CURRICULUM VITAE
NAME: RALPH JEAN HENHAM
DATE AND PLACE OF BIRTH: 20th July 1949, Doncaster
NATIONALITY: British
LANGUAGES: Fluent French, mother Belgian
QUALIFICATIONS
Academic Qualifications:
LL.B. (Hons), University of Leicester, 1971
M.A. (Criminology), University of Keele, 1975
M.Phil. (Social Administration and Law), University of Nottingham, 1985
Ph.D. (Law), University of Keele, 2002
Professional Qualification:
Solicitor of the Supreme Court of England and Wales, admitted 1974
APPOINTMENTS:
Lecturer in Law, University of Greenwich, 1977 - 79
Lecturer in Law, Nottingham Trent University, 1979 - 1985
Senior Lecturer in Law, Nottingham Trent University, 1985 - 1995
Reader in Law, Nottingham Trent University, 1995 - 1998
Professor of Criminal Justice, Nottingham Trent University, 1998 -
AWARDS
Fellow, Society of Advanced Legal Studies, Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London
AFFILIATIONS
Member, WUN International and Comparative Criminal Justice Network, 2008 Associate Member, Centre for Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, Durham University, 2009 Member, European Society of Criminology Working Group on Sentencing and Penal Decision –
Making, 2011 –
Member, Restorative Justice Research Network, 2011 –
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Invited Participant, Sentencing Council’s Academic Seminars (2010, 2011, 2013)
VISITING POSITIONS:
Visiting Lecturer, Midlands Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of
Loughborough, 1990 - 1992
Visiting Fellow, Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford, Trinity Term 2007
International Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Criminology, University of Sydney, Spring Term 2008
Visiting Fellow, Department of Law, European University Institute, Florence, May 2009
Visiting Scholar, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Easter Term 2010
Visiting Scholar, Pembroke College, University of Cambridge, Easter Term 2010
Visiting Scholar, Transnational Law Institute, Washington and Lee University School of Law, Lexington,
USA, Spring Term 2013
Visiting Professor, School of Law, Politics and Sociology, University of Sussex, 2012 - 2015
PROFESSIONAL BODIES
Council Member, The Society of Public Teachers of Law, 1997 - 2002
JOURNAL AND EDITORIAL WORK
Series Editor (with M Findlay), International and Comparative Criminal Justice Series, Ashgate Publishing,
2004 –
Deputy Editor, Nottingham Law Journal, 1990 - 92.
Member, Editorial Advisory Group, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 2000 – 2012
Member, Editorial Board, Nottingham Law Journal, 1999 - 2012
Member, Editorial Board, International Journal of the Sociology of Law (now International Journal of Law,
Crime and Justice), 1998 -
CONFERENCE PAPERS AND LECTURES
"Sentencing Violent Offenders: A European Dimension", British Society of Criminology Conference, York
University, July 1991
"Sentencing Policy and the Court of Appeal", Prisons 2000 Conference, Leicester University, April 1994.
"Sentencing Policy for Drug Offenders", British Society of Criminology Conference, Loughborough
University, July 1995.
"Recidivist Sentencing in the United States: the implications for UK Sentencing Policy", Socio-Legal
Studies Association Conference, Southampton University, April 1996
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"Sentencing Policy after the 1996 White Paper", Centre for the Study of Public Order, Leicester University,
September 1996.
"Protective Sentences: Ethics, Rights and Sentencing Policy", Human Rights 2000 Conference, Leicester
University, September 1996.
"Theory, Rights and the Sentencing Process", Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference, University of
Wales, Cardiff, April 1997.
"Judicial policy-making and sentencing”, ISA Annual Meeting of the Research Committee on the Sociology
of Law, University of Antwerp, Belgium, July 1997.
"Reflections on the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997", SPTL Annual Conference, Warwick University,
September 1997.
"Dangerousness and Sentencing Policy in Great Britain", American Society of Criminology, 49th Annual
Conference, San Diego, California, USA, November 1997.
"Some Problems of Theorizing Sentencing Research", Law and Society Association, Annual Meeting,
Aspen, Colorado, USA, June 1998.
"Victims of Economic Crime and the Criminal Process", Sixteenth International Symposium on Economic
Crime, Jesus College, Cambridge, September 1998.
