation reaction of the
new diamino arylidene monomer III with different aliphatic and aromatic diacid
chlorides (including : adipoyl, sebacoyl, oxaloyl, terephthaloyl, isophthaloyl,
biphenyldicarbonyl, £.£'- azodibenzoyl, ",'_ azodibenzoyl dichlorides) in NMP as a
solvent, using LiCl anhydrous as catalyst at room temperature. The model
compound IV was synthesized by the interaction of one mole of
diarylidenecyclopentanone monomer III with two moles of benzoyl chloride using
LiCl anhydrous as catalyst in NMP at room temperature. The structure of the
model compound was confirmed by correct elemental and spectral analyses. The
resulting polymers were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses, beside
solubility and viscometry measurements. The thermal properties of those
polymers were evaluated by TGA, DTG and DTA measurements and correlated to
their structural units. X- ray analysis showed that polymers having high degree of
crystallinity in the region ~e = 0 _ i. 0 • The U.Vvisible spectra of some
selected polymers were measured in DMSO solution and showed absorption
bands in the range n. - £ Vo nrn, due to n - 1t* and 1t - 1t* transition. In addition,
the morphological properties of selected examples were tested by SEM.
Keywords: , Polyamides; Synthesis; Characterization; Thiazole;
Diarylidenecyclopentanone, Corrosion.
81
NMR Spectral Analysis Of EHagitannins From Some Egyptian FolkMedicinal Plants
Sahar A. M. Hussein. Amani N. M. Hashim ,Amani D.E.Musalamey and
Mahmoud A. M. Nawwar
National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
The compounds 3,6-0-Hexahydroxydiphenoly-( aJ~)_l C4-glucopyranose; I-monoO-galloy - 3 ,6-0- Hexahydroxydiphenoly -(~)-B 1 4 -glucopyranose; I ,4-di -Ogalloy- 3 ,6-0- HexahydroxydipheIioly-(~)-B 1,4 -glucopyranose; I ,2,4-tri-0-galloy 3 ,6-0- Hexahydroxydiphenoly-(~)-B 1 ,4-glucopyranose were isolated from the
leaves of Punica granatum. Besides, bis-2,3 ;4,6-0-Hexahydroxydiphenoly-( aJ~)4C1-glucopyranose
and
I-C2,3-0Hexahydroxydiphenoly-4,6-0Hexahydroxydiphenoly- 5-0gallotyl-( open chain)-glucose were isolated from the
leaves of Eugenia jambos. Interpretation of the data of ID IH and 13C NMR,
together with 2D-homo- and hetero-nuc1ear chemical shift correlation NMR is
discussed to confirm the configuration and conformation of the sugar core of each
compound.
82
Evaluation of Some Metals in the Ecosystem of Some Brights at Lake
Nasser, Egypt
M. E. Soltan, S. M. N. Moalla, M. N. Rashed and E. M. Fawzy,
Chemistry Departmet, Faculty of Science, Aswan, Egypt
Evaluation of some metals in The ecosystem of some bights at Lake Nasser,
Egypt. To know the interrelationship between heavy metals in different ecosystem
components (water, sediment, aquatic plant and fish), many samples from these
components were collected from four bights at Nasser Lake, Egypt, then analysed
for Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr using atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Different distribution factors (Bioaccumulation factor, BFDiscrimination factor, DF and enrichment factor EF) were applied on the results of
analysis. Data exhibited that the relatively high concentration of
83
Flavonoids of Bidens bipinnata Linne and their Antioxidant Activity
Amani S. Awaad
Chemistry Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Seven compounds were isolated from Bidens bipinnata Linne and identified as
Kaempferol (1), Quercetin (2), Quercetin3-0-p-D-galactopyranosido-(6-1)-O-P-DXylopyranoside
(3),
Isorhamnetin3-0-p-D-apio-D-furanosyl(I-2)p-Dgalactopyranoside (4), Kampferol-3-0-a- L-rhamnoside-7 -O-p-D-xyloside(1-2)-OaL-rhamnoside (5), kaempferol-3-galactorhamnoside (6), kaempeferol 3,7-0dirhamnoside(7). The ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts and two new flavones
from Bidens bipinnata Linne were tested for their antioxidant activity via
scavenging1,2-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical. Among all the
tested fractions and compounds, compound 3 exhibited the strongest antioxidant
activity followed by compound 4, giving 132.76% and 116.60% respectively when
compared with BHT (113.12 %) and propyl gallate (100 %) and a-tocopherol (55.1
%). Moderate activities were detected for the other tested materials. The structure
elucidation was based on DV, Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
(ESIMS),
Keywords: Bidens bipennata, Antioxidant activity, flavonoids, kampeferol,
quercetin
84
Internally Hydrogen Bonded Chiral Methylenenitrone in
Cycloaddition Reactions
S. A. Asrof Ali and M. Z. Nur Imam
Chemistry Department, King Fahad university of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi Arabia
1 ,3-Dipolar cycloaddition (DC) reactions of chiral methylenenitrone, (R)-N-2-(1hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)methylenenitrone, with a multitude of mono- and didisubstiututed alkenes have been studied in detail. The nitrone showed some
face-, regio-, as well as setero-selectivity. Frontier orbital interactions have been
invoked to explain the regioselection, whereas stereochemical outcome has been
explained in terms of steric factors and secondary orbital interactions in the
transition states. The effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding in stereoselcetion
has also been demonstrated. The DC reactions of the nitrone in the presence of
magnesium bromide have exhibited remarkable regio- as well as stereoselectivity. The highly improved selectivity has been rationalized using a metal
chelated cyclic form of the nitrone. The findings of the study would indeed be
useful in incorporating chiral centers in the synthesis of natural products.
85
Use of Neutron Diffraction Study for Structure Refinement of OneStage and Two-stage Martensitic Phase Transformations in NiTi
Shape Memory Alloys
Husin Sitepu1,2
Prince Sultan University, PO Box 66833, Riyadh – 11586, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Crystallography Lab., Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Correspondence emails: sitepu@vt.edu & sitepu@oyp.psu.edu.sa
1
diffraction data because it can cause serious systematic error in phase
composition analysis and also in crystal structure refinement.
Comparative evaluation of the March and generalized spherical harmonic
preferred orientation models using neutron and X-ray powder diffraction
data showed that the generalized spherical harmonic description generally
provided superior goodness-of-fit indices figures-of-merit compared with
the March model results [Sitepu. (2002). J. Appl. Cryst. 35, 274-277;
Sitepu, O’Connor and Li. (2005). J. Appl. Cryst. 38, 158-167]. In the
present study, the transformation behaviour of the (a) annealed-solution
(850C,0.4h) Ni50.14Ti49.86 and Ni50.7Ti49.3, (b) aged (400C, 24h) Ni-rich
Ni50.7Ti49.3 and (c) heat-treated (1000C,1h) Ti50.75Ni47.75Fe1.50 shape
memory alloys was investigated using the differential scanning
calorimeter. In addition, in-situ structural refinement of (a) cubic
monoclinic for the annealed-solution and (b) cubictrigonalmonoclinic
for both aged and heat-treated on cooling was carried out using neutron
powder diffraction data (Sitepu, 2006). The results showed that the phases
involved during the phase transition are consistent with the differential
scanning calorimeter cooling curve, and the refined crystal structure
parameters agreed reasonable well with X-ray single-crystal data.
Subsequently, a combined neutron and synchrotron structural refinement
for each phase was conducted because the trial refinements initially using only the
synchrotron data of trigonal phase [Sitepu. (2003). Texture Microstruct. 35, 274-277] yielded a
false minimum with somewhat high goodness-of-fit indices figures-of-merit. The results obtained
from the combined refinement showed that the same minimum goodness-of-fit indices
were always recovered. Finally, the texture of monoclinic phase in
Ni50.14Ti49.86 alloy will be described.
86
annealed-solution
‫تقويم كل تجربة من تجارب العلوم الخضراء – التطبيق المنظومي بين المنهج‬
‫النظري وتقومي المناهج العملية في العلوم الخضراء في المملكة العربية‬
‫السعودية‬
‫حسن عبد القادر‬
‫البار‪1‬‬
‫قسم الكيمياء – جامعة الملك عبد العزيز – جدة – ‪kau.edu.sa/halbar‬‬
‫المنظومة رقم ‪ 1‬التالية توضح العالقةة المنظوميةة بةين المةنهج النظةري والمةنهج العملةي ألي مةادة‬
‫علمية ‪ ،‬ومدى أهمية توصيل المعلومة العلمية للطالب في الفصل بألية سهلة وفي أقصر وقت‪.‬‬
‫طرق تدريس‬
‫استراتيجيات التواصل بين‬
‫المدرس والدارس‬
‫الباحث‬
‫مهارات فنية‬
‫مهارة يدوية‬
‫الدارس‬
‫التجارب العلمية‬
‫المنهج العملى‬
‫مهارات فكرية‬
‫مهارة علمية‬
‫المادة العلمية‬
‫المنهج النظري‬
‫التحصيل ال جداني‬
‫التحصيل التفكير‬
‫التحصـيل المهاري‬
‫التحصــيل اليـد ي‬
‫منظومة رقم ‪1‬‬
‫وتوضح المنظومة ‪ 2‬أن برنامج العلوم الخضةراء صةديقة البيئةة ‪ ،‬كمةا أن تكلفتة‪ .‬أقةل‪ .‬ولقةد أتضةح‬
‫من خالل أخذ آراء العديد من معلمةين وطةالب المرحلةة الثانويةة وأعضةاء هيئةة التةدريس فةي قسةم‬
‫‪87‬‬
‫الكيمياء بجا معة الملةك عبةد العزيةز مةن واقةب اسةتبانة تةم تصةميمها مةن قبةل فريةق العمةل مةن قسةم‬
‫الكيمياء بجامعة‬
‫الملك عبد العزيز وكليتي التربية بجده ومك‪ .‬وبعض مدارس الثانوية أتضح أن إجراء التجربةة فةي‬
‫بدايةةة حصةةة مةةادة الكيميةةاء ومةةادة الفيزيةةاء وبعةةض تجةةارب األحيةةاء قبةةل ةةر الموضةةوع العلمةةي‬
‫الخاص بالتجربة قد حقق نجاحا مرموقا استنادا لنتائج االستبانة‪ .‬وهنةا نرغةب إبةراذ هةذه االسةتبانة‬
‫لكةةي يسةةتطيب كةةل معلةةم فةةي المملكةةة العربيةةة السةةعودية وأي دولةةة أخةةرى أن تسةةتعين بهةةا كمرجةةب‬
‫للتقويم‪ .‬وسيتم خالل فعاليات المؤتمر مناقشة االستبانة وأخذ آراء المتخصصين في وسةائل تطةوير‬
‫هذه االستبانة‪ .‬والجدير بالذكر أن‪ .‬قد تم التأكد من أن التطبيةق العملةي لبةرامج العلةوم الخضةراء و‬
‫كلفة اقتصادية منخفضة جدا بالمقارنة مب المعامل الحالية التقليدية ‪ ،‬كما أن أغلب التجارب العملية‬
‫اي نحو ‪ % 80‬منها الخاصةة بمةادة الكيميةاء والفيزيةاء واألحيةاء فةي المرحلةة الثانويةة ال تسةتغرق‬
‫إجراء اي تجربة منها أكثر من عشرة دقائق‪ .‬اما بالنسبة للتجارب العملية الخاصة بمجال الزراعةة‬
‫والميكروبيولوجي والتشريح ‪ .....‬الخ فتحتاج لوقت تناسب مب ظروف تجاربها وبيئتها‪.‬اضةف إلةى‬
‫لك ان نحو ‪ %95‬من التجارب التي تجرى بتقنية علوم الميكروسكيل تعتبةر تجةارب سةهلة وأكثةر‬
‫أمنا ً وسالمةً بالمقارنةة بتلةك التةي تجةرى بإسةتعمل المسةتلزمات التقليديةة بالمعامةل الحاليةة‪ .‬ويمكةن‬
‫تعريةف العلةوم الخضةراء الميكروسةكيلية بأنهةا "تقنيةةة علميةة حديثةة تطبةق علةى جميةع التجةةارب‬
‫العلميةةة وتعتبةةر صةةديقة للبيمةةة مةةن منطلةةق لةةون كلوروفيةةل النبةةات اضخضةةر ت ينةةتج عنهةةا تلةةو‬
‫لضةةةلة مخلفةةات التجةةارب الكيمياأليةةة واضحياأليةةة"‪ .‬كمةةا وأنةة‪ .‬كمةةا كةةر سةةابقا ً فهةةي سةةهلة االجةةراء‬
‫وتكلفتها أقل وأكثر امنا وسالمة وتحتاج لوقت قصير بالمقارنة للتجارب التي تةتم بالمعامةل الحاليةة‬
‫والتي يمكن أن نطلق عليها بمعامل تقليدية‪.‬‬
‫التدريب‬
‫الوقت‬
‫اقتصادية‬
‫المعلم ‪ /‬الطالب‬
‫األمن والسالمة‬
‫البيئة‬
‫منظومة رقم ‪2‬‬
‫‪88‬‬
‫اتدمصاص الحيوى للكروم السداسى من المحاليل الماألية باستخدام مخلفات صلبة‬
‫نباتية‬
‫طه عبد العظيم محمد عبد الرازق ‪ ،‬خالد رشدى متولى‬
‫معهد الدراسات والبحوث البيئية – جامعة عين مس – العباسية القاهرة‪ -‬ج م ع ‪.‬‬
‫(‪)tahaelsabbagh@yahoo.com‬‬
‫تم اختيار مخلفات نباتية الدمصاص الكروم السداسى من المحاليل المائية‪ .‬هذه المخلفات هى بقايةا‬
‫إعداد البامية وقشةر جةوذ الهنةد وقشةر عةين الجمةل‪ .‬وتةم إجةراء تجةارب معمليةة لدراسةة العوامةل‬
‫المختلفةة التةةى تةةؤثر علةةى عمليةةة االدمصةاص مثةةل األس الهيةةدروجينى وتركيةةز مةةادة االدمصةةاص‬
‫والتركيز االبتدائى للكةروم السداسةى وحركيةة عمليةة االدمصةاص واتضةح أن عمليةة االدمصةاص‬
‫تعتمةةةد علةةةى قيمةةةة األس الهيةةةدروجينى‪ .‬ولقةةةد كانةةةت طاقةةةة االدمصةةةاص عنةةةد الظةةةروف المثلةةةى‬
‫لالدمصةةاص ( وهةةى ‪ 5‬جةةم تلتةةر كتركيةةز لمةةادة االدمصةةاص ‪ 300 ،‬ملجةةم تلتةةر كتركيةةز للكةةروم‬
‫السداسى ‪ ،‬واألس الهيدروجينى هو ‪ )3‬هى ‪ 27.0 ، 40.0 ، 48.0‬ملجم ت جم لمخلفةات قشةر عةين‬
‫الجمل وقشر البندق ومخلفات إعداد البامية على الترتيب‪ .‬وعند هذه الظروف المثلةى‪ ،‬فةإن عمليةة‬
‫االدمصةةةاص تتفةةةق مةةةب معادلةةةة النجميةةةر لالدمصةةةاص بمعامةةةل ارتبةةةاط ‪، 0.9783 ، 0.9819‬‬
‫‪ 0.9199‬لمخلفات قشر عين الجمل وقشر‬
‫البندق وبقايا إعداد البامية على التوالى‪ .‬كما درست كفاءة هذه المخلفةات لمعالجةة عينةات مةن ميةاه‬
‫الصرف الناتج عن وحدات الطالء الكهربى‪.‬‬
‫‪89‬‬
‫تةثير الري بمياه الصرف الصحي المعالجة بيولوجيا‬
‫في ارتفاع تركيز بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نبات الذرة الرفيعة‬
‫محسن عبد هللا الجهري‬
‫كلية التربية ت عدن ‪ .‬جامعة عدن ‪.‬الجمهورية اليمنية ‪.‬‬
‫تستخدم فةي بعةض أريةاف الجمهوريةة اليمنيةة ميةاه الصةرف الصةحي المعالجةة بيولوجيةا ً فةي ري‬
‫بعةةض المزروعةةات و لةةك بغةةرض االسةةتفادة مةةن هةةذه الميةةاه العادمةةة ولتقليةةل هةةدر الميةةاه الجوفيةةة‬
‫الصةةالحة للشةةرب ‪ .‬تهةةدف هةةذه الورقةةة البحثيةةة إلةةى دراسةةة تةةأثير الةةري بميةةاه الصةةرف الصةةحي‬
‫المعالجةةة بيولوجيةةا فةةي محطةةة معالجةةة الميةةاه بمحافظةةة لحةةج الجمهوريةةة اليمنيةةة فةةي ذيةةادة تركيةةز‬
‫بعض العناصر الثقيلة في نبات الذرة الرفيعة المروية بهذه المياه ‪ .‬تم جمب عينةات مةن نبةات الةذرة‬
‫الرفيعة من إحدى مزارع محافظة لحج التي تروى بمياه الصرف الصحي المعالجةة بيولوجيةا ً ‪ .‬و‬
‫من اجل المقارنة أخذت عينات لنفس الفصيلة من نبات الذرة الرفيعةة ومةن نفةس المنطقةة وتةروى‬
‫بالمياه الجوفية ‪ .‬تم تمثيل العينات و هضمها بالطرق المعروفة عالميا ً ‪ .‬وتم تقةدير تركيةز العناصةر‬
‫الثقيلة باستخدام جهاذ االمتصاص الذري ‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج ارتفاعةا ملحوظةا فةي تركيةز العناصةر‬
‫الثقيلة في نبات الذرة الرفيعة المروية بمياه الصرف الصحي المعالجةة بيولوجيةا مقارنةة بتركيزهةا‬
‫فةةي نبةةات الةةدرة الرفيعةةة المرويةةة بالميةةاه الجوفي ةة ‪ ،‬فقةةد بلةةك تركيةةز كةةل مةةن الرصةةاص والنيكةةل‬
‫والكوبلةت والنحةاس والكةادميوم والزنةك فةي نبةةات الةدرة الرفيعةة المرويةة بميةاه الصةرف الصةةحي‬
‫المعالجة بيولوجيةا ( ‪ ) 3.38‬و (‪ )3.33‬و(‪)2.22‬و(‪ )17.5‬و(‪ )0.40‬و(‪ )30.50‬جةزء بةالمليون‬
‫على التوالي ‪ .‬في حين أن تركيزها في نبات الذرة الرفيعةة المرويةة بالميةاه الجوفيةة بلةك ( ‪) 0.25‬‬
‫و(‪ )0.29‬و(‪ )0.25‬و(‪ )4.43‬و(‪ )0.14‬و(‪ )12.5‬جزء بالمليون على التوالي ‪.‬‬
‫‪90‬‬
‫"نقلة نوعية في إجراء التجارب المعملية في مراحل التعليم التربوي العام‬
‫والجامعي والدراسات العليا" بإستخدام تقنية العلوم الخضراء والتجارب‬
‫الحاسوبية – الجزء الثاني‬
‫حسن عبد القادر البار‪ ، 1‬على هادي‬
‫مسعود‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬قسم الكيمياء – جامعة الملك عبد العزيز – جدة – ‪2 ، kau.edu.sa/halbar‬معلم كيمياء‬
‫بالمدرسة الثانوية – جدة ‪amhadi@hotmail.com‬‬
‫ةةهدت السةةنوات الماضةةةية تطةةورا ملحوظةةةا ً فةةي تقانةةة إجةةةراء التجةةارب المعمليةةةة فةةي المةةةدارس‬
‫والجامعةات ‪ ،‬وأهةةم التقنيةات التةةي انتشةةرت مةؤخرا فةةي الواليةةات المتحةدة األمريكيةةة ودول أوروبةةا‬
‫تقانة العلوم الخضراء وهي تعتمد على إجراء التجارب بإسةتعمال مسةتلزمات صةغيرة الحجةم تقةوم‬
‫مقةةام المعامةةل الحاليةةة التقليديةةة ‪ ،‬وتتةةيح إمكانيةةة إجةةراء التجةةارب فةةي الفصةةول الدراسةةية وخةةالل‬
‫المحاضرات لجميب مراحل التعليم العام‪.‬‬
‫وتمتةاذ تقانةةة العلةةوم الخضةراء إلةةى أنهةةا أدت إلةةى حةل جميةةب المشةةاكل التةي تتعلةةق بالكلفةةة واالمةةن‬
‫واالمان والتخلص مةن النفايةات التةي تواجة‪ .‬المختبةرات التقليديةة المقامةة حاليةا ً بالمةدارس وبعةض‬
‫الجامعات في أغلب دول العالم ‪ ،‬فلقد اثبتت التجربة أنها أجهزة بسيطة وسهلة االستخدام ورخيصة‬
‫الثمن‪.‬‬
‫الجدير بالذكر هنا ان أغلب التجارب المدونة في مناهج مواد الكيمياء والفيزيةاء واألحيةاء للمرحلةة‬
‫الثانويةةةة والسةةةنة االولةةةى بكليةةةات العلةةةوم بالجامعةةةات يمكةةةن إجراءهةةةا بتقنيةةةة علةةةوم الميكروسةةةكيل‬
‫الخضراء‪.‬‬
‫وسوف توضح مضمون ورقة الملصق على نتائج عدة فعاليات تم الحصةول عليهةا بالعمةل البحثةي‬
‫الجاد‬
‫خالل األعةوام األربعةة الماضةية منهةا إجةراء بعةض التجةارب باسةتخدام تقنيةة علةوم الميكروسةكيل‬
‫وهي تجارب مدونة في مناهجنا ولكنها ال تجرى في المعامل الحاليةة التقليديةة ‪ ،‬ورد فعةل الطةالب‬
‫بالمرحلة الثانوية وطالب السنتين األولى والثانيةة بقسةم الكيميةاء بجامعةة الملةك عبةد العزيةز‪ .‬ومةن‬
‫واقب هذه النتائج العلمية يتضح أن استخدام تقنية علوم الميكروسكيل ستحقق نقلة نوعية فةي إجةراء‬
‫التجةةارب المخبريةةة بالمةةدارس ومعامةةل السةةنة أولةةى وخاصةةة بمعامةةل الكيميةةاء العامةةة والكيميةةاء‬
‫العضةةوية والمعةةادن والكيميةةاء الفيزيائيةةة بةةبعض أقسةةام كليةةات العلةةوم بجامعةةات وكليةةات التربويةةة‬
‫وكليات المعلمين والمعاهد الصناعية بالمملكة العربية السعودية‪.‬‬
‫‪91‬‬
‫"نقلة نوعية في إجراء التجارب المعملية لمواد العلوم الطبيعية في مراحل التربية‬
‫والتعليم المختلفة"‬
‫حسن عبد القادر البار‪ ، 1‬على هادي مسعود‪ ، 2‬تغريد ‪1‬قسم الكيمياء السفياني ‪ ،‬بثينة بخاري‬
‫– جامعة الملك عبد العزيز – جدة – ‪2 ، kau.edu.sa/halbar‬معلم كيمياء ثانوية بإدارة التعليم –‬
‫جدة ‪amhadi@hotmail.com‬‬
‫تهدف ور ة العمل إلي إبراذ الدور التطبيقةي لتقنيةة العلةوم الخضةراء والتةي تشةتمل علةى برنةامج‬
‫علةوم الميكروسةكيل الخضةراء وتقنيةةة تةدوين نتةائج التجةارب حاسةةوبيا ً وتقنيةة إسةتخدام مسةةتلزمات‬
‫صغيرة الحجم ولكنها أكبر حجما ً من أحجام تقنية مستلزمات علوم الميكروسةكيل الخضةراء‪ .‬حيةث‬
‫سنتيح الفرصة للمشاركين بالور ة بان يقومةوا بانفسةهم بةإجراء بعةض تجةارب الكيميةاء والفيزيةاء‬
‫واألحيةةاء المةةذكورة فةةي منةةاهج المرحلةةة الثانويةةة ومنةةاهج سةةنة أولةةى بكليةةات العلةةوم بالجامعةةات‬
‫بالمملكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬وخالل فعاليات الور ةة سةيتم إلقةاء محاضةرة تكميليةة كسةتكمال مةا تةم‬
‫توضيحة بالمحاضرة القصيرة التي سوف يتم إلقائها خالل فعاليات المؤتمر قبل عقد ور ة العمةل‪.‬‬
‫يلي لك عرض عدة أفةالم وأ ةكال المسةتلزمات للتمهيةد للمشةاركين لكةي يسةتطيعوا إجةراء بعةض‬
‫التجارب المختارة مثل المعايرة – تحضير حمض الهيدروكلوريد – تحضير غةاذ ‪ NO2‬ودراسةة‬
‫حالة االتةزان بالتةأثير الحةراري – تحضةير غةاذ ‪ H2‬و ‪ O2‬والكشةف عنهمةا – التحليةل الكهربةائي‬
‫للمةةاء ‪ -‬التقطيةةر البسةةي – قيةةاس نقطةةة اكنصةةهار والغليةةان – تحضةةير غةةاذ الميثةةان – التحليةةل‬
‫العنصةةةةري للمركبةةةةات العضةةةةوية والكشةةةةف عةةةةن المجةةةةاميب العضةةةةوية وخالفةةةة‪ .‬وإجةةةةراء تقنيةةةةة‬
‫الكروماتوجرافيا الورقية والعمود‪.....‬الخ هذا في مادة الكيمياء بجانب إسةتعمال تقنيةة ‪ MBL‬وهةي‬
‫إجةةراء التجربةةة بإسةةتعمال أحجةةام الميكروسةةكيل ومسةةتلزمات بأحجةةام أكبةةر قلةةيالً وتكةةون متصةةلة‬
‫بمجس مرتب بسطح بيني ومتصل بالحسوب لتدوين نتائج التجربة حاسوبيا ً هذا في مةادة الكيميةاء‪.‬‬
‫وبالنسةةبة لتجةةارب مةةادة الفيزيةةاء فةةيمكن إجةةراء أغلةةب تجةةارب الكهروكغناطيسةةية بإسةةتعمال تقنيةةة‬
‫الميكروسكيل وبعضها متصل بتقنية تدوين النتائج حاسوبياً‪ .‬وما يخص االحياء سةيتم عةرض طبةق‬
‫التشريح المصنب محليا َ ومميزات‪ .‬وبعةض تجةارب اكنزيمةات والتمثيةل الضةوئي و‪...‬الةخ بإسةتعمال‬
‫تقنية الميكروسكيل وبعضها متصلة بتقنية التجارب الحاسوبية‪ .‬وفي نهاية الور ةسةيتم تقةديم ثالثةة‬
‫إسةةتبانات األولةةى ألخةةذ آراء المشةةاركين بالنسةةبة لمةةدى تقةةبلهم لتطبيةةق هةةذه التقنيةةات علةةى المرحلةةة‬
‫الثانوية وسنة أولى بكليات العلوم بجامعات المملكة العربيةة السةعودية ن والثانيةة تتعلةق بتقةيم تقنيةة‬
‫معمل الميكروسكيل أما الثالثة فتختص بتقيم التجارب التي اجراها المشاركين خالل ور ة العمل‪.‬‬
‫‪92‬‬
Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of Morus alba L (Egyptian
Mulberry) Root Bark Fractions Supplementation in Cholesterol-fed
Rats
Hesham A. El-Beshbishya, Abdel Nasser B. Singabb, Jari Sinkkonenc, Kalevi
Pihlajac
a
Department of Chemistry, Faculty ofScience, Taibah University, PO Box 344, AlMadinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt cDepartment of Chemistry, University of
Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
The 70% alcohol extract of the Egyptian Morus alba L root bark was
fractionated over cellulose CC eluted with water, 50% methanol and finally with
100% methanol to yield 3 fractions (MRBF-1, MRBF-2 and MRBF-3), respectively.
