THE CASE STUDY OF DAM CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMMING ON
PROVINCIAL TRANS-BOUNDARY RIVER IN SOUTH-EAST OF CHINA
Luo Jian
Department Director, Senior Engineer, Taihu Basin Authority of the Ministry of
Water Resources, P. R. China
Zhang Yuanming
Senior Engineer, Taihu Basin Authority of the Ministry of Water Resources,
P. R. China
[Abstract] Jiaoxi River Basin is located in the borderland between Zhejiang and
Fujian province in south-east part of China. Dominated by subtropical monsoon
climate, Jiaoxi basin has rich precipitation and abundant water resources.
Affected by the climate and the landform, the basin has abundant waterpower
resources, but is also fazed by flood disaster and water shortage at the same time.
Because Zhejiang Province and Fujian Province have the different opinions on
how to exploit the trans-boundary reach of Jiaoxi River, the water resources of
Jiaoxi River haven’t been fathered and developed yet. In order to develop and
father the water resources scientifically and orderly, Taihu Basin Authority of the
Ministry of Water Resources carried out the Jiaoxi River’s Integrated Water
Resources developing Programming. The core of the programming is the layout of
dams located in the borderland between Zhejiang and Fujian province, according
to the requirement of flood control, water supply, and waterpower generation, and
the demand of sustainable development of water resources and the development
of economy and society of the whole basin. This writing mainly introduces the
measures considering water resources sustainable developing in making the
programming.
Key Words: Dam Construction
Development
Programming
Trans-boundary
Sustainable
Jiaoxi River Basin is located in the borderland between Zhejiang and Fujian
province in south-east part of China. Dominated by subtropical monsoon climate,
Jiaoxi basin has rich precipitation and abundant water resources. Affected by the
climate and the landform, the basin has abundant waterpower resources, but is
also fazed by flood disaster and water shortage at the same time. In order to
develop and father the water resources scientifically and orderly, Taihu Basin
Authority(TBA) of the Ministry of Water Resources carried out the Jiaoxi River’s
Integrated Water Resources developing Programming (hereinafter ‘Jiaoxi
Programming’ for short). The Jiaoxi Programming brings forward 8 waterpower
electricity rundle stations and 1 cross-basin water transferring project after several
factors have been took into account: (1) diverse requirements and benefits such
as flood control, water supply, electricity generation, and cross-basin water
transferring, etc. (2)the benefits balance between upstream and downstream,
between left shore and right shore (3)the relationship of exploitation, fathering,
and protection.
Ⅰ.
GENERAL SITUATION OF JIAOXI RIVER BASIN
Jiaoxi River originates from Zhejiang Province, mid-down stream belongs to
Fujian Province. The total area of the basin is 5635 ㎞². There are two main
branch called Dongxi River and Xixi River upstream of Jiaoxi River basin.
Upwards form Jiaoxidu, Dongxi River dispart to two branch again, one is called
Zhetai River, another is called Shoutai River. This two branch are both
trans-boundary river of Zhejiang and Fujian. The main stream of Jiaoxi River
passes through Fuan city from north to south, and joins into sea at Baimamen(Fig.
1).
Fig. 1
Sketch map of Jiaoxi River’s integrated water resources developing
programming
Jiaoxi River basin is comparatively depressed area, the population is less,
and the economy is underdeveloped relatively. Upwards from Dongkou of Dongxi
River, the main involved districts are Taishun County of Zhejiang Province, Fuan,
Zherong, Shouning, and Fuding county of Fujian Province. The total population is
about 19 billion person, GDP is about 2,3 billion Yuan.
The precipitation is flush in Jiaoxi River Basin, the multi-year average quantity
of it is about 1748mm. The surface flow comes from precipitation mainly, and the
multi-year average quantity of it is about 4.1 billion m3. Dominated by subtropical
monsoon climate, the yearly distribution of the runoff has distinct change. The
amount of runoff in flood season (Apr.-Sept.) accounts for 75% of entire year, in
low water season(Oct.-Mar.) accounts for 25%. The landform in upstream area of
Jiaoxi River Basin is mountains and canyons. Affected by the landform, the
precipitation increases from south to north-west, and the upstream of Dongxi
River is the rainstorm center, the maximum multi-year average quantity of
precipitation is more than 2100mm. Big rainstorm occurs frequently in flood
season every year. Rainstorm is the main reason forming flood.