"The English Prisons Ombudsman: A Comparative Analysis", American Society of Criminology, 50th
Annual Conference, Washington D.C., USA. November 1998.
"Sentence Discounts and the Criminal Process", Socio-Legal Studies Association Conference,
Loughborough University, April 1999.
"On the Philosophical and Theoretical Implications of Judicial Decision Support Systems", Second
International Workshop on Judicial Decision Support Systems, University of Oslo, Norway, June 1999.
"Sentencing Policy and Guilty Plea Discounts" Sentencing and Society: An International Conference,
University of Strathclyde, Scotland, June 1999.
"Victorian and Modern Parallels in Sentencing: Some Theoretical and Methodological Issues" Third
Meeting of the Working Group on Law, Culture and the Humanities, Georgetown University Law Centre,
Washington, D.C., USA, March 2000.
"Conceptualising Rights and Norms in Sentencing Theory", Canadian Law and Society Association, Annual
Meeting, Lake Louise, Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada, June 2000.
“Guilty Plea Discounts and Protective Sentencing in the Crown Court”, Crown Prosecution Service,
Nottingham, July 2000.
"Sentencing Dangerous Offenders: Policy and Practice in the Crown Court", British Society of Criminology
Conference, Leicester University, July 2000.
“The Policy and Practice of Protective Sentencing in the Crown Court”, SPTL Annual Conference,
University College London, September 2000
“Social Theory, Rights and Criminal Justice”, Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology, 15th
Annual Conference, University of Melbourne, Australia, February 2001
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“Theory and Methodology in the Comparative Contextual Analysis of Trial Process” (with M. Findlay),
International Criminal Trial Project Seminar, Nottingham Law School, Jockey’s Fields, London, March
2001.
“Developing a Theoretical Framework for the Contextual Analysis of the Relationship between Sentencing
Law and Policy”, European Society of Criminology Conference, University of Lausanne, Switzerland,
September 2001.
“Developing Conceptions of Theory, Policy and Practice for Internationalised Sentencing Praxis”,
Sentencing & Society: Second International Conference, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, June
2002.
“The Need for Rationality in International Sentencing”, European Society of Criminology Conference,
University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain, September 2002.
“Integrating Theory and Methodology in The Comparative Contextual Analysis of Trial Process” (with M.
Findlay), Workshop on Socio-Legal Research Methods, International Institute for the Sociology of Law,
Onati, Spain, April 2003.
“Developing Theory for the Contextual Analysis of Trial Process”, Socio-Legal Studies Association Annual
Conference, Nottingham Trent University, April 2003.
Colloquium on the International and Comparative Criminal Trial Project (with M. Findlay), Max Planck
Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany, September 2003.
“Promoting and Rewarding Research in a University Law School”, Kingston University Law School
Research Day, January 2004
“The Role of Victims in International Criminal Trials”, International Criminal Justice Short Course, Human
Rights Law Centre, University of Nottingham, February 2004.
“A Philosophical Perspective on International Criminal Justice”, Third International Conference,
International Criminal Justice: A Transatlantic Dialogue, organised by the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven,
Faculty of Law and Northwestern University School of Law at the European Parliament and the Royal
Flemish Academy for Sciences and Arts, Brussels, May 2004.
“Comparative Contextual Analysis: Theory, Method and Use” (with M. Findlay), Workshop on Sentencing
Research: Theory, Methodology and Perspective, Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International
Criminal Law, Freiburg, Germany, June 2005.
“The Normative Context of Sentencing for Genocide”, International Conference, The Criminal Law of
Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects held at Nottingham Law School, Nottingham
Trent University, September 2005
“Understanding the Concept of Plea Bargaining in International Criminal Trials”, Law School Research
Seminar, University of Exeter, May 2006
“Human Rights, Accountability and the Legitimacy of Punishment in International Trials”, International
Conference, Accountability for Human Rights Violations by International Organisations, Brussels, March
2007
“Exploring the Relationship between International Sentencing and Governance in International Criminal
Justice”, Research Seminar, University of Oxford, Centre for Criminology, June 2007
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“Problems of Researching International Criminal Justice”, Nottingham Trent University, College Research
Students Conference, December 2007
“Understanding the Significance of Sentencing in International Criminal Justice”, Public Seminar,
University of Sydney, Institute of Criminology, February 2008.