Chromatographic purification of MRBF-2 resulted in isolation of 4 compounds for
the first time from Egyptian Morus plants; namely Mulberroside A, 5,7,2'trihydroxyflavanone-4'-O- -D-glucoside and Albanols A and B. Experimentallyinduced atherosclerosis was produced by feeding rats a diet enriched in coconut
oil (25% by weight) and cholesterol (2% by weight) for 21 days. Then,
hypercholesterolemic rats were orally administered (MRBF-1, MRBF-2 and
MRBF-3 fractions) in a dose of 500 mg kg-1 day-1 for 15 successive days, in order
to evaluate their expected hypocholesterolemic activity. Lipid profile parameters
such as plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, LDL:HDL ratio and
triglycerides, as well as plasma and liver lipid peroxides and glutathione-Stransferase enzyme levels, serum paraoxonase enzyme level, LDL oxidation, LDL
aggregation and LDL retention, were measured. Plasma and liver glutathione-Stransferase enzyme levels were unaffected in all studied groups. The results
revealed that the administration of (MRBF-2 and/or MRBF-3) fractions resulted in
alleviation of atherosclerotic state. Administration of MRBF-3 significantly retained
plasma and liver peroxides towards their normal levels, and also, produced
significant increase in resistance towards major atherogenic modifications; namely
LDL oxidation, LDL aggregation and LDL retention by 44, 30, and 33%,
respectively. Thus it can be concluded that, the consumption of MRBF-2 and
(MRBF-3, in some extent) fractions of Morus alba L root bark extract may act as
potent hypocholesterolemic nutrient and powerful antioxidant via the inhibition of
LDL atherogenic modifications and lipid peroxides formation in
hypercholesterolemic rats.
Keywords: Moraceae; Morus alba; Atherosclerosis, Hypercholesterolemic;
Antioxidant; Flavonoids.
93
Effect of Rhizomes Group (Galangal & Ginger) in Treatment of Liver
Cancer
Jehad M. Yousif, 2 Taha A. Kumosani and1 Omayma A. Abou Zeid
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, P. O. Box 55002, Girl's Collage of
Education, Jeddah- 2 1534, Saudi Arabia 2Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science,
P. O. Box 80203, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah- 21589, Saudi Arabia
Galangal (Alpinia officinarum), made from the rhizomes of Zingiberaceae family. It grows
in herbal area of south China, and south east of Asia. Ginger (Zingiber officinale), belong
to the rhizomes of Zingiberaceae family. It is grows in Hawaii Island, Florida, south
California and New Mexico. In order to study the therapeutic effects of rhizomes group,
each one alone, on liver cancer, 0.1 ml/100gm aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was administrated
intraperitoneal in male Wister Albino rats for a period of 10 days to cause liver cancer.
Galangal and ginger, each one alone, was given as water extract to rats for a period of 20
days. The animals were killed at the end of the study and blood was tested for some key
enzyme such as: aspatate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
gamma- glutamyl transferase (GGT), and other biochemical parameters which include
bilirubin, urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, glucose, hemoglobin.
Part of the liver samples were taken to determine the content of deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) and total proteins, the other part was used for histological
examination. The results from this study demonstrated that galangal was prevented the
proliferation of liver cancer at the initiating stage by inhibiting AFB1 effects on DNA and
regeneration of hepatocyte cells, ginger also give similar results but to less extent.
94
Biochemical Studies on the Effects of Certain Antioxidants and
Natural Product on Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats
Bahia Yahya Riyadh, Omro Saad Al-Sayed Awadh-u-llah M. Nooruddin
and Mona S. Hamid
Department of Biochemistry, Qasim University, Buraida, Saudi Arabia
This work has been carried out to evaluate the safety administration use of Nigella sativa
(N.S) crushed seed or its oil extract and investigate the antioxidant role of N.S crushed
seed, its oil extract or Antox against the oxidative stress induced in adult albino rats by
the administration of CCl4. The data revealed the safety administration of N.S crushed
seed or its oil extract as indicated by the insignificant changes in the levels of the
biochemical markers as well as insignificant change in the antioxidant markers. The data
also revealed that, the administration of N.S crushed seed or its oil extract exerted a
potent protective effect against the oxidative stress or the liver dysfunction as indicated by
the highly significant recovery in the levels of MDA, SOD, GSH, GSHPx as well as highly
significant recovery in biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, albumin, total protein and
urea. In conclusion: the administration of Nigella sativa oil, Nigella sativa crushed or
Antox displayed a well marked antioxidant and protective effect against CCl 4 induced
hepatotoxicity in the experimental rats.
Key words: Nigella sativa, CCl4, Liver function tests, MDA, SOD, GSH and GSHPx.
95
On the Role of Some Newly Synthesized Tetrahydronaphthalinthiazol
Derivatives as an Anticancer Compounds
Mamdouh M. Ali*, and Sohair A. Hassan**
*
Biochemistry Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,
National Research Center, Egypt.**Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Division of
Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Science, National Research Center, Egypt.
Corresponding author: Dr. Mamdouh M. Ali, National Research Center, Biochemistry
Department, Division of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, El Tahrir St., El Dokki
12622, Cairo, Egypt; Tel: 202-3335986; Fax: 202-3370931; mmali1999@yahoo.com.
Three newly
synthesized tetrahydronaphthalinthiazol derivatives I, II and III
were examined to elucidate their antitumor activity against Erlich ascites
carcinoma cells (EAC) bearing mice through monitoring the tumor volume and life
span of the mice, All the three compounds showed high antitumor potential in
simultaneous treatment than the groups in which treatment was started 13 day
post tumor inoculation especially compound III which showed highest activity on
reduction tumor volume (from 6.00±0.46 to 2.10±0.18 CC) at 20 µg kg-1 b.w. in
comparison to group treated with cisplatin which was used as a standard
treatment drug and revealed reduction of tumor volume (from 6.00±0.46 to
0.50±0.04 CC), and also showed the most highest survival rate (34.50±2.70 days)
with the increase of life span 67% at the same concentration compared to 74 and
0 % in cisplatin and control groups respectively. It is obviously from the present
study that the tetrahydronaphthalinthiazol can possess antitumor activity and
ameliorate and prolong the life span of mice bearing EAC.
Keywords: Tetrahydronaphthalinthiazol; Antitumor activity; Erlich ascites
carcinoma cells; Mice; Life span; Tumor volume.
.
96
Gene Expression Profiling of Human Macrophage Infected With
Leishmania major
‫ و أحمد القحطاني‬، ‫ محميت إنان‬، ‫ أبتسام العليان‬، ‫مها العامر‬
Macrophages (MØ’s) are the first line of defence that protect human body
from pathogenic infection by recognition and removal of foreign microorganisms.
However, species of the protozoan parasite Leishmania species not only enter
MØ’s, but also use them for growth and proliferation.
How Leishmania modulates the function of Macrophage is a subject for intense
investigation worldwide. This project will study macrophage-Leishmania
interaction by tracing the change in gene expression at different times after
exposure of macrophage to the parasite.
THP1 (human monocytic leukemia cells) will be differentiated into Macrophage in
vitro by inducing them with PMA (pholbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). THP1 will be
exposed to Leishmania major for 30 min, 3h, 6h, 12h and 24h. Infected MØ’s total
RNA will be extracted and this RNA will be used for Exon arrays to determine
gene expression profiling at exon level. We expect the results to be of a great
value to discover new molecules and/ or pathways important for the survival of
Leishmania within MØ’s
Thus far, we have determined the most suitable PMA concentration for induction
of the macrophages through Flow cytometry. Fifty nanomole of PMA induced 88%
of the monocyte into macrophage. We found that using more concentration of
PMA than 50 nm increase cells death.
97
Chirality in Drug Discovery: Asymmetric Access to Enantiomarically
Pharmaceuticals’ Building Blocks Using Enzymes and Chiral Metal
Catalysts
Ashraf Ghanem
Biomedicinal Chemistry Unit, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-0395), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh - 11211, Saudi
Arabia.Email: ghanem@kfshrc.edu.sa or ashraf_ghanem@yahoo.com
A versatile method has been developed to access to enantiomerically
pure/enriched pharmaceuticals’ building blocks using either lipases or metal
catalysts. Their chiral analysis on unconventional HPLC column is
demonstrated
98
Isolation of Three Thermophilic Bacterial Strains (Lipase, Cellulose,
and Amylase Producers) from Hot Springs in Jordan.
Amjad Khalil,
Physics Department, King Fahd University of petroleum and minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia.amjadb@kfupm.edu.sa
Three strains of thermophilic bacteria were isolated from three different
hot springs in Jordan. These strains were designated AM8, AZ22 and AN133 and
isolated from Ma’een, Zara and North Shona hot spring respectively. Cells were
Gram stain-positive, strictly aerobic, grew optimally at pH 7.5–8.5 and temperature
55–60 0C and tolerated maximally 10% (w/v) NaCl. The three isolates were lipase,
cellulose, and amylase roducers with variable degrees of enzymatic activity. They
grew on various complex substrates such as yeast extract, carbohydrates, and
organic acids, which included starch, D-galactose, glutamate, fumarate and
acetate. The DNA G+C content of the three strains were as follows, AM8 (49
mol%) , AZ22 ( 48mole%) and AN133 (49 mol%). Microscopic observations
showed that AM8 is long thick rod and spore former, AZ22 very small short rod,
and ANS 133 rod and spore former. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene is under
investigation.
99
Use of Collagen Breakdown Products in the Diagnosis of Various
Diseases
Eman A. Al-Omairini, Nouf O. Al-Afaleg and Nikhat J. Siddiqi,
Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452
Riyadh 11495.
All multicellular organisms contain collagen, which is the most abundant
protein in mammals. It is a major constituent of skin, bone, tendon, cartilage,
blood vessels and teeth. It serves to hold the organs and cells into discrete units.
Other functions of collagen include attachment of the cells to substratum, platelet
aggregation etc. Collagen is a triple helix made of three polypeptide chains. Each
chain is a left handed three-residue helix. The chains are held together by
hydrogen bonds. The most frequently occurring sequence of amino acids is –GlyX-Pro, -Gly-Pro-X, Gly-X-Hyp- in which X may be any amino acid. It is
synthesized as procollagen which undergoes several post translational
modification like hydroxylation of peptidyl proline and lysine residues and
glycosylation of hydroxylysyl residue. The collagen breakdown products include
hydroxyproline (Hyp), Pyrridinolin (PYP), deoxypyridinoline (DPYR),
carboxyterminal (PICP) and amino-terminal (PINP) propeptides of type II collagen
etc. can be used in diagnosis of various collagen related diseases. Measurement
of urinary hydroxyproline has been used as an index for bone resorption. Urinary
hydroxyproline has also been used in the diagnosis of Pagets disease,
acromegaly, osteomalacia, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal failure etc. Urinary
and serum deoxypridinoline, N-telepeptide and C-telepeptide have been used as
an index to therapy in Paget's disease. Markers of collagen (Type I) degradation
like deoxypyridinoline in urine have been used in the diagnosis of malignant bone
disease. One of the important types of collagen is collagen type II. Degradation
products of this collagen in the serum have been used to differentiate between
different stages of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.Therefore, collagen
breakdown products offer potential to be used in the diagnosis and treatment of
many diseases.
100
Biomedical Uses of Collagen
Nikhat Jamal Siddiqi
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science
PO Box 22452, King Saud Univeristy, Riyadh – 11495, Saudi Arabianikhat@ksu.edu.sa;
niksiddiqi@yahoo.com
Collagen are a family of proteins which are intimately involved in tissue
organization, function, differentiation and development. All multicellular organisms
contain collagen, which is a fibrous protein. It is the most abundant protein in
mammals constituting a quarter of the total proteins and forms a major constituent
of skin, bone, tendon, cartilage, blood vessels and teeth. It is present in nearly all
the organs and serves to hold the cells together in discrete units. Collagen has
been regarded as one of the most useful biomaterials. It is weakly antigenic and
biodegradable and is compatible in the biological system. These properties have
led to collagen having many medical applications such as collagen films which
have been used to treat infected tissues like infected corneal tissue or liver
cancer. Collagen shields have been used to bandage contact lenses which
gradually dissolve in the eyes. Collagen sponges have been used to treat severe
burns and dressing many types of wounds. However the use of collagen has
certain disadvantage like its high cost, variability of isolated collagen,
hydrophilicity which leads to its swelling and rapid release and side effects like
bovine spongeform encephalopathy and mineralization.
Therefore the
advantages and the disadvantages have to be considered before embarking upon
a wide spread use of collagen.
101
Harnessing Biotechnology for Use in the Developing Countries
Abbas A Lotfi
National Institute of genetics and biotechnology, Pajoohesh Bld. 17 TH Km, Tehran, I. R .
Iran
The biotechnology while at an early stage of growth in developing countries
rapidly face with many serious challenges for policy making in their own countries,
with considering this problem it is very critical for the scientists and
biotechnologists to find themselves on the biotechnology wave and should not
involved with these challenges which made obstacles for their researches.
Majority of genetic and natural resources localized in developing countries and
they just export them as primary materials without any technological processing,
vise worst developed countries import crude material in low prices and after
processing , export them to the original owners in high prices .our population
usually find themselves on the sidelines watching the excitement of technology
innovations but they should taste the high-tech products and in this regards
scientists can make a significant contributions to presentation in several fields :
 Development of the Prevention, treatment, diagnosing of the diseases such as
improving maternal health and prenatal diagnosis.
 Producing the technological license of biotechnology products.
 Ensuring environmental sustainability and its remediation.
 Energy storage, production, Conversion.
 Agricultural Productivity enhancement.
We explain in details the road map and action plan for above mentioned items in
human resource developing (Educational), infrastructural demands, researches
and innovations, conversion of researches to technology and finally production
and marketing.
102
Effect of (- Alanyl-1-Methyl-L-Histidine) Along with Zinc Against
Harmful Effects of Gamma Radiation on Rat's Liver
Faddah, L. M., Ali, A. S., Elibiary, H. M. and Soliman, M. H.
Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi
Arabia, National Research Center, El-Dokhi, Giza, Cairo, Egypt, Biochemistry
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt.
To evaluate the effect of gamma radiation on the liver and the prophylactic and/ or
therapeutic role of anserine nitrate and / or zinc chloride against gamma radiation
–induced hepatotoxicity.
Anserine, a naturally histidine dipeptide, has a remarkable radio and
hepatoprotective effect against radiation-induced hepatotoxicity pre and post
radiation exposure and may be other types of hepatotoxicities. Also Zinc has
proved to have a synergistic effect along with anserine and this confirm its
hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect.
103
‫العلوم البيولوجية و الفنية األحيائية‬
‫خد يجة ميعان محمد العنزي‬
‫كلية العلوم‪ -‬جامعة الملك سعود‪ -‬ص‪ .‬ب‪ 340191 .‬الرمز البريدي ‪11333‬‬
‫سعودي عررية‬
‫استخدام الكائنات الحية الحيوية الدقيقة لمعالجفة المنتجفات إلففادة البيفر ففي الصفناعات التكوينيفة‪،‬‬
‫هومايففدعى بالتقنيةاألحيائي فة‪ ،‬وتسففاهم التقنيةاألحيائيففةفي عففدةمجاالت وتخصصففات حديثففة وصففلت‬
‫للى أعلى مستويات الجودة‪،‬كقنتاج األ ية‪،‬التخلم من الن ايات‪،‬التعدين والطب‪ .‬وعلفى الفر م مفن‬
‫أن ه ا العلم في منظور الكثيرين‪،‬علم جديد و ٍ‬
‫أساس حدي ‪،‬ارتبط بط رةالعلم في العصرالحدي ‪ ،‬لال‬
‫ٌ‬
‫أن ج ف وره نمففت بواكيرهامن بففد التاري ‪ .‬والميكروبات‪،‬البكتيريا‪،‬الجراثيم‪،‬وبففاقي الكائنففات الدقيقففة‪،‬من‬
‫أخطرالكائن ففات الت ففي تم ففس حياةاإلنس ففان‪ ،‬والت ففي عن ففد كرها يتبادرأل ه ففان الس ففامعين آالم األمف فران‬
‫المعديةومعاناتها‪،‬ولكن لك هوالجانب المظلفم‪ .‬والنبفالع عنفدمانقول أن حياتناماكانفت لتسفتقيم بريفر‬
‫تلففك الكائنففات‪،‬و اك مففا سففأورده فففي بحثففي حيف‬
‫سففأعرف علففم التقنيةاألحيائية‪،‬وسففأ كرمراح تففأري‬
‫ع ف ف ف ف ف ففن تقني ف ف ف ف ف ففات متعددةكتقنيةتسفف ف ف ف ف ففكين‬
‫العل ف ف ف ف ف ففوم التقنيةاألحيائية‪،‬مو ف ف ف ف ف ففمن ًةبحثي أيوف ف ف ف ف ف فاًالحدي‬
‫الخاليا‪،‬وارتباطهاباألنزيمات‪،‬وتقنيففةالتخمر‪ ،‬وتقنيففات لعففادةتنظيم الحمففن النووي‪،‬عنففدبحثي فففي علففم‬
‫فةعمرمعين‪،‬وحقاً يلففزم الباحف‬
‫الو ارثفة‪ .‬هف اوليس للعلففم والمعرف ٌ‬
‫أن يكفون حاصفالًعلى أعلفى درجففات‬
‫تعليم رفيففع‪،‬ولكن‬
‫التعلففيم‪،‬لالأن أعظففم العلمففا ‪،‬لم يكففن لففه‬
‫ٌ‬
‫يهادات‪،‬فالوففي ارن صف ر‬
‫فاحب العق ف الم ك فر ٌ‬
‫ه اال يهوم أصحاب المعرفة حقهم‪.‬‬
‫‪104‬‬
Lipase-catalyzed Enantioselective Transesetrification of
Benzbromaron Metabolite in Non-Standard Solvents
Ashraf Ghanem
Biomedicinal Chemistry Unit, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-0395), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh - 11211, Saudi Arabia.
ghanem@kfshrc.edu.sa or ashraf_ghanem@yahoo.com
A versatile method has been developed to access to enantiomerically pure
hydroxybenzbromaron using lipases. The online monitoring of the biocatalyzed
reaction in non-conventional solvents is performed using HPLC [1-3].
105
Enantioselective GC and HPLC Analysis of Cyclopropane Derivatives
Ashraf Ghanem
Biomedicinal Chemistry Unit, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-0395), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh - 11211, Saudi Arabia.
ghanem@kfshrc.edu.sa or ashraf_ghanem@yahoo.com
This method provides chemical yields of the cyclopropane products,
enantioselectivity, substrate specifity, and catalytic activity of the chiral catalysts
used in the asymmetric cyclopropanation of olefins and avoids time-consuming
work-up procedures.
106
III. Section
Environmental
Geology
Integration Between GIS and Remote Sensing in the Geological
Studies
Mustafa M. Hariri
Earth Sciences Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals , P. O.
Box 685, Dhahran 31261 mmhariri@kfupm.edu.sa
The GIS (Geographic Information System) and Remote Sensing are considered to
be two important tools in the geological studies. Uses of both methods proved to
be very successful in geologic mapping, and the exploration for minerals and
hydrocarbon resources. As the GIS depend on data and its relationship to the
geographic location, the Remote Sensing technique mostly is digital information
geographic sites. Variation in this information from one location to another
represents the change of different geological features. This change can be
observed and detected by using the GIS and both the interrelationships and
shape relationships between the different geographic locations can be
determined. Such integration between the two indicated techniques will help
greatly in the geological studies and provide an important database that can
contribute to the determination of the needed relationships and conclusions for
hydrocarbon and mineral resources exploration. This paper discusses some of
the main attributes and characteristics of the GIS and Remote Sensing. Those
attribute can be used in geological studies to find out the interrelationship between
the different geological features in order to locate mineral resources prospects, or
to define and characterize hydrocarbon reservoirs. The paper also presents two
examples of such applications. First one is the use of GIS and Land sat images to
delineate lineaments and correlating them with fractures within the Dammam
dome. The second is the utilization of GIS to find out the spatial relationship
between minerals prospects and the geological structures and lineaments
determined from Land sat images, southwest the Arabian Shield .
108
Remote Sensing and GIS for Detecting Environmental Changes in
Burullus Environ, Nile Delta: A Tool for Developmental Planning and
Protection
Elkhedr H. Ibrahim*; Zalki M. Zghloul*; Ahmed A. Mostafa**and Ahmed
E. Rakha***
*Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University, Cairo,
Egypt, **Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Cairo, ***Egptian
Environmental Affairs Agency, East Nile, Delta Branch, Mansoura, Egypt
Coastal areas of the Nile Delta are highly dynamic and undergoing rapid
environmental changes. It is essential to reVIew such long-term natural and manmade environmental changes as a pre-requisite for planning, utilization and
formulation of developmental policies and programs. In this paper, these changes
are investigated in Burulus Environ of the Nile Delta by the combined use of multidate remotely sensed data, geographic information systems (GIS), and attribute
information. Satellite remote sensing provides cost-effective multi-spectral and
multitemporal data, and turns them into information valuable for understanding
and monitoring the spatial distribution of environmental changes over time. GIS
technology provides a flexible environment for storing, analyzing, and displaying
digital data necessary for change detection and database development. In the
present research supervised classification has been employed to study changes
occurred in Burulus Environ. The results indicate that there have been notable
and uneven changes between 1972 and 1999 in the shoreline, coastal strip,
Burulus lagoon, wetlands, cultivated and urban areas, and irrigation and drainage
systems.
109
Geochemical Evolution of Rare Metal-Bearing A-Type Granites from
the Aja Batholith, Hail Terrain, Saudi Arabia
Talal M. Qhadi
Department of Mineral Resources and Rocks, Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz
University, P. O. Box 80051, Jeddah 21598, Saudi Arabia
The Aja batholith is one of the largest peralkaline-alkaline intrusions in the
Arabian Shield (= 4000 km2). It is a zoned and composite massif comprising
many stocks and plutons of different sizes and lithological compositions.
Detailed field and petrographic investigations allow defining five rock types
in the batholith namely: 1) hornblende alkali feldspar granite 2) granophyre,
3), arfvedsonite-aegirine alkali feldspar granite, 4) porphyritic alkali granite,
5) albite granite. Zircon, sphene, thorite, Samraskite, Ta-selenide, pyrochlore,
fluorite, magnetite and hematite are magmatic rare-metal-bearing accessory
minerals. In some rock varieties, hematite is post-magmatic where local
metasomatic effects are visible in varying degrees and played a significant
role in the genesis of silica-hematite-rich rocks (hematosiIconite). The granite
varieties in the batholith are highly siliceous (Si0 2 =68-75%) with high K20
(3.72-5.52%) and Na20 (2.52-6.25%) and low Ah03 (8.35-13.5%), MgO
(0.07-0.4%), CaO (0.17-1.5%), Ba (20-409ppm) and Sr (6-134ppm). The
alumina saturation index (AlCNK) for most samples is < 1 while the agpaitic
index is > I confirming their alkaline to peralkaline character. The granites
have high and variable contents of Rb (81495ppm), Ga (20-52ppm), Nb (1O414ppm), Zr (290-31915ppm), Y (22-552ppm), Sn (3IOlppm), and total rare
earth elements (362-35 I 8ppm). These data indicate that the Aja batholith
represents post-orogenic A-type granites. The generation of their parental
magma probably involved partial melting of lower crustal rocks as a result of
the decomposition of F-rich biotite. Comparison of the geochemical data with
many specialized rare metal-bearing granites show that the Aja granitoids are
enriched in Nb, Ta, Sn, Zr and REE, especially the arfvedsonite-aegirine
alkali granite, the albite granite and the hematosilconite. Although the
geochemical effects of metasomatism is locally visible; nonetheless, most of
the chemical variations in the content of these elements appear to be the
result of in situ fractional crystallization (feldspars, ferromagnesian minerals
and rare metal bearing accessory phases) and fluorine complexing The strong
positive correlation of alkalis (Rb' and K) that was mobile during
metasomatism with elements that were not (Nb and Ta), argues strongly ,
against metasomatic alteration in the granites. However, the hematosilconite
is consistently rich in Fe, Si, Ca, Pb, Zn, Sn and poor in Na, K, Rb relative to
the granites suggesting the local effect of metasomatism.
Keywords: Geochemistry, Petrogenesis, A-type granites, Rare-metals, Saudi
Arabia
110
Groundwater Resources Exploration in the Uplands of Wadi Rasyan,
Taiz, Yemen
Ahmed A. Abdulqader., * Alia H. Alhusaini., ** and Harnza A. Ebrahim.,
*Gelogy Department,Taiz University, Yemen.
**Gelogy Department,Assuit University, Egypt. e-mail:drahaziz@vahoo.com
Exploration of groundwater resources is becoming the chief concern in the
region with large demands for groundwater supply. Uplands of Wadi Rasyan area
includes Taiz City where the average urban domestic consumption decreased to
about 30 litters per day per person. The population growth and expansion of
municipal and industrial activities have manifested in critical and multi-faceted
water crisis. The present work is aiming to explore additional groundwater
resources and to evaluate the groundwater situation at all, the geophysical
exploration was carried out using vertical electrical soundings (VESs) technique at
38 stations distributed along six profiles. Interpreted resistivity compared with
geological and drilling data revealed that there are three types of aquifers; the
surface alluvial deposits, the fracture volcanics, and the sandstone aquifer. The
alluvial aquifer ranges in thickness between 5 m to 60 m, while the fracture
vo1canics has maximum thickness of about 300 m, and sandstone aquifer
reaches to about 330 m in thickness.
Two significant contamination zones (high conductive layers) were interpreted
below the disposal sites; the first zone was detected at shallow depths in alluvial
aquifer, it extends from the surface into about 30 m depth, the second zone is
interpreted to extend vertically through the alluvial deposits into the fracture
volcanic to about 300 m depth. Many promising areas for future exploitation were
concluded in the areas where the sandstone aquifer is detected at shallow depths,
and where the fracture volcanic aquifer with good hydrogeoloical characters is
found. It was revealed that the accumulation and quality of groundwater are
structurally controlled and the larger resources being associated with the faults
and rock contacts
111
Statistical Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in Water Well Field
Talal Ghazi al-Harbi and M.Tahir Hussein
Department of Geology, College of Science, King Saud University P.O.Box 2455-Riyadh
11451, Saudi Arabia E-mail: tgalharbila2vahoo.com
The Middle Cretaceous sedimentary Formations of Wasia and Biyadh are one of
the major groundwater sources in conjunction with de salted seawater for Riyadh
city. The Wasia Well Field (WWF) is located at some 110 km northeast of Riyadh.
The groundwater chemistry ofWasia Well Field located between latitudes 2S009'2SoI4'N and Longitudes 47°28'-47°33'E was evaluated and assessed using
different statistical methods such as scatter plots, correlation, cluster, principle
components, and factor analysis. The results of analyzing data by these
techniques showed strong relation between sodium, calcium, chloride, Electrical
Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids. Using multivariate statistical analysis by
cluster analysis data was divided into two clusters. Further classification by
principal component and factor analysis, shows three factors responsible for the
variations within the data. Classification of water into types shows that Wasia
aquifer has no dominant cation or anions. This type indicates water exhibits
simple dissolution or mixing. Biyadh aquifer has two types of water; the first type
has Ca-S04 facies with increasing importance ofNa and Cl. The second water that
have no dominant cation or anion. The arial distribution maps and the
hydrochemical profiles show that the ionic concentration increases in the direction
of groundwater flow in both aquifers. In general, the evaluation of the groundwater
quality in Wasia aquifer shows its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes,
but not for industrial purposes. The evaluation of the groundwater quality in
Biyadh aquifer shows that it's not suitable for drinking, industrial and agricultural
purposes.
Keywords: Water Quality, statistical methods, Groundwater, Saudi Arabia
Riyadh, Wasia Well Field.