Jiaxi River Basin has plenty of water power resources. But because of having
different opinion on how to fathering and exploiting the river between Zhejiang
Province and Fujian Province, the water resources developing level is relative low
on the river, especially on the trans-boundary reach.
The main aim of Jiaoxi Programming is:
(A) To enhance flood control capability of Fuan city downstream. Because of
Affected by typhoon, flood occurs frequently in Jiaoxi River Basin. Fuan
strengthened to build the flood control works in recent years. The flood control
dike of Fuan city has been built, and the flood control capability has been
increased greatly. But, because of dense rainstorm and high peak flood runoff,
only depend on the dike to defend from flood can’t fulfil the demand of flood
control of Fuan city. An upstream flood control reservoir is needed for adjusting
and storing the flood to cut the peak runoff of the flood. Jiaoxi Programming needs
to study suitable position and size of the reservoir.
(B) To solve the water shortage problem of the near-sea area of Fuding
County. Fuding, located near the sea, its economy grows very fast these years. At
the same time, because of absence of landform condition to constructing
reservoirs, the available water resources in this area is relatively less. This
situation restricts the economy developing, so Fuding asks to transfer proper
amount of water from water-rich area around it to fulfil the increasing water
demand of civil life, agriculture and industry. Guanyangxi River, the upstream
branch of Jiaoxi River, has about 110km2 catchment belongs to Fuding County.
So Fuding asks to transfer water from Guanyangxi River. But cross-basin water
transfer is a complicated and sensitive, the project can’t be put in practice
because of the dispute from Zhejiang. Jiaoxi Programming needs to study the
transferring scale deeply.
(C) To guarantee the waterpower resources exploited fairly and reasonably.
Because of lack of united programming, the water energy exploitation on the
trans-boundary reach of Jiaoxi River is out of order, and large-scale exploitation
can’t be implemented. Plenty of water power resources loss along with the time
going. Jiaoxi Programming needs to study the reasonable layout of the dam to
guarantee the resources taken full advantage, and the resources allotted fairly to
avoid the quarrel between two sides of the river.
Ⅱ.
DAM CONSTRUCTION SCHEME OF JIAOXI PROGRAMMING
Based on the characters and the actual conditions of the reach of Jiaoxi River
and this region, the programming takes the combination of seeking benefit and
avoiding disaster as the principle. Under the precondition of insuring the security
of water supply and flood control downstream, the programming makes the most
use of water power resources, exploits water power plants which have preferable
regulating capability to improve the electric energy quality and benefit of water
power plants. A step exploitation scheme with water plants named Guihu, Youyi,
Jiajiadu, Xaingxi, Shangbaishi, Caihong, Donghu, Dongkou and the project of
‘Guanyangxi cross-basin water transfer’(Xitou reservoir) has been fixed. Among
these projects, Shangbaishi water conservancy hinge exerts the function of flood
control and energy generation, Youyi water conservancy hinge exerts the function
of water supply and enery generation, Guihu, Jiajiadu, Xaingxi, Caihong, Donghu,
Dongkou exert enery generation mainly. The total amount of capacity of all the
reservoirs is 550 million m3. The total hydrodynamic load is 360MW, and 1.1
billion kWh clear energy can be generated. And it can solve the flood problem of
Fuan city and water supply problem of Taishun and Fuding meanwhile.
Shangbaishi water conservancy hinge locates in the joint point of Zhetai River
and Shoutai River. It has 314 million m3 reservoir capacity, can control the flood
discharge from rainstorm center upstream, and be in charge of flood regulation
task. The main measure is: setting up special flood control capacity to regulating
he runoff, according to the forecast of runoff from interzone from Shangbaishi
down to Fuancity, regulating the discharge runoff, considering the transmit time
from Shangbai to Fuan city, keeps the total runoff run through Fuan city under
11300 m3/s. Compare to the natural situation, 22% of the maximum discharge at
the dam site of Shangbaishi can be cut. The multi-year average flood control
benefit is about 21.5 million Yuan. Besides, 20 million kWh energy can be
gerated.