“Transforming International Trial Justice: From Theory to Practice” (with M Findlay), WUN Colloquium,
International and Comparative Criminal Justice: Policy Convergence, Divergence and New Justice
Paradigms, Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, University of Leeds, June 2008.
“Deconstructing Punishment and Sentencing in International Criminal Justice”, Research seminar, Faculty
of Law, Queen Mary, University of London, October 2008
“The Role of Sentencing in Achieving Justice in International Criminal Trials”, Inaugural Professorial
Lecture, Nottingham Trent University, 26th November 2008
“International Sentencing as a Force for Achieving Peace Through Justice”, Taking Stock of Transitional
Justice Conference, Oxford Transitional Justice Research, University of Oxford, June 2009
“Punishment in Transition: Re-thinking the Role of Punishment and Sentencing for Transitional Justice”,
Research seminar, Oxford Transitional Justice Research, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, University of
Oxford, February 2010
“Re-conceptualising the Relationship between International Trial Justice and Transitional Justice: Time for a
Paradigm Shift”, International Conference, Restoration, Transition and Society, University of Durham,
March 2010
“Legitimacy and the Role of International Trial Justice during Transition: Towards a More Constructive
Engagement”, Research seminar, Cambridge Transitional Justice Research Network, Faculty of Law,
University of Cambridge, February 2011
“Evaluating the Contribution of Sentencing to Social Justice: Some Conceptual Problems”, International
Conference, Transitional Justice and Restorative Justice: Potential, Pitfalls and Future, Durham Law School,
St John’s College, University of Durham, September 2011
“Researching International Criminal Justice: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues”, Nottingham
Trent University, College Research Students Conference, May 2012
“Penal Ideology, Sentencing and Globalisation”, W G Hart Legal Workshop on Globalisation, Criminal Law
and Criminal Justice, The Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London, June 2012
“Penal Ideology, Sentencing and Social Values” Research seminar, Centre for Responsibilities, Rights and
the Law, Sussex Law School, University of Sussex, February 2013
PUBLICATIONS
Books
Authored
Sentencing Principles and Magistrates’ Sentencing Behaviour Aldershot: Avebury (1990).
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Criminal Justice and Sentencing Policy Aldershot: Dartmouth (1996).
Sentence Discounts and the Criminal Process Aldershot: Ashgate (2001).
Transforming International Criminal Justice: retributive and restorative justice in the trial process (with M.
Findlay) Cullompton: Willan (2005) [paperback edition, Routledge 2012]
Punishment and Process in International Criminal Trials Aldershot: Ashgate (2005)
Beyond Punishment: Achieving International Criminal Justice (with M Findlay) Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmillan (2010) [nominated for the SLS Hart Socio-Legal Book Prize 2011]
Sentencing and the Legitimacy of Trial Justice Abingdon: Routledge (2011)
Sentencing: Time for a Paradigm Shift Abingdon: Routledge (forthcoming 2013)
Edited
The Criminal Law of Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects (with P Behrens eds.)