112
Geology and its Effects on Water Quality in Arid Regions of Iran
A. Salajegheh and A.R.Keshtkar
Reclamation of Mountainous and Arid Regions Department, Natural Resources Faculty ,
Tehran University, Iran salajegh@ut.ac.ir
Regarding the climate conditions and average precipitation of 250 mm,
Iran is considered as an arid and semi - arid region of the world, which is
mostly encountered, with lake of water consequently leading to water,
explore operations. Most of the rivers in arid regions of Iran are seasonal
and their floods maybe come unavailable during a short time of rainfall
seasons, and because of some special geological problems of this region,
most of the permanent rivers contain saline water, and are useless.
Geology new formations and resulting alluvial sediment them, hasn't
leaching similar old formations and will be wide source that destructive
water quality in this regions. Floods and oueds when flows on rich salt
formations that most of them are Miocene formations. In any overflowing
rivers dissolve some of salt in themselves. This paper investigates geology
and its effect on water quality in majnabad plain of Iran. Investigation
showed that surface water quality have been decreased in outlet of Shour
river in majnabad plain that flows on salt formations this region. ShoUT
river basin is a river that contains saline water and people use its water for
agriculture. Resulting low quality of ShoUT river, land degraded and
decreased of soil fertility.
Keywords: water quality, geology, formation, saline water, Iran
113
Salinity Study of Soil and Groundwater by Resistivity Survey
and Hydrochemical Analysis at Kerpan, Kedah, Malaysia.
Umar Hamzah, Abdul Rahim Samsudin, Bashillah Baharuddin, Masrita
Mustafa, Sanisah Soed and Y ong Cheng Yeu
Program Geology, Faculti Sains and Teknology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi,
Malaysia aiman9@yahoo.comProgram
Geophysical surveys and hydro chemical analysis were conducted at Kerpan,
Kedah, Malaysia to investigate the salinity of soil and groundwater. The
study area, about 100 km squares is located in the coastal plain and in the
vicinity of a prawn aquaculture industry. This study was carried out to
investigate the possibility of increasing salinity to the surrounding soil and
groundwater by seawater intrusion due to an excessive pumping of seawater
into the aquaculture area. A greater portion of the land in the study area is
planted with padi. In this study, a total of 60 vertical electrical sounding
(VES) stations including five lines of 2-D resistivity imaging were
established to investigate the presence and the extent of any salinity
contamination in the soil and groundwater. For hydro chemical analysis, a
total of eighty soil samples as well as water samples from seven boreholes
were collected to determine the concentrations of dissolved ions in the soil
and groundwater. In addition, salinity of surface water was also measured at
few selected sites in the study area. The interpreted sounding data indicated
that the subsurface soil can be divided into several different layers based on
resistivity values. The first layer has thicknesses between 2-10m and
resistivities ranging from 2-15 Om. This layer corresponds to the soft and dry
top marine clay above the water table. Resistivity values for the second layer
ranges from 0.1 to 7.0 Om and thickness varying from 10 to 20m. This
second layer corresponds to marine clay which overlies the third silty layer of
resistivities ranging from as low as lOOm to about 150 Om at depth below
than 22m. These results are in line with the 2-D resistivity results which
shows the presence of different resistivity values with depth indicating
difference in properties of subsurface soil as well as in the groundwater of the
study area. Hydrochemical data of water extracted from soil samples taken
from depths of 1-2m show chloride concentrations ranging from 12 to 6500
mglL. The wide range of ions concentrations indicates the presence of
different type of water which can be classified as fresh to saline. Total
dissolved solid values of the water samples also show quite a considerable
range of concentrations ranging from 100 to 40,000 mglL representing fresh
to saline type of water. Water samples from all boreholes show high chloride
concentration with values ranging from 9800 to 13000 mglL and low
dissolved solid values ranging from 0.3 to 9.5 mglL. .
114
Uranium Pollution in the A1-Hayt Area, South of the City of Hail
Eid AI-Anazi*and Ahmad AI-Saleh**
*Saudi Ceramics Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. **Geology Department, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
High concentrations of uranium and other radioactive elements are common
throughout the Arabian Shield especially in proximity to acidic igneous rock
exposures. AI-Hayt area (230 km southwest of Hail), although located on the
Cenozoic basaltic plateau of Harrat Khaybar, suffers from extensive uranium
pollution emanating mainly from the rhyolite hills of Asfar Thwelil just outside the
eastern boundary of the lava field. This outcrop is an exhumed volcanic dome
belonging to the Shammar Group of Late Proterozoic age. The rock units in this
dome are porphyritic and flow rhyolites with some ignimbrites. The flow rhyolite is
especially enriched in uranium and much of this is concentrated in thin vertical
veins of uraninite and uranophane.
Radiation measurements were carried out in the field using a portable gamma ray
differential spectrometer that was capable of counting radiation at 5 spectral
intervals representing uranium, thorium, potassium and total radiation (TCl &
TC2). Four traverses containing 67 points were made across the hills of Asfar
Thwelil and nearby plains, and some measurements were also carried out in
various parts of the AI-Hayt Town itself. Radiation measurements were also
carried out in several parts of the eastern and northern shield for the sake of
comparison. Soil samples for chemical analysis were also collected along the
traverses and from the town and its main quarry. The samples were sieved to 3
sizes (coarse, medium and fine) and analyzed for 34 elements using the Neutron
Activation technique. The results of the survey in the Asfar Thwelil area showed
this dome to be the sole source of uranium in the immediate vicinity of AI-Hayt,
and pointed out that clastics derived from the Harrah tend to dilute the
concentrations of uranium and thorium west of the Asfar Dome. Radiation was
measured in 5 soil profiles, and the upper layers (alluvium) were found to be the
least radioactive, while layers containing salt and calcrete were highly enriched in
radioactive elements. Results of the chemical analyses reveal the concentration of
uranium and thorium in the fine soil fraction; although this may indicate adsorption
onto clay minerals, a similar trend by immobile elements such as Zr, Hf, Ta, REE
and Co rules out this possibility and points to heavy mineral concentration in the
fine sand fraction as the main cause.
115
Pickeringite , a Rare Mineral: a New Record from Saudi Arabia
Ahmed A . Almohandis
Department of Geology, College of Science, king Saudi University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi
Arabia
The occurrence of pickering is recorded from Tayma area, as a rare and new
mineral to Saudi Arabia . The mineral is the Mg - end - member of Halotrichite
group . The mineralized area which contains the pickeringite belongs to the Tabuk
Formation . the pickeringite occurs as encrustations ar-'. efflorescence on the
walls of beds . Microscopic, X- ray and SEM / EDS techniques confirm the
crystal morphology , X - ray fingerprint and chemical composition of the mineral . It
is assumed that Tayma pickeringite has been precipitated from the slow
evaporation of water saturated with Mg, Al and SO 4 ions . Rain water would
probably have been the primary solvent, saturating the upper level of the Tabuk
beds. Precipitation of pickeringite has been saturated during the dry seasons in
the cavities and walls of a small area in the Tabuk Formation , Tayma , NW Saudi
Arabia
116
Production of Glass-Ceramic Materials from Industrial Waste
G. A. Khater
Saudi Geological Survey , P. O. Box 54141, Jeddah 21514, Saudi Arabia,
kater.ja@sgs.org.sa
By-pass cement dust from Rabigh plant in Saudi Arabia was experimented for the
preparation of technical colored glass and glass ceramic materials. The by-pass
cement dust was about 72 wt% of the batch constituents depending on the
composition. The bypass composition was sometimes modified by additions of
other ingredients such as silica sand, granite and magnesite. The batches were
melted and then casted into glass which was subjected to heat-treatment to
induce crystallization. Different techniques were used in the present study,
including differential thermal analysis, polarizing microscope, X-ray diffraction and
indentation micro hardness. The obtained c%red glass and glass-ceramic
materials possess very high hardness indicating high abrasion resistance, which
makes them suitable for many applications under aggressive mechanical
conditions.
Keywords:: By-pass;Crystallization ;Glass; Glass-ceramics; Diopside; Anorthite;
Wollastonite
117
Characteistics of Acid Resisting Bricks Made from Quarry and Waste
Steel Slag
Medhat S. EI-Mahllawy
Housing and Building National Research Center
87 EI-Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt., p.a. Box 1770 Cairo.
:medhatt225@yahoo.com
The paper is focused on the recycling feasibility of kaolin fine quarry residue
(KFOR) combined with granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) and granite-basalt
fine quarry residue (GBFOR) to make a special type of brick resistible to chemical
actions, particularly sewage waters, and has better properties than the
conventional one. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were uses by means of
XRF and XRD techniques. Also, SEM studies were carried out to analyze the
microstructure of some selected specimens. Solid briquettes were made from five
suggested batches. These batches containing SO% KFOR as a constant
percentage while the percentage of the GBFS has increased from 10 - 40% on the
expense of BGFOR percentage which has decreased from 40 - 10% by weight.
Firing was performed from 1100° - 117SoC with interval of 2SoC at SO/m (firing
rate) and 4h as a soaking time. In order to evaluate the possibility of ARB making,
the fired specimens were characterized with respect to the ESS 41-1986 as well
as bulk density, volume changes and firing weight loss. The study shows that the
batch S2 containing SO% KFOR, 20% GBFOR and 30% GBFS fired at 112SoC
exhibits the most satisfying ceramic properties that meets the requirements for
making the acid resistant brick. Also, addition more than 2S% wt of GBFOR is not
recommend because it involves a significant deleterious of ceramic properties.
118
Engineering Injection Credibility Using Down-hole Seismic Velocity
Survey for Archaeological Restoration (Kalawoon Mosque - Egypt)
Tarek M. EI-Araby* and Essam A. Morsy
Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, *
tmelaraby@hotmail.com
The culture heritage in Egypt is one of the most important cultures in the world,
because the numerous distributions of the archaeological monuments, tombs, and
other historical sites allover Egypt which represents two thirds of the
archaeological objects in the world. So that, the restoration, reinforcing and
conservation of these archaeological objects is of valuable importance for
economic considerations.
Kalawoon mosque is one of the oldest Islamic monuments in Old Cairo city from
the Fatimid period (Fatimid-Cairo, 969-1169). This important archeological Islamic
mosque is subjected to weakling processes due to different conditions, time
duration, and the redistribution of groundwater that present beneath the base of
the foundation of the mosque.
For strengthening the soil underneath the Islamic Fatimid Kalawoon mosque, an
engineering cement injection was planed and proposed. So that, the borehole
geophysical techniques (down-hole seismic velocity recording) were planed and
used to test the efficiency of this engineering injection process. The main objective
of the borehole geophysical technique was to compare the soil dynamic, static,
petrophysical, and rock strength parameters prior and following the injection
process. The aim of this study is to monitor and assess the change in seismic
elastic and rock strength parameters before and after the injection process
119
Exploration of Underground Cavities in Riyadh Area Using Ground
Penetrating Radar for the Purpose of Roads Construction
Nasir S. AI Arifi and Hesham M. El Araby
Geology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box
2455, Ryiadh 11451 hmaraby@hotmail.com
A geophysical survey is carried out over a 13 Km length of the route of Ramahl
Shawia/ Al Rafiaa road in Al Soman area about 230 Km north of Riyadh which is
located within the Urn Al Rudmah limestone formation for the sake of
underground cavities exploration. The ground penetrating radar method is
selected to conduct this survey to achieve the requested results because it is of a
great performance and accuracy in imaging the shallow depths of soil and
geologic structures including faults and cavities. This method utilizing the
electromagnetic waves which produced and propagate into the subsurface then
reflected when hits the layers interfaces or any obstacles that varies in electric
properties than the surrounding materials and recorded to give a continuous
vertical cross section for the surveyed line showing the subsurface layers and
structures. In this research we used the Sir 2000 system manufactured by the
Geophysical Survey Systems Incorporation with a 100 MHz Antenna for the
electromagnetic waves. The depth of penetration of these waves reached 25 m in
the studied area. The present study concluded the successes of the ground
penetrating radar survey for this area in delineating the geologic structures and
detecting the subsurface cavities as reflected wiggles or spots in the resulted georadar cross sections. So we were able by using the ground penetrating radar
method to discover the weak positions along the road wherever the caves are
existed around the faults and cracks. The caves formation mechanism is related
to the leakage of water along these cracks to the limestone bed which reacts and
dissolves as a result of this water existence forming different shapes and sizes of
cavities. There were many collapses in the surface layer and many caves are
exposed in the area of the road. The present study was able to locate the high risk
areas along the road and propose a number of engineering solutions
120
Study the Effectiveness of Landfill on the Contamination of the
Ground Water in Riyadh City
Khalid Bin Farj Al-Motairy
King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh
The collection and disposal of refuses constitute several technical &
administrative challenges because the daily refuses rate in Riyadh city around
7.000 tons. Most municipalities suffer from problems of collecting solid
garbage and disposing them by health methods. This study discusses the
effect of landfill to contaminate ground water in Riyadh city. This study was
conducted on the old Sulai landfill (Exit 18). The chemical methods were
utilized to analysis the water samples of the wells that surrounding the
landfill. In. addition, electrical resistivity methods were utilized to identify
the source of the contaminants around the landfill, the subsurface structure,
water status around the landfill and to identify the subsurface layers. The
Study concluded that the landfill locations in Riyadh city not apply the
international standards with designing, selecting & managing the appropriate
location and essential monitoring. Based on the chemical results, this study
has shown that the water wells in the study area around the landfill are
considered contaminated with one or more than of the toxic elements, high
soluble salts rate, and high organic carbon concentration in most wells, so
that, this study recommended not to use them for drinking purposes or food
industries. The geophysical survey results did not show or give a strong
indicator to the movement or source of the contaminants coming out from the
landfill. The study discusses the proper methods to dealing with the wastes,
the healthy proper methods, selecting the landfill sites, and safety burial in
geological and environmental aspects. The study concluded that geophysical
studies should be considerable in future to identify the appropriate landfill
locations for their high accuracy to determinate the depth of water level, thickness
of near layers, structure rocks, identify the cracks and know the insulating layers,
structure rocks , identify the cracks and know the insulating layers such as mud.
121
Geo-electrical Three Dimention Modeling of Wadi Al-Sahba Eastern
Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saad M. Al-Humidan and Nassir S. Al-Arifi
Geology Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455 King Saud University,
Riyadh 11451 alhomidan@geologist.com
The study area located at Wadi AI-Sahba which is part of the eastern province of
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between longitude 48.5 & 49.5 degree East, latitude
23.75 & 24.25 degree north and 300 meter above main sea level. It covers about
800 square kilometers with an approximate 8 kilometer in width and 115 kilometer
in length. The main objective of this study to detect the lateral variation of the
facial changes using three dimension geo-electrical modeling of 69 vertical
electrical soundings. These soundings reach up to 650 meter in depth (AB/2 =
1500 meters). 6 water wells were used to calibrate the interpreted layers that
conducted of a three dimension modeling. The main finding of this study that the
area underling by nine layers, the first layer reach one meter in depth which may
represent a surface deposits ,the second layer tow meter in depth and one meter
in thickens, the third layer reach five meters in depth and three meters in thickens,
the forth layer was about 11 meter in depth and six meters in thickens, the fifth
layer was about 25 meter in depth and 14 meters in thickens, the sixth layer was
about 56 meter in depth and 31 meters in thickens, the seventh layer which we
think is represent Rus Formation was about 120 meters in depth and 64 meters in
thickens, the 8th layer was 280 meters in depth and 160metres in thickens that we
think it represent Umm er Radhuma Formation the main water aquiver in the area
and the ninth layer was Aroma Formation witch approached 640 meters in depth
and 360 meters in thickens. Finally, we conducted the facial changes by nine
contour maps that represents the thickness of each layers and other nine contour
maps represents the horizontal variations in resistivity
122
Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Underground Water of Issyk-Kul
Region
A. K. Tynybekov and J. E. Kulenbekov
Microdistrict Djal 94/15, Bishkek, Kyrghyzstan azamattynybekov@mail.ru
Issyk-Kul basin is closed lake with area along watersheds 22080 km2. In
terms of geological' framework this is synclinal structure in eastern part of
Plicate area of north Tien-Shan, which is characterized with difficult
many stores building with predominance in mixture of abyssal and
metamorphic rocks of Riphean-Iow
Paleozoic age. In terms of hydrogeology this is a difficult intermountain
artesian basi~r Mesozoic age in the central part basin, which is
symmetrical framed from south and north ofTeskei and Kungei hydrogeological massifs.
123
Influence of Dem Source and Resolution on the Hydrographical
Simulation of an Arid Land Catchment, Sinia, Egypt
M. El Bastawesy,
National Authority For Remote Sensing and Space Science, Egypt. 23 joseph bros tito st,
et nozha el gedida, cairo p.o.box 1564 alfmaskan bastawesy@excite.com
The analysis of topological and geometrical relationships (morphometry) of
catchments drainage network has widely been used in the hydrological modelling.
Drainage networks can be derived form a variety of sources include topographic
maps, aerial photographs, field survey, satellite images and recently from digital
elevation models (DEM). The manual extraction of drainage networks is very
inconsistent process even within the same networks. Recently, conventional
cartographic representation of topography has been gradually replaced by digital
representation using DEM. This is driven by the increasing availability of DEM and
the increase in computing power, which make the derivation process faster and
more objective than traditional manual techniques applied to topographic maps.
Sets of drainage networks were automatically extracted from DEMs of various
source and resolution for Wadi Keed catchment, Sinia, Egypt. The comparison
between these sets and a reference drainage network digitised from 1: 50,000
topographic maps revealed a high degree of spatial and morphometrical
coincidence. This is implying the quality of the DEMs used in the hydrological
analysis, and the insensitivity of the automatic extraction process to the source or
resolution highquality DEMs.
124
Evaluation of Some Sandstone Outcrops in Saudi Arabia for Potential
Use in Applied Studies of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering
Musaed N. J. Al-Awad*; Abdulrahman A. Al-Quraishi**; Omar A. AlMisned ** and Kamal A. Haroon*
Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King
Saud University, Riyadh, ** Astronomy and Geophysics Research institute, Petroleum
and Gas Center, King Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh
Core samples are a vital constituent in petroleum and natural gas engineering
research activites. Newly developed techniques or theories for solving problems
or imroving process in petroleum and natural gas engineering must be verified in
laboratory using fairly homogenous core samples. Currently, the worldwide
practice, is to import homogenous sandstone core samples from abroad (such as
Berea sandstone from USA and Clashach sandstone from UK). The cost of
importing such core samples is very high and time consuming.
Properties of the selected sandstones were thoroughly investigated by studying
the geology, location accessibility, availability, values and ranges of the physical
properties (k and ~), mineralogy (% clay content and type), rock quality
designation (RQD), grain size distribution, pore size
Mineralogical investigation indicates that, Urn Assha'al and Sarah sandstones are
mainly composed of quartz and small amounts of Hematite and kaolininte, while
Saq sandstone is mostly composed of quartz. A vergae absolute permeabilities,
porosities and standard deviations of Urn Assha'a, Saq and sarah are 6.2 darcy
(SD=1.1 darcy), 0.841 darcy (SD=0.37 darcy), 0.183 darcy (SD=O.2 darcy), 29%
(SD=1.87%), 22.5% (SD=2.65%) and 27% (SD=0.46%) respectively for the
studied rocks.
Based on the above resluts, Urn Assha'al was used to perform sand production
test study, Saq sandstone was used in performing permeability-stress- production
rate relationship test study, and Sarah sandstone was used in prforming oil
recovery improvement by water flooding example study.
125
Geohazard Analysis for Land Use Planning in Dahab Area, Gulf of
Aqaba Egypt
*Essam A. Morsy, *Mohamed A. Gamal, *Said M. Dahroug, *Tarek M.
A. El-Araby, and **M. I. EI-Anbaway
* Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University ** Geology Department,
Faculty of Science, Cairo University
The Gulf of Aqaba coast is witnessing an increase in constructing tourism
development facilities. The investment in the area amounts to few hundreds of
millions of Egyptian pounds. The need to protect these investments and to ensure
sustainable tourism development led to studying hazards associated with geologic
processes in and surrounding the region especially following to the
November,1995 Nwaiba earthquake (mb = 6.2) which have inflected local
unexpected property losses. Active geologic processes in and near Dahab area
on the Gulf of Aqaba coast have been assessed both quantitatively and
qualitatively with the purpose to provide an ample foundation for planning the
area. Combined geophysical techniques supported with geological data were
collected, analyzed and interpreted. Geophysical data included, magnetic
profiling, seismic refraction, seismicity and borehole geophysics. Engineering
borehole data are also used to infer specific geotechnical properties of the soil.
Among the parameters measured are the depth to bedrock, nature of soil, fracture
distribution, and dyke-systems. Peak ground acceleration and potential for
liquefaction, tsunami and landslides hazards have been estimated and
qualitatively assessed. A scoring system is used for dividing the area into zones
characteristics to cumulative level of hazards. The end result of the study is
represented by a series of geohazard maps showing areas susceptible to variable
and different hazard levels. The land use of the area is proposed based on the
resultant geohazard maps.
126
Sustainable Resources Management : A Geological and Geophysical
Perspective
Essam A. Morsy*, Said M. Dahrouty* Hany S. A. Mesbah** and Tarek M.
El-Araby *
*Geophysics Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt ** National
Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics
During the last few years, the Egyptian urbanization strategies targeted installing
new urban areas as extensions for the already existed communities to encourage
new investment for sustainable development. The experience of building on soils
different from the Nile valley and the
Delta soils is new, and soil/site stability problems caused partial loss of
investments in some new urban cities. Assessing site qualification utilizing the
geological and geophysical perspectives and techniques is increasingly
become popular among the engineering community and supports the sustainable
use of resources and protecting investments. A systematic geological/geophysical
approach was used in Sharm El-Sheikh on the Gulf of Aqaba to investigate and
assess the site suitability for planned future urbanization with a touch base with a
generalized land use proposal. Reconnaissance and occasionally detailed
geologic mapping along with suitable grid for geophysical measurements (ground
penetrating radar, and geoelectric resistivity methods) were utilized to assess the
site suitability for urbanization.
The study provided high resolution picture as to the soil and bed rock types and
characterized the geologic hazards posed on the site, and proposed alternatives
to better use the land. The proposed scheme/approach proved to be powerful in
delineating in high resolution site specific characteristics
127
Geophysical Investigation for Groundwater Exploration in Mowqaq
Area, Saudi Arabia
Omar A. Al-Harbi; Omar, A. Loni and M. Mujtaba Khan
Natural Resources and Environment Research Institute , King Abdulaziz City for Science
and Technology
The detailed geophysical survey in Wadi Al-Radfeen, southernal Mowqaq city
was performed to locate aquifer capable of yielding water of suitable quality for
drinking and other purposes Two profiles of magnetic survey and thirteen vertical
surroundings (VES) were carried out during the course of fieldwork. The main
purpose of using magnetic methods were to discriminate between the basement
and alluvium layer and located subsurface structures in study area. The magnetic
results show the average depths are 166m for deep structures and 56m for
shallow targets in study area. It reveals that a fault is passing in the basin of the
middle area. The basin indicates low magnetic amplitude is probably due to the
presence of basement trough filling by the alluvium rocks. The resistivity results
shVerticow that the average depth to the weathered basement is About 35m.
Vertical Electrical soundings (VES) results revealed the occurrence of
groundwater at the intersection of wet alluvial sediment and
Weathered fractured basement rocks. The analysis of VES was used to construct
two cross-sections describing the physical properties of the surface materials and
prevailing local structural features. VES results also suggest occurrence of four
distinct layers in section. The upper layer of the section has dry alluvium and are
0-2m thick (>100 ohm-m) followed by wet alluvium zone of 2-25m thick (25-100
Ohm-m), weathered basement rocks of 20-80m thick (< 25 Ohm-m) and fresh
basement rocks of 80- (> 100 Ohm-m). On the basis of geophysical data VES sit
8.10 was selected for the purpose of drilling well. The drill well resulted in the
discovery of a fresh groundwater aquifer at a depth of 59m and pumping test were
also performed which discharged the water at the rate of 96 gallon/min. This
shows storing capability of weathered basement rocks especially the middle part
of the zone.
128
‫دراسة تقييم التأثيرات البيئية للمصنع الوطني لمنتجات الصوف الصخري العازل ( عازل )‬
‫بالمدينة المنورة‬
‫أحمد العمودي‪ ،‬عوض الردادي‪ ،‬هتان بدوي‪ ،‬أنور شويل‪ ،‬رامي يماني‬
‫هيئة المساحة الجيولوجية السعودية هاتف ‪ 6195000‬فاكس ‪6196000‬‬
‫ص‪.‬ب ‪ 54141‬جده ‪21514‬‬
‫قامت هيئة المساحة الجيولوجية السعودية بقج ار دراسة لتقيفيم تفأثيرات المصفنع الفوطني للصفوف‬
‫الصفخري علففى البيئفة المحيطففة وعلفي الصفحة العامفة للعمففال‪ .‬وتففم جمففع الجسفيمات العالقففة األقف‬
‫مففن ‪ 10‬ميكففرون بقسففتخدام جهففاز سففتابلكس العففالي الحجففم‪ .‬و أمففا العينففات اليخصففية فلقففد تففم‬
‫جمعها بقستخفدام المجمع اليخصي للجسيمفات و المثبت على صفدور العفاملين خفالل فتفرة العمف‬
‫اليفففومي (‪ 8‬سف ففاعات)‪ .‬وتف ففم ك ف ف لك جمف ففع بف ففار مريف ففحات المكي فففات و الربف ففار المترس ففب داخ ف ف‬
‫المصانع و تمت عملية التحلي الكيميائي لتحديد محتواها من المعادن‪.‬‬
‫وايتملت الدراسة أيوفا علفى قياسفات لمسفتويات كفال مفن فاز أول أكسفيد الكررفون و ثفاني أكسفيد‬
‫الكبريففت‪ .‬و ايففتملت الد ارسففة كف لك علففى تحليف عينففات مففن المفواد الخففام و المخل ففات الصففلبة و‬
‫السائلة لمعرفة محتواها الكيميائي‪.‬‬
‫وتم ففت أيو ففا مراجع ففة و تقي ففيم ط ففرق اإلنت ففاج و التي ففري و المناول ففة للخ ففام و المن ففت ‪ .‬و أي ففارت‬
‫الدراسة للى وجود تأثير بسيط للمصنع على البيئفة المحيطفة وأمفا التفأثير األكبفر فكفان علفى البيئفة‬
‫الداخليففة للمصففنع ‪ .‬وخلصففت الد ارسففة للففى أن اإلدارة السففيئة للمصففنع باإلوففافة للففى سففو التهويففة‬
‫ووففعي الففوعي البيئففي أدت للففى زيففادة التعففرن للملوثففات مث ف‬
‫ففاز أول أكسففيد الكررففون وثففاني‬
‫أكسيد الكبريت والجسيمات العالقة‪ .‬و أيار المسح األولي للووع الصحي للعمال وبعن األفراد‬
‫القاطنين بالمنطقة المحيطفة للفى وجفود بعفن التفأثيرات علفى العمفال‪ .‬واحتفوا التقريفر أيوفا علفى‬
‫أفو ف الوسففائ العمليففة للففتحكم األمث ف فففي ملوثففات البيئففة وطففرق الففتخلم المثلففى مففن الملوثففات‬
‫المختل ة‪.‬‬
‫‪129‬‬
‫استخدام المسح الراداري والكهربي للكشف عن التكهفات السطح في متكون‬
‫الجبيلة‪،‬غرب الرياض الكارستية تحت‬
‫المطيري‪ ،‬خالد فرج و العريفي‪ ،‬ناصر سعد‬
‫مدينة الملك عبدالعزيز للعلوم والتقنية‬
‫‪kmotary@kacst.edu.sa‬‬
‫تم استخدام المسح الراداري والمسح الكهرري للكيي عن التكه ات الكارستية تحت السطح في‬
‫متكون الجبيلة‪ ،‬رب مدينة الريان‪ ،‬نظ اًر لما قد تسببه من مخاطر بيئية أو جيولوجية على‬
‫المنيآت والمباني‪ ،‬وقد خلصت الدراسة للى معرفة الخوام ال يزيائية لتلك التكه ات‪ ،‬ومعرفة‬
‫مدا استجابة المتكون للطرق الجيوفيزيائية المستخدمة للكيي عنها وك لك مدا استخدامها‬
‫بصورة رئيسة في الدراسات الهندسية‪ .‬وقد خلصت الدراسة للى قدرة المسح الراداري على تحديد‬
‫التريرات في الخصائم الكهررية للتراكيب التحت سطحية‪ ،‬القريبة من السطح حتى العمق ‪6‬م‬
‫بك‬
‫وووح‪ ،‬مع لمكانية راية التراكيب الصخرية حتى العمق ‪8‬م‪ ،‬باستخدام التردد ‪250‬‬
‫ميجاهرتز‪ ،‬حي‬
‫يوجد تيابه قوي بين المقاطع الرادارية‪ ،‬تتمث في بعن االنعكاسات الموجية‬
‫القوية والمتماثلة فيما بينها من حي‬
‫موقع وعمق ك منها في بعن األج از العليا‪ ،‬حي‬
‫تص‬
‫أعماقها للى ‪4,75‬م‪ ،‬وتمتد بيك أفقي على طول خطوط المسح‪ ،‬وتووح أن التركيب الصخري‬
‫يظهر على هيئة طبقات أفقية‪ ،‬كما تتميز بأن لها مقاومية كهررية تتراوح مابين ‪300-180‬‬
‫أوم‪.‬متر‪ ،‬كما أن المقاطع الرادارية لم تعطي أي ماير على استم اررية وجود التكهي داخ‬
‫الطبقات‪ ،‬وانما دلت على تجانس التركيب الصخري في األعماق الس لى‪ ،‬ويدعم لك نتائ‬
‫المسح بطريقة المقاومية الكهررية‪ ،‬والتي أعطت تحديد جيد للطبقات األفقية مع ظهور أج از تتوزع‬
‫فيها المقاومية الكهررية على يك يبه دائري‪ ،‬اتوح بعد الح ر االختباري أنها تمث جز من‬
‫الطبقة الجيرية يتميز بترير سحني‪ ،‬و و صالبة عالية‪ ،‬وتص مقاومتها للى ‪ 280‬أوم‪.‬متر‪ ،‬بينما‬
‫الوسط المحيط تبلع مقاومته الكهررية ‪ 120‬أوم‪.‬متر‪ .‬كما تم دعم ه ه النتيجة باستخدام االختبارات‬
‫الجيوتقنية والتي أعطت توافق مع المعطيات الرادارية والكهررية‪.‬‬
‫‪130‬‬
IV. Section
Mathematics,
Statistics,
Operation
Research
Kth Best Spanning Tree is Polynimial for Series Parallel Graphs
Brahim Chaourar
Riyadh College of Technology, P. O. Box 42826, Riyadh 11551, Saudi Arabia
Given a graph G=(V, E) with a weight function w on its edges and a positive
integer number K, the Kth best spanning tree (KBST) of G problem is to find K
distinct spanning trees T1, T2,…., Tk such that there is not a spanning tree with a
weight less than their weights. This problem is NP-hard. We give a polynomial
algorithm to solve KBST in series parallel graphs. KBST has applications in
computers networks optimization routing.