The project ‘Guanyangxi cross-basin water transfer’ will construct an adjust
reservoir named Xitou reservoir with 11 million m3 capacity. With the precondition
of discharging the base flow to guarantee the usage of civil life, production, and
ecosystem, remainder water can be transferred to Wenxi to produce water energy,
the amount of it is 95 million kWh. The water after power generation is by way of
water supply sources of Fuding County, and exerts multi-benefit(Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Sketchmap of the project ‘Guanyangxi Water Transfer’
Ⅲ.
MEASURES OF CONSIDERING WATER RESOURCES SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT IN JIAOXI PROGRAMMING
The first, put the flood control at the prime position. Flood control is directly
related to the safety of people’s life and property. The programming put it at the
prime position in the whole research process that fixing the dam place and size,
resolving the flood problem of Fu’an city. Several schemes have been put forward
in the programming. Several factors has been considered when making the
decision: 1. whether or not control flood efficiently, 2. whether or not has good
dam construction conditions, 3. decrease the impact to the ecosystem and
environment as low as possible, 4. whether or not convenient on dispatch
management, 5. whether or not accepted by all the counties of Zhejiang and
Fujian province, 6. whether or not maximizing the integrated benefits.
The second, attach very importance to eco-system and environment
protection, decrease the migration population as low as possible. In order to
guarantee the base flow between every step plant, Requests to set up a base flow
leaking equipment on every dam. The project of ‘Guanyangxi cross-basin water
transfer’ must not destroy the eco-system and environment and not impact on the
water use of production, the life, and the ecosystem. Based on the deep study on
the impact of water resources allocation in both transfer-in and transfer-out area,
impact on the water use of production, the life, the ecosystem, and the water
energy exploitation, a certain proportion amount of water can be tranferred is
given finally.
The upstream of Jiaoxi River Basin is in mountain area, which has thin
population. The migration population of dam construction is small. One or two
dam (such as Guihu) touching upon population concentrated town, takes the
non-impact the town as the principle. At the same time, attach very importance to
ensure the advantage of the migration. Fix on the scenario of the allocation and
compensation standard of the migration. Besides, the problems of water and soil
loss, water resources pollution, and the environment impact has been special
labored, and the pertinent measures have been put forward.
The third, attach importance to local people’s life, efficient use of resources,
and benefit balance between two provinces. The programming adopts the
exploitation means of reach partition, Fuajian exploits Shangbaishi, Zhejiang
exploits Guihu, Xiangxi, and Jiajiadu, and takes the normal water level of
Shangbaishi reservoir as the resources division point between Zhejiang and
Fujian province. Via fixing on rights of two provinces according to the catchment
area of each province, making an integrated consideration on the quantity of
electricity, guaranteed hydrodynamic load, and the investment, the programming
fixes the normal water level of Shangbaishi reservoir and the right of which
province the dam belongs to. It not only ensures the most use of water resources
but also allot the energy resources fairly and reasonably.
At the detailed project, the Jiaoxi Programming maximizes the compositive
benefit and takes the most advantage of water resources via optimizing the layout.
For example, under the condition of non- influence on migration, the reservoir
Guihu rises the normal water level as high as possible. Though it increases the
investment, but it can let the reservoir change from a daily-adjust reservoir to a
yearly-adjust one. It can not only enhance flood regulation ability and the available
amount of water resources of the whole basin but also improve the criterions of
hydrodynamic energy and economy greatly.
The fourth, emphasize the supervision on the process of the execution. One
the one hand, the programming emphasizes the supervision responsibility of the
basin management institution. Because all the projects belongs to trans-boundary
project, besides asks to carry out the national basic construction procedure, all the
projects have to apply for the administrative permission to TBA. For the migration
and land requisition, requests TBA to organize two sides of Zhejiang and Fujian to
intensify the dialog, and to strengthen the supervision and inspection. At the same
time, the programming also emphasizes the supervision on the project
‘Guanyangxi cross-basin water transfer’, demands TBA taking charge of the
examination of base flow discharge facility design, and the supervision on the
facility’s constructing and running process. On the other hand, the programming
requires the local governments to take on the responsibility of supervision and
direction to ensure the construction progress lawful and orderly.