Aldershot: Ashgate (2007)
Exploring the Boundaries of International Criminal Justice (with M Findlay eds.) Aldershot: Ashgate
(2011)
Elements of Genocide (with P Behrens eds.) Abingdon: Routledge (2012)
Chapters in books
“Victims of Economic Crime and the Criminal Process” in L. de Koker, B. A. K. Rider and J. J. Henning
(eds.) Victims of Economic Crime, Centre for Business Law, Faculty of Law, University of the Free State,
Republic of South Africa (1999)
“Sentencing Policy and Guilty Plea Discounts” in N. Hutton and C. Tata (eds.) Sentencing and Society:
International Perspectives Aldershot: Ashgate (2002)
“The Normative Context of Sentencing for Genocide” in R Henham and P Behrens (eds.) The Criminal Law
of Genocide: International, Comparative and Contextual Aspects Aldershot: Ashgate (2007)
“Integrating Theory and Method in the Comparative Contextual Analysis of Trial Process” (with M Findlay)
in M McConville and WH Chui (eds.) Research Methods for Law Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
(2007)
“Evaluating Sentencing as a Force for Achieving Justice in International Criminal Trials” in R Henham and
M Findlay (eds.) Exploring the Boundaries of International Criminal Justice Aldershot: Ashgate (2011)
“International Sentencing as a Force for Achieving Peace through Justice” in Oxford Transitional Justice
Research (eds) Critical Perspectives in Transitional Justice Cambridge: Intersentia (2012)
“Sentencing Perpetrators of Genocide” in P Behrens and R Henham (eds) Elements of Genocide Abingdon:
Routledge (2012)
Articles
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Journal articles
"The influence of sentencing principles on magistrates' sentencing behaviour" Vol 25, No 3, Howard
Journal of Criminal Justice (1986) p190
"The importance of background variables in sentencing behaviour" Vol 15, No 2, Criminal Justice and
Behaviour (1988) p255
"Evaluating the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines" Vol. 21, No. 4, Anglo-American Law Review
(1992) p399
"The European Context of Sentencing Violent Offenders" Vol. 21, International Journal of the Sociology of
Law (1993) p265
"Attorney General's References and Sentencing Policy" Criminal Law Review (1994) p499
"Criminal Justice and Sentencing Policy for Drug Offenders" Vol 22, International Journal of the Sociology
of Law (1994) p 223.
"Criminal Justice and the Trial and Sentencing of White Collar Offenders" Vol. 59, Pt 1, Journal of
Criminal Law (1995), p 83.
"Dangerous Trends in the Sentencing of Mentally Abnormal Offenders" Vol 34, No 1, Howard Journal of
Criminal Justice (1995), p 10.
"Sentencing Policy and the Court of Appeal", Vol 34, No 3, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice (1995),
p218.
"Due Process, Procedural Justice and Sentencing Policy" Vol.23, International Journal of the Sociology of
Law (1995), p233.
"Cumulative Sentencing and Penal Policy" Vol. 59, Pt. 4 Journal of Criminal Law (1995), p 420.
"Harm, Sentence Severity and Serious Motoring Offenders" [1996] 1 Web JCLI.
"Drug Offenders and Sentencing Policy" [1996] 2 Web JCLI.
"Sentencing Policy and Serious Motoring Offenders" Vol. 60, Pt. 2, Journal of Criminal Law (1996) p. 208.
"Truth in Sentencing: Some Problems of Enforcement Strategy" [1996] 3 Web JCLI
"Sentencing Policy, Appellate Guidance and Protective Sentencing" Vol. 60, Pt. 4, Journal of Criminal Law
(1996), p424.
"Back to the Future on Sentencing: The 1996 White Paper" Vol. 59, No. 6, Modern Law Review (1996),
p861.
"Protective Sentences: Ethics, Rights and Sentencing Policy", Vol 25, International Journal of the
Sociology of Law (1997), p45.
"Anglo-American Approaches to Cumulative Sentencing and the Implications for UK Sentencing Policy"
Vol. 36, No. 2, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice (1997), p261.
"Child Victims and Sentencing Policy for Violent and Sexual Crimes" [1997] 5 Web JCLI.
7
"Sentencing Policy and the Abolition of Parole and Early Release" Vol. 25 International Journal of the
Sociology of Law (1997) p.337.
"Dangerousness, Rationality and Sentencing Policy" Vol 26, No. 4 Anglo-American Law Review (1997) p.
495.
"Sentencing Sex Offenders: some implications of recent criminal justice policy" Vol 37, No. 1, Howard
Journal of Criminal Justice (1998), p. 70.
"Making Sense of the Crime (Sentences) Act 1997" Vol 61, No 2, Modern Law Review (1998), p 223.
"Attorney-General's References Revisited" Vol 62, No 4, Journal of Criminal Law (1998) p 468.
"Human Rights, Due Process and Sentencing", Vol 38, No 4, British Journal of Criminology (1998) p 592.
"Sentencing Policy and Economic Crime", Vol 6, No 1, Journal of Financial Crime (1998) p 15.
"The Prisons Ombudsman: A Critical Review" (with P E Morris) Vol 4, European Public Law (1998) p 345.