Keywords: Spanning tree; Polytope; Extreme point; Facet, Series parallel graphs.
132
Applications of Theta-Open Sets
Raja Mohammad Latif
Department of Mathematical Sciences
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia E-Mail: Raja@Kfupm.Edu.Sa
In 1968 Velicko introduced the notions of ,   open   closed and
  closure subsets in a topological space for the purpose of studying the
important class of H  closed spaces in terms of arbitrary filterbases. An
element x in a space X is called a   cluster point of a subset S of
X if Cl U   S   for every open set U of X containing x. The set
of all   cluster points of S is called the   closure of S and is
denoted by Cl  S  . A subset S is said to be   closed if S  Cl  S  .
The complement of a   closed set is said to be a   open set. The
family of all   open subsets of
 X , 
forms a topology   on X .
The objective of this paper is to introduce and study topological properties
of   derived ,   border ,   frontier and   exterior of a set using
the concept of   open sets. Moreover, we investigate and study some
further topological properties of the well-known notions of   closure
and   int erior of a set in a topological space.
133
Fractional Derivatives and Viscoelasticity
Nasser-eddine Tatar
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Department of Mathematical Sciences
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
tatam@kfupm.edu.sa
In this talk we intend to discuss how derivatives of non-integer orders arise in
viscoelasticity. At the beginning of the talk we will introduce different definitions of
the fractional differentiation and give a brief history of this notion. This will be
illustrated by several interesting examples. We will also present the standard
models starting from the Boltzmann Principle all the way down to the fractional
model passing by the well-known Voigt model and the Maxwell model. Further
applications to different fields such as the damping technology will be highlighted
and discussed.
134
Characterization of Spherical Curves
Haila Alodan and Hanaa AIsodais
Mathematics Department, College of Science, (Girls Section) , King Saud University, Riyadh
11451, Saudi Arabia
A curve is said :to be a spherical curve if it lies on a sphere. There are many
characteri~afrcirts\)f spherical curves, among those is the well- known characterization
due to Breuer Gottlieb which was then il11proved by Wong without any
Preconditions it states that C4 - curve lies on a sphere if and only if



k  A cos  s ds   B sin   s ds






  1
where A,B are bitrary constants and k is the curvature of the curve and is  the torsion of
the curve. This result was then generalized by Alodan and Deshmukh to n –
dimensional 'submanifolds of Euclidcan space Rn=p lies on hypersphere if and only if F – (H,?) =-1; where H is
the mea ve the equivalence of Wong's result with Alodan and Deshmukh result in two ways , one with more use of submanifold theory.n
curvature vector field and ?? is the normal component of the position vector field w of the submanifold is R n=p. In this paper we pro
135
Categories Isomorphic to [0,1]- NRing and [O,l]-NMod
T.M.G. Ahsanullah* and Fawzi AI-Thukair
Department of Mathematics King Saud University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
tmgal@ksu.edu.sa, thukair@ksu.edu.sa
Over the years, many authors studied the compatibility of Lowen [0,I]neighborhood system equipped with algebraic structures, while other authors
studied the compatibility of HohleYing's(H,Y) many-valued topology of linear
spaces. In this article, following the notion of Hohle- Ying's(H,Y) many-valued
topology, we introduce the notions of (H,Y)-topological rings and (H,Y)-topological
modules over (H,Y)-topological rings. In doing so, we present several
characterization theorems on (H,Y)-topological rings and modules. We show that
the category of (H,Y)-topological rings is isomorphic to the category of co-tower of
topological rings; analogously, the category of (H,Y)-topological modules is
isomorphic to the category of the co-tower of topological modules. Also, we show
that the category of [0,I]-topological rings is isomorphic to the category of the cotower of topological rings, and the category of [0, 1 ]-topological modules is
isomorphic to the category of the co-tower of topological modules. Finally, we
present results showing that the category of co-tower of topological rings(resp.
modules) is isomorphic to both the categories of (H,Y)-topological rings(resp.
modules) and [0,1]topological rings(resp. modules).
136
On the Uniformizability of Many-Valued Topological Groups
Jawahef AI-Mufarrij* and T.M.G. Ahsanullah**
*Department of Mathematics College of Science Women Section, King Saud University
Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia**Department of Mathematics College of Science King Saud
University Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia :tmga1@ksu.edu.sa
Considering ( L, ≤, ^) as a complete Heyting algebra, that is, a complete lattice
where finite meets distribute over arbitrary joins, we show that every stratified Lneighborhood group, a subcategory of the category of many-valued topological
groups, is Luniformizable in the frame work of the unified approach to the concept
of L-uniform spaces introduced recently by Garcia, Vecent and Sostak. In so
doing, we introduce and study four L-uniformities UL, UR, UL VUR, UL
∩LR of stratified L-neighorhood groups. We shed light how these uniformities are
related with the existing [0, 1 ]-uniformizable structure of [0,1]-neighborhood
groups; we provided with the relationship between Hohle's probabilistic
neighborhood groups and Lneighborhood groups. We also look into the
relationship between the uniformizability of the classical 2-valued topological
groups and Luniformizability of L-neighborhood groups via Lowen-Kubiak functors
WL and lL.
137
Stability and Hopf Bifurcations of Nonlinear Delay Malaria
Epidemic Model
S. H. Saker!
Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455,
Riyadh 11451, Saudia Arabia saker@math. ucalgary. ca
Malaria is a very old disease originating in Africa, spreading as humankind
migrated to other lands. The disease gets its name from Italian word for "bad air".
After more than 1500 years, we still have mosquitoes and malaria. How important
to civilization can mosquito-borne protozoan be? Unfortunately, we cannot ask the
ancient Romans, but we do have some recent evidence that implicates this tiny
parasite in the fall of one of the mightiest empires of all time. The death of many
infants would be expected during a malaria epidemic, partially because flaciparum
induces high rates of miscarriages and infant death.
The mosquitoes that transmit malaria flourish in marshy areas. In fact, malaria
kills more than 2 million people each year-that is about 700/day. More than one
million of these are children under the age 5. In addition to the millions who die, up
to half billion suffer the effects of malaria. Because mothers are more likely to
suffer malarial relapses during pregnancy malaria is an important cause of lowweight births and stillbirths. More than half of miscarriages in endemic areas are
caused by malaria. The objective of this paper is to systematically study the
stability properties of the nonlinear malaria epidemic model with latent periods.
We investigate the stability of the positive equilibrium point and the existence of
Hopf Bifurcations when the latent periods are equal. In the case when the latent
periods are different we employs the Lyapunov functional method to establish
some explicit sufficient conditions for the local asymptotic stability of the positive
equilibrium point.
Keywords: Stability, Hopf Bifurcations, nonlinear delay systems, Malaria epidemic Model. 2000 MSC2000: 34K20, 34K18, 70K20, 70K50, 92D30.
138
Stochastic and Monte Carlo simulation for the spread of the Hepatitis
B Virus
M. Al-Ahmed* I. A. Moneim** and G. A. Mosa ***
* Department of Quantitative Methods, Faculty of Administrative Science , King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. ** Department of Basic and Applied Science,
Community College Al-Majma'a, King Saud University, Al-Majma'h,11952. Saudi
Arabia. *** Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Benha University,
Benha 13518 - Egypt.
Modelling and simulation of human biology is one of the most recent and
interesting techniques. Infectious and cell diseases are very serious major
public health problems. These diseases are still an open fields of study. Some
of these diseases are never understood yet others need more and more effort
to be completely solved. Constructing mathematical and simulation models for
hepatitis B virus (HBV) as an example of these kind of diseases, is the main
aim of this paper. Understanding, possibly control and predicting the nature
and dynamics of these diseases are also important tasks of our study. The
HBV is considered to be among the most dangerous infectious diseases in the
world [11] and [3]. It is one of the common causes of cirrhosis and
hepatocellular carcinoma HCC. It has been shown that, there is a threshold
level of the basic reproduction rate Ro which depends on the disease
parameters, under which the disease dies out from the population and above
the threshold value the disease fires up. This parameter values are used in
both stochastic and Mont Carlo simulations. In this paper we study a
stochastic model for the spread of the HBV. We use the method of the
stochastic partial differential equations given in [8], [9] and [5], to drive our
stochastic model and then try to solve this model. Also Monte Carlo
simulations have been conduct for this disease using random infection rates.
139
An Active Control for Chaos Synchronization of Real and Complex
Van Der Pol Oscillators
Ahmed A. M. Farghaly
Dept. of math. Faculty of Science Assiut Uni.
Now: Dept of Math. Faculty of Girls of Aflaj city Saudi Arabia.
In a recent paper [Chaos Solitons and Fractals 21 (2004) 915], both real and
complex Van der Pol oscillators were introduced and exhibit chaotic limit cycles. In
the present work these oscillators are synchronized by applying an active control
technique. Based on Lyapunov function the control input vectors are chosen and
activated to achieve synchronization. The feasibility and effectiveness of the
proposed technique areverified through numerical imulations.
140
On Classification of Finite Dimensional Complex Filiform Leibniz
Algebras
Bekbaev U.Dj.* and Rakhimov I.S.**
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia
bekbaev@science.upm.edu.my* **isamiddin@science.upm.edu.my.
The talk is devoted to classification problem of finite dimensional complex none
Lie filiform Leibniz algebras. The class of Leibniz algebras is a nonassociative
class of algebras which generalizes well known class of Lie algebras. These
algebras satisfy the Leibniz identity that were suggested by J.-L.Loday. When
investigating properties of the cyclic homologies, he had noted that if one uses the
tensor product instead of external product in the definition of the $n$-th cochain, in
order to prove the differential property, that is defined on cochains, it suffices to
replace the anticommutativity and Jacoby identity by the Leibniz identity. This is
an essential one of the motivation to appear for this class of algebras. We
investigate a subclass of the class of nilpotent Leibniz algebras. They are called
filiform Leibniz algebras. Filiform Leibniz algebras have the maximal nilindex,
therefore they are considered to be the "less" nilpotent. We give the necessary
and sufficient conditions for two generic filiform Leibniz algebras to be isomorphic.
The approach is algebraic and the conditions will be given in terms of invariant
functions. Utilizing this method for any given low dimensional case all filiform
Leibniz algebras can be classified. Moreover, the results can be used for
geometrical classification of orbits of such algebras.
141
Approximating singular integral equations of Cauchy type with
unbounded solution on the edges using quadrature formula
Z. K. Eshkuvvatov, N.M.A. Nik Long, M. Abdulkavi
Department of Mathematics & Institute for Mathematical Research Faculty of Science,
University of Putra Malaysia 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
ezaini@science.upm.edu.my
Abstract In this paper the discrete vortex method is developed for unbounded
solution of singular integral equations of the first kind, over the finite interval. The
singularity is assumed to be of the Cauchy type. Linear interpolation spline and
modification discrete vortex methods are used to construct quadrature formula.
The convergence of quadrature formulas are examined in the classes of functions
H∞([-1,1],K) and C1([-1,1]). New algorithms are presented for approximate
evaluation of singular integrals with weight function. At the end of the paper
numerical examples are given in order to show the validity of the quadrature form
Keywords: Key words: singular integral, singular integral equations, quadrature
formula, canonic partition, discrete vortex method, approximation, spline.2000
Mathematics Subject Classification: 65D32, 30C30, 65R20
142
Ergodicity of power series-map on the simplex of group algebra of a
finite group
Ural Bekbaev* and Mohamat Aidil M. J.**
Department of Mathematics, FS & Institute for Mathematical Research UPM, 43400,
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia .bekbaev@science.upm.edu.my; aidil@science.upm.edu.my
In applications of mathematics in other areas of science ergodicity and regularity
of a given map, of a simplex to itself, is one of the important problems. In our talk
we offer a solution of this problem for a special class of maps. Namely, a finite
group, its group algebra over the field of real numbers, any power series in one
variable with nonnegative coefficients, the sum of which is one, are considered.
This power series is considered as a map from the natural simplex of the group
algebra to itself. ergodicity problem of this map will be the main topic of the talk.
We will show that every such map is ergodic and provide a method to answer if
this map is regular at a given point of the simplex or not. .
Key words: Group, group algebra, regular map, ergodicity
143
Study of Almost Everywhere Singleton-Valued Filippovs
Khalid AI-Shammari, Peter Wolenski and Mohamed EI-Gebeily
Mathematical Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran,31261, Saudi Arabia
Let f : Rn ---+ Rn be given. The Filippov of f is defined as follows
F[f](x) = ∩∩ conv f(x + €B \ Z),
E>O z
m(z)=0
where m denotes the Lebesgue measure, conv A represents the closure of the
convexhull of the set A and x + €B represents the open ball of radius € about the
point x.Biles and Sparker investigated the following: The Filippovs of f and 9
(where fand 9 : R → R are Lebesgue measurable) relate in what way? Here, we
generalize their work and results to an n-dimensional Lebesgue measurable
function
144
Qualitative Behavior of some Max-type Difference Equations
E.M. Elabbasyl,* H. EI-Metwally**, and E.M. Elsayed***•
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516,
Egypt.* emelabbasy@mans.edu.eg. **helmetwally@mans.edu.eg..
***emelsayed@mans.edu.eg.
In this paper we investigate the boundedness and the periodicity character of
solutions of the difference equation
X n 1  max 
A2
Ak
1 A n1
,
, n ,...... n , , n= 0,1…….
X n X n 1 X n 2
X nk
where  Ani  n 0 are sequences of positive numbers and Ani  (0,1] for all n
= 0, 1, ... and i = 1,2, ... , k.
The solutions of the particular form
 1
1
, n=0,1…
X n 1  max 
,
 X n  p Xn  q
where p and q are nonnegative integer numbers will also be discussed.
Keywords: difference equation, boundedness, eventually periodic solutions.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 39AIO
145
Solving the One –Dimentional Neutron Transport Equation Using
Chebyshev Polynomials and Sumudu Transform
Abdelouahab Kadem
Mathematics Department, University of Setif Algeria, abdelouahabk@yahoo.fr
In this work we present a new approximation for the one-group linear transport
equation with anisotropic scattering in a slab, using Chebyshev polynomials. To
this end, the angular flux is expanded in a truncated series of Chebyshev
polynomials in the angular variable. Replacing this expression in the transport
equation and taking moments like in the PN method], leads to a new
approximation. The resultant firstorder linear differential system is solved for the
spatial function coefficients by application of the Sumudu transform technique.
The inversion of the transformed coefficients is performed also analytically, using
Trzaska's method and the heaviside technique.
146
On Minimizing Unused Bandwidths in Series Parallel Graphs
B. Chaourar* , A. R. Mahlous and R. J. Fretwell
*Department of Operational Research and Their Applications , College of Science, King
Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, bchaourar@hotmail.com
Given a computers network G=(V, E) and a bandwidth vector on its links, the
Minimizing Unused Bandwidths Problem (MUB) is to find a minimum number of
spanning trees sub-networks working as parallel services and a maximum
possible bandwidth for each one such that the remaining total unused bandwidth
is minimum. MUB is an open problem. We give a polynomial algorithm solving "in
practice" MUB in special kinds of networks topology called series parallel
networks.
Keywords: computers networks, Quality-of-Service routing, virtual sub-networks,
series parallel graphs, packing of spanning trees, polyhedraloptimization.
147
Bifurcations in a Ratio-Dependant Predator-Pray Model I-Delay and
Andronov-Hopf Bifurcationn II- Diffusion and Turning Bifurcation
Shaban Aly
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71511,
Egypt shhaly12@yahoo.com
Ratio-dependent predator-prey models are increasingly favored by field ecologists
as an alternative or more suitable ones for predator-prey interactions where
predation involves searchipg process: In this paper we study the conditions of the
existence and stability properties of the equilibria in a reaction diffusion ratiodependant predator-prey model in which predator mortality is neither a constant
nor an unbounded function still, it· is increasing with the predator abundance. We
show that if there is no diffusion (case I) then the increase of delay destabilizes
the system and causes the occurrence of periodic oscillations, Andronov-Hopf
bifurcation. In the presence of diffusion only (case II) we show that at a certain
critical value a diffusion driven (Turing type) instability occurs i.e. the stationary
solution stays stable with respect to the kinetic system (the system without
diffusion) but becomes unstable with respect to the system with diffusion and that
Turing bifurcation takes place: a spatially non-homogenous (non-constant)
solution (structure or pattern) arises
148
Dispersion of Torsional Waves in a Dissipative Cylinder Under Initial
Stresses
M. M. Selim
Department of Mathematics, Al-Aflaj Community College, King Saud University, P. O.
Box 710, Al-Aflaj 11912 Saudi Arabia , selim23@yahoo.com
The present paper deal with the effects of damping as well as initial stresses on
the propagation of torsional waves in an incompressible cylinder of infinite length.
A governing equation has been formulated on Biot's incremental deformation
theory. The velocities of torsional waves are obtained as complex ones, in which
real part gives the phase velocity of propagation and corresponding imaginary part
gives the damping. The study reveals that the damping of the medium has strong
effect in the propagation of torsional wave. Since every medium has damping so it
is more realistic to use the damped wave equation instead of the undamped wave
equation. The study also shows that the velocity of propagation of such waves
depend on the presence of initial stress. The influences of damping and initial
stresses are shown separately
149
On Long Time Behavior of Some Visco-elastic Problems
Salim A. Messaoudi and Nuha Al-Jebr
Mathematics Department, King Fahad university of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, messaoud@kfupm.edu.sa
In elasticity the existing theory accounts for materials which have a capacity to
store mechanical energy with no dissipation (of the energy). On the other hand, a
Newtonian viscous fluid in a non-hydrostatic stress state has a capacity for
dissipation energy without storing it. Materials which are outside the scope ofthese
two theories would be those for which some, but not all, ofthe work done to
deform them, can be recovered. Such materials possess a capacity of storage
and dissipation of mechanical energy. This is the case of "viscoelastic" materials.
In this work, we studied a more general problem arising in viscoelasticity and
established a uniform decay result. In this regard, we weakened some restrictions
imposed earlier by some authors to establish their decay results and improved
some others.
150
Propagation of Torsional Surface Waves in Heterogenous Half-Space
with Irregular Free Surface
M. M. Selim
Department of Mathematics, Al-Aflaj Community College, King Saud University, P. O.
Box 710, Al-Aflaj 11912 Saudi Arabia , selim23@yahoo.com
The effect of irregularity on the propagation of torsional surface waves in a
heterogeneous, elastic half-space has been studied. The velocity equation has
been derived. The velocities have been calculated numerically and are shown
graphically. The study reveals that the surface irregularity has a notable effect on
the propagation of torsional surface waves. It is also observed that the velocity of
propagation of torsional surface waves depends on the heterogeneity present in
the medium.
151
The Dynamics of Infectious Diseases with Different Types of Periodic
Contact Rate : A Stimulation Study
Islam A Moneim
Al Majma's Community College, King Saud University, al-Majma'a,
moneim97@yahoo.com
The main aim of this paper is to explain how can the type of the contact rate affect
the behaviour ofthe disease dynamics. This amplitude parameter is used as a
\textbf {filter} to plot the length in years of the period of the stable endemic periodic
solution of the SEIR model. The simulation results have indicated that using
different functional forms of seasonally varying contact rate generates different
patterns of solutions for each disease parameter set and type of contact rate. So
prediction of the type of disease outbreaks depends on the form of contact rate.
Thus it is important to determine which type of contact rate is more likely to match
the actual dynamics of each disease.
152
Constrained Approximation of Functions Over a Semi-infinite
Interval (Computational Aspect)
H. Al-Attas and M. Bokhari
Department of Mathematics, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals,
mbokhari@kfupm.edu.sa
In this paper, we will present some computational aspects of approximating some
functions defined over a semi-infinite interval by exponential polynomials subject
to interpolatory constraints. The hardship of our work comes from applying the
interpolatory constraints with the semi-infinite interval case. For this, we shall
introduce the notion of orthogonal exponential O-interpolants. The computational
procedure will be explained. Also, some results with simulated examples will be
presented.
153
On the Identification of the Blur Operator in Image Processing
Moahamed A. El-Gebeily and Ali Cherid
Department of Mathematical Sciences, King Fahad Unversity, Dhahran 31261, Saudi
Arabia
The problem of identifying a blur operator or PSF (point spread function) of a
blurred image is addressed. The blur operator is assumed to be a linear timeinvariant continuous operator (not necessarily finite dimensional). The blur
operator is recovered through the minimization of variation of a suitable cost
function. This solution of the variational problem is obtained by a fixed point
method, which is globally convergent. Experimental results on a simulated blurred
image are shown.
154
Stability Analysis Of a Dispersive Driven Spin-1;2 System
H. A. Batarfi* and S. S. Hassan**
*Mathematics Department, Faculty of Science , P.o. Box 903UJeddah 214J3
hbatartl@);gJl,edu.sfd. **Mathematics Department, College of Science, University of Bahrain, P. O.
Box 32038, Bahrain shoukrayhassan@gmail.com
Linear stability analysis and investigation of chaotic self-pulsing behaviour are
presented for a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations modeling the
coupling of a single 2-level atom with a single mode of the electrom.agnetic tield in
a dispersive driven cavity. Phase space diagram and Poil1care maps are presented
to assist our investigation.
155
Travelling Wave Solutions for Nonlinear Wave Equation with
Dissipation and Nonlinear Transport Term through Factorizations
H. A. Abdusalam and E.S. Fahmy
Mathematics Department ,College of Science, King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia, P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451hosny@operamail.com King Saud
University,Mathematics Department , Women Students Medical Studies & Sciences
Sections, ,P. O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, esfahmy@operamail.com
In this work, we use the factorization method to find explicit exact particular
travelling wave solutions for the nonlinear wave equation with dissipation and
nonlinear transport term. The two-parameter solution is obtained by using the
particular solution and the known solutions for the Newell-Whitehead
equation, Kolmogorov-PetrovskyPiscounov equation, Fitzhugh-Nagumo
equation, and the Burgers equation with cubic nonlinearity are obtained as
special cases from the solutions of the nonlinear wave equation with
dissipation and nonlinear term.
Key words: Factorization method, travelling wave, nonlinear wave equation.
156
On Comparison of Spline Regularization and Fourier Series
Methods for Inversion of Noisy Laplace Transforms
M. lqbal
Department of Mathematical Sciences
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
miqbal@kfupm.edu.sa
In this paper, we propose two numerical methods for computing a function
given its Laplace transform function on the real axis. In the first method we have
converted the Laplace transform to an integral equation of the first kind of
convolution type, which is an ill-posed problem and used the spline regularization
method to solve it. Inversion of noisy Laplace transform plays an important role in
the system theory. In the second method the inversion algorithm is based on the
Fourier series expansion of the unknown function and the Fourier coefficients are
approximated using Tikhonov regularization. The methods are applied to several
test examples taken from [3, 4, 15, 20, 30]. The results are shown in Tables 1 and
Figs. (1-6).AMS Subject Classification: 65R20, 65R30
Key Words Ill-posed problems, convolution equation, cross-validation, spline
regularization, filter function, system theory, Fourier coefficients, Tikhonov
regularization.
157
Oscillation of Forced Nonlinear Neutral Differential Equations with
Distributed Type Deviating Arguments of Evenorder
H. A. Agwo
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Education Ain Shams University
Roxy, Cairo, Egypt. Hassana2Wa@vahoo.com
Oscillation criteria for even order forced nonlinear neutral differential equations
with distributed type deviating arguments of the following form
dn -(x(t)+c(t)x(t"(t»)+ r Q(t,~)G(x«(j(t,~»d,u(~) = f(t)
dtnare obtained and improved all known results, where, t E R+ = [0,00), O:S; c(t) <
1, r(t),CT(t,~) < t, ~ E [a,b] Q E C(([to'oo) x [a,b]),[O,oo)) and
I(t) is a real valued continuous function on R+, G: R ~ R is nondecreasing,
differentiable function such that xG(x) > 0 for x ~ 0 and J.l E C([a,b ],R) and J.l(~)
is a nondecreasing in ~. Mathematics subject classification (2000): 34C15, 34Kll,
34K40.
Key words: Oscillation, delay differential equations, neutral differential
equations
158
On Supply Chain Model for Warehouse Location and Retailers
Allocation
Avninder GILL and M. Ishaq Bhatti
Department of Economics and Finance La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
Warehouse location and retailer allocation problems are commonly encountered
by logisticians and supply chain managers, especially during the supply chain
design phase. This paper models the warehouse location and retailer allocation
problem as a 0-1 integer programming problem and provides an efficient twostage set covering heuristic algorithm to solve large sized problems. The solution
approach is illustrated with the help of a numerical example. Finally, concluding
remarks and some recommendations for further research are also presented.
159
Polynomial for Special Knot Graphs
Juergen Flachsmeyer* and Ashraf Ibrahim EI-sayed Hefnawy Elrokh*
*Instituted of Informatics and Mathematics, Ernst Moritz Arndt University of
Greifswald** Department Of Mathematics , Faculty of Science, Taiba University ,
Madina, Saudi Arabia
There are some techniques techniques used to help distinguishing between the
knots. For example some polynomials ( Alexander polynomial, Jones polynomial,
Chromatic polynomial, Rank ~ polynomial, Flow polynomial, Laurent polynomial,
Kauffman polynomial, Kauffman bracket ~ polynomial, Tuutte polynomial).
In this article ,we used Tutte polynomial to calculate some special knot to get
related formula for it.
160
Look Knots, Links in Islamic Arts
Juergen Flachsmeyer* and AshrafIbrahim EI-sayed Hefnawy Elrokh**
Instituted of Informatics and Mathematics, Ernst MoritzArndt University of Greifswald Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taiba
University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
Knot Theory deals with knots, links,brands, and related objects. It is a branch of
algebraic topology which started in 19th century and rapidly develops nowadays
.knot theory has applications in Arts, molecular chemistry, particle physics
,statistical mechanics, study of DNA ,and more.
In this article ,we are attracted to some interacting samples which found at
Mohamed Ali mosqueCairo, so there was a trend to apply the knot theory in
Islamic Art, these samples were {in carefully studied analyzed and described.
161
On the Oscillation of Solutions of First Order Superlinear and
Sublinear Differential Equations with Deviating Arguments
H. A. Agwo
Department of Mathematics Faculty of Education Ain Shams University Roxy, Cairo,
Egypt. Hassanagwa@yahoo.com
New oscillation criteria are given for first order super-linear and sub-linear
differential equations with deviating arguments with variable coefficients.
Mathematics subject classification (2000): 34C15, 34Kll, 34K15.
Key words: Oscillation, delay differential equations, advanced differential
equations
162
Heisenberg Group and the Invalidity of the rTheory of Hormander
for Partial " Differential Equations
K. EI-Hussein
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Scinece in AI-Jouf, King Saud University, KSA
kahar-hussein@Lycos.comorkhali_kh@yahoo.com
As Well known the Lewy operator:



i
 2i  1   2 
 1
 2
 3
(0.1)
is not globally solvable on JR3 but it is invariant on the real Heisenberg group
H of dimension three. We know that the methods of M.F. Atiyah [1] and 1. N.
Bernstein-G. 1. Gelfand [2], gave a new proof of the HormanderLojasiewcs
theorem [5], [7], on the existe'nce of a tempered fundamental solution for any
invariant differential operator on Rm. By Fourier trans: form and AtiyahBernstein methods, we will give a resolution of the division of distributions on
the real Heisenberg Hn . This leads us to prove the existence of a tempered
fundamental solution for any invariant differential operator on Hn• Since these
operators are in general partial differential equations, we believe that this
note will be intended to draw the attention of Analysts and Algebrist to this
way in the theory of differetial equations with variable coefficients.
163
‫حساب عوامل التنقية ألوساط مسامية‬
‫باستخدام نظرية التجانس وتطبيقات عليها‬
‫الدكتورمعروف بسوت لليش‬
‫أستا في قسم الرياويات كلية العلوم – جامعة حلب‬
‫‪P.O.Box 11104 Aleppo, SYRIA‬‬
‫‪dr_maarouf_bassout@hotmail.com‬‬
‫في ه ا البح‬
‫‪ ،‬تم تطبيق طريقة التجانس والتي تتطلفب اسفتخدام منيفورات متقاررفة ثنائيفة القيفاس‬
‫على األوساط المسامية الدوريفة يفر المتجانسفة مفن وجهفة نظفر مجهريفة و لفك بالبحف‬
‫عفن وسفط‬
‫مسامي متجانس مكافئ و لك من وجهة نظر ير مجهرية‪.‬‬
‫لن المراح الرياوية لنظرية التجانس تمكننا من حساب عوام التنقية المتجانسة للوسط المسفامي‬
‫المتجانس ‪.‬‬
‫لقد تم تطبيق نتائ ه ه الدراسة لحساب عوام التنقية المتجانسة لحالة أحاديفة البعفد وحالفة ثالثيفة‬
‫البعد لوسط منود (يتألي من طبقات فوق بعوها البعن) ‪.‬‬
‫إن هذه الدراسة صالحة للتطبيق على األوساط التي يوصف سلوكها الميكانيكي بقانون دارسي‬
‫كالمواد المركبة والمعلقات واألوساط المسامية‬
‫‪164‬‬
Bivariate Symmetry and a Simple Generalization of the Sign Test for
Testing Spherical Symmetry of a Bivariate Distribution
A. A. Al-Shiha* and Islamuddin H. Tajuddin
Department of Statistics & Operations Research, College of Sciences, King Saud
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia *aalshiha@ksu.edu.sa ** Centre of Computer Studies,
Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan
Ahmad and Cerrito (1991) have proposed two definitions of bivariate
symmetry, however, neither of these satisfy the property of
exchangeability of two random variables considered by many authors in
the literature. This has led us to propose another definition of symmetry
that satisfies the desirable properties. We also propose an extension of
univariate sign test to test the spherical symmetry of a bivariate
distribution. The distribution of the proposed test statistic follows
approximately a chi-square distribution. We conduct a simulation study to
evaluate the performance of the proposed test for testing circular
symmetry of a continuous bivariate distribution.
165
Testing the Number of Components of the Mixture of Two Inverse
Weibull Distributions
K. S. Sultan ; M.A. Ismail* and A. S. AI-Moisheer**
*Department of Statistics and Operations Research College of Science, King Saud
University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh , 11451 Saudi Arabia **Department of Mathematics,
College of Science, AI-Jouf University, P.O.Box 2014, AI-Jouf - Sakaka
Saudi Arabia
In this paper, we use the likelihood ratio test for testing the number of components
in a mixture of two Inverse Weibull densities (MTIWD). First, we formulate the null
distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic. Next, we calculate the percentage
points of the test statistic under two different stopping criteria. In addition, we
compute the power of the proposed test under the stopping criteria and show that
global maximization of the likelihood is not necessary to obtain a good power of
the likelihood ratio test. Finally, we discuss two applications to illustrate whether
set of data arises from a single or a mixture of two Inverse Weibull distributions.
166
Moments of Order Statistics from Rayleigh Distribution in the
Presence of Outlier Observations
M. E. Moshreft * and K.S. Sultan**
*Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, AI-Azhar University, Nasr City,
Cairo 11884, Egypt ** Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of
Science, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
In this paper, we derive the single and the product moments of order statistics for
Rayleigh distribution under a contamination model. We assume X I""'X n-p are
independent with probability density function drawn from Rayleigh distribution with
parameter (), while X n-p+I" •• ,X n are independent (and independent ofx I" ••
,X n-p) from Rayleigh distribution with parameter T • The samples are combined
and the moments are calculated. Some special cases are deduced.
Keywords: Order statistics; outliers; slippage model; contamination model;
single moments; product moments and Rayleigh distribution
167
Records Values From the Inverse Weibull Lifetime Model and
Associated Inference
Khalaf S. Sultan
Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science .King Saud
University, P.O.Box 2455, R1yadh 11451, SaudiArabia
In this paper, we derive exact explicit expressions for the triple and quadruple
moments oftpe lower record values fro~he Weibull (IW) distribution. Next, we
present and calculate the coefficients of the best linear unbiased estimates of the
location and scale parameters of IW distribution (BLUEs) for different choices of
the shape parameter and records size. We then use the higher order moments
and the calculated BLUEs to compute the mean, variance, and the coefficients of
skewness and kurtosis of certain linear functions of lower record values. By using
the coefficients of the skewness and kurtosis, we develop approximate confidence
intervals for the. location and scale parameters of the IW distribution using
Edgeworth approximate values and then compare them with the corresponding
intervals constructed through Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, we investigate
Bayes estimates based on different loss functions. Finally, we apply the findings
ofthe paper to some simulated data.
168
Adaptive Control of Inventory Systems with Unknown Deterioration
Rate
A. Foul, L. Tadj, and R. Hedjar
Department of Statistics & Operations Research, King Saud University, Riyadh
(Operations Research) hedi.ill:@ccis.ksu.edu.sa
The goal of this paper is to introduce the Management Science / Operations
Research community to one of the many optimal control techniques that can be
used in the process of decision making. We consider a continuoustime model of a
production inventory system in which a manufacturing firm produces a single
product selling some and stocking the remaining. Model reference adaptive
control (MRAC) with feedback is applied to track the output of the system (the
inventory level) towards the inventory goal level. The theory is illustrated by the
presentation of the results of computer simulation studies of this particular system.
169
Success of Ranked Set Sampling (RSS) in Improving the Quality of Production
Mu'azu Ramat Abujiya
Mathematical Sciences Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia abujiya@kfupm.edu.sa
The method of Ranked Set Sampling (RSS) ftrst suggested by McIntyre (1952)
has proven to be considerably more efftcient in the estimation of a population
mean than the standard simple random sampling (SRS). The method has many
applications in ranges of fteld and is currently breaking ground in the area of
reliability. Different Quality Control Chart Schemes namely: Sharwart Control
Chart, Cumulative Sum Control Charts (CUSUM), and Exponentially Weighted
Moving Average Control Charts (EWMA) has been developed using RSS and
some of its modifications. Results have shown that control charts based on RSS
or any of its modifications have smaller average run length (ARL) than the
classical chart especially if the process starts to get out control. In other words,
the new charts are more effective in detecting changes in process mean and
variance as compared to SRS.
170
Evaluation of Moment Integrals without Integration
A.H. Joarder and M. H. Omar
Mathematics Sciences Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia omarmh@kfupm.edu.sa
In this note we demonstrate a technique of deriving mean and variance only
mostly through differential calculus. The mean and variance of some continuous
distributions, especially exponentially decreasing probability distribution and
normal distribution are evaluated to motivate readers. Some interesting
applications for certain well known probability distributions such as negative
binomial and the Wishart distribution are also explored. The general nature of the
technique exhibits its potential for wider app lications.
171
Goodness-of-Fit Tests Using Order Statistics and
Record Values
K. S. Sultan, H. M. Aly and N. H. Alsadat
Department of Statistics & Operations Research,College of Science, King Saud
University,P.O.Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
In this paper, we use the spacings between order statistics to develop
goodness-of-fit test for the exponential distribution and compare the proposed test
with some other tests. Also, we use the spacings between record values to
develop goodness-of-fit test for Gumbel distribution. In addition, we show the
performance of the proposed tests by calculating the power based on some
alternative distributions including; gamma, chi-square and lognormal distributions.
Bedsides, we discuss some numerical examples. Finally, we apply our findings to
some real lifetime data sets.
Key Words :: Spacing, order statistics, record values, goodness-of-fit test;
power of the test and Monte Carlo simulation.
172
Bivariate Chisquare Distribution and Some of its Properties
Anwar H. Joarder
PO Box 1334, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
A correlated bivariate chisquare distribution is derived from the bivariate
Wishart distribution. A theorem is established that provides elegant
expression for infinite sum of the product of several gamma functions.
Then it is utilized for deriving product moments of the distribution. In
particular, moments of the product and ratio of two correlated chisquare
variables are derived. Some applications of these moments are outlined.
173
Non-parametric Robust Measures of Kurtosis
Ateq A. Al-Ghamedi
Dept. of Statistics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University,
Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaFax: 966-2-28-700-28 E-mail: drateq@yahoo.com
Kurtosis can be measured in more than way. We propose two different measures
of kurtosis depending on the ratio of the symmetric differences of order statistics.
They account for peakedness and fat tails. The asymptotic distribution is derived.
Monte-Carlo simulation show that they tend to be more robust than the classical
standardized fourth central moment measure.
Key words: Kurtosis ,Quntiles, Symmetric distributions .
174
Discriminating Between Gamma and Lognormal Distributions
A. Alzaid and K. S. Sultan
Department of Statistics and Operations Research College of Science King Saud
University, P.O.Box 2455, Riyadh 11451
Saudi Arabia
In this paper, we discuss the use of the coefficient of skewness as a goodness-offit test to distinguish between the gamma and log normal distributions. Also, we
show the limitations of this idea. Next, we use the moments of order statistics from
gamma distribution to adjust the correlation goodness-of-fit test. In addition, we
calculate the power of the test based on some other alterative distributions
including the lognormal distribution. Further, we show some numerical illustration.
Finally, we apply the procedures developed in the paper to real data set.
Key Words : Skewness, moments of order statistics, correlation coefficient,
goodnessof-fit test; power of the test and Monte Carlo simulation
175
‫بناء المحفظة اتستثمارية المثلى – تدنمة المخاطر وتعظيم العواألد‬
‫( دراسة قياسية عن المملكة السعودية)‬
‫بابا عبدالقادر‬
‫ص‪ -‬ب رقم ‪ 47‬عدة بن قطاط وتية مستغانم ‪ -‬الجمهورية الجزاألرية‬
‫‪aekbaba@yahoo.fr‬‬
‫إن مةةن أهةةم القةةرارات اكسةةتراتيجية لمةةدير المحفظةةة االسةةتثمارية ‪ ،‬هةةو مةةايعرف بقةةرار المةةزج الرئيسةةي‬
‫( ‪ ( Major Mix Decision‬والذي يةتم مةن خاللة‪ .‬تحديةد التركيبةة األساسةية ألصةول المحفظةة ‪ ،‬والةذي‬
‫يحدد الوذن النسبي لكل أصل من أصول المحفظة منسوبا لرأسمالها الكلي ‪ ،‬وتبةرذ فةي هةذا القةرار جةدارة‬
‫المةةدير فةةي الوصةةول إلةةى مةةايعرف بتكةةوين المحفظةةة المثلةةى )‪ (Optimum Portfolio‬والتةةي يحقةةق مةةن‬
‫خاللها الحد األقصةى مةن مزايةا التنويةب وبدرجةة تحقةق هدفة‪ .‬الرئيسةي فةي تعظةيم العائةد المتوقةب للمحفظةة‬
‫)‪ (Return Maximization‬مةةةةب تخفةةةةيض مخاطرتهةةةةا المرجحةةةةة إلةةةةى حةةةةدها األدنةةةةى ‪(Risk‬‬
‫)‪ , Minimization‬ولكن المحفظة االستثمارية المثلى ليست مفهوما مطلقا ‪ ،‬وإنما هةي مفهةوم نسةبي ‪ ,‬لةذا‬
‫من الصعب تحديد نمو ج عام وموحد يحدد مواصفاتها من وجهة نظةر جميةب المسةتثمرين ‪ ,‬أمةا مةن وجهةة‬
‫نظر المستثمر الر يد فاءن المحفظة االستثمارية المثلى هي تلك المحفظةة التةي تتكةون مةن تشةكيلة متنوعةة‬
‫ومتواذنة من األصول أو األدوات االسةتثمارية ‪ ،‬وبكيفيةة تجعلهةا األكثةر مالءمةة لتحقيةق أهةداف المسةتثمر‬
‫مالك المحفظة أو من يتولى إدارتها‪ ,‬ويتحدد نمة المسةتثمر بشةكل عةام فةي ضةوء متغيةرين أساسةيين يقةوم‬
‫عليهما أي قرار لالستثمار هما‬
‫ عائد المحفظة االستثمارية وهو الزيادة الحقيقية في القيمة اكجمالية ألصول المحفظة خالل العام منسةوبة‬‫إلى القيمة اكجمالية لهذه األصول في بداية العام‪,‬‬
‫ مستوى المخاطرة المقبولة ‪ Risk‬للمحفظة أي مقدار االنحراف المعياري الحادث في عائةدها الفعلةي عةن‬‫عائدها المتوقب‪.‬‬
‫ونظرا لمةا لهةذا القةرار مةن أهميةة بالغةة فةي الوصةول إلةى إنشةاء محفظةة اسةتثمارية مثلةى يجةدر بنةا طةر‬
‫اك كالية التالية كيف يمكن بناء المحافظ االستثمارية المثلى في المملكة العربية السعودية والتي تهدف إلى‬
‫تعظيم العوائد وتدنئة مخاطر االستثمار ؟‬
‫ولإلجابة عن هذا السؤال استخدمنا في هذا البحث بعض النما ج الرياضية والقياسية التي تقيس آثةار عمليةة‬
‫التنويب على كل من العائد المرجح للمحافظ االستثمارية ومخاطرتها المرجحة في السعودية ‪ .‬باكضافة إلةى‬
‫إنشاء منحنى المحافظ المثلى والةذي يعطةي النقةاط الممثلةة لمجموعةة المحةافظ المثلةى ‪ ،‬ويرسةم عةن طريةق‬
‫تحليةةل العالقةةة القائمةةة بةةين عنصةةري العائةةد والمخةةاطرة ‪ ،‬و لةةك انطالقةةا مةةن واقةةب بيانةةات تاريخيةةة لهةةذين‬
‫العنصرين وفي مجاالت استثمار مختلفة في المملكة السعودية‪.‬‬
‫مب تناول بعض التطبيقات الرياضية واكحصائية في هذا المجال نذكر منها‬
‫ االنحراف المعياري في قياس خطر المحفظة االستثمارية‪.‬‬‫ التنبؤ بمخاطرة المحفظة االستثمارية باستخدام معامل ( بيتـا ‪.) ß‬‬‫ تأثير معامل االرتباط على خطر المحفظة االستثمارية ‪.‬‬‫‪ -‬نمو ج ماركوثز )‪ ( Harry Markowitz‬ودوره في تخفيض خطرالمحفظة االستثمارية‪.‬‬
‫‪176‬‬
Quality of Services Routing Using a Multipath Algorithm
Ahmed Redha Mahlous* and Brahim Chaourar**
School of Informatics, University of Bradford, United Kingdom
ARMahlous@Bradford.ac.uk Riyadh College of Technology, Saudi Arabia
bchaourar@hotmail.com
A computer network can be represented as a weighted graph G=(V, E), that is, a
set V of nodes, a set E of links, and two positive real-valued (weight) bandwidths
function band delays function d, both defined on links set E. Given two specified
nodes of G, namely source node s and destination node t, a finite set of packets,
that is packet sizes and arriving times at source node s, the Unicast Network
Routing Optimization (UNRO) problem is to route all these packets to destination
node through paths of G from s to t by respecting packets sizes vs bandwidths
links, and optimizing a given object function. For example minimizing the total
processing time, that is the arriving time at destination node t of the last packet, or
minimizing the total delay time, that is the total waiting times of all packets.
In this paper we propose, a multipath routing algorithm as an alternative to the
known single shortest path routing to distribute load and alleviate congestion in
the network. We demonstrate through simulation that our algorithm yields to less
delay and much higher throughput compared to a single path algorithm.
Keywords: computer networks, unicast, network routing, multipath, delay,
bandwidth, Quality of Service
177
Using Smith Predictor for Active Queue Management in TCP/IP
Network
Rafe' Alasem; Alamgir Hossain and Irfan Awan
Department of Mathematical Sciences and its Applications, Bradford University, U.K
*R.K.alasem@Bradford.ac.uk,**M.A.hossain1@Bradford.ac.uk
***I.U.Awan@Bradford.ac.uk
This investigation focuses to a new design approach of AQM controller that can
be implemented at a router link using control theoretic approaches. This includes
development of an output feedback AQM controller for the non-linear TCP model.
It is because of non-linear controller design for non-linear network model is still
largely unexplored, even for the case when feedback delay is omitted.
In this paper we presents a robust controller for Active Queue Management
(AQM) using smith predictor (SP). A new SP-RED controller is proposed and
compared with traditional RED based controller. It is worth noting that the random
early detector (RED) controller is augmented by a Smith predictor structure for
plants with medium and high time delays. The proposed Smith predictor based
controller is implemented, tested and validated. Finally, a comparative
performance of the SP controller and RED controller is presented and discussed
to demonstrate the merits of the controller through as set of experiments. The
results and simulation effectively demonstrate the advantages of the proposed
control methods compared with recently published approaches for integrating and
unstable processes with time delay.
178
V. Section
Physics
and
Astronomy
Physical Properties of Laser Induced Gratings formed in Xanthene
dye photopolymers
Abdallah M. Azzeer*, Kawthar K. Alfares**
(*). Department of physics & Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh (**) Department of
physics, King Faisal University, AlEhsa
A permanent holographic grating was generated by interference of two coherent
laser beams from SSDP Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) on the surface of a nonlinear
optical photopolymers. Optimization and characteristics of dry film
photopolymerizable recording material sensitized with new Xanthene dye
(Rhodamine B) using He-Ne laser as reading beam are presented. The effect of
variation of the concentration of photosensitizer was investigated. Diffraction
efficiencies of 10.9 % at the Bragg angle was obtained in the photosensitive films
of 26 μm thickness with a spatial frequency of 625 lines/mm and at 10 -4 M
concentration of dye. To our knowledge, no reports have appeared in discussing
the observation of self diffraction of photopolymer doped with Xanthene dyes.
180
Tunable Laser wavelength generation by SRS in Gases and liquids
Jamal F. Al-Marashi*, Abdallah M. Azzeer**, and V. Masilamani**
(*) Department of science, College of teachers, AlMadena AlMonawarah (**) Department of
physics & Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh
The SRS production was obtained for (H2) gas at different pressures and different
input laser energies for 532 nm from Nd: YAG laser. The observed SRS lines are
683 nm and 435 nm for the first Stokes and the first anti-Stocks line respectively.
The dependence of SRS first Stokes line on the H2 gas pressure at three different
input laser energies were measured. The line widths for SRS first Stokes line with
change of H2 pressure less than 1 bar were measured. The SRS spectra were
obtained for ethylene gas (C2H4) at different pressures and input laser energies
using SHG of Nd: YAG Laser ( λ = 532 nm ). The SRS Stokes line at λ = 632 nm
was generated. The intensities of SRS first Stokes line variation with input laser
energies at three different values of pressures were measured. The higher
pressure of the gas shifts the threshold of SRS signals. The dependence of SRS
Stokes line on the ethylene gas pressure at three different input laser energies
were obtained. We can use this instrumentation for monitoring consumption of H 2
and ethylene in monomer connections.
181
Quantitative Elemental Determination of Industrial Alloys by Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Ali M. Alshehry* and Abdallah M. Azzeer**
(*). Department of science, College of teachers, Abha (**). Department of physics & Astronomy,
King Saud University, Riyadh
Time-resolved laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (TRLIBS) is a technique
for rapid and remote analysis in which a high power laser pulse focused on a
sample to produce plasma which causes intense optical emission. In our work,
TRLIBS has been applied to perform elemental analysis of steel alloy samples.
The plasma is produced by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm
wavelength, repetition rate 10 Hz, and pulse energy from 1 to 8 mJ. This paper
contain three parts: (1) optimization of experimental parameters such as the
distance between the plasma and optical fiber, laser pulse energy, gate width,
gate delay, and number of accumulated single shot spectra. (2) The plasma has
been characterized in terms of its temperature and electron density using
Boltzman plot and Stark line broadening. (3) Calibration curves for the elements
Cr, Mn, Ni, Al, and Si in steel alloy samples were obtained employing the internal
standardization method in atmospheric air pressure, limits of detection (LOD) and
precision for the measurements of these elements were obtained.
182
Stimulated Raman Scattering from common Oils and water
Ehsan M. AlBaset, Abdallah M. Azzeer and V. Masilamani
physics & Astronomy Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455King Saud University,
Riyadh
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) is an important and most probably method of
obtaining discretely tunable lasers. We have made use of Nd:YAG laser (532 nm,
50 mJ, 6 ns, 5Hz) to pump and produce SRS from number of commonly available
liquids like, water, and eight different oils.
183
Optical Phase Conjugation from Amplifying Dye Media
Shrouq H. Al-Eithan*, V. Masilamani** and Abdallah M. Azzeer**
(*).Department of physics, King Faisal University, AlEhsa (**).physics & Astronomy Department,
King Saud University, Riyadh
Phase conjugation is a novel nonlinear phenomenon where a laser signal wave is
returned, after interaction with the media, with phase reversal. This technique has
a rage of application in wave propagation and plasma dynamics.
In this report, we report one such phase conjugation. We have used a high power
Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm , 6 ns pulse width , 5 mJ pulse energy and 5 Hz to excite
and produce population inversion I dye solution( R6G in acetone). The optical gain
is so high that the medium produce Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) which
produced spectrally narrow collimated output along the axis of excitation. When
the concentrations of dye solution, power intensities, etc. were carefully optimized,
we were able to obtain phase conjugate wave from R6G dye laser amplifier.
184
Numerical Modeling of Thin-film Multijunction Solar Cells
Gamal M.EldallaI*, Moataz M.Soliman** and Mohamed Salah***
*Faculty of Engineering, Gazan University, P.O.B. 706, Gazan, Saudi Arabia **Institute
of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, P.O.B. 832, Alexandria, Egypt
***Engineering Mathematics & Physics Department, Faculty of Engineering,
Alexandria University, 21544, Alexandria, Egypt
Numerical modeling of thin-film multijjunction solar cells is investigated
using PC-ID program. The program is adapted to simulate the performance of
tandem solar cells. Cadmium-Zinc Telluride (Cdo.6ZIlo.4Te) is chosen as an
absorber layer material for the wide band gap top cell and Copper Indium
Selenide (CuInSe2 ) is chosen as an absorber layer material for the bottom
cell in the whole tandem cell structure. The effects of series resistance,
thickness' of the absorber layers, doping concentrations of the absorber layers
and light concentration on the performance of the multijunction thin-film
solar cells are carried out. The results indicate that the series resistance has a
significant effect on the performance of the top cell compared to its effect on
the bottom cell. In addition, under high light concentration conditions, the
series resistance has a tremendous effect on deteriorating the cell efficiency
compared to low concentration conditions. Finally, doping concentrations
and thickness' of the absorber layers of the top and bottom cells are optimized
to achieve high efficiency tandem cell.
185
Susceptibility Amplitude Ratio in the Neighborhood of the Uniaxial
Dipolar Fixed Point
Ibraheem Nasser
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia imansser@kfupm.edu.sa
The susceptibility amplitude ratio, in the neighborhood of uniaxial dipolar
fixed point2-4, is calculated using the field theoretical techniques of the
renormalization group, to one-loop order. Within a generalized minimal
subtraction scheme we are able to describe the crossover behavior of the
calculated ratio to the Ising fixed point. The ratio is expressed in terms of the
effective four-point coupling of the Landau-Ginzburg- Wilson Hamiltonian
and is found to be valid in the entire region between the two asymptotic
critical points. The results are discussed in terms of the crossover parameters
and are compared with the available theoretical and experimental results.
186
IR Solid State Dye Laser by Polymerization
*Attieh A. Al-Ghamidi; *Abdulaziz A. Al-Sugair; **Abdullah Al-Dwayyan;
**Mohammed N. Khan; ***majed S. Al-Sayari; ***Salem S. Al-Deyab and
****Emam M. Mahroos
*Space Research Institute, King Abdul Aziz City for Science & Technology P. O. Box
6086, Riyadh 11442 Saudi Arabia; **Physics Department,*** Chemistry Department,
College of Science;, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh 1145; ****Physics
Department, Women's College , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Many different materials may be used as host media for laser dyes, but in this
work emphasis is placed on sol-gel materials. Sol-gel glass is a porous oxide
glass, usually silica, but often organic modifiers are added to give a non-porous
ormosil glass. Room temperature processing and the porous nature of sol-gel
glass allow it to be doped with organic laser dyes. Sol-gel glass and plastic hosts
have been doped with laser dyes and their laser performance has been
compared. In this work, the laser dyes IR26 have been doped into porous sol-gel
glass, ormosil glass, poly(methyl methacrylate) and modified poly(methyl
methacrylate). Polycom glass is porous sol-gel glass with its pores filled with
poly(methyl methacrylate). Sample preparation procedures have been developed
from material manufacture to final optical finishing The laser performance of each
material was characterised in a way which allowed direct comparisons of their
efficiency and photostability. Photostability, is a key issue as it ultimately governs
the longevity of laser operation. For nanosecond operation the most important
factors affecting efficiency and photostability were the dye-host interaction and the
properties of the laser dye dopant.