"The Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission: A Preliminary Study" (with P E Morris) Vol 28, No 3
Anglo-American Law Review (1999) p 365.
"Bargain Justice or Justice Denied?: Sentence Discounts and the Criminal Process" Vol 62, No 4, Modern
Law Review (1999) p. 515.
"Dangerousness and Sentencing Policy in Great Britain" Vol 20, No 3, Policy Studies (1999) p 173.
"Theory, Rights and Sentencing Policy" Vol. 27, No. 2, International Journal of the Sociology of Law
(1999) p. 167.
"Truth in Plea Bargaining: Anglo-American Approaches to the use of Guilty Plea Discounts at the
Sentencing Stage" Vol. 29, No. 1, Anglo-American Law Review (2000) p. 1.
"Problems of Theorizing Sentencing Research" Vol. 28, No. 1, International Journal of the Sociology of
Law (2000) p. 15.
"Reconciling Process and Policy: Sentence Discounts in the Magistrates' Courts" Criminal Law Review
(2000), p. 436.
“Some Alternative Strategies for Improving the Effectiveness of the English Prisons Ombudsman Scheme”
Vol 39, No.3, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice (2000) p.29
“Sentencing Theory, Proportionality and Pragmatism” Vol 28, No 3, International Journal of the Sociology
of Law (2000) p.239
“On the Philosophical and Theoretical Implications of Judicial Decision Support Systems” Vol 14, No 3,
International Review of Law, Computers & Technology (2000) p.283
“Sentencing Dangerous Offenders: Policy and Practice in the Crown Court” Criminal Law Review (2001) p.
693.
“Theory and Contextual Analysis in Sentencing” Vol 29, No 3, International Journal of the Sociology of
Law (2001) p. 253
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“Further Evidence on the Significance of Plea in the Crown Court” Vol 41, No 2, Howard Journal of
Criminal Justice (2002) p. 151
“The Internationalisation of Sentencing: Reality or Myth?” Vol 30, International Journal of the Sociology of
Law (2002) p.265
“Criminal Justice Modelling and the Comparative Contextual Analysis of Trial Process” (with M. Findlay)
Vol 2, International Journal of Comparative Criminology (2002) p. 162.
“The Policy and Practice of Protective Sentencing” Vol 3, No 1, Criminal Justice (2003) p.57
“Some Issues for Sentencing in the International Criminal Court” Vol 52, No 1, International and
Comparative Law Quarterly (2003) p.81
“The Philosophical Foundations of International Sentencing” Vol 1, No 1, Journal of International Criminal
Justice (2003) p.64
“Victim Participation and Sentencing in England and Italy: A Legal and Policy Analysis” (with G. Manozzi)
Vol 11, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice (2003) p.278.
“Conceptualising Access to Justice and Victims’ Rights in International Sentencing” Vol 13, No 1, Social
and Legal Studies (2004) p. 27.
“Procedural Justice and Human Rights in International Sentencing” Vol 4, International Criminal Law
Review (2004) p.185
“Theorising the Penality of International Criminal Trials” Vol 8, No 4, Theoretical Criminology (2004) p.