187
Positron Annihilation Lifetime Study of Pure and Doped Polyvinyl
Chloride with Al 2O3
E. E. Abdel-Hady, Hamdy; F. M. Mohamed, and H. B. Alaa
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, El-Minia University, B. 0. Box 61519 El-Minia,
Egypt esamhady@link.net
Positron annihilation lifetime of pure and doped polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with
AL2O3 reflect the effect of concentration as well as temperature on free volume.
Therefore, variations of the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime and its intensity have
been correlated with changes in the dielectric properties of the pure and doped
PVC. The o-Ps lifetime and its intensity show a linear dependence with a
discontinuity at 30 % concentration of AL2 03. The size and the fractional of the oPs hole volume were estimated from the positron annihilation parameters.
Therefore, the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity and the
positron annihilation parameters on pure and doped PVC with 30 % Ah03 was
studied in the range from 30 to 140°C. The shift of the glass transition
temperature to lower temperature for the 30 % Al203 doped PVC might explain
the increase in the electrical conductivity with the concentration of the additive.
The electrical conductivity and dielectric results showed that the dielectric
constant (fl) has the same behavior as er, while s has the reverse one as a
function oftemperature. A correlation between the o-Ps parameters and electrical
conductivity has been experimentally observed for the pure PVC.
188
Enhancement of Critical Current Density in MgB2 Superconductors
by Nano Fe3 O4 Doping.
Mohammed Shahabuddin* and Nasser Saleh Alzayed 1
*Physics Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
l1451, Saudi Arabia and **Department of Physics, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
110025, India MohammedShahabuddinshahab@iamia-physics.net
Nano particle size Fe304 (n-Fe3O4) doped MgB2 Samples were prepared by
vacuum annealing at 750°C for two and half hour. XRD measurement shows that
the all samples are nearly single phase. The variation of lattice parameter 'a'
shows maxima at 4% of doping level while the 'c' parameter shows maxima and
minima at 2% and 4% of the doping level respectively. Despite the strong
ferromagnetic nature of the dopant Fe304, the ac susceptibility and resistivity
measurement shows that the depression in Te is around 6K up to 6% of the
doping level. This indicates that the Fe is not substituted at either Mg or a B site
rather it has occupies the inter-grain spaces. Magnetization measurements were
carried o~-(jn doped and pure MgB2. Even the strong ferromagnetic nature of the
Fe, the n-Fe3O4 doped MgB2 up to 1 % shows large increase in Je with respect to
the virgin MgB2 samples in the lower field and temperature range (T<20K and
H<2T). While in the higher field range (H>2T) Je of the n-Fe304 doped samples is
always less than the virgin samples. The irreversibility line decreases drastically
with increasing the concentration of the doping with respect to the virgin samples.
Large increase in the Je in lower temperature and field range shows that the nFe3O4 doping enhances the flux pinning. In the lower range of doping level (<=1
%) the magnetic activation i.e. the interaction between the magnetic dipole of Fe
ion and the vortices, is weak in comparison to the effective pinning potential.
While in the higher field rang the magnetic activation is dominant in comparison to
the effective pinning potential provide by the doping. Flux jumps are also very
clear in lower T and H region for the samples doped up to 1 %. It is absent in the
sample doped with n-Fe3O4 more than 1%. This shows that fluxoid jumps are
intrinsic to the high Jc samples.
189
Investigation of Photophysical and lasing properties of 597 Pyromethene in
ORMOSILS
Md. Naziruddin Khanl, A. S. Al Dwayyanl*, A. Al Ghamde and S. S. AIDheyab***
*physics and Astronomy Department and *** Chemistry Department, College of
Science, King Saud University, Riyadh-11451 Saudi Arabia and **King Abdul Aziz City
for Science and Technology, Riyadh , Saudi Arabia dwayyan@ksu.edu.sa
Organic laser dye 597 pyromethene in organically modified silicates (ORMOSILS)
has been synthesized by sol-gel technique and their compositional effect on
structural properties, fluorescence and laser performance have been investigated.
The laser samples were tested, by measuring their photostabilities and
efficiencies at transversal pumping and the configurations are shown. The result is
found that DMF and GL YMO influence the stability of dye doped ORMOSILS
sample. The pumping for laser oscillation from the sample was achieved upon
with a frequency doubled Nd: Y AG Q-switch laser at 532nm.
190
Electrical Conductivity of Vanadium Phosphate Glasses
A. Mekki and G.D. Khattak
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Vanadium phosphate glasses with nominal composition xV2O5-(1-x)P2O5, where,
0.3 < x < 0.6, have been prepared by melt quenching technique. The dc
conductivity of these glasses has been investigated. The non-linearity of the
Arrhenius plot ofLn (J'versus lIT may be due to processes involving several similar
activation energies; conduction by small polarons, or variable range hopping of
carriers. The dc electrical conductivity measurements for these glass samples
agree well with the conduction by small polaron model.
191
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Studies of VanadiumPhosphate Glasses
G.D. Khattak and A. Mekki
Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi Arabia
Vanadium phosphate glasses with the chemical composition [(V 205)x(P206)1-x],
where x = 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, and 0.60, have been prepared and investigated by Xray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. The variation between the batch
composition and the actual composition determined by rcp spectroscopy of the
glasses was very small. The core level binding energies of V 2p, P 2p, and 0 1s
have been investigated. The 0 Is core level spectra show an asymmetry for all
samples which results from two contributions, one from the presence of oxygen
atoms in the P-O-P, V-O-V, P-O-V environment called bridging oxygen (BO) and
the other from oxygen atoms in the V=O, P=O environment called non-bridging
oxygens (NBO). The 0 Is spectra were fitted to two Gaussian-Lorentzian peaks in
order to determine the peak positions and relative abundance of the different
oxygen sites. The ratios BO/Ototal decreases from 0.427 to 0.193 with the
increase in the vanadium content from 0.30 to 0.60. The V 2p core level spectra
for the glasses are single, symmetrical peaks indicating that vanadium exists only
in one oxidation state VS+. The study shows that vanadium plays, in these
glasses, the role of a network modifier rather than a glass former as reported in
other vanadate glasses. Further, the ratios of phosphorous to metal (R = P/M ≤ 2)
and oxygen to phosphorous (R * = O/P > 3 ) suggest that these phosphate glasses
probably exist as linear chains.
192
Polarization Instability of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers
Abdullah M. A. Aldukhayel and Abdullah S. Aldwayyan
Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, p.a. Box
2455, Riyadh 11451. dwayvan@ksu.edu.sa
We present an experimental study of the polarization instability and switching
between the two orthogonally polarized modes in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting
Lasers (VCSEL's). Both modes showed two types of self-sustained pulsations
simultaneously. First type was in the low frequency range « 100 MHz) whereas the
second type was in the high frequency range (> 100 MHz). Both types of
pulsations were found to appear above wide range of biasing current (I = Ith up to
31th) but in different manners. Low Frequency Pulsations (LFP) intensity
decreased as the current increased while for High Frequency Pulsations (HFP)
intensity increased as the current increased. Temperature measurements and
time domain-based results showed that LFP could be due to transverse modes
competition while HFP due to the competition between two orthogonally polarized
modes.
193
Thermal Neutron Irradiation Effect on Dynamical Characteristics of
Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL's)
Rayed H. S. Al-Hothlool and Abdullah S. Aldwayyan
Physics and Astronomy department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O.Box
2455, Riyadhl1451, Saudi Arabia dwayyan@ksu.edu.sa
The effects of thermal neutrons (1 Mev) irradiation on verticalcavity surfaceemitting lasers (VCSELs) characteristics are investigated experimentally. It is
found that quantum efficiency and the threshold current of VCSEL's change as the
radiation dose changes. Random shifts in the peak emission profile due to
neutrons radiation are noticed. Radiations may induce instability in the dynamical
characteristics of some VCSEL's while other devices became more stable after
same dose of radiation.
194
Effect of Laser Pulse Period on the Operation of Calcium Ion in a Linear
Paul Trap
Qasim M. Al-Haithi
Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Islamic University of Um Al-Dharman University,
Khartoom, Sudan
Trapped ions is one of the most promising technique to construct the quantum
register. The calcium ion 40Ca + is one of candidate ions to be as a quantum bit
(qubit). In this paper the effect of the variation of laser pulse period on the
quantum register state is studied. Trapped ion quantum computer that was
suggested by Cirac is adopted in this work. Starting from laser pulse period I ns
up to IOns, the fidelity is calculated for different physical and geometrical
parameters of the linear Paul trap. The two energy levels 4 2 S1/2 and 32 D5/2 of
40Ca + are chosen to represent the two logical states 10) and /1) states of the qubit.
The results show that the optimum value of the fidelity can be achieved by
choosing suitable set of values of the physical and geometrical parameters. These
parameters include the laser incident angle with trap axis, axial trap frequency and
Rabi frequency.
195
Determination of Elemental Composition in Iron Slag Waste Using
Spectroscopy
M. A. Gondal *,T. Hussain**" Z. H. Yamani* and A. Bakari***
*Laser Research Laboratory, Physics Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Box 372, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
** Institute of Environmental Science & Engineering, National University of Sciences and
Technology (NUST), Tamiz Ud din Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan ***Physics
Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia
magondal@kfupm.edu.sa
During the last few decades, environmental pollution has been increased due to
industrial growth. Hazardous waste generated through industrial process has
contaminated our precious resources such as soil, air, and ground water. Millions
of tons of iron slag and scrap is produced annually as a by-product of iron in the
steel production industry. The contaminants/pollutants present in scrap material
could be harmful to the environment, to the occupants in the neighborhood and
factory workers. Due to these facts, proper analysis of such iron slag is important.
Classification and identification of slag has been concern,bf most government
environmental agencies in the world and different research laboratories are using
different techniques for elemental identification of iron slag waste. Data on rapid
elemental identification and composition of slag is important for the safe uses of
recycled iron and proper waste management of slag,.
Considering the above-mentioned facts, there is a great need for the development
of an analytical technique for identification, quantification and waste management
for scrap/slag at a steel manufacturing plant. By rapid detection of the
contaminants (trace metals) present in the iron slag waste, one can make the
environmental conditions much better and safer. Unfortunately, conventional
analytical techniques are not adequate enough for rapid analysis of iron
scrap/slag produced at steel manufacturing plant. Laser-induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy (UBS) is gaining importance as a fast and simple method to analyze
and determine elemental composition of various solid and liquid samples in
different industrial plants.
196
Determination of Chloride Contents in Different Types of Cements
with Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
M. A. Gondal*; T. Hussain**; Z. H. Yamani* and O. S. B. Al-Amoudi***
*Laser Research Laboratory, Physics Department
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia **
Institute of Environmental Science & Engineering, National University of Sciences and
Technology (NUST), Tamiz Ud din Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan ***Civil Engineering
DepartmentKing Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia
Cement is a key ingredient in concrete structure and its durability. Comprising
roughly 12% of the average residential-grade ready mix concrete, cement is the
binding agent that holds sand, steel and other aggregates together in a hard,
stone-like mass. An important criterion for the evaluation of reinforced c9ncrete
structures is the measurement of the chloride content in cement. Corrosion of
re~forcing steel is primarily attributed to the penetration of chloride ions to the
steel surface. Preventive measures for avoiding concrete structure reinforcement
corrosion requires the monitoring of chloride ion concentration in cement so that
its concentration does not exceed a threshold limit to initiate reinforcement
concrete corrosion. The available analytical techniques such as ICP, acceleratorbased PGNAA setups and other chemical methods etc are time consuming,
tedious and expensive. For this novel application, a spectrometer based on Laser
Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was developed at Physics Department,
KFUPM for determination of elemental composition in three different types of
cements samples. The plasma on the test cement samples surface was
generated by focusing a pulsed Nd: Y AG laser at 1064 nm wavelength. The
concentrations of different elements of structural stability significance like
Aluminium, Chromium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorine, Silicone, Iron and
Sulfur in cement sample were determined. The evaluatiol'l of potential and
capabilities of LIBS as a rapid tool for cement samples characterization have been
investigated. Optimal experimental conditions were evaluated for improving the
sensitivity of LIBS system through parametric dependence studies. The limits of
detection of our LIBS system were determined and calibration curves were drawn
197
Variation of the Gravitational Constant
Ayman S. Kordi
Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University ,
aymankurdi@yahoo.com
We present the status of the idea that the gravitational constant may vary with
time, explaining the basic theories and hypothesis, predicting that the gravitational
constant may vary with time. We review the different kinds of tests, experiments,
and measurements involved to verify the variation of the gravitational constant
with time. We suggest an experiment to be done in the Department using the
available facilities in the department of Physics and Astronomy.
198
Low-Level Measurements of Carbon Concentrations in Steel Using
Laser-induced Plasma Spectroscopy (LIPS) Technique
Mohamed A. Khatel*, and Eugene T. Kennedy**
* Physics Department, Faculty of Science, AI-Qassim University, P.O.Box 237, Buraidah
81999, KSA ** Vice President for Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland,
UK
Time-integrated, spatially resolved emission spectroscopy, in the deep vacuum
ultraviolet (VUV) region (40-160 nm), of laser-produced plasmas has been
employed for the quantitative characterization of the carbon content in solid steel
target materials. The samples under study contained carbon concentrations in the
0.001-1.32% range. Six prominent VUV carbon spectral lines, representing three
different ionization stages, were selected and proved to be spectral-interference
free. Several experimental parameters and conditions such as the focusing lens
type, laser power density, background atmospheres and pressure were optimized,
leading to an unprecedented lower limit of detection, for carbon in solid steel
alloys, of 1.2 ppm (parts per million) obtained with the 97.70 nm ClII spectral line.
Furthermore, the spectroscopic evaluation of the steel plasma physical
parameters is briefly presented.
Keywords: Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy, LIPS, emission spectroscopy,
vacuum ultraviolet detection, carbon determination, steel analysis.
199
Deuterium-Bearing Molecules in Cold and Warm Dense Interstellar
Clouds
Magdy, Y. Amin and Ayman, S. Kordy
Physics and ... Astronomy Department , College of
Science, King Saud Universit, Riyadh , myouamin@yahoo.com
We have studied the production of key observed deuterium species for TMC-1,
Orion, L134N and W3IRS4 clouds, of densities 10 4 cm"3, 104 cm-3, 5x104 cm-3,
and 106 cm-3 respectively, by using the pseudo-time dependent gas-phase
chemistry. These clouds have temperatures in the range 10-70 K. The main
results by using the more extensive chemical network with the most updating
reaction rates show that the most of calculated fractional abundances are in
agreement with observations, and suggest that triply-deuterated ammonia could
be detectable in dark clouds. Also our models show that large abundance of NH2D
and ND3 can be produced in the interiors of cold dense clouds at steady state
time.
200
Rural Electrification by Photovoltaic Energy in Algeria
A.Benatiallah,; L. Kadi, and B.Dakyo*
Laboratoire energie & environnement, Departement d'electronique, Universite de
Mostaganem BP 227 ; 213.45.26.54.52 GREAH Universite du havre France,
:benatiallah.ali@gmail.com *
The economic and social development in Algeria these last years has been
needed a continues increasing in demand of electricity, especially in the isolate
countryside .Solar energy represents a significant potential in Algeria, the country
receives more than 3000 h of sunshine per year with a high level of radiation. The
average of daily solar irradiation is from 5 to 7 kwh/m2/day. In order to take full
advantage of these natural resource, the government are conducting
investigations in solar energy and its applications. A large parts of the electric
demand are in the Sahara areas(~ 80% of the total surface). These regions are
characterised by a dispersed populatipn, a very hot climate of strong radiation's (~
7 kwh/m2/day) and a weak demand of energy .• The use of the conventional
energy sources is very costly and the extensions of electric networks find
enormous problems. The solar energy is adapted for this areas and has
satisfactory results, promote results for the future.



Many. efforts have been recently extended to cover decentralized rural
electrification schemes for rural schools, hospitals, homes and other rural
community health care facilities in the isolated areas in the Sahara. ( A.Maafi & all
2000). A national program was establish since several years for the photovoltaic
solar system installation in order to satisfy the domestic needs in electricity for a
lot of villages, pumping of water and other economic activities. This system
photovoltaic meeting many problems of adaptation and to be reliable and
competitive (optimises their cost), studies of their performance are necessary
permitting to see the behavior and adaptation in conditions of sites as well as the
climatic and social condition effect on the working and the profitability for a long
time
In the present paper, a national program related to solar and activities in
photovoltaic in Algeria are presented. Other aspects ofPV development are also
reported:
electrification's of small villages
Photovoltaic water pumping.
Lighting in rural house.
201
Optical Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Anemica
M. Al-Salhi; A. S. Hazmi, V. Masilamani and A. Aldwayyan
Physics Deprartment, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451, malsalhi@gawab.com
Sickle cell anemia is a special type of disease ofhemoglobin, in which, the
erythrocytes are in the form of sickle. Because of these morphological
abnormalities, the cells stick together and blood flows in the veins is hampered.
There are conventional methods of detecting and quantifying such blood cell
abnormalities, viz, microscope, and electrophoresis. In this paper, we propose a
new technique based on fluorescence emission and synchronous fluorescence of
blood plasma and acetone extract of formed elements of blood drawn form 150
patients and 20 healthy volunteers.
The two sets of samples were excited and a detailed comparison showed that
components of sickle cell are distinctly different form healthy cells, in terms of
spectral features .
202
Identification of UV Laser Removed Blockages in Vascular Tissue
R. K. Al-Dhahir and Mahyoub, H. Al—Buhairi
P. O. Box 6833, Taiz, Yemen , rashidkhalil2003@yahoo.com
Aorta was irradiated with pulsed exaimer laser at fluence well over the ablation
threshold a visible plum emanating from the front surface. A studies of the plume
and identification of luminous products involved, were carried out using
spectroscopy in the visible-UV region. Analyzing the spectra shows no significant
differences between major features of normal and atheroma tissue, with one
exception of Ca emission which appeared strong in the diseased tissue
203
Response Calibration of a PGNAA Setup for Silica Fume Cement
A. A. Naqvi*, M. M. Nagadi*, O.S. B. AI-Amoudi** and M. Maslehuddin***
*Department of Physics, **Department of Civil Engineering, ***Center for Engineering
Research, Research Institute King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi Arabia
Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) technique is a powerful
multi-element analysis method that can be used to determine the concentration of
Ca, Si, Al and Fe in bulk samples. It has been successfully used in cement
manufacturing plants to monitor the concentration of lime, silica, alumina, and iron
oxide in raw materials. However, the response of the PGNAA setup needs to be
calibrated using calibration standards for Ca, Si, Al and Fe. Silica fume that is
used as an additive to cement, to increase the strength and durability of concrete,
contains mostly silica (92 wt. %). Therefore, it can be used to calibrate the
response of a PGNAA setup to measure the silicon concentration in the samples.
An accelerator-based PGNAA setup has been developed at 350 keY accelerator
laboratories of KFUPM for the analysis of cement and concrete samples. In this
study, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to calibrate the response of the
PGNAA setup for monitoring silicon concentration in the silica fume cement
samples. The prompt gamma ray yield was measured to determine the optimum
radius and length of the specimen. The prompt gamma ray yield was calculated
for silica fume cement samples containing 2 to 10 wt. fraction of silica fume. The
results of the calculation show a linear response of silicon gamma ray with
increasing concentration of silicon
204
Elemental Analysis of Blended Cement Samples Using PGNAA
Technique
A. A. Naqvi*1, M. M. Nagadi*, M. Maslehuddin** and O.S B. AI-Amoudi***
*Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals,
Dhahran31261, Saudi Arabia; **Center for Engineering Research, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran-31261, Saudi Arabia ***Department of
Civil Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia aanaqvi@kfupm.edu.sa
Prompt Gamma ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) is a powerful multielemental analysis technique. The technique is commonly used in industrial
process control e.g. cement manufacturing plant. Blended cements, such as blast
furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF) and Superpozz (SP) samples
contain a broad range of silicon and calcium concentration and can be used to
test the response of a PGNAA setup for elemental analysis of bulk samples. Since
the bulk density of blended cements is not constant, it may also result in a bulk
density dependent gamma ray response of the PGNAA setup for various
concentration of a specific element in the BFS, FA and SF samples.
The prompt gamma ray yield from blast furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA), silica
fume (SF) and Superpozz (SP) blended cement samples have been measured as
a function of silicon and calcium content using the KFUPM PGNAA setup. As
expected, the measured yield shows a non-linear correlation between the silicon
and calcium content and the prompt gamma ray yield. This non-linearity may be
caused by variation in bulk density of the samples and its associated effects. The
non-linearity increases with a decrease in gamma ray energy for silicon gamma
rays. Results ofthis study will be presented in the paper.
205
Response Tests of a 3H(p,n) Reaction based Moisture
Measurements Setup a Monte Carlo Study
A. A. Naqvi *; M. S. Abdelmonem*; Hanan AI-Ghamdi** and Ghada
AI-Misned **
* Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia, ** Girls Education College, Riyadh Girls Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
aanaqvi@kfupm.edu.sa
Neutrons are commonly used as probes in moisture measurements of bulk
samples .. An accelerator based fast neutron transmission setup utilizing 2.8 MeV
neutrons from D(d,n) reaction was designed at King Fahd University of Petroleum
and Minerals (KFUPM) for moisture measurement in bulk samples and was
successfully used in moisture measurements of bulk samples. In this study
response of 3H(p,n) reactions based moisture setup has been tested for concrete,
coal, wood, sugar and soil samples using Monte Carlo simulations and the
response has been compared with that of the KFUPM D( d,n) reactionbased
setup. In the setup, fast neutrons from the source are transmitted through the
sample and are detected by a fast neutron detector placed behind a massive long
double truncated collimator. The setup geometry has been optimized to detect
maximum effect of moisture on the neutron intensity transmitted through the
sample.
In the study intensity of neutrons transmitted through concrete, coal, wood, sugar
and soil samples, containing 1-7 wt % moisture, was calculated for keY neutrons
from the 3H(p,n) reaction source. There is a non-linear correlation among the
transmitted neutron intensity and sample moisture contents. The slopes of the fast
neutrons transmitted intensity vs moisture concentration data for concrete and soil
samples are different from those of coal, wood and sugar samples. This may be
due to different bulk density and chemical composition of the samples. Results of
the study will be presented here.
206
Dose Calculation From an Accelerator-based Neutron Source in a
Knee Phantom for BNCS Application
Khalid Abdalla, A. A. Naqvi, N. Maalej and B. EI-Shehat
Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Dhahran 31261. Saudi- Arabia
Boron Neutron Capture Synovectomy (BNCS) is a treatment modality to treat
rheumatoid arthritis patients. In BNCS , a boron compound is first injected into the
synovial fluid of the knee joint, from which it is actively taken up by a synovial
membrane, located below surface skin. The membrane is then irradiated with
thermal neutron beam. BNCS is different from BNCT because it requires the use
of epithermal neutrons and requires 50-200 higher concentration of boron loading.
Generally, 7Li(p,n) nuclear reactions is used to produce neutrons for boron
neutron capture therapy. Due to higher concentration of boron in the irradiated
tissue, it may be possible to use cheap low yield neutron sources such as D( d,n)
reaction to produce neutrons. Monte Carlo calculations were carried out to
optimize thermal neutron dose from an D( d,n) reaction source in a knee phantom
for BNCS therapy. Fast neutrons from a D(d,n) reaction source, located inside a
polyethylene moderator, are thermalized in the moderator. A graphite reflector
surrounds the moderator. The dimension of the moderators and reflector were
optimised through maximization of the thermal to non-thermal neutron intensity at
the knee phantom location. The neutron dose was calculated in the knee phantom
at various depths such as soft tissue(0-1.3 cm), synovium (1.3-1.45 cm), synofluid
(1.45-1.65 cm), articular cartilage (1.65-1.85 cm) and bone ( 1.85-6.85 cm).
Results on Synovium dose-to- skin and dose-to-bone achieved in the BNCS setup
will be presented.
207
Study of the Effects of Electrostatic Forces on Coagulation of Aerosol
Particles for Histogram Size Distribution
A. Elgarayhi
A1-Qassim University, College of sciences, Department of Physics, P.O. Box 237,
Buridah 81999, Saudi Arabia elgarayhi@yahoo.com
Coagulation of aerosols involving electrostatic and van der Waals forces together
with Brownian force was studied for the cases of monodisperse and polydisperse
aerosols. Employing histogram size distribution for particles, the coagulation rate
of the combined aerosol was investigated. A simplified model was used by
introducing the aerosol size distribution instead of two individual spherical
particles to study the electrostatic coagulation effect. Numerical method was
employed to calculate the integral equation to determine the coagulation rate.
Using this method and assuming that the charge is uniformly distributed over for a
given size band, the lower and upper limits of charge within which the electrostatic
forces become dominant have been identified. Work is continuing to examine the
effect of different charge distributions on coagulation.
208
Generalized of Extinction - Sedimentation Inversion Technique for
Measuring the Size Distribution of Polydisperse Aerosol Particles
A. Elgarayhi
Physics Department, College of Science, P.O. Box 237, AI-Qassim Uuniversity, Buridah
81999, Saudi Arabia Email:elgarayhi@yahoo.com
Aerosol particles are present through our environment. These aerosols affect
visibility, climate, and our health and quality of life. Aerosols are formed either by
the conversion of gases to particulate matter or by the disintegration of liquids or
solids. Therefore is very important to measure the size distribution function of the
aerosol particles. The extinction sedimentation technique is used for measuring
the size distribution of dense polydiperse aerosol particles from the time
dependence of optical extinction of a laser beam traversing the aerosol. An
analytical function fit to the optical depth time decay curve can be directly inverted
to yield the size distribution function of the aerosol particles. In this paper, we
generalized this technique by considering the analytical model of optical depth is
assumed to be gamma distribution. Moreover, the forward scattering corrections
to the measured extinction coefficient is calculated by Mie theory instead of
empirical formula.
209
Infrared and Raman Studies on Snx-Sb5-Se95-x Chalcogenide Glasses
Abdallah Belal Adam
EEE-Program, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 31750, Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
abdallahbelal@petronas.com and my.abdallabelal@hotmail.com
Tin-antimony-selenium (TAS)-based alloys belong to the ternary chalcogenide
compounds of IV-V-VI group. Studies on Snx-Sb5-Se95-x system (x = 0,5, 10, 12.5
and 15) have been carried out using Infrared and Raman Spectroscopes. FTIR
illustrates that addition of Sn-mole % to the system causes a shift in IR-peak
intensities and widths from long to the short wavelengths. This change implies the
breaking of Se-chains that appeared around 208-250 cm-I and occurrence of
pyramidal SbSe3 around 176-208 cm-I and asymmetrical of tetrahedral SnSe4
mode at 125-145 cm-I. Raman spectra testify that a pyramidal SbSe3 peak is
sited at 190-cm-I. This peak's intensity is shifted towards-183 cm-I when Sn-mole
% is added to the system. The results confirm the validity of using 4, 3 and 2 coordination numbers of Sn, Sb and Se, respectively in the amorphous samples with
fraction of Sn-Se (fsn-se) and average coordination number (µ) less than 44.3% and
2.4, respectively.
Keywords: IR, Raman, Sn-Sb-Se-Chalcogenide Glasses.
210
Fluoresence and Laser Raman spectra of cancer tissues.
Abdullah Al Mohammedi *, V. MasiIamani*, Abdullah A. AI-Kahtani**, M. Al
SaIhi*, Abdin A Awad**, Mohammed Al Turki***, Shatha A. Al Faraj*** .
Physics Department, College of Scoience, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451, Saudi Arabia. malsalhi@gawab.com
Early detection of cancer is the most essential approach for cancer management.
Towards this goal, many scientists are working and one such is the optical
diagnosis of cancer, which will essentially avoid the hazards of biopsy. With this
aim, we have made a preliminary study on the laser Raman spectra and light
induced fluorescence spectra of 30 breast cancer tissues. For comparison, similar
spectra were recorded for normal breast tissue, a few cm away from the diseased
region. Our study could show very clear, distinct difference between the spectra of
normal and diseased tissues.
211
Spectral Characterization of Liver Malignancy
Abdul Aziz, Mohammedi*; V. Masilmani*; M. Al-Salhi* and Aiman Abdoo**
Physics Department, ** Astronomy Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455,
King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
When normal cells become abnormal and malignant there are considerable
biochemical changes in the intra cellular composition and intercellular matrix. We
have used fluorescence emission (FE) and synchronous fluorescence (SF)
spectra to identity and quantity bio molecules indicative of cancer progression. We
have taken 70 patients from KKUH (15 Hepatitis C, 12 Hepatitis B, 20 cirrhosis, 23
hepato cellular carcinoma) and 60 healthy volunteers for the study. Our results
clearly indicate distinct spectral features for each category, so that this new optical
modality could be used for screening, diagnosis and post treatment monitoring of
liver cancer.
212
Fluorescence Spectral Characteristics of Urine for
Early Cancer Detection
M. Al Thunayan, R.Kalivani* M.Alsalhi, A. AL- Diab**, O. AlDaghri,
and V. Masilamani
*Physics Department and **Astronomy Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455
, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451 masilamaniv@yahoo.com
There are many techniques for the detection and diagnosis of cancer, such as
mammogram, ultrasound, MRI biopsy etc. Most of them are invasive or
expensive. We are in the process of developing a new cancer detection protocol,
using spectral characterization of blood and urine. In this paper we had shown
that FE (Fluorescence Emission) and SF (Synchronous Fluorescence) of Scc of
urine, give distinct differences between samples of healthy volunteers and cancer
diseased patients. The differences come due to certain biomolecules released into
the blood and urine due to degeneration. The new protocol has specificity and
sensitivity greater than 80%, so that it can be used in future in many health
centres
213
Low Cost Degradation of Organic Dyes
A. A. El-Amin* and M. N. Rashed**
Chemisry Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan, South Valley University, 81528,
Aswan, Egypt aaelamin2000@yahoo.com
Updating the field of photochemical water purification has led to an important in
oxidative degradation processes applying crystal TiO2 and solar photochemical
methods. The main causes of surface water and groundwater contamination are
industrial discharges excess use of pesticides fertilizers and pharmaceuticals . As
well as industrialization of the agricultural development has influenced by clean
water resources. The mentioned technique has low cost and high activity. This
investigation enables to find out effectively low-cost technology using abundant
sunlight irradiation and TiO2 catalyst for degradation of some organic pollutants in
water. Dyes methyl orange are the selected organic pollutants. Different solar
irradiation sources such as: natural sun light and Halogen lamb 1000W with
different intensities were used for applying the solar photocatalytic degradation of
the mentioned pollutants. The results revealed that dyes under go fast
degradation with the natural sun light than the Halogen lamb sources. On other
hand, fast degradation was obtained with increase in the intensity of the Halogen
lamb as a light source
214
Scattering of 10MeV U-238 Heavy Ions with a Silver target Nuclei
using CR-39 as Solid State Nuclear Track
M. R. Beg
Physics Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451
A typical thickness of 1.2mg cm-2 of the target layer Silver was coated by vacuum
deposition on the surface of the detector CR-39.The target detector assemblies
were irradiated at normal incidence to a fluence of 10 6 ons cm-2 sec-1 at GSI
Darmstadt Germany. The target layers were then removed from the surface of the
irradiated detectors, which were subsequently etched in NaOH solution for 3
hours at a temperature of 70 0C, in order to reveal the nuclear tracks in the
detector. The detectors were scanned for the observation of different events using
an optical microscoPttand their track length and angular distributions with the
beam were studied to investigate the characteristics of this interaction. From the
length frequency distributions of binary events, it is seen that . particles having
lengths in the range between 60-75 um and 45-55 um are emitted with maximum
probability. The probability of the longer tracks is 55% as compared with shorter
tracks of 42%. It is also observed that the probabilities of emission of projectiles
and target with respect to the beam direction are maximum in the intervals of 15 to
20 0C.
215
Structural Investigation of Latent Tracks of Poly Ally Diglycol(CR39) Detector Irradiated with UV Laser Pulses
M. R. Baig; M. S. Al-Salhi and A. H. Al-Faraikh
Physics Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451, Saudi Arabia
Samples of Cr-39 poly ally -diglycol polymer after irradiated with Am-241 alpha
particles were exposed to UV laser pulses with different exposure doses ranging
from 0.0 to 7.5 J/cm2 to study Laser -Polymer interactions and the resulting
structural changes. The exposed detectors were then etched to reveal nuclear
tracks. The diameter of the etched tracks was found to increase with increasing
laser exposure, whereas the thermocouple measurements show no significant
heating of the polymer. The results can best be explained by an increase in the
bulk-etching rate caused by the laser exposure. The mechanism for this is
perhaps damage to molecular chains resulting from the laser illumination. In our
study we conclude that CR-39, which is commonly employed in radon, neutron
dosimetry and Cosmic rays studies is found to be affected by UV laser radiations.
216
Theoretical Study of Elastic Scattering Reactions based on the
Diffraction Model
R. I. Badran* and R. Khaldi**
*Physics Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi
Arabia; **Physics Department, Al-Balqa University, Salt, Jordan
The diffraction model is used to analyze the experimental data of a set of elastic
scattering reactions for heavy ions. The presence of semi-classical phenomena
such as Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction patterns etc., has been found by
analyzing the elastic scattering of 12C + 28Si and 160 + 28Si using the McIntyre
parametrization at several energies. The theoretical model can reasonably
account for the general pattern of the data, thus allowing us to extract important
parameters from elastic scattering process. Both the scattering of 12C + 28Si at
49.3, 70.0, 83.8 and 186.4 MeV laboratory energies and elastic scattering of 16O +
28Si at laboratory energies of 72.0, 141.5 and 215.0 MeV, exhibit features
expected from the diffraction model.
PACSnumber(s): 25.70. -z,25.70.Bc
217
Influence of Schottky Contacts on the Sensitivity of Electron Beam
Evaporated SnO2 CO Gas Sensors
A. M. AI-Shukri*and S. M. A. Durrani
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia
Thin films of tin oxide were deposited by electron beam evaporation. The effects
of the sensor biasing voltage, electrode materials (Ag, AI, Au and Pt) and film
thickness on the CO-sensing of tin oxide thin films were investigated. The films
were characterized using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
All the films were found to be amorphous. The current-voltage characteristic of the
sensor in air has shown that semiconductor-metal interface forms Schottky
barrier. It was found that the CO-sensing properties depend on the sensor biasing
voltage, electrode materials (Ag, AI, Au and Pt) and film thickness. For lower
biasing voltages and the Pt and Au electrodes the sensitivity was much higher
than for the higher voltages and Ag and Al electrodes. It was found that the
sensitivity of the films to CO increased with the film thickness.
Keywords: Thin film, CO sensor, SnO2, Semiconductor sensor.
218
Performance of Anti-scatter Grids in Mammography Imaging
M A Al Kafi, N Maalej and A A Naqvi
Department of Physics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
31261, Saudi Arabia malkafi@kfupm.edu.sa maalei
.kfupm.edu.sa;aanaqvi@kfupm.edu.sa
Breast cancer is the most common cancer all over the world as well as in Saudi
Arabia. Mammography is the most widely used imaging technique for the
detection of breast cancer. The scattered radiation substantially degrades the
image quality in mammography. Anti-scatter grids are commonly used to reduce
the amount of scatter in mammography machines. However, using grids require
increasing the radiation dose to the breast in order to have an acceptable
exposure to the image receptor. In this study, Monte Carlo Simulation Code
MCNP5 was used to achieve best Scatter to Primary ratio (SPR) and contrast
improvement with minimum dose to the patient for a thin, medium and thick breast
phantom with different x-ray tube peak voltages in order to optimize linear grid
design for mammography. Materials and geometrical dimensions closely mimic
the clinical situation. The performance of lead septa and carbon fiber interspace
grids were studied for a semicircular shaped breast phantom made of 50%
adipose and 50% glandular tissue equivalent materials. Our simulated SPR
values agree within 5% with previously published data. For all the phantom
thicknesses studied, we found a grid geometry with septa height of 9 mm, septa
thickness of 12 /lm and an interspace thickness of 100 /lm gives an optimal design
to achieve very significant contrast improvement with low SPR while minimizing
the Bucky factor and hence the dose to the breast
219
Design, Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Low Power PV
Refrigeration System
F. M. Amanullah and A. M. Al-Dhafiri
Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University P.O.Box
2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia aman@ksu.edu.sa and adhafiri@ksu.edu.sa
Stand-alone PV systems have shown to be reliable and cost effective for cooling
& refrigeration and have attracted the users. For a specific application with an
estimated requirement of cooling, low power refrigeration system using PV
modules (2 modules each of 36 solar cells) has been designed, fabricated and
developed. In this paper, results of the I-V characteristics for the solar panels used
have been presented and discussed. Charging and discharging processes for the
battery including the voltage as a function of specific gravity and time have been
carried out. All the results are significantly encouraging and hence test results of
our system using the charge controller and DC powered refrigerator are
presented. The paper also deals with our experiences encountered including the
successful operation of the refrigeration system during off the sunshine hours
continuously for 6 hours. The calculations of the specific cooling costs show the
promising economic effectiveness and reliability of the designed PV refrigeration
system. Keeping in view of the technical performance and economic parameter, it
demonstrates that this small-scale technology can contribute to solving problems
of cooling like small area refrigeration including the transportable and small cold
storage container with integrated PV energy supply systems. These systems can
be erected on or around a vehicle to obtain the cooling needs while on drives
including picnics or especially in remote desert areas.
220
Effect of Nickel Doping on the Magneto-transport Properties of
Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 Manganites
Maher Abdelhadi* and Khalif Ziq**
*Physics Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh
11451 ; **Physics Department, College of Science , King Fahad University of Petroleum
and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia, maher@uoh.edu.sa
kaziq(liJkfupm.edu.sa
We studied the effects of nickel (Ni) doping on the magneto-transport properties of
Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 manganites near the metal-insulator transition. Various
concentrations of Ni-doped Sm0.55Sr0.45MnO3 samples up to 5% were prepared (Ni
was partially substituted at the Mn-site). The temperature dependence of
resistivity and magnetoresistance were measured as a function of Ni
concentrations. We observed a nonlinear reduction of the metal-insulator
transition temperature (MIT) and a decrease in the width of the peaks in the
temperature dependence of resistivity with increasing concentration of Ni. The
peaks become sharper at high Ni concentration. The resistivity peaks at various
magnetic fields collapses on themselves at the high temperature ends above the
MIT.
221
Biophysics of Melanin
Adil M. Haseeb
Physics Department, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455 , King Saud University, Riyadh
11451, adilhaseeb@hotmail.com
Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds are covered with seed coats of intense
black color. The natural whole seeds show X-band Electron Spin Resonance
(ESR) single-line signals at room temperature. A powder extract of the black seed
coats showed a, relatively larger ESR signal (~1018 spins/g). The number
ofspins/g increases many folds under in situ DV irradiation or on increase of
sample temperature. Microwave power and low temperature-dependence of the
ESR spectra indicated the presence of stable free radicals in the extract. DVVisible, FT-IR, NMR, XRD, Fluorescence studies and solubility behavior at various
pH supported the assumption of the presence of melanin-like molecules that are
known to occur naturally in the seed coats of certain plants. The purified extract, a
major fraction of the seed coats of Black Cumin (~16% by dry weight of the seed
coats) has not been reported before. Physicochemical characterization of the
extract is presented and the implications of the presence of melanin in this
extensively studied medicinal herb are discussed.
222
Predicting the Structure of Zinc-Oxide Nano-Clusters Using Hybrid
Genetic Algorithn
Abdullah Al-Sunaidi
Physics Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia
Zinc-Oxide (ZnO)n nanoparticles of size up to n = 30 were produced using a hybrid
Genetic Algorithm and interatomic potentials. Small clusters of size n < 8, were
found to show ring-like structures. Fullerene-like structures were found for clusters
of size n = 12,16 and 20. Clusters of size n = 8,9,15,18,22 and 28 shown tube-like
structures. It was found that clusters with even n are in general more stable than
the ones with odd n due to symmetry. These finding were compared with quantum
mechanical calculations (DFf) and good agreement were found.
223
Spectroscopic Analysis of Eximer Laser Ablated Product for Nylon
66
R. K. Al-Dhahir and Mahyoub H. Al-Buhairi
Physics Department, P. O. Box 6833, Taiz Yemen
A visible plume created by irradiating Nylon. 66 with 139 nm excimer laser at a
fluence greater than the ablation threshold was spectroscopicly analysed using a
monocromator. The study of this plame spectrome allowing a preliminary
identification of some of the major luminrscent species to be made. The spectrum
shows that the most dominant band and C2 band
224
Accurate Density of States of a Trapped Weakly Interacting Bose
Gas with Finite—Size
Ahmed S. Hassan
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science El-Minia University, El-Minia, Egypt
An accurate formula for the density of states is parametrized for a system
ofpartic1es in an anisotropic oscillator potential. . This formula is used to study
interacting Hose gas in a harmonic trap. Condensed fraction $\&$ critical
temperature and its shift are calculated. In this approaches significant corrections
due to interatomic interaction and finite-size effect are obtained simultaneously for
the condensed fraction, and shift of the critical temperature. Full agreement is
obtained with the other method used to calculate the same quantities.
225
Density of States Associated with Jacobi Matrices
H. Bahlouli* A. D. Alhaidari** and M. S. Abdelmonem*
* Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia **Shura Council, Riyadh 11212, Saudi Arabia
We evaluate the density of states (DOS) associated with tridiagonal symmetric
Hamiltonian matrices and study the effect of perturbation on a single entry.
Analysis is carried out by studying the resulting three-term recursion relation and
the corresponding orthogonal polynomials of the first and second kind. We found
closed form expressions for the new DOS in terms of the original one when
perturbation affects a single diagonal or off-diagonal site or a combination of both.
The DOS is also calculated for a disordered system, a quasi-periodic system and
nonlinear maps.
PACS numbers: 03.65Fd, 02.10.Yn, 02.30.Gp, 71.55.Ak, 72.10.-d
Keywords: Density of States, Tridiagonal Matrices, Orthogonal Polynomials,
Recursion Relations, Continued Fractions, disordered systems, nonlinear maps.
226
Sensitivities of Short-lived Radioisotopes of T 112<10 min by Neutron
Activation Analysis Technique at KFUPM
Abdulkadir Aksoy
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia aaksoy@kufpmm.edu.sa
The 14 MeV Neutron Activation Analysis (FNAA) is a non-destructive analytical
technique for elemental bulk analysis for samples from catalysts, petrochemical,
metal and mining industries. The sensitivities of the short-lived radioisotopes of
the half-life of less than 10 min for 28 elements (ofB, N, 0, F, Na, AI, Si, P, S, Cl,
K., Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Ge, Se, Br, Y, Zr, Mo, Pd,Ag, Ba, Ce, W, Au and Pb) were
determined from the data measured using the 14 MeV FNAA technique. The
KFUPM 14 MeV FNAA Facility will be described. The sensitivity data from the
facility will be compared with the literature values and the results will be
discussed.
227
Electromagnetic Occupational Exposure Under a 132 kV Power Line
Nabil Maalej*, Chokri Belhaj Ahmed**, T. K. Abdel-Gali1***, Ibrahim O.
Habiballah** and Khaled AI-Soufi***
*Physics Department, **Electrical Engineering. Department*** Research Institute King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
The external and internal exposure power frequency electromagnetic field,
generated by high voltage power transmission networks, raises serious concerns
among power line workers. Exposure to power frequency electromagnetic field
should not exceed allowable limits identified by international standards. This study
investigates the induced electric fields and currents in a human body tissues and
organs of a worker standing right under the maximum sag-point of a double
circuit 132 kV transmission line located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The double circuit
132-kV, 60 Hz transmission line has a power rating of 293 MV A, a maximum
recorded peak load current of 603 A. Charge simulation method and the BiotSavart law have been adopted for computation of external electric and magnetic
fields. Finite Difference Time Difference (FDTD) technique is used to calculate the
organs internal induced electric field and circulating currents in an anatomical
human body model with more than 40 different tissues and 6 mm voxel size.
External field calculations indicate that, at 1.75 meters above the ground level and
under the maximum sag-point of the 132 kV transmission line, the computed
external electric field is 1689 V/m and the external magnetic field is 92 mG. These
values are below the limits set by the IEEE Standards for external exposure for
the live-line workers. The maximum induced electric fields in the brain and heart
are 29.5 and 6.3 mY/m respectively. These values are below the IEEE Standard
recommended occupational limits of 53 mY/m for the brain and 943 mY/m for the
heart. Consequently, the external and internal electromagnetic exposures to a
worker standing right under the maximum sag-point of a double circuit 132 kV
transmission line do not exceed the IEEE exposure limits.
228
Hydrogenation Effects on Critical Current Density and Pinning
Forces in GdBa2Cu 3O7 Superconductor
Kh. A. Ziq and Haifa Qadi
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum andMinerals Box # 1674,
Dhahran 31261. Dammam Girls College, Saudi Arabia kaziq@kfupm.edu.sa
The magnetic measurements has been performed on GdBa 2Cu3O7
superconductor hydrogenated in temperature range 200-500 QC. We have
observed an initial increase in pinning forces at T<20K for sample hydrogenated
below 300°C. Gradual reduction in 'critical current density and pinning forces have
been observed athigher temperatures. Hydrogenation at 500°C severely reduces
all superconducting properties Pf, Jc and Tc. susceptibility.
229
Non-local Effects in TllBa2Ca2Cu3O9 Superconductor
Dalal Alshagetti and Kh. A. Ziq.
Physics Department, Box # 1674, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261Girls College A1-Jubail,
Saudi Arabia kaziq@kfupm.edu.sa
The equilibrium magnetization of T1Ba2Ca2Cu3O9 has been measured over a
wide range of temperature 10K≤ T≤ 120K and field OT≤ H≤ 9T. We found that
the nonlocal effects dominate the low temperature behavior. Non-local London
equation has been used to fit the magnetization. The fitting parameters are used
to obtain the temperature dependent of the coherence length and the non-local
parameters.
230
High-Temperature Ferromagnetism in Fe-doped ZnO:Cu
Kh. A. Ziq and A. I. Ta1eb.
Physics Department, Box # 1674, KFUPM, Dhahran 31261 , Saudi Arabia
kaziq@kfupm.edu.sa
Ac-susceptibility has been used to study the magnetic states of Zn 1-4 FexO doped
with copper. We found that the addition of addition of Cu (which is non-magnetic)
greatly affects the magnetic state. Moreover, ferromagnetic state near room
temperature has been found near room temperature for Zn 0.94Fe0.05Cu0.01O. The
low temperature magnetic states more complicated. The susceptibility shows a
sharp peak at about 80K. Sampes with higher copper contents shows magnetic
behavior similar to spin glass magnetic state.
231
Thermodynamic Critical Field Scaling of the Critical Current Density
and Pinning Forces in GdBa2Cu3O7 Superconductor
Hala AIRashem and Kh. A. Ziq.
Physics Department, Girls College Dammam. Physics Department, King Fahd
University of Petroleum and Minerals Box # 1674, Dhahran 31261. Saudi Arabia
kaziq@kfupm.edu.sa
Pinning forces (Pt) and critical current density (Jc) have been measured for
GdBa2Cu3O7 superconductor irradiated by gamma ray in the rang of 10-235
MRad. Irradiation increased both Pf and in Jc by increasing the density of pinning
sites. We used the thermodynamic critical field to scale Pf and Jc and represented
the results as Fp/(Hc)α vs. H/Hc, were a is obtained from the logarithmic plot of
Fp(max) vs. (Hc ). We found that pinning forces in irradiated samples closely
proportional to the energy of the vortex core and that irradiation helped in reducing
thermal effects on the scaled Pf and Jc. The scaled Pf (max) falls at about 0.2 for
all temperatures indicating single type of pinning was produced by gamma
irradiation.
232
Thermodynamic Critical Field in MgB2 Superconducting Samples
Doped with Ti
K. A. Ziq, A. F. Sa1em, A. A. Ghannam and F. Enaya
Physics Department, Box # 1304 , King Fahad University Petroleum Minerals ,
Dhahran 31261 , Saudi Arabia afsa1em@kfupm.edu.sa
Magnetization studies have been carried out on superconducting MgB2 samples
doped with Ti (Mg(1-x)TixB2 where x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.75 and 0.1) in the
temperature range of 2-39K and in magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla using Vibrating
Sample Magnetometer (VSM). From these measurements, Magnetization
hysteresis loops have been obtained at various temperatures from which the
equilibrium magnetization (Meq) and thermodynamic critical field (Hc) have been
estimated. In this paper, we report the magnetic-field dependence of both Meq and
Hc for different concentrations and temperatures. Comparison is made with
undoped MgB2 sample.
233
Parallel Microfluidic Cytometer for Rare-Cell Screening
Abdulhafez Selim*, Brian mcKain**, John Potts***, Richard Bringhurst***
and Danial Enlrich**
*Physic Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia, **MIT, Boston, USA, ***Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
A 16-channel parallel microfluidic system has been applied to cell cytometry
in an expression-cloning screen for the Carboxy- Terminal Parathyroid
Hormone Receptor (CPTHR). The microfluidic detector appears to have
significant advantages when compared to fluorescence-activated cell sorters
(F ACS) for specialized applications such as the early stages of cloning
screens, for primary cells, or when the total sample size becomes small due
to difficulty in expanding the cell sample. More generally, such systems
appear to be able to extract statistically significant conclusions from
stochastic data and to fill a niche for cytometry of low-abundance cells. The
microfluidic system includes sensitive four-color detection, an automated
pipettor, and is compatible with parallel detection on micromachined (MEMS)
devices of up to 384 flow channels. This system has could be used in many
clinical applications such as detection of metastatic cancer cells and some
forensic uses.
234
On the Magnetic State of R0.55Sr0.45MnO3.
Kh. A. Ziq, B. Alharthi
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Box # 1674,
Dhahran 31261. kaziq@kfupm.edu.sa
The magnetic state of R0.55Sr0.45MnO3 manganite have been studied by ac
susceptibility. The results shows a typical transformation to paramagnetic
behavior above 160K. The susceptibility shows sharp peaks in the real part at the
Neel points near 80K. Magnetization measurements revealed an
antiferromagnetic persists at a much higher temperature than obtained by acsusceptibility measurements.
235
Critical Current Density and Remanent magnetization in Cupper
doped MgB2 Superconducting Samples
K. A. Ziq, A. Ghannam, F. Enaya and A. F. Salem
Physics Department, KFUPM , Box # 1725, Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
ghannama@kfupm.edu.sa
Magnetization studies have been carried out on superconducting MgB 2 samples
doped with C (MgxCU1-xB2) where x = 0.05,0.1, 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25) in the
temperature range 4 to 39 K and in magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla using Vibrating
Sample Magnetometer (VSM). From these measurements, Magnetization
hysteresis loops have been used to obtain the critical current densities (Jc) and
remanent magnetization (Mr). In this paper, we report the magnetic-field
dependence of both le and Mr for different concentrations and temperatures.
Comparison is made with undoped MgB2 sample.
236
Pinning Forces and Critical Current Density in Carbon Doped MgB2
Superconducting
K. A. Ziq, F. Enaya A. F. Salem, A. and A. Ghannam
Physics Department, King Fahad University of Petroleum & Minerals , Box # 1304,
Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia fenaya@kfupm.edu.sa
Magnetization studies have been carried out on superconducting MgB2 samples
doped with C (MgCxB(2-x)) )where x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.75 and 0.1) in the
temperature range of 2-39K and in magnetic fields up to 9 Tesla using Vibrating
Sample Magnetometer (VSM). From these measurements, Magnetization
hysteresis loops have been used to obtain the pinning forces (P f) and irreversible
magnetic fields (Rirr). In this paper, we report the magnetic-field dependence of
both Pr and Rirr for different concentrations and temperatures. Comparison is
made with undoped MgB2 sample.
237
Data Reduction and Application in Astrophysics
H.H.Esenoglu*&**,2, A.S.Kordi*, A.M.EI-Sherbini, V.Bakis***&****, H.Bakis***&*****,
H.A.Trabulsyl, M.Y.Amyin*, K.N.AI-Mosbeh*, A.A.AI-HilaI*
* Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud
University, Riyadh esenoglu@ksu.edu.sa)** Department of Astronomy and Space
Sciences , Faculty of Science, Istanbul Unversity esenoglu@istanbu1.edu.tr
***anakkale Onsekiz Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mart University ****
Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Canterbury
It is very important to convert any raw data into knowledge in many disciplines.
For this aim we have to use many kind of means basically such as software. In
this work we show a software how it can be reduced data together with several
application to science data. The software's name is IRAF (Image Reduction and
Analysis Facility) reduction system that is well-known in astrophysics. We give a
practical data reduction handbook for beginners to IRAF under IRAF CD Knoppix
for kind of computer we use. We will also prepare an astrophysical paper from the
results of this work as an advanced study.
238
Elemental Analysis of Coal Samples Using PGNAA Technique
Fatima AI-Shehri *, A. A. Naqvi**and A. AShry*
*Physics Department, Girls Education College, Dammam, 31261, Saudi Arabia**
Physics Departmetn, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261,
Saudi Arabia
Prompt Gamma ray Neutron Activation Analysis (PGNAA) is a multi-elemental
analysis technique and is commonly used in quality control of mining raw material
in coal and iron-ore industry. An accelerator based PGNAA setup was developed
to analyze elemental composition of bulk sample. In this study elemental
composition of a coal sample was determined using the PGNAA setup. Generally
coal sample contains light elements such as chlorine and sulfur in small quantity.
The prompt gamma analysis of coal sample provide a mean to test the sensitivity
limits of a PGNAA setup for detection of these elements in luggage for contraband
detection.
In this study elemental analysis of coal samples was carried out using accelerator
based KFUPM PGNAA setup. The facility is basically a thermal neutron capture
based facility. It consists of a cylindrical sample placed between a neutron source
and a gamma ray detector. Thermal neutrons are produced at the sample location
by an external moderator, which surrounds the sample. The size of the coal
sample was calculated through prompt gamma ray yield optimization as a function
of sample radius and sample length using Monte Carlo simulations. Then powder
coal samples with the optimum size were prepared and irradiated with neutron
beams. The prompt gamma ray yield from the samples was analyzed to determine
the elemental composition of the coal samples. Results of the prompt gamma ray
analysis along with the results of the Monte Carlo simulations will be presented.
239
Low Cost ac Susceptometer Using Closed Cycle Helium Cryostat
Ismail A. Alfaleh*, Mohammed. Shahabuddin *&** and Nasser S. Alzayed*
*Physics Department, P. O. Box 2455, King Saud University, Riyadh,11451 Saudi
Arabia **Physics Department, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
Low temperature ac susceptometer nowadays have become a convenient
powerful tool in measuring magnetic ordering and dynamical behavior of the
ordered state in the variety of the materials. For high T c Superconductors (HTSC)
the ac susceptibility measurement have been particularly useful to probe the
dynamics of vortices and phase transition in the vortex state. The power of this
technique lies in its simplicity and wide range of applicability, which varies from
quick characterization of critical temperature (Tc) to quantitative analysis of vortex
phase diagram and contact-less measurement of current density.
We designed and fabricated a cost effective ac susceptometer using closed cycle
helium cryostat (CCHC) where helium gas is used to cool samples. The design of
ac susceptometer is based on the principle of a co-axial mutual inductance
technique. The primary coil generates an ac magnetic field and the two secondary
oppositely wound coils form the basic unit of the measuring circuitry. In the
absence of a sample the voltage measured across these two detection coils is
ideally zero. Inserting a sample centered in one of the secondary coils will give
rise to none zero voltage signal, directly proportional to amplitude of ac
susceptibility X =X'- iX".