429. Reprinted in N. Larsen and R. Smandych (eds.) Global Criminology and Criminal Justice: Current
Issues and Perspectives Calgary, AB: Broadview Press (2005)
“Some Reflections on the Role of Victims in the International Criminal Trial Process” Vol 11, International
Review of Victimology (2004) p.1
“The Ethics of Plea Bargaining in International Criminal Trials” Vol 26, No 3 Liverpool Law Review (2005)
p. 209
“Plea Bargaining at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia” (with M. Drumbl) Vol
16, No 1 Criminal Law Forum (2005) p. 49
“Plea bargaining and the legitimacy of international trial justice: some observations on the Dragan Nikolic
sentencing judgement of the ICTY” Vol 5, No 4 International Criminal Law Review (2005) p.601
“Il ruolo delle vittime nel processo penale e nella commisurazione della pena: un’analisi delle scelte
normative e politico-criminali effettuate nell’ordinamento inglese e in quello italiano” (with G. Mannozzi)
Vol 2 Rivista Italiana di diritto e procedura penale (2005) p. 706
“Some Reflections on the Legitimacy of International Trial Justice” Vol 35, No 2 International Journal of
the Sociology of Law (2007) p.75
“International Sentencing in the Context of Collective Violence” Vol 7 International Criminal Law Review
(2007) p.449
“Developing Contextualised Rationales for Sentencing in International Criminal Trials: A Plea for Empirical
Research” Vol 5 Journal of International Criminal Justice (2007) p.757
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“Atrocity, Punishment and International Law” Vol 8, No 2 Melbourne Journal of International Law (2007)
p.477 (Review Article)
“Theorising Law and Legitimacy in International Criminal Justice” Vol 3, No 3 International Journal of
Law in Context (2007) p.257
“Punishment and the Role of the Prosecutor in International Criminal Trials” (2008) Vol 19 Criminal Law
Forum p.395
“Exploring the Relationship between Sentencing and the Legitimacy of Trial Justice” (2009) Vol 37
International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice p.65
“Victims and the Sentencing Process: Developing Participatory Rights?” (with J Doak and B Mitchell)
(2009) Vol 29 Legal Studies p.651
“Towards Restorative Sentencing in International Criminal Trials” (2009) Vol 9 International Criminal Law
Review p.809
“Penal Ideology, Sentencing and the Legitimacy of Trial Justice” (2012) Vol 57, No 1 Crime, Law and
Social Change p 77
“Evaluating the Contribution of Sentencing to Social Justice: Some Conceptual Problems” (2012) Vol 12,
No 3 International Criminal Law Review p. 361
Shorter articles
"The enforcement of outsider rights under section 20 (1) of the Companies Act 1948" 76 Law Soc Gaz
(1979) p203.
"Actions against Limited Companies : is the rule in Foss v Harbottle still viable?" 76 Law Soc Gaz
(1979) p1006.
"Sentencing the Violent Offender: the need for a fresh approach" Vol 139, No 6437, New Law Journal
(1989) p1744.
"Anomalies in sentencing violent offenders" No 9, The Criminal Lawyer (1990) p3.
"Drunkenness and Addiction" Vol 135, No 48, Solicitors Journal (1991) p1343
"The use and abuse of Sentencing Guidelines" No 25, The Criminal Lawyer (1992) p3.
"Sentencing Policy and Mentally Abnormal Offenders" No 60, The Criminal Lawyer (1995), p4.
"The English Prisons Ombudsman Scheme: A Preliminary Assessment" (with P E Morris) No 9, The
Ombudsman (1998) p 8.
"The Scottish Prisons Complaints Commission: An Initial Study" (with P E Morris) No 10, The Ombudsman
(1998) p 6.
Reviews
Review of Bing, Criminal Procedure and Sentencing in the Magistrates' Courts, Vol 20, No 1,
International Journal of the Sociology of Law (1992), p 353.
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Review of Munro & Wasik (eds), Sentencing, Judicial Discretion and Training, Vol 23, No 1, International
Journal of the Sociology of Law (1995), p 161.
Review of Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Vol 24, International Journal of the Sociology of
Law (1996) p 448.
Review of Tonry, Sentencing Matters, Vol 36, No. 1, Howard Journal of Criminal Justice (1997), p 119.
Review of Walker & Padfield, Sentencing Theory, Law and Practice, 2nd ed, Vol. 25 International Journal
of the Sociology of Law (1997), p. 189.
Review of Tonry and Hatlestad (eds). Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Times. Vol 62, No 1, Modern
Law Review (1999) p. 470.
Review of Worrall, Punishment in the Community and Brownlee, Community Punishment, Vol.8, No.1,
Nottingham Law Journal (1999) p.69.
Review of Walker, Aggravation, Mitigation and Mercy in English Criminal Justice. Vol 40, No 3, British
Journal of Criminology (2000) p.534.
Review of Drumbl, Atrocity, Punishment and International Law, Vol 8, No 2, Melbourne Journal of
International Law (2007) p.477
Review of Wandall, Decisions to Imprison: Court Decision-Making Inside and Outside the Law (2009) 49
British Journal of Criminology 421
Review of D’Ascoli, Sentencing in International Criminal Law, Vol 51, No 2 Howard Journal of Criminal
Justice (2012) 237
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