We discuss here the problems generally occur in the designing of the ac
susceptometer for the use in CCHC. The higher frequency limitation generally in
CCHC has been solved up to certain extent. The sample temperature is varied
independently without variation in the amplitude of the ac field generated by the
primary. The nullification of the offset voltage up to 1 µ. V inside the sample well
has been achieved without using any electronic circuitry. The whole systems can
be inserted and taken out through the gate valve of the sample well of the CCHC
so that it dose not affect the other measurement where different inserts are
needed. We used our designed system to measure the susceptibility of MgB 2
superconductors. Results were satisfactory and agreed with reported results using
typical susceptibility methods
240
Comparative Study on the Performance of Object Based and Pixel
Based Image Analysis on the extraction of land-use Features.
Ahmed M.W. Abdel-Latif and Abdullah Mah
Remote Sensing Group Leader Saudi Aramco Oil Co.,
Westpark 1, R 118 Dhahran,31311,
Saudi Arabia
The recent influx of new Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery has
overwhelmed analysts with more data than they can process and interpret.
Traditional, pixel-based image classification techniques has proven to produce
less satisfactory results in their attempt to provide an automated, or semiautomated technique to analyze and interpret these images. Recently, new
approaches have been introduced to tackle this problem away from the traditional
pixel-based ones. One of these new techniques is Object Based Image Analysis
(OBIA). This technique tries to extract meaningful features out of satellite images
using a combination of spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics. In this paper
the authors compare the performance of the new technique on the extraction of
different types of features (large and small), using both medium and very high
resolution satellite images on a case study area in Saudi Arabia. The results of the
study show a great promise by the new technology .
241
Silicon Carbide N Anowires
Abdullah Aljaafari*; Daqinq Zhang** ; David N. Mcllroy** and Aaron D.
LaLonde and M. Grant Norton***
*Physics Department, College of science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982;
**Physics Department, Engineering and Physics Building, University ofldaho, Moscow,
Idaho 83844-0903 and ***School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-2920
Silicon carbide nanowires were synthesized via the vapor-liquid -solid (VLS)
mechanism by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition using orthocarborane
(C2B10H12) as the molecular precursor. Nickel boride was the catalyst used to
initiate VLS growth, however, high resolution transmission electron microscopy
and selected area diffraction revealed that the catalyst transformed to nickel
silicide. The source of silicon was determined to be the substrate. The
orthocarborane partial pressure dictated whether the catalyst transformed from
nickel boride to nickel silicide. In the event that the catalyst did not transform to
nickel silicide, boron carbide nanowires were realized, as opposed to silicon
carbide. The factors affecting the transformation of the catalyst are the
concentrations ofB and Si in the vapor and the chemical potentials of the liquid
phases of nickel boride and nickel silicide. A temperature gradient within the
catalyst is proposed to explain the formation of the frequently observed bi-phase
amorphous/crystalline silicon carbide nanowires.
242
Effect of Hydrogen and Nitrogen on Structural and Optical Properties
of Amorphous Carbon
1
M. fathallah1, N. Alzaied1, R. Gharbi2
College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box, 2455 Riyadh 11451. Saudi Arabia
ESSTT, 5 avenue Taha Hussein, Monfleury, 1008 Tunis, Tunisia E-mail:
fathali@ksu.edu.sa
2
The amorphous carbon structure has a large variety of forms and physical properties
depending on the growth technique and deposition conditions. In consequence, different
optical and mechanical characteristics can be obtained. The (a-C :H) and (a-CN)
materials have several areas of technological applications, as protective and biomedical
coatings, in microelectronics and optoelectronics[1]. The existence of both fourfold
coordinated sp3 and threefold coordinated sp2 hybridized phases diversifies the
manometer-scale structure. The two phase model developed by Robertson [2] has been
greatly used to understand this complex disordered material. The model proposes a
carbon structure involving small graphitic sp2 planar six-membred rings clusters,
embedded in a three-dimensional sp3 bonded matrix. Thus, the amount and organization
of the sp2 phase control the density of states deep in the gap and, therefore, the optical
gap and the electronic properties. The mechanical properties are related to the skeletal
structure made up of strong bonds. The incorporation of N and H in the carbon network
is widely dependent of the deposition conditions and methods. Two series of amorphous
carbon alloys were deposited by reactive sputtering using a graphite target and argon as
sputtering gas. The effect of hydrogen or nitrogen in the structure of amorphous carbon
was investigated using photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PDS), UV-Vis-Near infrared
spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Raman and Photoluminescence (PL)
techniques. The increase of hydrogen flux in the deposition chamber decreases the
amount of hydrogen atoms connected to the carbon in sp2 and sp3 sites and enhances
the density of defects. The nitrogen alters the structure of carbon and creates pores and
cavities to be responsible for hydroxyl (OH) inclusions. The figure shows the
pholuminescence (PL) intensity of the a-C:H and a-CN films. The PL band can be
attributed to the radiative recombination of doubled electron-hole pairs in small sp2
clusters containing C=C and C-H units. A single PL peak was observed. It widens and
shifts to higher energies as the carbon content increases. It means that the PL is related
to the density of defects. When the density of defects increases the intensity of PL
decreases. This is due to the defects which can constitute a path for nonradiative
processes. When a photon of energy lower than the gap between and * extended bands
is absorbed inside a cluster of the amorphous hydrogenated carbon films, it creates an
electron-hole pair and the photoluminescence process can occur. The photo carriers can
recombine inside the cluster itself by emitting a photon or thermalize by tunnelling or
hopping to other clusters until a radiative or non radiative recombination takes place.
Nitrogen increases the disorder of the structure, because of its lower coordination’s
number with respect to the carbon and introduces dangling bonds.
Keys words : Amorphous hydrogenated carbon, Carbon nitride, Optical properties,
Microstructure, Photoluminescence. Phototehemal deflection spectroscopy.
243
XPS Studies of Vanadium-tellurite
A. Mekki and G. Khattak
Physics Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dahran=31261,
Saudi Arabia. gkhattak@kfupm.edu.sa
Glasses having the compositions xV20s-(1-x)Te02 with x = 0.1, 0.2, 0, 0.3
and 0.4 were studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
The analysis of V 2p3/2 core level peaks reveal the existence of both V 4+ and
Vs+ ions in the glasses with x = 0.1 and 0.2. No y4+ ions were detected in the
glasses with x = 0.3 and 0.4. The 0 Is core level spectra for all compositions
are symmetric with a binding energy (BE) of - 530.5 eV with a full width at
half maximum decreasing from 2.5 eV to 2.0 eV with an increase in x,
vanadium concentration, indicating structural changes around the oxygen
atoms as V20S content is increased in glass. Specifically, at low V20S
content the existence of V=O bonds introduces non-bridging oxygen (NBO)
making the 0 Is spectrum broader, while at high V20S content the V=O
bonds are broken and all oxygen bonds become equivalent having
approximately the same BE. The Te 3d core level spectra were also analyzed.
The spectra for the glasses with x = 0.1 and 0.2 were broad and therefore
were fitted with two contributions, due to Te atoms in trigonal Te03 pyramid
and trigonal Te04 bipyramid coordination. No Te atoms in Te03 coordination
were found in glasses with x = 0.3 and 0.4.
244
‫المرصد الفلكي‬
‫بجامعة الملك سعود كلية العلوم قسم الفيزياء والفلك‬
‫عرن ملصق ( بوستر(‬
‫‪A.S.Kordi, H.H.Esenoglu, K.N.Al-Mosbeh, H.A.Trabulsy, A.B.AlShaks,‬‬
‫‪M.Y.Amyin, A.A.Al-Hilal‬‬
‫‪Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box‬‬
‫‪2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.‬‬
‫يتكون المرصد ال لكي لجامعة الملك سعود من نوعين مختل ين من المناظير ال لكية‪.‬‬
‫أولهمففا ‪ :‬منظففار فلكففي مففزدوج قطففر مفرآة ‪ 45‬سففم ‪ ،‬يتكففون مففن منظففار يففميد‬
‫ومنظففار كاسففجرين‬
‫وبففه جميففع لمكانيففات التصففوير ال وتففو رافي والكهرووففوئي والطي ففي‪ .‬وتبن ففى فك فرة هفف ا النففوع مففن‬
‫المنففاظير علففى نظريففة انعكففاس الوففو مففن مفرآة أوليففة ‪ primary mirror‬مقعفرة للففى مفرآة ثانويففة‬
‫‪ secondary mirror‬مسطحة أصرر بكثير من المرآة األولية‬
‫ثانيا ً‪ :‬منظار فلكي كودية قطر عدسته ‪15‬سم به لمكانيات التصوير ال وتفو رافي بجانفب لسفقاط‬
‫صففورة اليففمس‪ .‬وتبنففى فكفرة هف ا النففوع مففن المنففاظير علففى نظريففة انكسففار الوففو خففالل العدسففات‬
‫األولى تسمى الييئية والثانية العينية‪.‬‬
‫‪245‬‬
VI. Section
Science
Education
246
Use of Instructional Technology in Teaching Freshman Physics
A. Mekki
Physics Deparatment, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran 31261
Saudi Arabia
For many years General Physics I (phys 101) course has been taught in large
format setting with more than 100 students per class. This setting is not ideal for
teaching such a course from both the instructor and the student point of view. For
that reason, an online material was developed by a team of faculty members to
remedy to the problems that arise from such a setting. In this work we present the
problems faced by instructors and students in teaching the course in large lecture
format and how the developed online material can be used to address these
problems and try to solve them. The material was not used as stand alone but
rather as supplementary material to help the students grasp those difficult
concepts in physics. We will give example from such a material and finally the
student opinion survey on the online material done toward the end of the semester
.
247
A Computer Program for Generating and Analyzing Multiple-Choice
Exams
Abdulaziz Aljalal
Physics Department , P.O. Box 5947, King FahadUniversity of Petroleum and Minersls,
Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia alialal@kfupm.edu.sa
During the last summer in the Physics Department at King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, a computer program was developed to generate different
versions of multiple-choice exams and to analyze students' responses. The
program is written in C# computer language and it interacts with Microsoft Word
and Excel. It features a friendly user-interface that runs from a Word document. It
takes the original exam and produces different versions in which the. questions
and choices are rearranged in a random fashion. These different versions are
needed to reduce cheating. The responses of the students are analyzed and
displayed in an Excel file. Besides calculating the average and standard deviation,
the program finds the number of students among all students and for each section
who selected each choice. In addition, the discrimination and point bi-serial
correlation for each question are calculated. Detailed features of the program and
how it is used will be discussed in this paper .
248
Science Education in the UK: Tradition, Trends ... and Impact on
International Students
Ahmed Mohameden
School of Science and Technology, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough TS 1 3BA U K
Science education in Great Britain has been reviewed from the Renaissance time
to the 21 st Century. Milestones in the teaching practice and context have been
identified with particular focus on the impact of overseas students in the last few
decades. Whilst development of sciences in the Renaissance era -leading up to
the Industrial Revolutionwas found to be geared for relieving human from
muscular burdens (e.g. heavy machinery of transport and agriculture), modern
days Information Technology (IT) revolution seems to target intellectual burdens.
These two relatively contrast scenes have their distinct needs, procedures and
"cultural conditioning" - factors, among others, heavily involved in the shaping of
tomorrow's scholars and scientists. Time for time, international students appears
to be at the receiving end of programmes and syllabi that were not designed for
them; neither were they consulted in any stage of setup or deliveries of such
courses. How can international students (e.g. Gulf States students) make the
most of their courses in the UK? This paper suggests some pathway answers.
Reference is made to the author's personal experience, both as a student and a
lecturer in Mauritania, France and the United Kingdom.
249
.
Future Potential and Current Status of Solar Absorption Air -conditions
Systems
AI-Rubaian, Ali I.
Energy Research lnstitute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology P. O.
Box 6086 Riyadh 11443, Saudi Arabia alrubaian@kaost.edu.sa
High summer temperatures and its long duration in Saudi Arabia. increases the demand
forelectric power used by air-conditioning systems to provide a comfortable living
environment.This comes with a high cost, which is a burden for COnSl.Ul1ers and
suppliers. Moreover,electric company's expense is associated with the high power
consumption during the peak hours requires large capital investment to match
peak demands. On the other hands, the maximum power consumption nms from
PM - 5 PM, which coincide \vith the maximmll solar lrTadiance availability.
Therefore, there is a high potential for utilizing solar energy in the field of space
cooling to decrease both the electric bill for consumer and the peak dema1ld
during the SlUl1mer period. The objective of this study is to give an over view on
the types, advantages, disadvantages of thennal driven air-c·onditions systems,
Also, to define the bases for performance comparison between vapor
compression and thermal driven air-conditions systems. Final to review the
current development of solar driven air-conditions systems.
250
‫ملخص ورقة "دمج تقنية املعلومات واالتصال يف تعليم العلوم"‬
‫ورقة مقدمة للمؤمتر الثالث للعلوم "آفاق جديدة يف العلوم وتطبيقاهتا"‬
‫فهد بن سليمان الشايع‬
‫أستاذ الرتبية العلمية املساعد‪ ،‬قسم املناهج وطرق التدريس‬
‫كلية الرتبية‪ ،‬جامعة امللك سعود‪ ،‬الرايض‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‬
‫توسعت استخدامات تقنية املعلومات واالتصال خالل العقود الثالثة املاضية‬
‫بشكل متسارع لتشمل مجيع جوانب احلياة‪ .‬وتعترب الرتبية والتعليم إحدى هذه اجملاالت‬
‫اليت أتثرت هبذه الثورة املعلوماتية‪ ،‬ولذا‪ ،‬ينبغي أن يستفيد قطاع الرتبية والتعليم من‬
‫إمكانيات هذه الثورة املعلوماتية‪ ،‬ودراسة كيفية توظيفها خلدمة أهداف الرتبية والتعليم‪.‬‬
‫ولعل أبرز جوانب هذه التقنية استخدامات احلاسب اآليل يف التعليم اليت ميكن أن تعطي‬
‫مثارا جيدة يف بناء الطالب املتكامل معرفيا ووجدانيا ومهاراي‪ .‬وميكن اعتبار املواد العلمية‬
‫من أكثر املواد الدراسية ارتباطا ابلتقنية سواء كان ارتباطا معرفيا أو من حيث توظيف هذه‬
‫التقنية يف منو الطالب العلمي املتكامل الذي يسعى أن يكون تعليمه ذا معىن‪.‬‬
‫هتدددف ه ددذه الورقددة إل تس ددليأ ال ددوء علددى أب ددرز ا دداالت دم ددج تقني ددة املعلوم ددات‬
‫‪-1‬‬
‫‪-2‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫واالتصال يف تعليم العلوم‪ ،‬كما تستعرض أبرز الدراسدات الديت ققشدت فاعليدة هدذه ابواندب‬
‫املختلفدة يف تددريس مقددررات العلدوم املختلفدة سدواء يف مرحلدة التعلديم العددام أو التعلديم العددايل‪،‬‬
‫وبشكل أكثر تفصيال فإن هذه الورقة تسعى اإلجابة على األسئلة التالية‪:‬‬
‫ما أبرز اجيابيات وسلبيات دمج التقنية يف تعليم العلوم ؟‬
‫ما ااالت دمج تقنية املعلومات واالتصال يف تعليم العلوم؟‬
‫ما أثر دمج التقنية على تعلم وتعليم العلوم كما بينته نتائج الدراسات العلمية؟‬
‫‪ -4‬م د ددا م د دددى اس د ددتخدام التقني د ددة يف تعل د دديم العل د ددوم يف اململك د ددة العربي د ددة الس د ددعودية حس د ددب م د ددا‬
‫توص د د د د د د ددلت ل د د د د د د دده الدراس د د د د د د ددات العلمي د د د د د د ددة يف ه د د د د د د ددذا اجمل د د د د د د ددال‪ ،‬وكي د د د د د د ددف ميك د د د د د د ددن تفعيله د د د د د د ددا‬
‫‪251‬‬
‫المـؤتـمر السـعودي الــثا لـث لـلعـلوم‬
‫أفـاق جـديـدة فـي الـعـلـوم‬
‫وتـطبـيقـاتـها‬
‫ملخصات البحوث‬
‫كـليـة الـعـلوم‪-‬جـامـعة امللك ستعود‬
‫الريـاض‪ -‬اململكة العربية السـعوديـة‬
‫‪ 23 - 20‬صـفر ‪ 1428 /‬هـ‬
‫أ‬

‫ب‬
‫تمهيد‬
‫فففي عصففر تتففوفر فيففه المعلومففات يثففابر العلمففا للحففاق فففي ركففب التقففدم العلمففي حتففى يواكب فوا مففا‬
‫اسففتجد فففي حقففولهم‪ .‬اللقففا ات العلميففة ليسففت صففيحة علميففة فقففط ب ف هففي بنففا ثقففافي حوففاري‬
‫لترسي الم اهيم العلمية لدا المجتمعات ‪ .‬نبعت فكرة الماتمر السعودي الثال‬
‫للعلوم امتفداداً لمفا‬
‫عقففد مففن مففاتمرات للعلفوم فففي كف مففن جامعففة الملففك فهففد للبتففرول والمعففادن و جامعفة الملففك عبففد‬
‫العزيففز لالسففتمرار فففي لبفراز دور كليففات العلففوم فففي المملكففة العرريففة السففعودية فففي خدمففة المجتمففع‬
‫البيري ول لك قدم نخبة من الباحثين ملخصات بحوثهم ففي المجفاالت المختل فة ففي العلفوم البحتفة‬
‫والتطبيقية بأسلوب علمي يح ظ اليك األساسي للصيا ة العلمية وييسر للقارئ ما يبح‬
‫عنه ‪.‬‬
‫نسقت كلية العلوم بجامعة الملك سعود ملخصات بحو متنوعة في الكيميفا والكيميفا الحيويفة‬
‫وعل ففم الحيف فوان وعل ففم النب ففات واألحي ففا الدقيق ففة وال يزي ففا وال ل ففك والجيولوجي ففا واإلحص ففا و بح ففو‬
‫العمليات والرياويات وتدريس العلوم‪ ،‬لتساهم في لث ار محاور الماتمر المختل ة‪.‬‬
‫ورهف ف ه المناس ففبة أتمن ففى لهف ف ا الم ففاتمر الف ف ي و ففم نخب ففة م ففن الب ففاحثين المميف فزين النج ففاح‬
‫والتوفيق وأن ينه من ثمفرات بحفوثهم كف مفن احتفاج لليهفا لتكفون لوفا ة ميفرقة ففي دعفم عمليفة‬
‫التقدم العلمي التي نبعفت مفن جامعفة ارئفدة ففي بلفد ارئفد تحفت رعايفة ارئفدة مفن لفدن خفادم الحفرمين‬
‫اليري ين الملك عبدهللا بن عبدالعزيز و صاحب السفموالملكي االميفر سفلطان بفن عبفدالعزيز ولفي‬
‫عهده االمين ح ظهما هللا‪.‬‬
‫وفق هللا الجميع لما يحبه ويرواه ‪،،،‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬د‪ .‬عمر بن سالم العطاس‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم و رئيس اللجنة المنظمة للماتمر‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود ف الريان‬
‫المملكة العررية السعودية‬
‫‪15‬محرم ‪1428‬هف‬
‫ت‬
‫مقدمة‬
‫حظيةةت كليةةة العلةةوم‪ ،‬جامعةةة الملةةك سةةعود بالريةةاض‪ ،‬برعايةةة المةةؤتمر السةةعودي الثالةةث للعلةةوم‪.‬‬
‫حيث نظمت اللجنة العلمية األنشطة العلمية لهذا المؤتمر العالمي‪ .‬صنفت ملخصات البحوث التي‬
‫تم قبولهةا فةي المةؤتمر الةى مةائتين وسةبب واربعةين (‪ )247‬ملخصةا لإللقةاء الشةفوي أو الملصةق‪،‬‬
‫موذعةةة علةةى سةةبب وعشةةرين جلسةةة ولمةةدة أربعةةة أيةةام‪ .‬وقةةد تةةم تصةةنيف موضةةوعات ملخصةةات‬
‫البحوث الةى إلةي التخصصةات العلميةة ةاملة الكيميةاء والكيميةاء الحيويةة‪ ،‬علةم الحيةوان ‪ ،‬النبةات‬
‫واألحيةةاء الدقيقةةة‪ ،‬الفيزيةةاء والفلةةك‪ ،‬اكحصةةاء وبحةةوث العمليةةات‪ ,‬الرياضةةيات‪ ،‬والجيولوجيةةا‬
‫وتةةدريس العلةةوم‪ .‬وبجانةةب إلقةةاء ملخصةةات البحةةوث‪ ,‬دعةةت اللجنةةة العلميةةة بعةةض المختصةةين‬
‫المتميةةزين بتخصصةةاتهم كمتحةةدثين رئيسةةين مةةن خةةارج وداخةةل المملكةةة لكةةي يقةةدموا بحةةوثهم‬
‫واكتشافاتهم العلمية الحديثة كثراء هذا المؤتمر‬
‫تتقدم اللجنة العلمية بالشكر والتقدير لسعادة األسةتا الةدكتور ت عمةر بةن سةالم العطةاس عميةد كليةة‬
‫العلوم ورئيس اللجنة المنظمة للمؤتمر وسعادة الدكتور ت عبد العزيز بن محمةد البسةام وكيةل كليةة‬
‫العلوم و نائب رئيس اللجنة المنظمة للمؤتمر على الةدعم والرعايةة التةى حاذتهةا اللجنةة أثنةاء أداء‬
‫عملها و سعادة الدكتور محمد اقبال صديقي و سعادة الدكتور ذبير احمد علي حسن من قسم علةم‬
‫الحيةةوان بكليةةة العلةةوم علةةي اعةةداد و ترتيةةب الملخصةةات و سةةعاد ةاالسةةتا الةةدكتور محمةةد صةةالح‬
‫الخليفة و الدكتور السعيد حفور علي مالحظاتهم سائلة اللجنةة هللا سةبحان‪ .‬وتعةالى أن يوفةق مةن‬
‫دعم بقول أو عمل أو أنار طريق عمل اللجنة بمعلومات نافعة لما يحب‪ .‬ويرضاه‪.‬‬
‫وهللا الموفق‬
‫اللجنة العلمية‬
‫كلية العلوم ‪ -‬جامعة الملك سعود – الرياض‬
‫المملكة العربية السعودية‬
‫ث‬
‫اللجان التنظيمية‬
‫‪)1‬‬
‫اللجنة التحضيرية للمؤتمر‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عمر بن سالم العطاس‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة الملك سعود‬
‫رئيس اللجنة‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد العزيز بن محمد البسام‬
‫وكي كلية العلوم بجامعة الملك سعود‬
‫مقرر اللجنة‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫رئيس اللجنة العلمية‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫د‪ .‬حمود بن فارس البلوي‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫د‪ .‬سعود بن لبراهيم الرصيم‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫د‪ .‬محمد بن سعيد فنيس‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫رئيس لجنة المعرن‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫رئيس لجنة العالقات واإلعالم‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد الرحمن بن لبراهيم الخويري‬
‫د‪ .‬وليد بن صباح الصباح‬
‫د‪ .‬علي الحجري أحمد‬
‫رئيس اللجنة المالية‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة الملك فهد للبترول والمعادن‬
‫عوواً‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫د‪ .‬أحمد بن علي الخماش‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة الملك خالد‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة أم القرا‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫د‪ .‬بخيت بن ن يع المطرفي‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة الطائي‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫د‪ .‬محمد بن عبد العزيز الد يري‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة القصيم‬
‫‪13‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد الرني أبو الحسن الحرري‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة طيبة‬
‫عوواً‬
‫وكي كلية العلوم بجامعة الملك عبد العزيز‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫د‪ .‬ماهر بن م وي العنزي‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫محمد بن سعيد األحمدي‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫فهد بن ثابت الريمي‬
‫عميد كلية العلوم بجامعة الجوف‬
‫جامعة الملك سعود‬
‫ج‬
‫عوواً‬
‫عوواً‬
‫سكرتير اللجنة التحويرية‬
‫‪ ) 2‬اللجنة العلمية ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬د‪ .‬حمود بن فارس البلوي‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬د‪ .‬خالد بن عبد الرحمن ال رحان‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫د‪ .‬محمد بن طاهر حسين‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫د‪ .‬خلي بن سلمان سلطان‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫د‪ .‬حمد بن عبد العزيز البريثن‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫د‪ .‬فهد بن ناصر المجحدي‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫د‪ .‬ماجد بن صالح العّقي‬
‫د‪ .‬ابتسام محمد العليان‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬بندر بن فيحان الزيادي‬
‫قسم علم الحيوان‬
‫مقر اًر‬
‫قسم الجيولوجيا‬
‫عووًا‬
‫قسم الكيميا‬
‫عوواً‬
‫قسم اإلحصا وبحو العمليات‬
‫عوواً‬
‫قسم النبات واألحيا الدقيقة‬
‫عووًا‬
‫قسم علم الحيوان‬
‫عووه‬
‫قسم ال يزيا وال لك‬
‫عوواً‬
‫قسم الكيميا الحيوية‬
‫عوواً‬
‫ادارة الكلية‬
‫سكرتي اًر‬
‫‪ ) 3‬اللجنة المالية ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫د‪ .‬سعود بن لبراهيم الرصيم‬
‫د‪ .‬عمر بن مرزوق الدوسري‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫د‪ .‬لبراهيم بن صالح العليان‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد هللا بن محمد الزير‬
‫قسم الكيميا‬
‫مقر اًر‬
‫قسم ال يزيا وال لك‬
‫عووًا‬
‫قسم ال يزيا وال لك‬
‫عووًا‬
‫قسم الرياويات‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪ ) 4‬لجنة العالقات العامة واإلعالم ‪:‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد الرحمن بن لبراهيم الخويري‬
‫قسم اإلحصا وبحو العمليات‬
‫مقر اًر‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫د‪ .‬عبد العزيز بن عبد هللا بن لعبون‬
‫قسم اإلحصا وبحو العمليات‬
‫قسم الجيولوجيا‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬عاين بن محمد اليامي‬
‫قسم الرياويات‬
‫عووًا‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫د‪ .‬ناصر بن صالح الزيد‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫د‪ .‬خالد بن عبد العزيز النويبت‬
‫قسم ال يزيا وال لك‬
‫عووًا‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬سعيد بن محمد الصويع‬
‫قسم النبات واألحيا الدقيقة‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬عبد اإلله بن فهد السناني‬
‫قسم النبات واألحيا الدقيقة‬
‫عووًا‬
‫ادارة الكلية‬
‫سكرتي ًار‬
‫أ‪ .‬فواز بن مياري الميرافي‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪ ) 5‬لجنة المعارض ‪:‬‬
‫د‪ .‬محمد بن سعيد فنيس‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫قسم الجيولوجيا‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬يوسي بن أحمد مليباري‬
‫مدير الورش العلمية‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬لبراهيم بن علي الحبيش‬
‫قسم النبات واألحيا الدقيقة‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫أ‪ .‬عبد هللا بن عمر الالحم‬
‫ادارة الكلية‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫عوواً‬
‫‪ )6‬اللجنة النساألية للمؤتمر (عبر اتتصال الشبكي)‬
‫كلية العلوم‬
‫د‪ .‬حنان عبدالعزيز العليان‬
‫كلية العلوم‬
‫د‪ .‬منيره عبدالرحمن ال الشيخ‬
‫كلية العلوم‬
‫د‪ .‬ابتسام محمد العليان‬
‫كلية العلوم‬
‫د‪ .‬ميساء محمد القر ي‬
‫كلية العلوم‬
‫أ‪ .‬اميرة حسن المحاسنة‬
‫كلية العلوم‬
‫ماجده رابح الحربي‬
‫خ‬
‫مقر اًر‬
‫عوواً‬
‫عووًا‬
‫سكرتي اًر‬
‫مقررة‬
‫عضوة‬
‫عضوة‬
‫عضوة‬
‫عضوة‬
‫سكرتيرة‬